Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan nama orang,
binatang, tempat, atau sesuatu benda baik sebagai subjek atau pun objek

Possesive
Subject Object Reflexive
Adjective Pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you you yours yourself
we us our ours ourself
they them their theirs themselves
He him his his himself
She her her hers herself
it it its its itself

Kata Ganti sebagai Pengganti Subjek

I = saya
They = mereka
We = kami /kita
She = Dia (pr)
He = Dia (lk)
It = Dia ( untuk selain orang)

Contoh
- Adi likes cats. He has four cats.

Pada kalimat di atas, Adi adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan
pada kalimat kedua, he adalah kata ganti pengganti Adi.

Berikut beberapa contoh lain:

- My name is Michael. I am fourteen.
- Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.
- Bob, you are a bad boy!
- David and I are playing football. We like sports.
- Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.

Kata Ganti sebagai Pengganti Objek

Me = saya
Them = mereka
Us = kami/kita
Her = dia (pr)
Him = dia (lk)
It = dia ( untuk selain orang)

contoh
- Dony likes cats. He likes to stroke them.

Pada kalimat di atas, cats adalah objek kalimat atau. Sedangkan pada kalimat
kedua, them adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk cats.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai objek:

- Im doing my homework. Dad is helping me.
- Goodbye, children! Ill call you later.
- Where is John? I need to speak to him.
- Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her.
- The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
- Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question.
- My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.

Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns adalah Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
kepemilikan terhadap suatu benda

My = saya
Your = kamu/anda
His = dia(lk)
Her = dia (pr)
Our = kami / kita
Their =mereka

Contoh:
My pen left at home
His father had passed away
Our team won the competition
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan arah,
lokasi, atau tempat suatu benda.

This = ini
That = itu
These = ini (jamak)
Those = itu (jamak)
.
Contoh:
- That is a good idea.
- I will never forget this.
- Those are my friends.
- These are my books.

Dalam kalimat, this dan that sebagai singular demonstrative pronoun dapat berperan
sebagai subjek, objek langsung (direct object), atau objek preposisi (object of
preposition), contoh:
- That is whom you should meet at the dinner at the Batik Gallery. (subjek)
- Would you deliver this? (objek langsung)
- Now, listen to this. (objek preposisi)

Begitu juga these dan those sebagai plural demonstrative pronoun dapat berperan
subjek, objek langsung (direct object), atau objek preposisi (object of preposition),
contoh:
- These are the preferred pens in this department. (subjek)
- She donated those to the team. (objek langsung)
- Mark can work with those. (objek preposisi)

Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns adalah kata ganti atau pronomina yang digunakan untuk
menanyakan orang, benda, atau suatu pilihan. Kata ganti yang sering dipakai
adalah what, which who, whom dan whose.

Contoh:
- What is falling?
- Who will follow me?
- Which will be sold?
- Whom did she choose from the Carter White House?
- Whose are you going to choose for the exhibit?

Who dipakai untuk menanyakan suatu subjek, sedangkan whom dipakai untuk
menanyakan objeknya.
Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan kalimat,
yang menerangkan noun (kata benda). Kata benda disini bisa berupa manusia, hewan,
atau barang

Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.
- The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.
- The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.
- The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.
- The filing cabinet, which we purchase last week, is very well built.
- The book that describes about behaviour of animal is expensive.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan
atau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh diri subjek sendiri (subject of the verb). Kata ganti
yang dipakai adalah personal pronouns (my, your, him, her, it, our, them) ditambah
dengan self untuk kata benda tunggal (singular) atau selves untuk kata benda jamak
(plural).

Kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai reflexive pronoun adalah: myself, yourself,
yourselves, themselves, himself, herself, dan itself.

Contoh:
- He encouraged himself to do his homework immediately.
- I enjoyed myself by traveling around the world.
- Mark made himself a sandwich.
- The children watched themselves on video.

Reflexive pronouns juga dapat digunakan setelah preposisi, contoh:

- The children are old enough to look after themselves.
- I looked at myself in the mirror.

