TITLE ONE

I. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Article 114
ELEMENTS OF TREASON:
1. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines
2. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
3. That the offender either
4. Levies war against the government,
1. breech of allegiance
2. actual assembling of men
3. for the purpose of executing a reasonable design
4. breech of allegiance
5. adherence
6. giving aid or comfort to the enemy
5. Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort
Ways of proving treason:
1. 2 witnesses testifying to same overt act
Example: X saw arms landed in La Union and loaded into a motor vehicle. At this stage, not
sufficient to convict yet. Y later saw the arms unloaded in a warehouse. Will X + Y be sufficient
witnesses to convict? Answer: NO. Because the law requires that 2 witnesses see the SAME OVERT
ACT.
2. Confession of the accused in open court. Arraignment, pre-trial, trial OK.
1. If he has pleaded NOT guilty already during arraignment, he can still confess in open court by
stating the particular acts constituting treason.
2. During trial, simply saying Im guilty is not enough.
3. Withdrawing plea of not guilty during arraignment not necessary
4. If during arraignment he pleads guilty, court will ask if the accused understands is plea.
Submission of affidavit during trial, even if assisted by counsel is not enough.
Treason: breach of allegiance to the government, committed by a person who owes allegiance to
it. Allegiance: obligation of fidelity and obedience. It is permanent or temporary depending on
whether the person is a citizen or an alien.
Evident premeditation, superior strength and treachery are circumstances inherent in treason,
and are, therefore, not aggravating.
Treason cannot be committed in times of peace, only in times of war actual hostilities. But no
need for declaration of war
Levying of war: a) that there be an actual assembling of men; b) for the purpose of executing a
treasonable design by force (deliver the country in whole or in part to the enemy)

Not Treasonous:
1. Acceptance of public office and discharge of official duties under the enemy does not constitute
per se the felony of treason (exception: when it is policy determining)
 2. Serving in a puppet government (ministerial functions) and in order to serve the populace is NOT
treasonous. But it is treason if: a) there is discretion involved; b) inflicts harm on Filipinos; c) it
is disadvantageous to them.
3. Purpose of offender: to deliver the Philippines to enemy country; if merely to change officials
not treason
4. Filipino citizens can commit treason outside the Philippines. But that of an alien must be
committed in the Philippines.
5. Only Filipino citizens or permanent resident aliens can be held liable
6. Alien: with permanent resident status from the BID it is neither the length of stay in the
Philippines nor the marriage with a Filipino that matters.

On Citizenship
Treason cannot be proved by circumstantial evidence or by extra-judicial confession of the
accused
Actual hostilities may determine the date of the commencement of war
No such thing as attempted treason; mere attempt consummates the crime
Giving aid or comfort material element, enhances forces of the enemy country. Acts which
strengthen or tend to strengthen the enemy in the conduct of war against the traitors country
or that which weaken and tend to weaken the power of the same.
Example: Financing arms procurement of enemy country. But giving of shelter is not necessarily
giving aid and comfort.
Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together. Adherence: when a citizen
intellectually or emotionally favors the enemy and harbors convictions disloyal to his countrys
policy. But membership in the police force during the occupation is NOT treason.
Example: Giving information to, or commandeering foodstuffs for the enemy.
Adherence may be proved by: (1) one witness; (2) from the nature of the act itself; (3) from the
circumstances surrounding the act.
Treason is a CONTINUING CRIME. Even after the war, offender can be prosecuted.
If you convict a person for treason by reason of irresistible force or uncontrollable fear, you may
use Art.12. No treason through negligence
When killings and other common crimes are charged as overt act of treason, they cannot be
regarded as (1) separate crimes or (2) as complex with treason.

Article 115
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT TREASON
ELEMENTS:
1. In time of war
2. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to

1. levy war against the government, or

2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,

1. They decide to commit it

 ELEMENTS OF PROPOSAL TO COMMIT TREASON
1. In time of war
2. A person who has decided to levy war against the government, or to adhere to the enemies and
to give them aid or comfort, proposes its execution to some other person/s.
Mere agreement and decisions to commit treason is punishable
Mere proposal even without acceptance is punishable too. If the other accepts, it is already
conspiracy.

Article 116
MISPRISION OF TREASON
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender must be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner
2. That he has knowledge of any conspiracy (to commit treason) against the government
3. That he conceals or does not disclose and make known the same as soon as possible to the
governor or fiscal of the province or the mayor or fiscal of the city in which he resides
Offender is punished as an accessory to the crime of treason
This crime does not apply if the crime of treason is already committed
Crime of omission
To report within a reasonable time depends on time, place and circumstance the RPC did
not fix time.
RPC states 4 individuals, what if you report to some other high-ranking government official? Ex.
PNP Director? Judge Pimentel says any govt official of the DILG is OK.

Article 117
Espionage by entering, without authority therefor, warship, fort, or naval or military
establishments or reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs or other data of a
confidential nature relative to the defense of the Philippines.
ELEMENTS:
1. 1. That the offender enters any of the places mentioned therein
1. 2. That he has no authority therefore;
2. That his purpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or other data of a confidential
nature relative to the defense of the Philippines
Espionage by disclosing to the representative of a foreign nation the contents of the articles, data,
or information referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 117, which he had in his possession by reason
of the public office holds
1. ELEMENTS: That the offender is a public officer
2. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in par 1 of art 117, by
reason of the public office he holds
3. That he discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation
Purpose: to gather data
Espionage: the offense of gathering, transmitting, or losing information respecting the national
defense with the intent or reason to believe that the information is to be used to the injury of
the Philippines or the advantage of any foreign nation. It is not conditioned on citizenship.
 Not necessary that Philippines is at war with the country to which the information was revealed.
What is important is that the information related is connected with the defense system of the
Philippines.
Wiretapping is NOT espionage if the purpose is not something connected with the defense
See CA 616

II. CRIMES AGAINST LAWS OF NATIONS

Article 118
INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts
2. That such acts provoke or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippines or
expose Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or property
Crime is committed in time of peace, intent is immaterial
Inciting to war offender is any person
Reprisals is not limited to military action, it could be economic reprisals, or denial of entry into
their country. Example. X burns Chinese flag. If China bans the entry of Filipinos into China, that
is already reprisal.

Article 119
VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY
ELEMENTS:
1. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved
2. That there is a regulation issued by competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality
3. That the offender violates such regulation
Govt must have declared the neutrality of the Phil in a war between 2 other countries
It is neutrality of the Phil that is violated
Congress has the right to declare neutrality

Article 120
CORRESPONDENCE WITH HOSTILE COUNTRY
ELEMENTS:
1. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved
2. That the offender makes correspondence with an enemy country or territory occupied by enemy
troops
3. That the correspondence is either
1. prohibited by the government, or
2. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or
3. containing notice or information which might be useful to the enemy
Circumstances qualifying the offense:
a. notice or information might be useful to the enemy

b. offender intended to aid the enemy

Hostile country exist only during hostilities or after the declaration of war
Correspondence to enemy country correspondence to officials of enemy country even if
related to you.
It is not correspondence with private individual in enemy country
If ciphers were used, no need for prohibition
If ciphers were not used, there is a need for prohibition
In any case, it must be correspondence with the enemy country
Doesnt matter if correspondence contains innocent matters if prohibited, punishable

Article 121
FLIGHT TO ENEMYS COUNTRY

ELEMENTS
1. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
2. That the offender (Filipino or resident alien) must be owing allegiance to the government
3. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enemy country
4. That going to enemy country is prohibited by competent authority
Mere attempt consummates the crime
There must be a prohibition. If none, even if went to enemy country no violation
Alien resident may be guilty here.

Article 122
PIRACY
2 Ways of Committing Piracy
1. By attacking or seizing a vessel on the high seas or in the Philippine waters (PD 532)
2. By seizing the whole or part of the cargo of said vehicles, its equipment or personal belongings
of its complement or passengers
Elements:
1. That a vessel is on the high seas/Philippine waters
2. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel
3. That the offenders
1. attack or seize that vessel or (hence, if committed by crew or passengers, the crime is
not piracy but robbery in the high seas)
2. seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or personal belongings
of its complement or passengers
High seas: any waters on the sea coast which are without the boundaries of the low water mark
although such waters may be in the jurisdictional limits of a foreign govt
PD 532 has been already repealed
Piracy in high seas jurisdiction is with any court where offenders are found or arrested
Piracy in internal waters jurisdiction is only with Philippine courts
 For purpose of Anti-Fencing Law, piracy is part of robbery and theft

Piracy
Robbery or forcible degradation on the
high seas, without lawful authority and
done with animo furandi and in the spirit
and intention of universal hostility.
Mutiny
Unlawful resistance to a superior officer, or
the raising of commotion and disturbances on
board a ship against the authority of its
commander

Intent to gain is an element.

Attack from outside. Offenders are

strangers to the vessel. (this is the
standing rule with the repeal of PD 532
which made it possible for any person to
commit piracy including a passenger or
complement of the vessel). Attack from the inside.

Article 123
QUALIFIED PIRACY
CIRCUMSTANCES:
1. Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same
2. Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves
3. Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape. (the above
may result to qualified mutiny)
Parricide/infanticide should be included (Judge Pimentel)
Note the new rape law. Death is imposed in certain types of rape
There is a conflict between this provision and the provision on rape. Ex. If rape is committed on
someone below 7 death under the new rape law. But if rape committed on someone below 7
during the time of piracy RP to death. Irreconcilable.
Murder/rape/homicide/physical injuries must have been committed on the passengers or
complement

TITLE TWO

I. CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE

Classes of Arbitrary Detention:
1. By detaining a person without legal ground
2. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities
3. Delaying release

Article 124
ARBITRARY DETENTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee (whose official duties include the authority to
make an arrest and detain persons; jurisdiction to maintain peace and order).
2. That he detains a person (actual restraint).
3. That the detention was without legal grounds (cannot be committed if with warrant).
Detention: when a person is placed in confinement or there is a restraint on his person.
Though the elements specify that the offender be a public officer or employee, private
individuals who conspire with public officers can also be liable.
Legal grounds for the detention of any person:
Without legal grounds:
Know grounds for warrantless arrest:
For escaped prisoner no need for warrant
Rolito Go v. CA is an example of arbitrary detention (Judge Pimentel)
Example: Y was killed by unknown assailant. Officers got a tip and arrested X. X voluntarily
admitted to the officers that he did it although he was not asked. X was detained immediately.
According to the SC, there was NO arbitrary detention. Why? Because once X made a confession,
the officers had a right to arrest him.
Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime
Ramos v. Enrile: Rebels later on retire. According to the SC, once you have committed rebellion
and have not been punished or amnestied, then the rebels continue to engage in rebellion,
unless the rebels renounce his affiliation. Arrest can be made without a warrant because this is a
continuing crime.
1. commission of a crime
2. violent insanity or other ailment requiring compulsory confinement of the patient in a hospital
1. he has not committed any crime or no reasonable ground of suspicion that he has committed a
crime
2. not suffering from violent insanity or any other ailment requiring compulsory confinement in a
hospital
1. Crime is about to be, is being, has been committed
2. Officer must have reasonable knowledge that the person probably committed the crime

Article 125
DELAY IN THE DELIVERY OF DETAINED PERSONS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he has detained a person for some legal grounds
3. That he fails to deliver such person to the proper judicial authority within:
1. 12 hours, if detained for crimes/offenses punishable by light penalties, or their equivalent
2. 18 hours, for crimes/offenses punishable by correctional penalties, or their equivalent or
3. 36 hours, for crimes/offenses punishable by capital punishment or afflictive penalties, or their
equivalent
 Really means delay in filing necessary information or charging of person detained in court. May
be waived if a preliminary investigation is asked for.
Does not contemplate actual physical delivery but at least there must be a complaint filed. Duty
complied with upon the filing of the complaint with the judicial authority (courts, prosecutors
though technically not a judicial authority, for purposes of this article, hes considered as one.)
The filing of the information in court does not cure illegality of detention. Neither does it affect
the legality of the confinement under process issued by the court.
To escape from this, officers usually ask accused to execute a waiver which should be under
oath and with assistance of counsel. Such waiver is not violative of the accused constitutional
right.
What is length of waiver? Light offense 5 days. Serious and less serious offenses 7 to 10 days.
(Judge Pimentel)
Article does not apply when arrest is via a warrant of arrest
If offender is a private person, crime is illegal detention

Arbitrary Detention (124) Delay in Delivery of Detained (125)

Detention is legal in the beginning, but

illegality starts from the expiration of the
specified periods without the persons detained
having been delivered to the proper judicial
Detention is illegal from the beginning. authority.

