Adjective: descriptive word describing a noun or pronoun.

- The grey dog barked.

Possessive Adjective: adjective used to describe possession. Used with noun or

noun phrases

- It is my laptop.

my, your, his, her, its, our, your (plural), their.

Superlative Adjective: describing something that has the most of a certain quality.

- It is the tallest mountain.

Other Adjectives:

used to. (usually comes before or after verb)

- I am used to getting up at 7 am.

Adverbial: modifies the sentence or the verb. It could be a single adverb, a phrase,
a prepositional phrase, or a clause element.

Adverbial modifies a verb.

- The dog looked at its owner expectedly.

Adverbial modifies a sentence.

- Surprisingly, I am alive.

Adverbial phrases are multi-word adverbials.

- He always talks in an ominous way. (The phrase in an ominous way
describes the verb talks)

Adverbial clauses are whole clauses acting as an adverbial.

- Ill stop eating when I weigh 200 pounds.
Adverb: tells you where, when, how, why and to what extent something happens.
Adverbs can modify adjectives, other adverbs, nouns, noun phrases, determiners,
pronouns, numerals, and sentences.

Adverbs modify adjectives.

- She is very cute.

Adverbs modify other adverbs.

- He did very well. (very is an adverb describing the adverb well)

Adverbs modify nouns. It indicates time or place.

- There is a concert tomorrow. (The adverb tomorrow describes the
noun concert)

Adverbs modify noun phrases.

- We ate quite a dinner. (The adverb quite modifies the noun phrase a
dinner)

Adverbs modify determiners.

Adverbs modify sentences.

- Luckily, my phone was picked up and returned.

Articles: a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information
about a noun.

Indefinite Article (Determiner): a/an are the indefinite articles. They refer to
something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with.

A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone

you have not mentioned before.
- I ate an apple for breakfast.

Definite Article (Determiner): the is an indefinite article. It comes before nouns

when the noun is specific or particular.
 -She owns a Labrador and German Shepherd; the dogs are very amiable.

No Article: no article is used when talking about things in general.

-Inflation is rising. (No article is used before the general noun Inflation)

Case: the grammatical function of a noun or pronoun. There are three cases:
Subjective, Objective, and Possessive.

In Subjective Case, nouns and pronouns serve as the subject.

- The tree was struck by lightning.
In Objective Case, nouns and pronouns serve as the object.
- She slapped him across the face.
In Possessive Case, nouns with s attached to the end and possessive
pronouns show ownership.
- Koreas leader is absolutely terrible.

Phrase: a collection of words that may have nouns and verbals, but it does not
have a subject doing a verb.

- I ran as quickly as possible.

Clause: a collection of words that has a main subject and a main verb.

- I am beautiful. (Subject I and predicate verb am)

Independent Clause: a clause that can stand on its own.

- Apples are delicious. (Subject Apple and predicate verb are)

Dependent Clause: a clause that cannot stand on its own and needs an
independent clause to complete a sentence. It still has a main subject and main
verb. Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial, or adjectival.

- Because apples are delicious,(Subject Apples and predicate verb are)

Nominal Clause: a clause that functions like a noun or noun phrase. It contains
that, if, or whether followed by a subject and its own finite verb.
 - I will not go to school if it rains tomorrow. (If is followed up by the
subject it and its verb rains.)

Adverbial Clause: a clause that that functions as an adverb describing a verb that
comes before it. Adverbial clauses come after a subordinating conjunction. The
adverbial clause can be placed before the main clause without a change in
meaning.

- They will visit us before they leave the country. (The subordinating
conjunction before followed by the clause they leave the country)
- Before they leave the country, they will visit us.

Adjectival Clause: a clause that works as an adjective describing a noun, usually

introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, that, which, etc..

- I went to the show that was very popular. (Relative pronoun that
followed by the clause was very popular)

Relative Clause: clause that follows the noun that it modifies. It is usually
introduced by a relative pronoun. There is a restrictive relative clause and
nonrestrictive relative clause.

- The man, who was from the United States, was fat as hell.

Restrictive Relative Clause: also known as defining relative clauses, restrictive

relative clause is an essential clause that serves to identify or define the preceding
noun.