Intensive Pronouns
Intensive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan
atau perhatian pada diri subjek sendiri atas apa yang dikenakan atau yang
dilakukannya. Dan letak intensive pronouns dalam kalimat biasanya setelah subjek,
bisa berupa nouns atau pronouns.

Kata ganti yang digunakan oleh intensive pronouns sama dengan yang digunakan
pada reflexive pronouns.

Contoh penggunaan intensive pronouns:

- I myself saw what happened.
- She herself does not believe him.
- The manager himself welcomed us to the hotel.
- Although she is very rich, the Queen herself never carries any money.
- The house itself is small, but the garden is enormous.
- Of course the children have been to the zoo. You yourself took them there last year.
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns adalah kata ganti yang dipakai untuk menggantikan kata benda
(pelaku atau objek) yang tak tentu.

Kata ganti tak tentu yang digunakan adalah one, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone,
everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, something.

Contoh:
- Anyone could win tonight.
- I havent spoken to anybody all day.
- You can buy anything you want.
- If everyone is ready, Ill begin.
- Everybody in the street was shocked when they heard the news.
- I decided to tell her everything.
- Everyone wants to be a hero, but no one wants to die.
- I knocked on the door but nobody answered.
- I promised to say nothing about it to anyone.
- Theres someone at the door.
- Theres somebody waiting to see you.
- I should take something to read on the plane.

Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns adalah kata ganti timbal-balik yang berarti bahwa suatu tindakan
atau kegiatan yang terjadi melibatkan dua orang/kelompok yang melakukan hal yang
sama terhadap satu sama lain. Kata ganti atau pronomina yang digunakan adalah each
other dan one another.

Contoh:
- Andrew and Jessica help each other with their work.
- Mark and Alan arent really friends. They dont like each other much.
- They seem to love one another very much.

One another yang memiliki makna yang sama dengan each other, contoh:
- Liz and I have known each other/one another for years.
- We send each other/one another Christmas cards every year.

Reciprocal pronouns juga dapat digunakan dalam bentuk possessive:

- We respect one anothers privacy.
- They borrowed each others ideas.
- The scientists in this lab often use one anothers equipment.
- Tom and Mark wrote down each others phone numbers.

Pronouns and Antecedents

Kata benda (noun) yang diwakili oleh kata ganti (pronoun) dikenal dengan
istilah antecedent. Kata benda tersebut dapat berupa sebuah kata, frase, atau klausa.
Pada umumnya, dalam sebuah kalimat, antecedent terletak sebelum kata ganti.

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini, yang berhuruf tebal adalah pronouns dan yang
bergaris bawah adalah antecedents.
- The car that I want is on sale.
- The teacher asked the children where they were going.
- The government workers received their paychecks.
- I threw the keys to him and he caught them.
- Jane thought she saw the missing boy and reported him to the police.
- The shift supervisor hates these accidents because he thinks they can be easily
avoided.
- Does anyone have his or her book?

Pronoun harus setara dengan antecedent-nya. Dengan kata lain,

jika antecedent berupa singular maka pronoun juga harus singular.
Jika antecedent berupa plural maka pronoun juga harus plural. Dalam kalimat, kadang-
kadang pronoun berlaku sebagai antecedent yang diwakili oleh pronoun lainnya.

Possesive Nouns
Untuk menyatakan kepemilikan benda dengan menggunakan simbol apostrof dan s (s)

Berikut adalah contohnya

We are having breakfast at Jacks house.

Michael drove his friends car.

Menggunakan s untuk kata yang berakhiran s (plural)

This is my parents house.

Those are ladies shoes.

Tetapi di beberapa kata lain dalam bentuk jamak tidak berarturan, kita menggunakan
s

These are mens shoes.

Childrens clothes are very expensive.

Possessive adjectives

Kita menggunakan possessive adjectives:

Untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang dimiliki oleh seseorang :

Contoh;

This is your book.

My bag is expensive.

Untuk menyatakan hubungan atau pertemanan

Contoh;

My uncle is a teacher.
Where is your brother?