Article 126
DELAYING RELEASE
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That there is a judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or
that there is a proceeding upon a petition for the liberation of such person
3. That the offender without good reason delays:
1. the service of the notice of such order to the prisoner, or
2. the performance of such judicial or executive order for the release of the prisoner, or
3. the proceedings upon a petition for the release of such person
Three acts are punishable:
Wardens and jailers are the persons most likely to violate this provision
Provision does not include legislation
1. delaying the performance of a judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner
2. delaying the service of notice of such order to said prisoner
3. delaying the proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of such person

Article 127
EXPULSION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he expels any person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his residence
3. That the offender is not authorized to do so by law
2 acts punishable:
1. by expelling a person from the Philippines
2. by compelling a person to change his residence

(The crime of expulsion absorbs that of grave coercion. If done by a private person, will amount to
grave coercion)

i.e.,Villavicencio v. Lukban: prostitutes case

Does not include undesirable aliens; destierro; or when sent to prison
If X (Filipino) after he voluntarily left, is refused re-entry is considered forcing him to change
his address here
Threat to national security is not a ground to expel or change his address.

Article 128
VIOLATION OF DOMICILE
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he is not authorized by judicial order to enter the dwelling and/or to make a
search therein for papers or other effects
3. That he commits any of the following acts:
1. entering any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof
2. searching papers or other effects found therein without the previous consent of such
owner
3. refusing to leave the premises, after having surreptitiously entered said dwelling and
after having been required to leave the same
Aggravating Circumstance (medium and maximum of penalty imposed):
If the offender who enters the dwelling against the will of the owner thereof is a private
individual, the crime committed is trespass to dwelling (Art 280)
When a public officer searched a person outside his dwelling without a search warrant and
such person is not legally arrested for an offense, the crime committed by the public officer is
grave coercion, if violence or intimidation is used (Art 286), or unjust vexation, if there is no
violence or intimidation (Art 287)
A public officer without a search warrant cannot lawfully enter the dwelling against the will of
the owner, even if he knew that someone in that dwelling is having unlawful possession of opium
3 acts punishable:
 Being authorized by law means with search warrant, save himself or do some things good for
humanity
There must be expression that entry is denied or that he is asked to leave
Papers and effects need not be part of a crime.
1. offense committed at nighttime
2. papers or effects not constituting evidence of a crime be not returned immediately
1. person enters dwelling w/o consent or against the will
2. person enters and searches for papers and effects
3. person entered secretly and refuses to leave after being asked to

Article 129
SEARCH WARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINED
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he procures a search warrant
3. That there is no just cause
ABUSE IN THE SERVICE OF WARRANT OR EXCEEDING AUTHORITY OR USING UNNECESSARY
SEVERITY IN EXECUTING A SEARCH WARRANT LEGALLY PROCURED
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he has legally procured a search warrant
3. That he exceeds his authority or uses unnecessary severity in executing the same
Search warrant is valid for 10 days from its date
Search warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the People, signed by the judge and
directed to a public officer, commanding him to search for personal property described therein
and bring it before the court
No just cause warrant is unjustified
Search limited to what is described in the warrant, all details must be with particularity
Malicious warrant. Example. X was a respondent of a search warrant for illegal possession of
firearms. A return was made. The gun did not belong to X and the witness had no personal
knowledge that there is a gun in that place.
Abuse examples:
1. X owner was handcuffed while search was going-on.
2. Tank was used to ram gate prior to announcement that a search will be made
3. Persons who were not respondents were searched

Article 130
ELEMENTS OF SEARCHING DOMICILE WITHOUT WITNESSES:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he is armed with a search warrant legally procured
 3. That he searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of any person
4. That the owner, or any member of his family, or two witnesses residing in the same locality are
not present
Order of those who must witness the search:
Validity of the search warrant can be questioned only in 2 courts: where issued or where the
case is pending. Latter is preferred for objective determination.
1. Homeowner
2. Members of the family of sufficient age and discretion
3. Responsible members of the community (cant be influenced by the searching party)

Article 131
PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETINGS
ELEMENTS:
1. Offender is a public officer or employee
2. He performs any of the ff. acts:
1. prohibiting or interrupting, without legal ground the holding of a peaceful meeting, or dissolving
the same (e.g. denial of permit in arbitrary manner).
2. hindering any person from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its meetings
prohibiting or hindering any person from addressing, either alone or together with others, any
petition to the authorities for the correction of abuses or redress of grievances
If the offender is a private individual, the crime is disturbance of public order (Art 153)
Meeting must be peaceful and there is no legal ground for prohibiting, dissolving or interrupting
that meeting
Meeting is subject to regulation
Offender must be a stranger, not a participant, in the peaceful meeting; otherwise, its unjust
vexation
Interrupting and dissolving a meeting of the municipal council by a public officer is a crime
against the legislative body, not punishable under this article
The person talking on a prohibited subject at a public meeting contrary to agreement that no
speaker should touch on politics may be stopped
But stopping the speaker who was attacking certain churches in public meeting is a violation of
this article
Prohibition must be without lawful cause or without lawful authority
Those holding peaceful meetings must comply with local ordinances. Example: Ordinance
requires permits for meetings in public places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place
because theres no permit, officer is liable for stopping the meeting.

Article 132
INTERRUPTION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP
ELEMENTS:
 1. That the officer is a public officer or employee
2. That religious ceremonies or manifestations of any religion are about to take place or are going
on
3. That the offender prevents or disturbs the same
Circumstance qualifying the offense: if committed with violence or threats
Reading of Bible and then attacking certain churches in a public plaza is not a ceremony or
manifestation of religion, but only a meeting of a religious sect. But if done in a private home,
its a religious service
Religious Worship: people in the act of performing religious rites for a religious ceremony; a
manifestation of religion. Ex. Mass, baptism, marriage
X, a private person, boxed a priest while the priest was giving homily and while the latter was
maligning a relative of X. Is X liable? X may be liable under Art 133 because X is a private person.
When priest is solemnizing marriage, he is a person in authority, although in other cases, hes
not.

Article 133
OFFENDING RELIGIOUS FEELINGS
ELEMENTS:
1. That the acts complained of were performed
1. in a place devoted to religious feelings, or (for this element, no need of religious ceremony, only
the place is material)
2. during the celebration of any religious ceremony
2. That the acts must be notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful (deliberate intent to
hurt the feelings)
3. The offender is any person
4. There is a deliberate intent to hurt the feelings of the faithful, directed against religious tenet
If in a place devoted to religious purpose, there is no need for an ongoing religious ceremony
Example of religious ceremony (acts performed outside the church). Processions and special
prayers for burying dead persons but NOT prayer rallies
Acts must be directed against religious practice or dogma or ritual for the purpose of ridicule, as
mocking or scoffing or attempting to damage an object of religious veneration
There must be deliberate intent to hurt the feelings of the faithful, mere arrogance or rudeness
is not enough.

Who are
CRIME Nature of Crime Liable If Element Missing

Prohibition,
Interruption and
Dissolution of Crime against the
Peaceful fundamental law of Public officers, If not by public officer =
Meeting (131) the state Outsiders tumults
 If by insider = unjust
vexation

If not religious = tumult

or alarms

If not notoriously
Interruption of Crime against the offensive = unjust
Religious fundamental law of Public officers, vexation
Worship (132) the state Outsiders

If not tumults = alarms

and scandal

If meeting illegal at
Public officers,
Offending the private onset = inciting to
Religious Feeling Crime against persons, sedition or rebellion
(133) public order outsiders

TITLE THREE
I. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

Article 134
REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be
1. public uprising and
2. taking arms against the government (force/violence)
2. That the purpose of the uprising or movement is either

1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws

1. i. the territory of the Philippines or any part thereof, or

ii. any body of land, naval or other armed forces, or

2 To deprive the chief executive or congress, wholly or partially, of any of their powers or
prerogatives

Persons liable for rebellion

1. Any person who:

1. promotes

2. maintains, or
3. heads a rebellion or insurrection; or

2. Any person who, while holding any public office or employment, takes part therein by:
1. engaging in war against the forces of the government
2. destroying property or committing serious violence
3. exacting contributions or diverting public funds from the lawful purpose for which they have
been appropriated (Note: diverting public funds is malversation absorbed in rebellion);
4. Any person merely participating or executing the command of others in rebellion
Success is immaterial, purpose is always political
Rebellion used where the object of the movement is completely to overthrow and supersede the
existing government
Insurrection refers to a movement which seeks merely to effect some change of minor
importance to prevent the exercise of govt authority w/ respect to particular matters or
subjects
Actual clash of arms w/ the forces of the govt, not necessary to convict the accused who is in
conspiracy w/ others actually taking arms against the govt
Purpose of the uprising must be shown but it is not necessary that it be accomplished
A change of government w/o external participation
RISING PUBLICLY and TAKING ARMS AGAINST GOVERNMENT actual participation. If there is no
public uprising, the crime is of direct assault.
Mere giving of aid or comfort is not criminal in the case of rebellion. Merely sympathizing is not
participation, there must be ACTUAL participation
Not necessary that there is killing, mere threat of removing Phil is sufficient
Rebellion cannot be complexed with any other crime. However, illegal possession of firearms in
furtherance of rebellion is distinct from the crime of rebellion. Furthermore, it is a continuing
crime such along with the crime of conspiracy or proposal to commit such
A private crime may be committed during rebellion. Examples: killing, possessions of firearms,
illegal association are absorbed. Rape, even if not in furtherance of rebellion cannot be
complexed
If killing, robbing were done for private purposes or for profit, without any political motivation,
the crime would be separately be punished and would not be embraced by rebellion (People v.
Fernando)
Read People v. Hernandez and Enrile v. Salazar
Person deemed leader of rebellion in case he is unknown:
Any person who in fact:
1. directed the others
2. spoke for them
3. signed receipts and other documents issued in their name
4. performed similar acts on behalf of the rebels

Article 134-A
COUP D ETAT
 ELEMENTS:
1. Swift attack
2. Accompanied by violence, intimidation, threat, strategy or stealth
3. Directed against:
4. duly constituted authorities
5. any military camp or installation
6. communication networks or public utilities
1. other facilities needed for the exercise and continued possession of power
7. Singly or simultaneously carried out anywhere in the Philippines
1. Committed by any person or persons belonging to the military or police or holding any
public office or employment; with or without civilian support or participation
8. With or without civilian support or participation
9. Purpose of seizing or diminishing state power
Crime may be committed by a single person, any government employee and even by civilian
Taking up of arms not even necessary, what is important is violence, threat, intimidation,
strategy or stealth
Coup detat
Treason (114) Rebellion (134) (134-A) Sedition (139)

Nature Crime
of Crime against Crime against against Crime against
Crime National Security Public Order Public Order Public Order

levying war
against the govt;
Public uprising
OR
AND Rising publicly or
adherence and tumultuously
giving aid or Taking up arms (caused by more
than 3 armed men
Overt comfort to against the
or provided with
Acts enemies govt See article. means of violence)

Purpose Deliver the govt Seizing or

of to enemy during diminishing See enumeration in
objective war See article. state power. article.

Article 135
Penalties
Who are liable?
 1. Any person who:
1. Promotes
2. Maintains
3. heads a rebellion or insurrection
4. engaging in war against the forces of the govt
5. destroying property or committing serious violence
6. exacting contributions or diverting public funds from the lawful purpose for which they have
been appropriated
2. Any person who, while holding any public office or employment, takes part therein
3. Any person merely participating or executing the command of other in a rebellion.

In Government Service Not in Government Service

Anyone who leads, directs, commands others Anyone who participates or in an manner,
to undertake a coup. supports, finances, abets, aids in a coup.

