AAMS1613 PRE-CALCULUS

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Logarithms log a xy log a x log a y

x
log a log a x log a y
y

Quadratic Equation
b b 2 4ac
ax 2 bx c 0 , x
2a
b c
If and are the roots, , .
a a

Identities 2 2 ( ) 2 2
3 3 ( ) 3 3 ( )

Series
Arithmetic Progression: S n a (a d ) (a 2d ) ...... l , n terms
n
= (a l ) where l = a + (n 1) d.
2

Geometric Progression: S n a ar ar 2 ...... ar n 1 , n terms

1 r n r n 1
=
a a , for r 1.
1 r r 1

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3

Binomial Expansion (1 x) n 1 nx x x ...
1 2 1 2 3
provided x< 1.
For positive integer n, (a b) n a n na n 1b n C 2 a n 2 b 2 ... n C r a n r b r ... b n ,
where
n!
n Cr
(n r )!r!

Trigonometry
cos 2 A sin 2 A 1 1 tan 2 A sec 2 A 1 cot 2 A cos ec 2 A
sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1 1 2 sin 2 A
tan A tan B 2 tan A
tan( A B) tan 2 A
1 tan A tan B 1 tan 2 A
PQ PQ
sin P sin Q 2 sin cos sin 3 A 3 sin A 4 sin 3 A
2 2
PQ PQ
sin P sin Q 2 cos sin cos 3 A 4 cos 3 A 3 cos A
2 2
PQ PQ 2t
cos P cos Q 2 cos cos If t tan 12 A, sin A
2 2 1 t2
PQ PQ 1 t 2
cos P cos Q 2 sin sin cos A
2 2 1 t 2