Untuk menyatakan bagian tubuh:

Contoh;
 He has cut his beard.
Shes washing her face.

possessive pronouns

Kita dapat menggunakan sebuah possessive pronoun sebagai ganti dari sebuah noun
phrase

Contoh

Kita dapat menggunakan possessive pronoun setelah of

Kita dapat mengaatakan

John is one of my friends.

atau
John is a friend of mine.
Tetapi salah jika mengatakan
John is a friend of me

Possesive question

Kita dapat menggunakan possesive question pada kalimat sebagai berikut

Contoh;

Whose pen is this? Atau whose is this pen?

Whose bags are those? Atau whose are those bags?

ADJECTIVE

Kata sifat (adjectives) yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan ing atau ed pada kata
kerja

-Kata sifat dari kata kerja yang ditambahkan -ing:

Berikut ini kata sifat dari kata kerja dengan akhiran -ing yang biasa ditemui :

Amusing, shocking, surprising, frightening, interesting, disappointing, exciting,

tiring, worrying, boring, terrifying, annoying

Jika anda menulis something interesting ini berarti it interests you.

Jika anda menulis something frightening ini berarti it frightens you.
 Contoh lain

I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.

That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying.

-Kata sifat dari kata kerja yang ditambahkan -ed:

Berikut ini kata sifat dari kata kerja dengan akhiran -ed yang biasa ditemui :

Annoyed, bored, frightened, worried, tired, closed, excited, delighted, disappointed

If something annoys you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you,
you can say you are interested.

Contoh lain;

The children had nothing to do. They were bored.

Order of Adjectives

Kadang kadang kita menggunakan kata sifat dalam Bahasa Inggris lebih dari satu,
maka itu harus ditulis dalam urutan yang benar

Beberapa adjective meiliki makna pendapat khusus. Kita hanya menggunakan adjective
ini untuk menggambarkan ciri dari jenis benda.

Food: tasty; delicious

Furniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortable
People, animals: clever; intelligent; friendly

Kita menggunakan adjective yang bermakna umum di depan adjective yang bermakna
khusus:

Nice tasty soup.

A nasty uncomfortable armchair
A lovely intelligent animal

Kita menggunakan adjective yang bermakna opinion di depan adjective yang bermakna
descriptive.

a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtains

Kita sering menggunakan dua adjective di depan kata benda:

a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog

Bahkan terkadang kita juga menggunakan tiga adjective sekaligus walaupun ini tidak
biasa:

a nice handsome young man;

a big black American car;
that horrible big fierce dog
Berikut adalah urutan yang benar jika ingin menggunakan lebih dari satu adjective

Comparative dan Superlative Adjectives

Kita menggunakan comparative adjectives untuk menggambarkan sesuatu:

This car is certainly better but its much more expensive.

Im feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden

Kita menggunakan than when ketika kita ingin menggambarkan sesuatu yang lebih
dari yang lainnya:

She is two years older than me.

New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.
France is a bigger country than Britain.

Ketika kita ingin menggambarkan bagaimana sesuatu atau seseorang berubah secara
periodik, kita dapat menggunakan dua comparative dan kata and

The balloon got bigger and bigger.

Everything is getting more and more expensive.
Grandfather is looking older and older.

Kita sering menggunakan comparative adjectives untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang

bergantung pada yang lain;

When you drive faster it is more dangerous

> The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.
When they climbed higher it got colder
> The higher they climbed, the colder it got.

Superlative adjectives:

Kita menggunakan the untuk superlative:

It was the happiest day of my life.

Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
Thats the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters, Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest
Intersifier

Kita menggunakan kata seperti like very, really and extremely untuk memberi
penguatan pada kata adjective:

Its a very interesting story

Everyone was very excited.
Its a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited

Kita menyebut kata kata ini adalah intensifiers. Berikut adalah intensifiers lainnya:

amazingly exceptionally incredibly

remarkabl
particularly unusually
y

Kita menggunakan kata enough to mengatakan lebih dari adjective dan itu ditulis
setelah kata adjective:

If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.

I cant wear those shoes. Theyre not big enough.

Mitigators

Mitigators adalah sebagai kebalika dari intensifiers. Ketika kita ingin membuat sebuah
adjective yang bermakna kurang, kita menggunakan kata kata ini:

fairly - rather - quite

By the end of the day we were rather tired.