Serious violence is that inflicted upon civilians, which may result in homicide. It is not limited to
hostilities against the armed force.
Diverting public funds is malversation absorbed in rebellion
1. Public officer must take active part because mere silence or omission not punishable in rebellion
2. It is not a defense in rebellion that the accused never took the oath of allegiance to, or that
they never recognized the government
3. Rebellion cannot be complexed with murder and other common crimes committed in pursuance
of the movement to overthrow the government
4. Killing, robbing etc for private persons or for profit, without any political motivation, would be
separately punished and would not be absorbed in the rebellion.

Article 136
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS:
1. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise publicly and take arms against the government
2. For any of the purposes of rebellion
3. They decide to commit it
PROPOSAL TO COMMIT REBELLION OR INSURRECTION (136)
ELEMENTS:
Organizing a group of soldiers, soliciting membership in, and soliciting funds for the organization
show conspiracy to overthrow the govt
The mere fact of giving and rendering speeches favoring Communism would not make the
accused guilty of conspiracy if theres no evidence that the hearers then and there agreed to
rise up in arms against the govt
Conspiracy must be immediately prior to rebellion
If it is during the rebellion, then it is already taking part in it.
1. A person who has decided to rise publicly and take arms the government
 2. For any of the purposes of rebellion
3. Proposes its execution to some other person/s

Article 137
DISLOYALTY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES
ELEMENTS:
Presupposes existence of rebellion
Must not be in conspiracy with rebels or coup plotters
If there are means to prevent the rebellion but did not resist it, then theres disloyalty. If there
are no means, no fault
If position is accepted in order to protect the people, not covered by this
The collaborator must not have tried to impose the wishes of the rebels of the people.
1. Failing to resist rebellion by all the means in their power
2. Continuing to discharge the duties of their offices under the control of rebels
3. Accepting appointment to office under rebels

Article 138
INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender does not take arms or is not in open hostility against the government
2. That he incites others to the execution of any of the acts of rebellion
3. That the inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or
other representations tending to the same end
Intentionally calculated to seduce others to rebellion
There must be uprising to take up arms and rise publicly for the purposes indicated in Art 134

Proposal to Commit Rebellion (136) Inciting to Rebellion (138)

The person who proposes has decided to Not required that the offender has decided
commit rebellion. to commit rebellion.

The person who proposes the execution of

the crime uses secret means. The inciting is done publicly.

Article 139
SEDITION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offenders rise
 1. Publicly (if no public uprising = tumult and other disturbance of public order)
2. Tumultuously (vis--vis rebellion where there must be a taking of arms)
3. to prevent the promulgation or execution of any law or the holding of any popular election
4. to prevent the national government, or any provincial or municipal government, or any public
thereof from freely exercising its or his functions, or prevent the execution of any administrative
order
5. to inflict any act or hate or revenge upon the person or property of any public officer or
employee
6. to commit for any political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private persons or
any social class (hence, even private persons may be offended parties)
7. to despoil, for any political or social end, any person, municipality or province, or the national
government of all its property or any part thereof
2. That they employ force, intimidation, or other means outside of legal methods
3. That the offenders employ any of those means to attain any of the following objects:
Sedition: raising of commotion or disturbances in the State. Its ultimate object is a violation of
the public peace or at least such measures that evidently engenders it.
Difference from rebellion object or purpose of the surprising. For sedition sufficient that
uprising is tumultuous. In rebellion there must be taking up of arms against the government.
Sedition purpose may be either political or social. In rebellion always political
Tumultuous caused by more than 3 persons who are armed or provided with means of violence
Preventing public officers from freely exercising their functions
In sedition offender may be a private or public person (Ex. Soldier)
Public uprising and the object of sedition must concur
Q: Are common crimes absorbed in sedition? In P v. Umali, SC held that NO. Crimes committed in
that case were independent of each other.
Preventing election through legal means NOT sedition
But when sugar farmers demonstrated and destroyed the properties of sugar barons sedition
Persons liable for sedition:
1. leader of the sedition, and
2. other persons participating in the sedition

Article 142
INCITING TO SEDITION
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender does not take a direct part in the crime of sedition
2. That he incites others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition (134)
3. That the inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems, cartoons,
banners, or other representations tending to the same end (purpose: cause commotion not
exactly against the government; actual disturbance not necessary)
Different acts of inciting to sedition:
When punishable:
 1. Inciting others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition by means of
speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems etc.
2. Uttering seditious words or speeches which tend to disturb the public peace or writing,
publishing, or circulating scurrilous [vulgar, mean, libelous] libels against the government or any
of the duly constituted authorities thereof, which tend to disturb the public peace
3. Knowingly concealing such evil practices
1. when they tend to disturb or obstruct any lawful officer in executing the functions of his office;
or
2. when they tend to instigate others to cabal and meet together for unlawful purposes
3. when they suggest or incite rebellious conspiracies or riots; or
4. when they lead or tend to stir up the people against the lawful authorities or to disturb the
peace of the community, the safety and order of the government

II. CRIMES AGAINST POPULAR REPRESENTATION

Article 143
ACTS TENDING TO PREVENT THE MEETING OF CONGRESS AND SIMILAR BODIES
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be a projected or actual meeting of Congress or any of its committees or
subcommittees, constitutional commissions or committees or division thereof, or of any
provincial board or city or municipal council or board
2. That the offender who may be any persons prevents such meeting by force or fraud
Chief of Police and mayor who prevented the meeting of the municipal council are liable under
Art 143, when the defect of the meeting is not manifest and requires an investigation before its
existence can be determined.

Article 144
DISTURBANCE OF PROCEEDINGS
ELEMENTS:
1. That there be a meeting of Congress or any of its committees, constitutional commissions or
committees or divisions thereof, or of any provincial board or city or municipal council or board
2. That the offender does any of the following acts
1. he disturbs any of such meetings
2. he behaves while in the presence of any such bodies in such a manner as to interrupt its
proceedings or to impair the respect due it
Complaint must be filed by member of the Legislative body. Accused may also be punished for
contempt.

Article 145
VIOLATION OF PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
Acts punishable:
1. By using force, intimidation, threats, or frauds to prevent any member of Congress from
1. attending the meeting of the assembly or any of its committees, constitutional commissions or
committees or divisions thereof, or from
2. expressing his opinions or
3. casting his vote
2. By arresting or searching any member thereof while Congress is in a regular or special session,
except in case such member has committed a crime punishable under the code by a penalty
higher than prision mayor
Elements:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee
2. That he arrests or searches any member of Congress
3. That Congress, at the time of arrest or search, is in a regular or special session
4. That the member searched has not committed a crime punishable under the code by a penalty
higher than prision mayor (1987 constitution: privilege from arrest while congress in session in
all offenses punishable by not more than 6 years imprisonment).
Article partly inoperative because of the 1987 Constitution

III. ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATIONS

Article 146
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES
Two (2) Types of illegal assemblies:
a. Meeting of the first form
1. Meeting, gathering or group of persons whether in a fixed place or moving
2. purpose : to commit any of crimes punishable under the code
3. meeting attended by armed persons
b. Meeting of the second form
1. Meeting, gathering or group of persons whether in a fixed place or moving
2. Audience whether armed or not, is incited to the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion
or insurrection, sedition or direct assault.
Not all the persons present at the meeting of the first form of illegal assembly must be armed
Persons liable for illegal assembly
Responsibility of persons merely present at the meeting
Presumptions if person present at the meeting carries an unlicensed firearm:
1. the organizers or leaders of the meeting
2. persons merely present at the meeting (except when presence is out of curiosity not liable)
1. if they are not armed, penalty is arresto mayor
2. if they carry arms, like bolos or knives, or licensed firearms, penalty is prision correccional
1. purpose of the meeting is to commit acts punishable under the RPC
 2. considered as leader or organizer of the meeting

Article 147
ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
ELEMENTS:
Persons liable:
1. Organized totally or partially for the purpose of committing any of the crimes in RPC
2. Or for some purpose contrary to public morals
1. founders, directors and president of the association
2. mere members of the association

Illegal Assembly (146) Illegal Association (147)

Must be an actual meeting of armed persons

to commit any of the crimes punishable
under the RPC, or of individuals who,
although not armed, are incited to the
commission of treason, rebellion, sedition or
assault upon a person in authority of his
agent. No need for such

It is the meeting and the attendance at such Act of forming or organizing and
that are punished membership in the association

Founders, directors, president and

Persons liable: leaders and those present members

IV. ASSAULT, RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE

Article 148
DIRECT ASSAULT
ELEMENTS OF THE 1ST FORM OF DIRECT ASSAULT
1. That the offender employs force or intimidation.
2. That the aim of the offender is to attain any of the purposes of the crime of rebellion or any of
the objects of the crimes of sedition. (victim need not be person in authority)
3. That there is no public uprising.
ELEMENTS OF THE 2ND FORM OF DIRECT ASSAULT:
1. That the offender (a) makes an attack, (b) employs force, (c) makes a serious intimidation, or
(d) makes a serious resistance.
2. That the person assaulted is a person in authority or his agent.
3. That at the time of the assault the person in authority or his agent (a) is engaged in the actual
performance of official duties (motive is not essential), or that he is assaulted (b) by reason of
the past performance of official duties (motive is essential).
4. That the offender knows that the one he is assaulting is a person in authority or his agent in the
exercise of his duties (with intention to offend, injure or assault).
5. That there is no public uprising.
Always complexed with the material consequence of the act (e.g. direct assault with murder)
except if resulting in a light felony, in which case, the consequence is absorbed
Hitting the policeman on the chest with fist is not direct assault because if done against an
agent of a person in authority, the force employed must be of serious character
The force employed need not be serious when the offended party is a person in authority (ex.
Laying of hands)
The intimidation or resistance must be serious whether the offended party is an agent only or a
person in authority (ex. Pointing a gun)

Force Employed Intimidation/Resistance

Person in
Authority Need not be serious Serious

Agent Must be of serious character Serious

Person in authority: any person directly vested with jurisdiction (power or authority to govern
and execute the laws) whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental
corporation, board or commission
A barangay captain is a person in authority, so is a Division Superintendent of schools, President
of Sanitary Division and a teacher
Agent: is one who, by direct provision of law or by election or by appointment by competent
authority, is charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of
life and property. (Example. Barrio councilman and any person who comes to the aid of the
person in authority, policeman, municipal treasurer, postmaster, sheriff, agents of the BIR,
Malacaang confidential agent)
Even when the person in authority or the agent agrees to fight, still direct assault.
When the person in authority or the agent provoked/attacked first, innocent party is entitled to
defend himself and cannot be held liable for assault or resistance nor for physical injuries,
because he acts in legitimate self-defense
There can be no assault upon or disobedience to one authority by another when they both
contend that they were in the exercise of their respective duties.
When assault is made by reason of the performance of his duty there is no need for actual
performance of his official duty when attacked
Circumstances qualifying the offense (Qualified Assault):
Complex crime of direct assault with homicide or murder, or with serious physical injuries.
Direct assault cannot be committed during rebellion.
 1. when the assault is committed with a weapon
2. when the offender is a public officer or employee
3. when the offender lays hand upon a person in authority
Article 149
INDIRECT ASSAULT
ELEMENTS:
1. That a person in authority or his agent is the victim of any of the forms of direct assault defined
in ART. 148.
2. That a person comes to the aid of such authority or his agent.
3. That the offender makes use of force or intimidation upon such person coming to the aid of the
authority or his agent.
Indirect assault can be committed only when a direct assault is also committed
To be indirect assault, the person who should be aided is the agent (not the person in authority
because it is already direct assault, the person coming to the aid of the person in authority being
considered as an agent and an attack on the latter is already direct assault). Example. Aiding a
policeman under attack.