- People who have weak immune systems are more likely to catch a cold.
(People, the main subject, is defined by the restrictive relative clause
who have weak immune systems. The restrictive clause is essential to
the sentence and taking away the restrictive clause completely changes
the sentence.)

Non-Restrictive Relative Clause: a relative clause is a nonessential clause that does

not server to identify or define the preceding noun; it is surrounded by pair of
commas.
 - My friend, who is from Jamaica, is very good at physics. (The preceding
noun My friend is followed by a nonrestrictive relative clause who is
from Jamaica, which merely add additional information that does not
change the sentences intentional meaning.

Conditionals: shows that an action is reliant on something else.

Conditional 1: used to express situations based on fact in the present or future

(things which may happen). Uses simple present tense + will or a modal verb.

- If I see you tomorrow, I will buy you food.

- I will buy you food if I see you tomorrow.

Conditional 2: used to express unreal situations in the present or future. Uses

simple past tense.

- If I won a lottery, I would buy an island.

- I would buy an island if I won a lottery.

Conditional 3: used to express conditions in the past that did not happen. Uses
the past perfect tense.

- If I had worked harder, I would have become a billionaire.

- I would have become a billionaire if I had worked harder.

Conditional 0: used to express general truths and facts. Uses the simple present
tense.

- If you heat water to 100C, it boils.

- Water boils if you heat it to 100C.

Conjunctions: connects two words, sentences or clauses together.

Coordinating Conjunction: links two independent clauses, noun phrases,

adjectives, adverbials, etc.

- I like apples, but I prefer pears.

 - He likes playing soccer on the weekdays and relaxing on the beach.

FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Subordinating Conjunction: joins a dependent clause to the main verb.

- Because it was cold, Michael was shivering.

- I will leave the house once I get ready.

After, although, because, before, if, in case, therefore, while, etc.

Correlative Conjunction: conjunctions that come in pairs.

- I like both chicken and apples.

- He is not only mean, but also completely ignorant.

Noun: a word that refers to a person, thing or abstract idea.

- The grey dog barked.

Countable Noun: a noun that can be counted. Can be both singular and plural.

Add a/an to make a countable noun singular

- I like eating an apple every day.

Add s to make a countable noun plural

- Apples are good for your health.

Use some and any with countable nouns

- Some dogs are very dangerous.
- I dont own any cars.
Use many, few, a lot of, and no with plural countable nouns.
- Many people eat pizza.
- There are few rhinoceros in the world.
- A lot of people eat pizza.
- No dodos are extant.

Uncountable noun: a noun that cannot be counted. Can only be singular.

 Dont use a/an/or number with uncountable nouns
- I like eating rice every day.

Add a of to make uncountable nouns countable.

- I like drinking a cup of orange juice every once in a while.

Use much, little, a lot of, and no with uncountable nouns.

- I usually dont drink much coffee.
- Little effort is unacceptable.
- A lot of misery is caused by ISIS.
- No water exists in Pluto.

Gerund: a noun formed by adding ing to a verb. It can follow a preposition,

adjective, and most often another verb.

- Eating ice cream prevents cancer.

Predicate Noun: a noun that follows a form of the verb to be

- He is an idiot.

Forms of to be includes am, is, are, was, were, been, and being.

Proper Noun: nouns which name specific people, organizations, or places. Always
starts with a capital letter.

- Microsoft sucks.

Pronoun: a reference to an antecedent, something already mentioned in a

sentence or piece of text.

Singular Singular Singular Plural Plural

Personal Pronoun - I you he/she/it we/you they
Subject
Personal Pronoun - Me You Him/her/it Us them
Object
Possessive Pronoun Mine Yours His/hers/its Ours Theirs
Reflexive Pronoun Myself Yourself Himself/hers Ourselv themselv
 elf/itself es es

Personal Pronoun: reference to someone or something already mentioned, to the

person speaking, or to the person listening.

- Michael and I went to buy water. (Subject)

- Annie gave me my charger. (Object)

Possessive Pronoun: show who the thing being referred to or is associated with.

- That apple is mine.

Reflexive Pronoun: shows that when someone or something affected by an action

is the same as the person or thing doing it.

- My dog licked itself.

Indefinite Pronoun: reference to things or people without mentioning what or

who they are.

- Somebody stole my car.

Another, no one, both, many, all, any, some, everyone, etc..