The film wasnt great but it was quite exciting.

and in informal English: pretty

We had a pretty good time at the party.

We call these words mitigators.

Mitigators with comparatives:

Kita menggunakan kata kata ini sebagai mitigators:

a bit - just a bit - a little - a little bit - just a little bit - rather - slightly

Shes a bit younger than I am.

It takes two hours on the train but it is a little bit longer by road
This one is rather bigger (than the other one).

We use slightly and rather as mitigators with comparative adjectives in front of a

noun:
This is a slightly more expensive model than that one.
This is a rather bigger one than the other.

Noun Modifiers

Kita sering menggunakan dua kata benda untuk menunjukkan bahwa satu adalah
bagian dari sesuatu yang lain

the village church; the car door; the kitchen window; the chair leg;
my coat pocket; London residents

Kita menggunakan noun modifiers to menunjukkan sesuatu terbuat dari apa:

a gold watch; a leather purse; a metal box

Kita menggunakan noun modifiers dengan benda yang beraakhiran -er and -ing:

an office worker; a jewellery maker; a potato peeler; a shopping list; a swimming

lesson; a walking holiday.

Kita menggunakan measurements, age or value sebagai noun modifiers:

a thirty kilogram suitcase; a two minute rest; a five thousand euro platinum
watch; a fifty kilometre journey;

Kita sering meletakkan dua kata benda secara bersamaan yang memiliki makna
readers/listeners have work out ;

an ice bucket = a bucket to keep ice in

an ice cube = a cube made of ice

an ice breaker = a ship which breaks ice

the ice age = the time when much of the Earth was covered in ice.

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner biasanya dibentuk dari adjectives dengan menambahkan ly:

bad > badly; quiet > quietly; recent > recently; sudden > suddenly

kata kata tertentu memiliki cara berbeda dalam menambaahkan kata -ly:

easy > easily; gentle > gently

Jika kata berakhiran ly Kita menggunakan phrase in a . way untuk menyatakan

manner:

Silly > He behaved in a silly way.

Friendly > She spoke in a friendly way.

Beberapa kata adverbs of manner memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan adjective:
 They all worked hard.
She usually arrives late.
I hate driving fast.

Note: hardly and lately have different meanings:

He could hardly walk = It was difficult for him to walk.
I havent seen John lately = I havent seen John recently.

Kita kadang menggunakan kata phrases adverbials of manner pada kalimat berikut:

She slept like a baby.

He ran like a rabbit.

Adverb of Place
Kita menggunakan adverbials of place untuk menggambarkan:

Lokasi

Kita menggunkan prepositions untuk berkata tentang dimana seseorang atau sesuatu
berada.

Examples:

He was standing by the table.

Youll find it in the cupboard.

Sign your name here at the bottom of the page.

Arah

Kita menggunakan adverbials untuk berkata tentang arah gerak sesuatu atau
seseorang

Examples:

Walk past the bank and keep going to the end of the street.

The car door is very small so its difficult to get into.

Jarak

Kita menggunakan adverbials untuk menunjukkan seberapa jauh keberadaan tempat:

Examples:

Birmingham is 250 kilometres from London.

We were in London. Birmingham was 250 kilometres away.

Adverbials of time
Kita menggunakan adverbials of time untuk mengatakan;

kapan sesuatu terjadi (when):

I saw Mary yesterday.

She was born in 1978.
I will see you later.
There was a storm during the night.

Untuk berapa lama (how long) :

We waited all day.

They have lived here since 2004.
We will be on holiday from July 1st until August 3rd.

Berapa sering (frequency):

They usually watched television in the evening.

We sometimes went to work by car.

Kita menggunakan sebuah noun phrase sebagai keterangan waktu (adverbial of tme):

yesterday last week/month/year one day/week/month last Saturday

tomorrow next week/month/year the day after tomorrow next Friday

today this week/month/year the day before yesterday the other day/week/month
Adverbials of probability
Kita menggunakan adverbials of probability untuk menunjukkan bagaiman kita
memastikan sesuatu:

certainly - definitely - maybe - possibly

clearly - obviously - perhaps - probably

maybe and perhaps usually come at the beginning of the clause:

Perhaps the weather will be fine.