Article 150
DISOBEDIENCE TO SUMMONS
Acts punishable:
1. refusing without legal excuse to obey summons
2. refusing to be sworn or placed under affirmation
3. refusing to answer any legal inquiry to produce books, records etc.
4. restraining another from attending as witness in such body
5. inducing disobedience to a summons or refusal to be sworn

Article 151
RESISTANCE DISOBEDIENCE TO A PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE AGENT OF SUCH PERSON (par.
1)
ELEMENTS:
1. That a person in authority or his agent is engaged in the performance of official duty or gives a
lawful order to the offender.
2. That the offender resists or seriously disobeys such person in authority or his agent.
3. That the act of the offender is not included in the provisions of arts. 148, 149 and 150.
SIMPLE DISOBEDIENCE (par. 2)
ELEMENTS:
1. That an agent of a person in authority is engaged in the performance of official duty gives a
lawful order to the offender.
2. That the offender disobeys such agent of a person in authority.
3. That such disobedience is not of a serious nature.
 Resistant and Disobedience to a Person in
Direct Assault (148) Authority or Agents of such Person (151)

PIA or his agent must be engaged in the

performance of official duties or that he PIA or his agent must be in the actual
is assaulted performance of his duties.

Direct assault is committed in 4 ways by

attacking, employing force, and seriously Committed by resisting or seriously disobeying
resisting a PIA or his agent. a PIA or his agent.

Use of force against an agent of a PIA is not so

Use of force against an agent of PIA must serious; no manifest intention to defy the law
be serious and deliberate. and the officers enforcing it.

Article 152
PERSONS IN AUTHORITY/AGENTS OF PERSONS IN AUTHORITY:
Persons in Authority any person directly vested with jurisdiction, whether as an individual or as
a member of some court or governmental corporation, board or commission.
1. Barangay captain
2. Barangay chairman
3. Teachers
4. Professors
5. Persons charged with the supervision of public or duly recognized private schools, colleges and
universities
6. Lawyers in the actual performance of their professional duties or on the occasion of such
performance
Agent of Person in Authority any person who, by direct provision of law or by election or by
appointment by competent authority, is charged with the maintenance of public order and the
protection and security of life and property.
1. Barrio councilman
2. Barrio policeman
3. Barangay leader
4. Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority
Section 388 of the Local Govt Code provides that for purposes of the RPC, the punong
barangay, sangguniang barangay members and members of the lupong tagapamayapa in each
barangay shall be deemed as persons in authority in their jurisdictions, while other barangay
officials and members who may be designated by law or ordinance and charged with the
maintenance of public order, protection and the security of life, property, or the maintenance
of a desirable and balanced environment, and any barangay member who comes to the aid of
persons in authority shall be deemed AGENT of persons in authority.

V. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC DISORDERS

Article 153
TYPES OF TUMULTS AND OTHER DISTURBANCES OF PUBLIC ORDER:
1. Causing any serious disturbance in a public place, office or establishment
2. Interrupting or disturbing public performances, functions, gatherings or peaceful meetings, if
the act is not included in Art 131 and 132 (Public Officers interrupting peaceful meetings or
religious worship).
3. Making any outcry tending to incite rebellion or sedition in any meeting, association or public
place
4. Displaying placards or emblems which provoke a disturbance of public order in such place
5. Burying with pomp the body of a person who has been legally executed.
If the act of disturbing or interrupting a meeting or religious ceremony is NOT committed by
public officers, or if committed by public officers they are not participants therein, this article
applies. Art 131 and 132 punishes the same acts if committed by public officers who are NOT
participants in the meeting
The outcry is merely a public disorder if it is an unconscious outburst which, although rebellious
or seditious in nature, is not intentionally calculated to induce others to commit rebellion or
sedition, otherwise, its inciting to rebellion or sedition.
Tumultuous if caused by more than 3 persons who are armed or provided with means of
violence (circumstance qualifying the disturbance/interruption) tumultuous in character
Article 154
TYPES OF UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION AND UNLAWFUL UTTERANCES:
1. Publishing or causing to be published, by means of printing, lithography or any other means of
publication as news any false news which may endanger the public order, or cause damage to
the interest or credit of the State.
2. Encouraging disobedience to the law or to the constituted authorities or by praising, justifying or
extolling any act punished by law, by the same means or by words, utterances or speeches
3. Maliciously publishing or causing to be published any official resolution or document without
proper authority, or before they have been published officially
4. Printing, publishing or distributing or (causing the same) books, pamphlets, periodicals or
leaflets which do not bear the real printers name or which are classified as anonymous.

Article 155
TYPES OF ALARMS AND SCANDALS:
1. Discharging any firearm, rocket, firecracker, or other explosive within any town or public place,
calculated to cause alarm or danger
2. Instigating or taking active part in any charivari or other disorderly meeting offensive to another
or prejudicial to public tranquility
3. Disturbing the public peace while wandering about at night or while engaged in any other
nocturnal amusement
4. Causing any disturbance or scandal in public places while intoxicated or otherwise, provided the
act is not covered by Art 153 (tumult).
 Charivari mock serenade or discordant noises made with kettles, tin horns etc, designed to
deride, insult or annoy
Firearm must not be pointed at a person, otherwise, it is illegal discharge
What governs is the result, not the intent

CRIME Nature of Crime Who are Liable

Tumults and other Private persons,

Disturbances (153) Crime against Public Order outsider

Private persons,
Alarms and Scandals (155) Crime against Public Order outsider

Article 156
ELEMENTS OF DELIVERING PRISONERS FROM JAILS:
1. That there is a person confined in a jail or penal establishment.
2. That the offender removes therefor such person, or helps the escape of such person (if the
escapee is serving final judgement, he is guilty of evasion of sentence).
3. Offender is a private individual
Prisoner may be detention prisoner or one sentenced by virtue of a final judgment
A policeman assigned to the city jail as guard who while off-duty released a prisoner is liable
here
It may be committed through negligence
Circumstances qualifying the offense is committed by means of violence, intimidation or
bribery.
Mitigating circumstance if it takes place outside the penal establishment by taking the guards
by surprise

VI. EVASION OF SENTENCE OR SERVICE

Article 157
ELEMENTS OF EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE:
1. That the offender is a convict by final judgment.
2. That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of liberty (destierro included)
3. That he evades the service of his sentence by escaping during the term if his sentence. (fact of
return immaterial).
A continuing offense.
Offenders not minor delinquents nor detention prisoners
If escaped within the 15 day appeal period no evasion
No applicable to deportation as the sentence
 Flimsy excuse for violating destierro not acceptable
Circumstances qualifying the offense (done thru):
1. unlawful entry (by scaling)
2. breaking doors, windows, gates, walls, roofs or floors
3. using picklocks, false keys, disguise, deceit, violence or intimidation
4. connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution

Article 158
ELEMENTS OF EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE ON THE OCCASION OF DISORDERS,
CONFLAGRATIONS, EARTHQUAKES OR OTHER CALAMITIES:
1. That the offender is a convict by final judgement who is confined in a penal institution.
2. That there is disorder, resulting from- 1. conflagration,

2. earthquake,

3. explosion, or

4. similar catastrophe, or

5. mutiny in which he has not participated.

1. That the offender evades the service of his sentence by leaving the penal institution where he is
confined, on the occasion of such disorder or during the mutiny.
2. That the offender fails to give himself up to the authorities within 48 hours following the
insurance of a proclamation by the chief executive announcing the passing away of such
calamity.
Penalty: an increase by 1/5 of the time remaining to be served under the original sentence, in
no case to exceed 6 months.
Offender must escape to be entitled to allowance
Mutiny organized unlawful resistance to a superior officer, a sedition, a revolt
Disarming the guards is not mutiny

Article 159
VIOLATION OF CONDITIONAL PARDON
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender was a convict.
2. That he was granted a conditional pardon by the chief executive.
3. That he violated any of the conditions of such pardon.
Condition extends to special laws violation of illegal voting
 Offender must have been found guilty of the subsequent offense before he can be prosecuted
under this Article. But if under Revised Admin Code, no conviction necessary. President has
power to arrest, reincarnate offender without trial.

VIOLATION OF PARDON ORDINARY EVASION

Infringement of conditions/terms of To evade the penalty given by the courts

President disturbs the public order

Two penalties provided:

1. prision correccional in its minimum period if the penalty remitted does not exceed 6 years
2. the unexpired portion of his original sentence if the penalty remitted is higher than 6 years

VII. COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME

Article 160
COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME DURING SERVICE OF PENALTY IMPOSED FOR ANOTHER
PREVIOUS OFFENSE-PENALTY: (quasi-recidivism)
ELEMENTS
1. That the offender was already convicted by final judgement of one offense.
2. That he committed a new felony before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the
same.
Quasi-recidivism : a person after having been convicted by final judgement shall commit a new
felony before beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving the same.
Second crimes must belong to the RPC, not special laws. First crime may be either from the RPC
or special laws
Reiteracion: offender shall have served out his sentence for the prior offense
A quasi-recidivist may be pardoned at age 70. Except: Unworthy or Habitual Delinquent
If new felony is evasion of sentence offender is not a quasi-recidivist
Penalty: maximum period of the penalty for the new felony should be imposed (mitigating
circumstance can only be appreciated if the maximum is divisible)
Quasi-Recidivism may be offset by a special privileged mitigating circumstance (ex. Minority)

TITLE FOUR
I. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

Article 161
TYPES OF COUNTERFEITING GREAT SEAL OF GOVERNMENT:
 1. Forging the great seal of the Government
2. Forging the signature of the President
3. Forging the stamp of the President
When the signature of the President is forged, it is not falsification but forging of signature
under this article
Signature must be forged, others signed it not the President.

Article 162
USING FORGED SIGNATURE OR COUNTERFEIT SEAL OR STAMP:
1. That the great seal of the republic was counterfeited or the signature or stamp of the chief
executive was forged by another person.
2. That the offender knew of the counterfeiting or forgery.
3. That he used the counterfeit seal or forged signature or stamp.
Offender is NOT the forger/not the cause of the counterfeiting

Article 163
ELEMENTS OF MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING FALSE COINS:
1. That there be false or counterfeited coins (need not be legal tender).
2. That the offender either made, imported or uttered such coins.
3. That in case of uttering such false or counterfeited coins, he connives with counterfeiters or
importers.
Coin is counterfeit if it is forged, or if it is not an article of the government as legal tender,
regardless if it is of no value
Counterfeiting imitation of legal or genuine coin (may contain more silver, different design)
such as to deceive an ordinary person in believing it to be genuine
Utter to pass counterfeited coins, deliver or give away
Import to bring to port the same
Both Philippine and foreign state coins
Applies also to coins withdrawn from circulation
Essence of article: making of coins without authority

Article 164
ELEMENTS OF MULTILATION OF COINS IMPORTATION AND UTTERANCE:

This has been repealed by PD 247. Under this PD, the acts punishable are:

1. willful defacement
2. mutilation
3. tearing
 4. burning
5. destruction of Central Bank notes and coins
Mutilation to take off part of the metal either by filling it or substituting it for another metal
of inferior quality, to diminish by inferior means (to diminish metal contents).
Foreign notes and coins not included. Must be legal tender.
Must be intention to mutilate.

Article 165
SELLING OF FALSE OR MUTILATED COIN, WITHOUT CONNIVANCE
2 Types
1. Possession of coin, counterfeited or mutilated by another person, with intent to utter the same,
knowing that it is false or mutilated.
ELEMENTS:
1. possession
2. with intent to utter, and
3. knowledge
4. Actually uttering such false or mutilated coin, knowing the same to be false or mutilated.
ELEMENTS:
1. actually uttering, and
2. knowledge.
Possession does not require legal tender in foreign coins
Includes constructive possession
Read RA 427

Article 166
FORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES IMPORTING AND UTTERING
Acts punishable:
1. Forging or falsity of treasury/bank notes or documents payable to bearer
2. Importing of such notes
3. Uttering of such false or forged obligations and notes in connivance with forgers and importers
Forging by giving a treasury or bank note or document payable to bearer/order an appearance
of a true and genuine document
Falsification by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures and
letters, words, signs contained therein
E.g. falsifying lotto or sweepstakes ticket. Attempted estafa through falsification of an
obligation or security of the Phil
PNB checks not included here its falsification of commercial document under Article 172
Obligation or security includes: bonds, certificate of indebtedness, bills, national bank notes,
coupons, treasury notes, certificate of deposits, checks, drafts for money, sweepstakes money
Article 167
ELEMENTS OF COUNTERFEITING, IMPORTING, AND UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT PAYABLE TO
BEARER:
1. That there be an instrument payable to order or other document of credit not payable to bearer.
2. That the offender either forged, imported or uttered such instruments.
3. That in case of uttering, he connived with the forger or importer.

