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Contents
Siemens Design Assistant and Assistant Series Discs 19-2
Types of Power Distribution Systems 19-3 19-5
Ground Fault Protection 19-6 19-11
Overcurrent Protection and Coordination 19-12
System Analysis 19-13
Current Limiting Circuit Breaker Technology 19-14
Series-Connected Combination Ratings 19-15
Harmonics / K-factor Ratings 19-16 19-17
Table 1:
Ampacities of Insulated Conductors 19-18
Table 2:
Correction Factors for Ambient Temperatures 19-18
Table 4A:
Motor Full-Load Currents of
Three Phase AC Induction Type Motors 19-19
Table 4B:
Motor Full-Load Currents in Amperes,
Single Phase AC 19-19
Table 4C:
Motor Full-Load Currents in Amperes, DC 19-19
Table 4D:
Conversion Table of Polyphase Design 19-19
Table 5:
Normal-Load and Fault Currents of
Three Phase Transformers 19-19
Table 6:
Electrical Formulas for Finding Amperes,
Horsepower Kilowatts, and kVA 19-20
Table 7:
Grounding Electrode Conductor for
AC Systems 19-20
Table 8:
Minimum Size Grounding Conductors for 19
Grounding Raceways and Equipment 19-20
Capacitor Circuit Conductors 19-21
TECHNICAL
when a fault occurs in either a primary Secondary Network System Figure 7. Simple Spot Network System
feeder or a transformer. Many buildings with radial distribution
The cost of the secondary selective systems are served at utilization voltage A simple spot network, such as shown in
system will depend upon the spare from utility secondary network systems. Figure 7, consists of two or more identical
capacity in the transformers and primary The network supply system assures a transformers supplied over separate
feeders. The minimum transformer and relatively high degree of service reliability. primary feeder circuits. The transformers
primary feeder capacity will be determined The utility network may take the form of a are connected to a common low voltage
has been determined that an arc with a devices. The scheme uses a core balance (Ia + lb + lc + In = Ig)
value of 1050 kW seconds of energy type current transformer (ground sensor)
TECHNICAL
would vaporize about 1.0 cubic in. of The ground sensor is located
which encircles all phase conductors (and downstream from the point at which the
copper or 2.5 cubic in. of aluminum. neutral on four wire system) to detect
Obviously a fault of the magnitude system is grounded and can be mounted
ground faults. either on the line side or load side of the
shown in Figure 10 could cause a
considerable amount of damage. The operation of this system is such that main disconnect device. This method can
under normal operating conditions (eg., be used on incoming main disconnect or
The nature of low-level arcing ground no ground fault on the system) there is on feeders.
faults makes impractical their detection
current bands of disconnects in series two modes of operation. If a ground fault system should be made before using this
must not overlap and must be separated occurs between it and the nearest type of interlocking.
TECHNICAL
from each other sufficiently to allow for downstream disconnect, it should operate For a zone selective system, the time-
the clearing time of each disconnecting in its fast tripping mode. current bands of disconnects in series,
means used. The time / current selective When a ground fault occurs beyond the although used only for backup protection,
system is recommended for applications downstream disconnect, the downstream should not overlap and should be
where damage levels associated with the GFP device should open in its fast separate from each other sufficiently to
time / current settings used are tolerable. tripping mode and simultaneously allow for the opening time of each
This type of system does not require disconnecting means used.
Figure 18 Figure 19
TECHNICAL
Figure 20 Figure 21
Ground Fault Protection on Main, Feeder and Selected Double-Ended System with Ground Fault Protection on
Branch Disconnects with Zone Selective Interlocking Main and on Tie and Feeder Disconnects
Note: Interlocking
Supplementary interlocking is
required but will vary depending
on equipment used.
Figure 22 Figure 23
T
TECHNICAL
and transformers.
3) Thermal and mechanical limitations
of equipment.