Maybe it wont rain.

Other adverbs of possibility usually come in front of the main verb:

He is certainly coming to the party.

Will they definitely be there?
We will possibly come to England next year.

but after am, is, are, was, were:

They are definitely at home.

She was obviously very surprised.

Countable Noun
Kata benda yang dapat dihitung memiliki dua bentuk yaitu singular
(tunggal ) dan plural (jamak).

Kata benda tunggal (singular) adalah kata benda yang jumlahnya satu:

a book; a teacher; a wish; an idea

Kata benda jamak adalah kata benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu:

books; teachers; wishes; ideas

Singular count nouns

Singular count nouns cannot be used alone. They must have a determiner:

the book; that English teacher; a wish; my latest idea

Plural forms

We usually add s to make a plural noun:

book > books; school > schools; friend > friends

We add -es to nouns ending in ss; -ch; -s; -sh; -x

class > classes; watch > watches; gas > gases; wish > wishes; box > boxes

When a noun ends in a consonant and -y we make the plural in -ies...

lady > ladies; country > countries; party > parties

but if a noun ends in a vowel and -y we simply add -s:

boy > boys; day > days; play > plays

Some common nouns have irregular plurals:

Man > men; woman > women; child > children; foot > feet;
person > people

Plural count nouns do not have a determiner when they refer to people or things as
a group:

Computers are very expensive.

Do you sell old books?
Uncountable Noun
Beberapa kata benda tidak dapat dihitung.

Kita tidak menggunakan kata benda tidak dapat dihitung dalam bentuk plural, kita
menggunakannya bersama indefinite article, a/an.

We ate a lot of foods > We ate a lot of food

We bought some new furnitures > We bought some new furniture
Thats a useful information > Thats useful information

Kita dapat menggunakan beberapa quantifiers dengan kata benda tidak dapat
dihitung:

He gave me some useful advice.

They gave us a lot of information.

Beberapa kata benda sesuai kelompoknya:

Substances: food; water; wine; salt; bread; iron

Human feelings or qualities: anger; cruelty; happiness; honesty; pride;

Activities: help; sleep; travel; work

Abstract ideas: beauty; death; fun; life

Proper Noun
Nama orang, tempat dan organisasi disebut proper nouns. Kita menulis proper noun
dengan huruf awal kapital:

Mohammed Ali; Birmingham; China; Oxford University, the United Nations

Kita menggunakan huruf depan kapital untuk perayaan (festivals):

Christmas; Deepawali; Easter; Ramadan; Thanksgiving

Kita menggunakan huruf awal dengan kapital pada jabatan sesorang:

I was talking to Doctor Wilson recently.

Everything depends on President Obama.

Ketika kita memberikan nama buku, film, drama dan lukisan kita menggunakan huruf
kapital untuk nouns, adjectives and verbs pada nama tersebut:

I have been reading The Old Man and the Sea.

Beatrix Potter wrote The Tale of Peter Rabbit
You can see the Mona Lisa in the Louvre.
Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense is a tense talks something happens repeatedly ( kalimat yang
menyatakan kebiasaan / berulang)

Use

Kita menggunakan simple present tense untuk berkata;

Sesuatu yang benar pada saat ini:

Im nineteen years old.

He lives in London.
Im a student.

Sesuatu yang terjadi berulang:

I play football every weekend.

We use words like sometimes, often. always, and never (adverbs of

frequency) with the present tense:

I sometimes go to the cinema.

She never plays football.

Sesuatu yang selalu benar:

The adult human body contains 206 bones.

Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.

Sesuatu yang sudah pasti akan dilakukan .

The school term starts next week.

The train leaves at 1945 this evening.
We fly to Paris next week.

Questions and negatives

Look at these questions:

Do you play the piano?