Article 168
ELEMENTS OF ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND USE OF FALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES AND
OTHER INSTRUMENT OF CREDIT:
1. That any treasury or bank note or certificate or other obligation and security payable to bearer,
or any instrument payable to order or other document of credit not payable to bearer is forged
or falsified by another person.
2. That the offender knows that any of those instruments is forged or falsified.
3. That he performs any of these acts
1. using any of such forged or falsified instrument, or
2. possessing with intent to use any of such forged or falsified instrument.
Act sought to be punished: Knowingly possessing with intent to use any of such forged treasury
or bank notes

Article 169
FORGERY
How forgery is committed:
if all acts done but genuine appearance is not given, the crime is frustrated
1. by giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument payable to bearer or to order, the
appearance of a true and genuine document
2. by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting, altering by any means the figures, letters or words, or
signs contained therein.

Article 170
ELEMENTS OF FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENTS:
1. That these be a bill, resolution or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval by the
national assembly or any provincial board or municipal council.
2. That the offender (any person) alters the same.
3. That he has no proper authority therefor.
4. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the document.
 Accused must not be a public official entrusted with the custody or possession of such document
otherwise Art 171 applies.

Article 171
FALSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS BY PUBLIC OFFICER, EMPLOYEE, OR NOTARY OR
ECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer, employee, or notary public.
2. That he takes advantage of his official position.
3. That he falsifies a document by committing any of the following acts:
1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric.
Requisites:
1. That there be an intent to imitate, or an attempt to imitate
2. That the two signatures or handwritings, the genuine and the forged, bear some resemblance, to
each other
(lack of similitude/imitation of a genuine signature will not be a ground for conviction under
par. 1 but such is not an impediment to conviction under par. 2)
1. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they did not
in fact so participate.
2. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other than
those in fact made by them.
Requisites:
1. That the offender caused it to appear in a document that a person/s participated in an act or a
proceeding; and
2. That such person/s did not in fact so participate in the act or proceeding
3. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts;
Requisites:
1. That the offender makes in a document statements in a narration of facts
2. That he has a legal obligation to disclose the truth of the facts narrated by him; (required by law
to be done) and
3. That the facts narrated by the offender are absolutely false; and
4. That the perversion or truth in the narration of facts was made with the wrongful intent of
injuring a third person
There must be a narration of facts, not a conclusion of law. Must be on a material matter
Legal obligation means that there is a law requiring the disclosure of the truth of the facts
narrated. Ex. Residence certificates
The person making the narration of facts must be aware of the falsity of the facts narrated by
him. This kind of falsification may be committed by omission
1. Altering true dates. date must be essential
2. Making any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changes its meaning.
Requisites:
 1. That there be an alteration (change) or intercalation (insertion) on a document
2. That it was made on a genuine document
3. That the alteration/intercalation has changed the meaning of the document
4. That the change made the document speak something false.
5. Issuing in an authenticated form a document purporting to be a copy of an original document
when no such original exists, or including in such copy a statement contrary to, or different
from, that of the genuine original; (if no knowledge, falsification through negligence) or
6. Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance thereof in a protocol, registry, or
official book. (genuine document)
7. In case the offender is an ecclesiastical minister, the act of falsification is committed with
respect to any record or document of such character that its falsification may affect the civil
status of persons.
There is no crime of attempted or frustrated falsification of public document
Persons liable public officer, employee or notary public or ecclesiastical minister
If offender does not take advantage of his public position, he may still be liable for falsification
of documents by a private person
Document: any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation is extinguished
Not necessary that what is falsified is a genuine or real document, enough that it gives an
appearance of a genuine article
Counterfeiting imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric
Feigning simulating a signature, handwriting, or rubric out of one of which does not in fact
exist

Article 172
FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC, OFFICIAL, OR COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT BY A PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL
(par 1)
ELEMENTS
1. That the offender is a private individual or a public officer or employee who did not take
advantage of his official position.
2. That he committed any of the acts of falsification enumerated in ART. 171.
1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric.
2. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they
did not in fact so participated.
3. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other
than those in fact made by them.
4. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts;
5. Altering true dates.
6. Making any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changes its meaning.
7. That the falsification was committed in any public or official or commercial document.
Under this paragraph, damage is not essential, it is presumed
Defense: lack of malice or criminal intent
The following writings are public:
 Examples of commercial documents warehouse receipts, airway bills, bank checks, cash files,
deposit slips and bank statements, journals, books, ledgers, drafts, letters of credit and other
negotiable instruments
Cash disbursement vouchers or receipts evidencing payments are not commercial documents
A mere blank form of an official document is not in itself a document
The possessor of falsified document is presumed to be the author of the falsification
1. the written acts or records of cats of the sovereign authority of official bodies and tribunals, and
of the public officers, legislative, judicial and executive, whether of the Philippines or of a
foreign country.
2. Public records kept in the Philippines.

FALSIFICATION UNDER PARAGRAPH 2 OF ART. 172. OF PRIVATE DOCUMENT

ELEMENTS :
1. That the offender committed any of the acts of falsification, except those in paragraph 7 and 8,
enumerated in art. 171.
2. That the falsification was committed in any private document (must affect the truth or integrity
of the document)
3. That the falsification caused damage (essential element; hence, no crime of estafa thus
falsification of private document) to a third party or at least the falsification was committed
with intent to cause such damage.
Not necessary that the offender profited or hoped to profit from the falsification
A document falsified as a necessary means to commit another crime must be public, official or
commercial
There is no complex crime of estafa through falsification of a private document because the
immediate effect of the latter is the same as that of estafa
If the estafa was already consummated at the time of the falsification of a private document
was committed for the purpose of concealing the estafa, the falsification is not punishable,
because as regards the falsification of the private document there was no damage or intent to
cause damage.
A private document may acquire the character of a public document when it becomes part of an
official record and is certified by a public officer duly authorized by law
The crime is falsification of public documents even if falsification took place before the private
document becomes part of the public records.

USE OF FALSIFIED DOCUMENT (par. 3, art. 172)

ELEMENTS:
1. Introducing in a judicial proceeding:
1. That the offender knew that a document was falsified by another person.
2. That the false document is embraced in art. 171 or in any subdivisions nos. 1 and 2 of art. 172.
 3. That he introduced said document in evidence in any judicial proceeding. (intent to cause
damage not necessary)
4. that the offender knew that a document was falsified by another person.
5. That the false document is embraced in art. 171 or in any of subdivisions nos. 1 and 2 of art.
172.
6. That he used such documents (not in judicial proceedings).
7. That the use of the documents caused damage to another or at least was used with intent to
cause such damage.
2. Use in any other transaction
The user of the falsified document is deemed the author of falsification, if:
1. the use is so closely connected in time with the falsification
2. the user had the capacity of falsifying the document

Falsification of Private Documents Falsification of Public/Official Documents

Prejudice to third persons is immaterial, what is

punished is the violation of public faith and
Prejudice to third party is an element perversion of truth which the document
of the offense. proclaims.

Article 173
FALSIFICATION OF WIRELESS, CABLE, TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE MESSAGES, AND USE OF
SAID FALSIFIED MESSAGES
Acts punishable:
1. Uttering fictitious, wireless, telegraph or telephone message

Requisites:

1. That the offender is an officer or employee of the government or an officer or employee of a

private corporation, engaged in the service of sending or receiving wireless, cable or telephone
message.
2. That the accused commits any of the following acts:

uttering fictitious wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone message, or

falsifying wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone message

1. Falsifying wireless, telegraph or telephone message

Requisites:
 1. That the offender is an officer or employee of the government or an officer or employee of a
private corporation, engaged in the service of sending or receiving wireless, cable or telephone
message.
2. That the accused commits any of the following acts:

uttering fictitious wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone message, or

falsifying wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone message

1. Using such falsified message

Requisites:
1. That the accused knew that wireless, cable, telegraph, or telephone message was falsified by
any of the person specified in the first paragraph of art. 173.
2. That the accused used such falsified dispatch.
3. That the use of the falsified dispatch resulted in the prejudice of a third party, or that the use
thereof was with intent to cause such prejudice.
The public officer, to be liable must be engaged in the service of sending or receiving wireless,
cable and telegraph or telephone message

Article 174
FALSIFICATION OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATES, CERTIFCATES OF MERIT OR SERVICE AND THE LIKE:
Persons liable:
1. Physician or surgeon who, in connection with the practice of his profession, issued a false
certificate (note: such certificate must refer to the illness or injury of a person)
2. Public officer who issued a false certificate of merit of service, good conduct or similar
circumstances
3. Private individual who falsified a certificate under (1) and (2)

Article 175
ELEMENTS OF USING FALSE CERTIFICATES:
1. That a physician or surgeon has issued a false medical certificate, or a public officer has issued a
false certificate of merit or service, good conduct, or similar circumstances, or a private person
had falsified any of said certificates.
2. That the offender knew that the certificate was false.
3. That he used the same.

Article 176
MANUFACTURING AND POSSESSION OF INTRUMENTS OR IMPLEMENTS FOR FALSIFICATION:
Acts punishable:
 1. Making or introducing into the Philippines any stamps, dies or marks or other instruments or
implements for counterfeiting or falsification
2. Possessing with intent to use the instruments or implements for counterfeiting or falsification
made in or introduced into the Philippines by another person
The implement confiscated need not form a complete set
Constructive possession is also punished

II. OTHER FALSITIES

Article 177
USURPATION OF AUTHORITY OR OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS:
2 ways of committing the crime:
1. By knowingly and falsely representing oneself to be an officer, agent or representative of any
department or agency of the Philippine govt or any foreign govt.
2. By performing an act pertaining to any person in authority or public officer of the Phil govt or
foreign govt under the pretense of such official position, and without being lawfully entitled to
do so.
In usurpation of authority: The mere act of knowingly and falsely representing oneself is
sufficient. Not necessary that he performs an act pertaining to a public officer.
In usurpation of official functions: It is essential that the offender should have performed an act
pertaining to a person in authority
A public officer may also be an offender
The act performed without being lawfully entitled to do so must pertain:
1. to the govt
2. to any person in authority
3. to any public office

Article 178
USING FICTITIOUS NAME AND CONCEALING TRUE NAME
ELEMENTS (using fictitious name) :
1. That the offender uses a name other than his real name.
2. That he uses that fictitious name publicly.
3. That the purpose of the offender is
1. To conceal a crime,
2. To evade the execution of a judgment, or
3. To cause damage to public interest. (ex. Signing fictitious name for a passport)
ELEMENTS (concealing true name):
1. that the offender conceals
2. his true name, and
3. all other personal circumstances.
 1. that the purpose is only to conceal his identity.