D) Time / current characteristic curves of
all the protective devices to be coordi
nated must be obtained. These should be Figure 24. Coordination of Example System
Figure 28 Without Current Limiting Figure 29 Series-Connected Protective Scheme With Current
Limiting Main Circuit Breaker
Harmonics
As defined by ANSI / IEEE Std. 519-1992,
harmonic components are represented
by a periodic wave or quantity having a
frequency that is an integral multiple of
the fundamental frequency. Harmonics
are voltages or currents at frequencies
that are integer multiples of the
fundamental (60 Hz) frequency: 120 Hz,
180 Hz, 240 Hz, 300 Hz, etc. Harmonics
are designated by their harmonic number, Figure 30 Effect of Harmonics on Current Waveform
or multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Thus, a harmonic with a frequency of 180 generated by the non-linear load. Total Therefore, it is the percentage amount of
Hz (three times the 60 Hz fundamental Harmonic Distortion (THD) is calculated odd harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th ,..., 25th,...)
frequency) is called the 3rd harmonic. as the square root of the sum of the present in the load which can affect the
Harmonics superimpose themselves on squares of all harmonics divided by the transformer, and this condition is called a
the fundamental waveform, distorting it normal 60 Hz value. Non-Linear Load or Non-Sinusoidal
and changing its magnitude. For instance, Load. To determine what amount of
T
Table 2
Correction Factors for Ambient Temperature Over 30C (86F) Based on NEC Table 310.15(B)(2)(A)
Ambient For ambient temperature over 30C, (86F) multiply the ampacities shown above by the appropriate factor Ambient
TemperatureC shown below. TemperatureF
10 or less 1.29 1.20 1.15 1.29 1.20 1.15 50 or less
11-15 1.22 1.15 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.12 51-59
16-20 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.11 1.08 60-68
2125 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.04 6977
2630 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7886
3135 .91 .94 .96 .91 .94 .96 8795
3640 .82 .88 .91 .82 .88 .91 96104
4145 .71 .82 .87 .71 .82 .87 105113
4650 .58 .75 .82 .58 .75 .82 114122
T
aRefer to 310.15(B)(2) for the ampacity correction factors bReferto 240.4(D) for conductor overcurrent protection
where the ambient temperature is other than 30C (86F) limitations.
Table 5
Normal-Load and Fault Currents of Three Phase Transformers
Transformer
Characteristics AC Voltage 3-Phase
3-Phase 208V 240V 480V
a Values may vary depending on manufacturer, Normal Load Short Normal Load Short Normal Load Short
type of motor and NEMA design. kVA % Continuous Circuit Continuous Circuit Continuous Circuit
For full load currents of 200 volt motors, increase the Rating Impedance Amperes Current Amperes Current Amperes Current
corresponding 230 volt motor full-load current by
T
1. Primary source available is assumed as 500 MVA at the 300 4.50 834 18,505 722 16,038 361 8,019
primary of the transformer with a source circuit X/R
ratio of 12.
500 4.50 1388 30,842 1203 26,730 601 13,365
2. Motor contribution is included in the table at twice the 750 5.75 2080 36,206 1804 31,379 902 15,689
full-load current for 208 volt transformers and at 4 1000 5.75 2780 48,275 2406 41,838 1203 20,919
times the full-load current for 240 volt and 480 volt 1500 5.75 4162 72,412 3610 62,575 1805 31,379
transformers. These values are derived from the 2000 5.75 00 0 0 0 4812 83,676 2406 41,838
assumption that 208 volt systems are 50% motor load 2500 5.75 00 0 0 0 6010 104,596 3008 52,298
and 240 and 480 volt systems are 100% motor load.
3. All short circuit current values are in symmetrical
RMS amperes.
Over 350 kcmil to 600 kcmil Over 500 kcmil to 900 kcmil 1/0 3/0
Over 600 kcmil to 1100 kcmil Over 900 kcmil to 1750 kcmil 2/0 4/0
Over 1100 kcmil Over 1750 kcmil 3/0 250 kcmil
a In three wire, two phase circuits the current in b Additionalinformation and exceptions are stated in
the common conductor is 1.41 times that in either Article 250 Grounding, National Electrical Code.
other conductor.
E = Volts I = Amperes
% EFF = Per Cent Efficiency pf = Power Factor
a 0.001"= 0.0254 mm
1 mm = 0.03937"