Where do you live?
Does Jack play football?
Where does he come from?
Do Rita and Angela live in Manchester?
Where do they work?
 Menggunakan do atau does untuk membuat kalimat tanya. Kita menggunakan
does untuk orang ketiga tunggal (she/he/it) dan mengguanakan do untuk jamak.

Kita menggunakan do dan does setelah kata tanya misalkan where, what and why:

Untuk kata tanya who, lihat contoh di bawah ini:

Who lives in London?

Who plays football at the weekend?
Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?

Berikut adalah contoh kalimat negatif:

I like tennis, but I dont like football. (dont = do not)

I dont live in London now.
I dont play the piano, but I play the guitar.
They dont work at the weekend.
John doesnt live in Manchester. (doesnt = does not)
Angela doesnt drive to work. She goes by bus.

Menggunakan kata do dan does untuk membuat kalimat negatif. Kita mengguanakan
does not (doesnt) untuk ketiga tunggal (she/he/it) dan mengguanakan do not (dont)
untuk jamak.
 Simple present continuous tense dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) bentuk ing dan tobe

1. Kita menggunakan present continuous tense untuk berkata tentang saat:

for something that is happening at the moment of speaking:

Im just leaving work. Ill be home in an hour.

Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

for something which is happening before and after a given time:

At eight oclock we are usually having breakfast.

When I get home the children are doing their homework.

for something which we think is temporary:

Michael is at university. Hes studying history.

Im working in London for the next two weeks.

for something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are
they listening to?

to show that something is changing, growing or developing:

The children are growing quickly.

The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.

for something which happens again and again:

Its always raining in London.

They are always arguing.
George is great. Hes always laughing.

Note: We normally use always with this use.

2. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the future:

for something which has been arranged or planned:

Mary is going to a new school next term.

What are you doing next week?

3. We can use the present continuous to talk about the past:

 When we are telling a story:

When we are summarising the story from a book, film or play etc.:

The present perfect adalah tenses yang dibentuk dari kata have/has ditambah kata
kerja (verb) bentuk ketiga

Sedangkan simple present perfect continuous adalah tenses yang dibentuk

oleh have/has been dan bentuk kata kerja -ing :

Penggunaan

We use the present perfect tense:

for something that started in the past and continues in the present:

Theyve been married for nearly fifty years.

She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this:

She has been living in Liverpool all her life.

Its been raining for hours.

for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:

Ive played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.

He has written three books and he is working on another one.
Ive been watching that programme every week.

We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:

Theyve been staying with us since last week.

I have worked here since I left school.
Ive been watching that programme every week since it started.

when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:

My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

Note: and we use never for the negative form:

Have you ever met George?

Yes, but Ive never met his wife.

for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of
speaking:
 I cant get in the house. Ive lost my keys.
Teresa isnt at home. I think she has gone shopping.
Im tired out. Ive been working all day.

We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned:

A: Where have you been?

B: Ive just been out to the supermarket.

A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?

B: No, but Ive been to Los Angeles.

But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:

A: Where is Maria? I havent seen her for weeks.

B: She's gone to Paris for a week. Shell be back tomorrow.

We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:

just; only just; recently;

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.

We have just got back from our holidays.

or adverbials which include the present:

ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)

Have you ever seen a ghost?

Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far Ive only done my history.

WARNING:

We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which
is finished:

I have seen that film yesterday.

We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.

But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:

Have you seen Helen today?

We have bought a new car this week.
 Simple past tense

Ada dua tenses dalam bahasa inggris yakni past and present.

The past tense digunakan:

untuk berkata sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lalu

Untuk berkata tentang hypotheses

Untuk politeness.

We use these forms:

to talk about the past:

He worked at McDonalds. He had worked there since July..

He was working at McDonalds. He had been working since July.

to refer to the present or future in conditions:

He could get a new job if he really tried.

If Jack was playing they would probably win.

and hypotheses:

It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost.

I would always help someone who really needed help.

and wishes:

I wish it wasnt so cold.

In conditions, hypotheses and wishes, if we want to talk about the past, we

always use the past perfect:

I would have helped him if he had asked.

It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadnt spent so much money last month.

We can use the past forms to talk about the present in a few polite
expressions:
Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.
I just hoped you would be able to help me.