Use of Fictitious Name (178) Concealing True Name (178)

Element of publicity must be present Publicity not necessary

Purpose is to conceal a crime, to evade the

execution of a judgement, or to cause damage Purpose is to conceal identity

Article 179
ELEMENTS OF ILLEGAL USE OF UNIFORM OR INSIGNIA:
1. That the offender makes use of insignia, uniform or dress.
2. That the insignia, uniform or dress pertains to an office not held by the offender or to a class of
persons of which he is not a member.
3. That said insignia, uniform or dress is used publicly and improperly.
an exact imitation of the dress or uniform is unnecessary

Article 180
ELEMENTS OF FALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A DEFENDANT:
1. That there be a criminal proceeding.
2. That the offender testifies falsely under oath against the defendant therein.
3. That the offender who gives false testimony knows that it is false.
4. That the defendant against whom the false testimony is given is either acquitted or convinced in
a final judgment (prescriptive period starts at this point)
Requires criminal intent, cant be committed through negligence. Need not impute guilt upon
the accused
The defendant must at least be sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine or must have been
acquitted
The witness who gave false testimony is liable even if the court did not consider his testimony
Penalty is dependent upon sentence imposed on the defendant

Article 181
FALSE TESTIMONY IN FAVOR OF DEFENDANT in a criminal case:
False testimony by negative statement is in favor of the defendant
False testimony need not in fact benefit the defendant
A statement of a mere opinion is not punishable
Conviction or acquittal is not necessary (final judgement is not necessary). The false testimony
need not influence the acquittal
A defendant who voluntarily goes up on the witness stand and falsely imputes the offense to
another person the commission of the offense is liable under this article. If he merely denies the
commission of the offense, he is not liable.
Basis of penalty: gravity of the felony charged against the defendant
Article 182
ELEMENTS OF FALSE TESTIMONY IN CIVIL CASES:
1. That the testimony must be given in a civil case.
2. That the testimony must relate to the issues presented in said case.
3. That the testimony must be false.
4. That the false testimony must be given by the defendant knowing the same to be false.
5. That the testimony must be malicious and given with an intent to affect the issues presented in
the said case
Not applicable when testimony given in a special proceeding (in this case, the crime is perjury)
Basis of penalty: amount involved in the civil case

Article183
ELEMENTS OF FALSE TESTIMONY IN OTHER CASES AND PERJURY IN SOLEMN AFFIRMATION:
1. That an accused made a statement under oath or made an affidavit upon a material matter.
2. That the statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, authorized to receive and
administer oath.
3. That in that statement or affidavit, the accused made a willful and deliberate assertion of a
falsehood, and
4. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsity is required by law.

2 ways of committing perjury:

Subornation of perjury: procures another to swear falsely. Solemn affirmation: refers to non-
judicial proceedings and affidavits
A false affidavit to a criminal complaint may give rise to perjury
A matter is material when it is directed to prove a fact in issue
A competent person authorized to administer an oath means a person who has a right to
inquire into the questions presented to him upon matters under his jurisdiction
There is no perjury through negligence or imprudence since the assertion of falsehood must be
willful and deliberate
Even if there is no law requiring the statement to be made under oath, as long as it is made for
a legal purpose, it is sufficient
Perjury is an offense which covers false oaths other than those taken in the course of judicial
proceedings
False testimony before the justice of the peace during the P.I. may give rise to the crime of
perjury because false testimony in judicial proceedings contemplates an actual trial where a
judgment of conviction or acquittal is rendered
 A person who knowingly and willfully procures another to swear falsely commits subornation of
perjury and the witness suborned does testify under circumstances rendering him guilty of
perjury.
The false testimony is not in a judicial proceeding
1. by falsely testifying under oath
2. by making a false statement

Article 184
ELEMENTS OF OFFERING FALSE TESTIMONY IN EVIDENCE:

a That the offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimony.

b That he knew the witness or the testimony was false.

c That the offer was made in a judicial or official proceeding.

Article applies when the offender without inducing another, but knowing him to be a false
witness, presented him and the latter testified falsely in a judicial or official proceeding
The false witness need not be convicted of false testimony. The mere offer is sufficient.

III. FRAUDS
Article 185
ELEMENTS OF MACHINATIONS IN PUBLIC AUCTION:

a That there be a public auction.

b That the accused solicited any gift or a promise from any of the bidders.

c That such gifts or promise was the consideration for his refraining from taking part in that
public auction.

d That the accused had the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing auctioned.

ELEMENTS OF ATTEMPTING TO CAUSE BIDDERS TO STAY AWAY:

a That there be a public auction.

b That the accused attempted to cause the bidders to stay away from that public auction

c That it was done by threats, gifts, promises, or any other artifice.

d That the accused had the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing auctioned.
Article 186
MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE:
Acts punished:
1. Combination to prevent free competition in the market
2. By entering into a contract or agreement or taking part in any conspiracy or combination in the
form of a trust or otherwise, in restraint of trade or commerce or prevent by artificial means
free competition in the market (It is enough that initial steps are taken. It is not necessary that
there be actual restraint of trade)
3. Monopoly to restrain free competition in the market

By monopolizing any merchandise or object of trade or commerce, by combining with any person
or persons to monopolize said merchandise or object in order to alter the prices thereof by
spreading false rumors or making use of any other artifice to restrain free competition in the
market

4. Manufacturer, producer or processor or importer combining, conspiring or agreeing with any

person to make transactions prejudicial to lawful commerce or to increase the market price of
the merchandise.
Person/s liable:
Crime is committed by:
The purpose is:
Also liable as principals:
Aggravated if items are:
1. manufacturer
2. producer
3. processor
4. importer
1. combining
2. conspiring
3. agreeing with another person
1. to make transactions prejudicial to lawful commerce
2. to increase the market price of any merchandise or object of commerce manufactured,
produced, processed, assembled or imported into the Phil
1. corporation/association
2. agent/representative
3. director/manager who willingly permitted or failed to prevent commission of above offense
1. food substance
2. motor fuel or lubricants
3. goods of prime necessity

Article 187
 ELEMENTS OF IMPORTATION AND DISPOSITION OF FALSELY MARKED ARTICLES OR
MERCHANDISE MADE OF GOLD, SILVER, OR OTHER PRECIOUS METALS OR THEIR ALLOYS:

a That the offender imports, sells or disposes of any of those articles or merchandise.

b That the stamps, brands, or marks or those articles or merchandise fails to indicate the actual
fineness or quality of said metals or alloys.

c That the offender knows that the said stamp, brand, or mark fails to indicate the actual
fineness or quality of the metals or alloys.

Article 188
SUBSTITUTING ALTERING TRADE-MARK, TRADENAME, OR SERVICE MARK
Acts punishable:

a By (a) substituting the trade name (t/n) or trademark (t/m) of some other manufacturer or
dealer or a colorable imitation thereof, for the t/n or t/m of the real manufacturer or dealer upon
any article of commerce and (b) selling the same.

b By selling or by offering for sale such article of commerce, knowing that the t/n or t/m has
been fraudulently used

c By using or substituting the service mark of some other person, or a colorable imitation of
such marks, in the sale or advertising of services

d By printing, lithographing or reproducing t/n, t/m or service mark of one person, or a

colorable limitation thereof, to enable another person to fraudulently use the same, knowing the
fraudulent purpose for which it is to be used.

Article 189
UNFAIR COMPETITION, FRAUDULENT REGISTRATION OF TRADENAME, TRADEMARK SERVICE
MARK, FRAUDULENT DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN, AND FALSE DESCRIPTION
Acts punished:

a Unfair competition by selling his goods, giving them the general appearance of the goods of
another manufacturer or dealer

b Fraudulent designation of origin; false description by (a) affixing to his goods or using in
connection with his services a false designation of origin; or any false description or
representation, and (b) selling such goods or services
c Fraudulent registration by procuring fraudulently from the patent office the registration of
t/m, t/m or service mark.

ELEMENTS:

a That the offender gives his goods the general appearance of the goods of another
manufacturer or dealer

b That the general appearance is shown in the (a) goods themselves, or in the (b) wrapping of
their packages, or in the (c) device or words therein, or in (d) any other feature of their
appearance

c That the offender offers to sell or sells those goods or gives other persons a chance or
opportunity to do the same with a like purpose.

d That there is actual intent to deceive the public or defraud a competitor.

TITLE FIVE
CRIMES RELATED TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS (190-194)
THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972
(RA No. 6425, as amended)

I. Acts Punishable:
1. importation of prohibited drugs
2. sale, administration, delivery, distribution and transportation of prohibited drugs
3. maintenance of a den, dive or resort for prohibited drug users
4. being employees or visitors of drug den
5. manufacture of prohibited drugs
6. possession or use
7. cultivation of plants
8. failure to comply with provisions relative to keeping of records of prescription
9. unnecessary prescription
10. possession of opium pipe and other paraphernalia
11. Importation, sale, etc. of regulated drugs
Importation of prohibited/regulated drugs.
Sale, administration, delivery, distribution and transaction of prohibited/regulated drugs.
Qualifying Circumstances if the victim of the offense is a minor or should a prohibited/regulated
drug involve in any offense under this section be the proximate cause of the death of a victim
thereof, the maximum penalty herein shall be imposed.
Maintenance of a den, dive, or resort for prohibited/regulated drug users.
Qualifying Circumstance where a prohibited/regulated drug is administered, delivered, or sold
to a minor who is allowed to use the same in such place, or should a prohibited drug be the
proximate cause of the death of the person using the same in such den, dive or resort, the
maximum of the penalty shall be imposed.
Manufacture of prohibited/regulated drugs.
Possession of prohibited/regulated drugs.

Cultivation of plants which are sources

of prohibited drugs.
a Note: The land/portions thereof and/or greenhouses in which any of the said plants is
cultivated or cultured shall be confiscated and escheated to the State, unless the owner thereof
can prove that he did not know of such cultivation or culture despite the exercise of due diligence
on his part.
b Qualifying Circumstance if the land involved is part of the public domain, the maximum of
the penalty herein provided shall be imposed.

Failure to keep records of prescription,

sales, purchases, acquisitions and/or deliveries
of prohibited/regulated drugs
Persons liable:

Pharmacist, Physician, Dentist, Veterinarian,

Manufacturer, Wholesaler, Importer,
Distributor, Dealer, Retailer
Unlawful prescription of
prohibited/regulated drugs
Unnecessary prescription of
prohibited/regulated drugs
Persons Liable: Physician or dentist who shall prescribe any prohibited/regulated drug for any
person whose physical/physiological condition does not require the use of thereof.
 Possession of opium pipe, equipment,
apparatus or any paraphernalia fit or intended
for smoking, consuming, administering,
injecting, ingesting, or otherwise using opium
or any other prohibited drug, shall be prima
facie evidence that the possessor has smoked,
consumed, administered to himself, injected
or used a prohibited drug.
Attempt and conspiracy to commit the
following offenses:
a Importation of dangerous drugs

b Sale, administration, delivery, distribution and transportation of dangerous drugs

c Maintenance of a den, dive or resort for prohibited drugs

d Manufacture of dangerous drugs

e Cultivation or culture of plants which are sources of prohibited drugs

Other persons liable:

a If the violation of the Act is committed by a partnership, corporation, association or any

judicial person, the partner, president, director, or manager who consents to or knowingly
tolerates such violation shall be held criminally liable as co-principal.

b Partner, president, director, manager, officer or stockholder, who knowingly authorizes,

tolerates, or consents to the use of a vehicle, vessel, or aircraft as an instrument in the
importation, sale, delivery, distribution or transportation of dangerous drugs, or to the use of
their equipment, machines or other instruments in the manufacture of any dangerous drugs, if
such vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment, or other instrument, is owned or under the control and
supervision of the partnership, corporation, association or judicial entity to which they are
affiliated.
c Government official, employee or officer who is found guilty of planting any dangerous
drugs in the person or in the immediate vicinity of another as evidence to implicate the latter.

II. For the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Act, all school heads, supervisors
and teachers shall be deemed to be persons in authority and, as such, are vested with the
power to apprehend, arrest, or cause the apprehension or arrest of any person who shall
violate any of the said provision.
1. NOTE: They shall be considered as persons in authority id they are in the school or within its
immediate vicinity, or beyond such immediate vicinity of they are in attendance in any school or
class function in their official capacity as school heads, supervisors or teachers.
2. Any teacher or school employee who discovers or finds that any person in the school or within its
immediate vicinity is violating this Act shall have the duty to report the violation to the school
head or supervisor who shall, in turn, report the matter to the proper authorities. Failure to
report in either case shall, after hearing, constitute sufficient cause for disciplinary action. (Sec.
28)
1. III. Rules:
1. Voluntary submission of a drug dependent to confinement, treatment and rehabilitation by the
drug dependent himself or through his parent, guardian or relative within the 4 th civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity, in a center and compliance with such conditions therefor as the
Dangerous Drugs Board may prescribe shall exempt from criminal liability for possession or use of
the prohibited/regulated drug.
2. Should the drug dependent escape from the center, he may submit himself for confinement
within 1 week from the date of his escape, of his parent guardian or relative may, within the
same period surrender him for confinement.
3. Upon application of the Board, the Court shall issue an order for recommitment if the drug
dependent does not resubmit himself for confinement or if he is not surrendered for
recommitment.
4. If, subsequent to such recommitment, he should escape again, he shall no longer be exempt
from criminal liability for the use or possession of any dangerous drug.
5. If a person charged with an offense is found by the fiscal or by the Court at any stage of the
proceedings, to be a drug dependent, the fiscal or court as the case may be, shall suspend all
further proceedings and transmit records of the case to the Board.
6. After his rehabilitation, he shall be prosecuted for such violation. In case of conviction, the
judgement shall, if the accused is certified by the treatment and rehabilitation center to have
maintained good behavior, indicate that he shall be given full credit for the period he was
confined in the center.
NOTE: When the offense is possession or use of dangerous drugs and the accused is not a
recidivist, the penalty thereof shall be deemed to have been served in the center upon his release
therefrom.
7. The period of prescription of the offense charged shall not run during the time that the
respondent/accused is under detention or confinement in a center.
8. Requisites of suspension of sentence for first offense in a minor:
 1. If accused is a minor (under 18 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense but not
more than 21 years of age when the judgement should have been promulgated.
2. He has not been previously convicted of violating any provision of this Act or of the RPC or
placed on probation.
Sentence shall be deferred and the accused shall be placed on probation under the supervision
of the Board.
In case of violation of conditions of pardon, court shall pronounce judgement of conviction and
he shall serve sentence.
If accused did not violate conditions of probation, case shall be dismissed upon expiration of the
designated period.
Notes:

a Cultivation of plants Sec 9 land, portions of land, greenhouse on which any of the plants is
cultivated confiscated and escheated to the State. UNLESS: owner can prove that he had no
knowledge of the cultivation despite due diligence

b If land is part of the public domain maximum penalty imposed

c Possession of opium pipe and other paraphernalia prima facie evidence that the possessor
has smoked, consumed, administered himself, used prohibited drugs

d Drug penalties of Reclusion Perpetua to Death or a fine of Php 500,000 to 10M apply when:

Opium 40 grams up

Morphine 40 grams up

Shabu 200 grams up

Heroin 40 grams up

Indian hemp 750 grams up

MJ resin 50 grams up

Cocaine 40 grams up

Other drugs Quantity far beyond therapeutic requirement

(if quantity is less than prescribed penalty is PC to RP depending upon the quantity)

e RA 7659 PD 1619 Possession and Use of Volatile Substances

1. mere attempt to sell, import already a crime under Article 6

2. conspiracy to sell, deliver, import already a crime under Article 8
f Buy Bust Operation no law or rule to require policemen to adopt a uniform way of
identifying BUY MONEY (P v. Abedes)

g Absence of ultraviolet power is not fatal in the prosecution

h Transportation/importation of MJ immaterial whether there may or may not be a distinction

for the MJ

i Distinguish Entrapment and Instigation:

1. If prosecution can prove the crime without presenting the informer or asset not necessary
because their testimonies are merely corroborative. Poseur buyer it depends on whether the
prosecution can prove the crime without their testimonies (P v. Rosalinda Ramos)
2. Under the RA, special aggravating circumstance if a crime has been committed while the
accused was high on drugs (P v. Anthony Belgar)
3. Delivery or Sale of Prohibited Drugs the accused must be aware that what he is selling or
delivering was prohibited drug. But the moment the fact of sale or delivery is proved by
prosecution, the burden to prove that the accused is not aware that drugs are prohibited falls on
the defense (P v. Aranda)
4. P v. Angelito Manalo burden of proving the authority to possess shabu is a matter of defense
5. P v. Hilario Moscaling court may take judicial notice of the word shabu
6. Criminal liabilities of a policeman who sold the drugs confiscated from a pusher: violation of RA
6425 and malversation under RPC.

j Planting evidence to implicate another

k Buy Bust Operation form of entrapment (P v. Alberto) not necessary to have prior police
surveillance (P v. Carlos Franca)
l Possession constructive or actual not necessary to adduce the marked money as evidence
(P v. Romeo Macara)

m Separate crimes sale/possession of MT found in his possession after he was frisked but he
cant be convicted for possession of MJ that he sold

n If victim is minor or drug is proximate cause of death max penalty is imposed under Sec 4, 5,
15, 15-a

1. If imposable penalty: RP to death no plea bargaining

2. If offender: government official, employees, officers or found guilty of planting evidences
same penalty
3. First offense of a minor suspension of sentence
under 18 at time of commission but not more than 21 at time when judgment was promulgated
found guilty of possession or use of prohibited or regulated drugs
not been previously convicted of violating any provision of this Act or the RPC
not been placed on probation
 defer sentence, place on probation for 6 months to 1 year
violation of probation pronounce sentence convict and serve sentence
no violation discharge him and dismiss the proceeding
if minor is drug dependent commit to a center for treatment and rehabilitation

TITLE SIX
I. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS

GAMBLING (195-99 repealed by PDs 449, 483 and 1602 as amended)

1. Illegal cockfighting (PD 449)
2. Betting, game-fixing or point shaving and machinations in sports contests (PD 438)
3. Illegal gambling

PENALIZING BETTING, GAME-FIXING OR POINT-SHAVING AND

MACHINATIONS IN SPORTS CONTESTS
PD 483
Acts Punishable:
1. Betting: Betting money or any object or article of value of representative value upon the result
of any game, races and other sports contests.
2. Game-fixing: any arrangement, combination, scheme or agreement by which the result of any
game, races, or sports contests shall be predicated and/or known other than on the basis of the
honest playing skill or ability of the players or participants.
3. Point-shaving: any such arrangement combination, scheme or agreement by which the skill or
ability of any player or participant in a fame, races, or sports contests to make points of scores
shall be limited deliberately in order to influence the result thereof in favor of one or other
team, player or participant.
4. Game Machination: any other fraudulent, deceitful, unfair or dishonest means, method, manner
or practice employed for the purpose of influencing the result of any game, races or sports
contest.

COCKFIGHTING LAW OF 1974

PD 449
1. Scope This law shall govern the establishment, operation, maintenance and ownership of
cockpits.
2. Rules:
1. Only Filipino citizens not otherwise inhibited by existing laws shall be allowed to own,
manage and operated cockpits.
 2. Only one cockpit shall be allowed in each city or municipality with a population of
100,000 or less.
3. Cockpits shall be constructed and operated within the appropriate areas as prescribed in
the Zoning Law or ordinance.
4. When allowed:
1. Cockfighting shall be allowed only in licensed cockpits during Sundays and legal
holidays and during local fiestas for not more than 3 days; or
2. During provincial, city or municipal, agricultural, commercial or industrial fair,
carnival or exposition for a similar period of 3 days upon resolution of the province,
city or municipality where such fair, carnival or exposition is to be held, subject to
the approval of the Chief of Constabulary or his authorized representative.
Limitations:

a) No cockfighting on the occasion of such fair, carnival or exposition shall be allowed within the
month of the local fiesta or for more than 2 occasions a year in the same city of municipality.

b) No cockfighting shall be held on December 30, June 12,November 30, Holy Thursday, Good
Friday, Election Day and during registration days for such election/referendum.

1. If the purpose is for the entertainment of foreign dignitaries or for tourists, or for returning
balikbayans, or for the support of national fund-raising campaigns for charitable purposes as may
be authorized by the Office of the President upon resolution of a provincial board, city or
municipal council, in licensed cockpits or in playgrounds or parks.

Limitations: This privilege shall be extended for only one time, for a period not exceeding 3 days,
within a year to a province, city or municipality.

1. No gambling of any kind shall be permitted on the premises of the cockpit or place of
cockfighting during cockfights.
2. City or municipal mayors are authorized to issue licenses for the operation and maintenance of
cockpits.

II. OFFENSES AGAINST DECENCY AND GOOD

CUSTOMS
Article 200
ELEMENTS OF GRAVE SCANDAL:
1. Offender performs an act
2. Act is highly scandalous as offending against decency or good customs
3. Highly scandalous conduct does not expressly fall within any other article of the RPC
4. Committed in a public place or within the public knowledge or view. (The public view is not
required, it is sufficient if in public place. For public knowledge, it may occur even in a private
place; the number of people who sees it is not material).
 Grave scandal: consists of acts which are offensive to decency and good customs. They are
committed publicly and thus, give rise to public scandal to persons who have accidentally
witnessed the acts
Decency: means properly observing the requirements of modesty, good taste etc
Customs: refers to established usage, social conventions carried on by tradition and enforced by
social disapproval in case of violation
If the acts complained of are punishable under another provision of the RPC, Art 200 is not
applicable
The essence of grave scandal is publicity and that the acts committed are not only contrary to
morals and good customs but must likewise be of such character as to cause public scandal to
those witnessing it.

Article 201
IMMORAL DOCTRINES, OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITIONS:
Persons liable:
1. Those who publicly expound or proclaim doctrines that are contrary to public morals
2. Authors of obscene literature, published with their knowledge in any form
3. Editors publishing such obscene literature
4. Owners or operators of establishments selling obscene literature
5. Those who exhibit indecent or immoral plays, scenes, acts or shows ion theaters, fairs, cinemas
or any other place
6. Those who sell, distribute, or exhibit prints, engraving, sculptures or literature which are
offensive to morals
Morals: implies conformity to generally accepted standards of goodness or rightness in conduct
or character
Test of obscenity: whether the matter has a tendency to deprave or corrupt the minds of those
who are open to immoral influences. A matter can also be considered obscene if it shocks the
ordinary and common sense of men as indecency.
However, Art 201 enumerates what are considered as obscene literature or immoral or indecent
plays, scenes or acts:
Mere nudity in paintings and pictures is not obscene
Pictures w/ a slight degree of obscenity having no artistic value and intended for commercial
purposes fall within this article
Publicity is an essential element
1. those w/c glorify criminals or condone crimes
2. those w/c serve no other purpose but to satisfy the market for violence, lust or pornography
3. those w/c offend against any race or religion
4. those w/c tend to abet the traffic in and the use of prohibited drugs
5. those that are contrary to law, public order, morals, good customs, established policies, lawful
orders, decrees and edicts

Article 202
VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES:
Who are considered vagrants:
1. Those who have no apparent means of subsistence and who have the physical ability to work yet
neglect to apply themselves to some useful calling
2. Persons found loitering around public and semi-public places without visible means of support
3. Persons tramping or wandering around the country or the streets with no visible means of
support
4. Idle or dissolute persons lodging in houses of ill-fame
5. Ruffians or pimps and those who habitually associate with prostitutes (may include even the
rich)
6. Persons found loitering in inhabited or uninhabited places belonging to others, without any
lawful or justifiable reason provided the act does not fall within any other article of the RPC
If fenced and with prohibition of entry Trespass to dwelling

If fenced and entered to hunt/fish Attempted theft

If not fenced and with no prohibition of entry Vagrancy

Who are considered prostitutes refer to women who habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct for money or profit (if a man indulges in the same conduct: vagrancy)

TITLE SEVEN

CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS

Article 203
WHO ARE PUBLIC OFFICERS:
1. Takes part in the performance of public functions in the Government, or
2. Performs public duties as an employee, agent or subordinate official in the govt or any of its
branches
Notes:
1. Public officer must derive his authority from:
2. direct provision of law
3. popular election
4. appointment by competent authority
5. Public officers: embraces every public servant from the lowest to the highest rank
6. A government laborer is not a public officer. However, temporary performance by a laborer of
public functions makes him a public officer
7. Misfeasance: means improper performance of an act which might be properly be performed
8. Malfeasance: means performance of an act which ought not to be done
9. Nonfeasance: means omission of an act which ought to be done

MALFEASANCE AND MISFEASANCE IN OFFICE

 Malfeasance Doing of an act which a public officer should not have done

Misfeasance Improper doing of an act which a person might lawfully do

Nonfeasance Failure of an agent to perform his undertaking for the principal

ELEMENTS OF KNOWINGLY RENDERING AN UNJUST JUDGMENT:

1. Offender is a judge
2. Renders a judgment in the case submitted to him for judgment
3. Judgment is unjust
4. Knowledge that the decision is unjust
Notes:
1. Judgment: is a final consideration and determination by a court of competent jurisdiction of the
issues submitted to it in an action or proceeding
2. Unjust judgment: one which is contrary to law, or not supported by the evidence, or both
3. An unjust judgment may result from:
4. error (with bad faith)
5. ill-will or revenge
6. bribery
1. There must be evidence that the decision rendered is unjust. It is not presumed
2. Abuse of discretion or mere error of judgment cannot likewise serve as basis for rendering
an unjust judgment in the absence of proof or even an allegation of bad faith (motive or
improper consideration).

Article 205
ELEMENTS OF JUDGMENT RENDERED THROUGH NEGLIGENCE:
1. Offender is a judge
2. Renders a judgment in a case submitted to him for decision
3. Judgment is manifestly unjust
4. Due to inexcusable negligence or ignorance
Manifestly unjust judgment: one that is so contrary to law that even a person having meager
knowledge of the law cannot doubt the injustice

Article 206
ELEMENTS OF UNJUST INTERLOCUTORY ORDER:
1. That the offender is a judge.
2. That he performs any of the following acts:
1. knowingly renders unjust interlocutory order or decree, or
2. renders a manifestly unjust interlocutory order or decree through inexcusable negligence
or ignorance.
 Interlocutory order: one issued by the court deciding a collateral or incidental matter. It is not a
final determination of the issues of the action or proceeding

Article 207
ELEMENTS OF MALICIOUS DELAY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OR JUSTICE:
1. That the offender is a judge.
2. That there is a proceeding in his court.
3. That he delays the administration of justice.
4. That the delay is malicious, that is, the delay is caused by the judge with deliberate intent to
inflict damage on either party in the case.
Mere delay without malice is not punishable

Article 208
ELEMENTS OF DERELICTION OF DUTY IN THE PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES:
1. That the offender is a public officer or officer of the law who has a duty to cause the
prosecution of, or to prosecute offenses.
2. That there is dereliction of the duties of his office, that is, knowing the commission of the
crime, he does not cause (a) the prosecution of the criminal (People vs. Rosales, G.R. no. 42648)
or (b) knowing that a crime is about to be committed he tolerates its commission (if
gift/promise is a consideration for his conduct: direct bribery)
3. That the offender acts with malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of the law.
PREVARICACION: negligence and tolerance in the prosecution of an offense
There must be a duty on the part of the public officer to prosecute or move for the prosecution
of the offender. Note however, that a fiscal is under no compulsion to file an information based
upon a complaint if he is not convinced that the evidence before him does not warrant filing an
action in court
The crime must be proved first before an officer can be convicted of dereliction of duty
A public officer who harbors, conceals, or assists in the escape of an offender, when it is his
duty to prosecute him is liable as principal in the crime of dereliction of duty in the prosecution
of offenses. He is not an accessory
Article not applicable to revenue officers

Article 209
ELEMENTS OF BETRAYAL OF TRUST BY AN ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR (NOT NECESSARILY A
PUBLIC OFFICER ALTHOUGH ALL LAWYERS ARE OFFICERS OF THE COURT):
1. Causing damage to client (prejudice is essential) either
1. by any malicious breach of professional duty, or
2. by inexcusable negligence or ignorance.
 3. Revealing any of the secrets of his client learned by him in his professional capacity
(damage not necessary)
4. Undertaking the defense of the opposing party of the 1 st client and/or having received
confidential information from the latter and without the latters consent (damage not
necessary)

Article 210
ELEMENTS OF DIRECT BRIBERY:
1. That the offender be a public officer within the scope of Art 203
2. That the offender accepts an offer or promise or receives a gift or present by himself or through
another
3. That such offer or promise be accepted or gift/present received by the public officer (mere
agreement consummates the crime)
1. with a view to committing some crime (delivery of consideration is not necessary) or
2. in consideration of an execution if an act which does not constitute a crime, but the act
must be unjust (delivery of consideration is necessary), or
3. to refrain from doing something which is his official duty to do
4. That the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he executes be connected
with the performance of his official duties
For purposes of this article, temporary performance of public functions is sufficient to constitute
a person a public officer. A private person may commit this crime only in the case in which
custody of prisoners is entrusted to him
Applicable also to assessors, arbitrators, appraisal and claim commissioners, experts or any other
person performing public duties
Cannot be frustrated, only attempted or consummated.
Bribery exists when the gift is:
Actual receipt of the gift is not necessary. An accepted offer or promise of a gift is sufficient.
However, if the offer is not accepted, only the person offering the gift is liable for attempted
corruption of a public officer
The gift must have a value or capable of pecuniary estimation. It could be in the form of money,
property or services
If the act required of the public officer amounts to a crime and he commits it, he shall be liable
for the penalty corresponding to the crime
The third type of bribery and prevaricacion (art 208) are similar offenses, both consisting of
omissions to do an act required to be performed. In direct bribery however, a gift or promise is
given in consideration of the omission. This is not necessary in prevaricacion
1. voluntarily offered by a private person
2. solicited by the public officer and voluntarily delivered by the private person
3. solicited by the public officer but the private person delivers it out of fear of the consequences
should the public officer perform his functions (here the crime by giver is not corruption of
public officials due to involuntariness).
 Bribery (210) Robbery (294)

When the victim has committed a When the victim did not commit a crime and he
crime and gives money/gift to avoid is intimidated with arrest and/or prosecution to
arrest or prosecution. deprive him of his personal property.

Victim parts with his money or property Victim is deprived of his money or property by
voluntarily. force or intimidation.

ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT

RA 3019
Persons Liable:
1. Any public officer who shall perform any of the following acts:
2. Any person having family or close personal relation with any public official who shall capitalize
or exploit or take advantage of such family or close personal relation by directly or indirectly
requesting or receiving any present, gift, or material, or pecuniary advantage from any person
having some business, transaction, application, request, or contact with the government in
which such public official has to intervene (Sec. 4)
3. Any person who shall knowingly induce or cause any public official to commit any of the offenses
under (A). (Sec. 4)
4. Spouse or any relative, by consanguinity or affinity, within the 3rd civil degree, of the president
of the Philippines, the vice-president, the president of the Senate, or speaker of the house of
Representatives, who shall intervene, directly or indirectly, in any business transaction, contract
or application with the govt (Sec. 5).
1. Persuading, inducing or influencing another public officer to perform an act constituting a
violation of rules and regulations duly promulgated by competent authority or an offense in
connection with the official duties of the latter, or allowing himself to be persuaded, induced,
or influenced to commit such violation or offense.
2. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit for
himself or for any other person in connection with any contract or transaction between the
government and any other party wherein the public officer in his official capacity has to
intervene under the law.
3. Directly, or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, or other pecuniary or material
benefit, for himself or for another, from any person for whom the public officer, in any manner
of capacity, has secured or obtained, or will secure or obtain, any Government permit or
license, in consideration for the held given or to be given.
4. Accepting or having any member of his family accept employment in a private enterprise which
has pending official business with him during the pendency thereof or within one year after its
termination.
5. Causing any undue injury to any party, including the Government, or giving any private party any
unwarranted benefits, advantage, or preference in the discharge of his official, administrative
or judicial function through manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable
 negligence. This provision shall apply to officers and employees of offices or government
corporations charged with the grant of licenses or permits or other concessions.
6. Neglecting or refusing, after due demand or request, without sufficient justification, to act
within a reasonable time on any matter pending before him for the purpose of obtaining directly
or indirectly, from any person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or
advantage, or for the purpose of favoring his own interest of giving undue advantage in favor of
or discriminating against any other interested party.
7. Entering, on behalf of the Government, into any contract or transaction manifestly and grossly
disadvantageous to the same, whether or not the public officer profited or will profit thereby.
8. Directly or indirectly having financial or pecuniary interest in any business, contract or
transaction in connection with which he intervenes or take part in his official capacity, or in
which he is prohibited by the constitution or by any law from having any interest.
9. Directly or indirectly becoming interested, for personal gain, or having a material interest in any
transaction or act requiring the approval of a board, panel, or group of which he is a member,
and which exercises discretion in such approval, even if he votes against the same or does not
participate in the action of the board, committee, panel or group.
10. Knowingly approving or granting any license, permit, privilege, or benefit in favor of any person
not qualified for or not legally entitled to such license, permit, privilege, or advantage, or of a
mere representative or dummy of one who is not so qualified or entitled.
11. Divulging valuable information of a confidential character, acquired by his office or by him on
account of his official position to unauthorized persons, or releasing such information in advance
of its authorized release date.
This prohibition shall not apply to:
1. Any person who, prior to the assumption of office of any of the above officials to whom he is
related, has been already dealing with the govt along the same line of business;
2. Any transaction, contract or application already existing or pending at the time of such
assumption of public office;
3. Any application filed by him, the approval of which is not discretionary on the part of the
official(s) concerned but depends upon compliance with requisites provided by law, or rules or
regulations issued pursuant to law;
4. Any act lawfully performed an official capacity or in the exercise of a profession.
5. Any member of congress, during the term for which he has been elected, who shall acquire or
receive any personal pecuniary interest in any specific business enterprise which shall be
directly and particularly favored or benefited by any law or resolution authored by him
previously approved or adopted by Congress during his term.
6. Any public officer who shall fail to file a true, detailed and sworn statement of assets and
liabilities within 30 days after assuming office and thereafter on or before the 15 th day of April
following the close of every calendar year, as well as upon the expiration of his term of office,
or upon his resignation or separation from office (Sec. 7).

II. Prima Facie Evidence of and Dismissal due to unexplained Wealth (Sec. 8)
 If a public official has been found to have acquired during his incumbency, whether in his name
or in the name of other persons, an amount of property and/or money manifestly out of
proportion to his salary and to his other lawful income.
Properties in the name of the spouse and dependents of such public official may be taken into
consideration, when their acquisition through legitimate means cannot be satisfactorily shown.
Bank deposits in the name of or manifestly excessive expenditures incurred by the public
official, his spouse or any of their dependents including but not limited to activities in any club
or association or any ostentatious display of wealth including frequent travel abroad of a non-
official character by any public official when such activities entail expenses evidently out of
proportion to legitimate income.

III. Competent court: All prosecutions under this Act shall be within the original jurisdiction of the

Sandiganbayan (Sec. 10).

IV. Prescription of offenses: all offenses punishable under this Act shall prescribe in 15 years (Sec.
11).

V. Exceptions: Unsolicited gifts or presents of small or insignificant value offered or given as a

mere ordinary token of gratitude of friendship according to local customs or usage, shall be
excepted from the provisions of this act (Sec. 14).

Article 211
ELEMENTS OF INDIRECT BRIBERY:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he accepts gifts.
3. That the said gifts are offered to him by reason of his office.
The gift is given in anticipation of future favor from the public officer
There must be clear intention on the part of the public officer to take the gift offered and
consider the property as his own for that moment. Mere physical receipt unaccompanied by any
other sign, circumstance or act to show such acceptance is not sufficient to convict the officer
There is no attempted or frustrated indirect bribery
The principal distinction between direct and indirect bribery is that in the former, the officer
agrees to perform or refrain from doing an act in consideration of the gift or promise. In the
latter case, it is not necessary that the officer do any act. It is sufficient that he accepts the gift
offered by reason of his office
Public officers receiving gifts and private persons giving gifts on any occasion, including
Christmas are liable under PD 46.
The criminal penalty or imprisonment is distinct from the administrative penalty of suspension
from the service

Article 211-A
ELEMENTS OF QUALIFIED BRIBERY
 1. Public officer entrusted with law enforcement
2. Refrains from arresting/prosecuting offender for crime punishable by reclusion perpetua and/or
death
3. (if lower penalty than stated above, the crime is direct bribery)
4. In consideration of any offer, promise or gift

Article 212
ELEMENTS OF CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS:
1. That the offender makes offers or promises or gives gifts or present to a public officer.
2. That the offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a public officer, under
circumstances that will make the public officer liable for direct bribery or indirect bribery
The offender is the giver of the gift or the offeror of the promise. The act may or may not be
accomplished
Under PD 749, givers of bribes and other gifts as well as accomplices in bribery and other graft
cases are immune from prosecution under the following circumstances:
1. information refers to consummated violations
2. necessity of the information or testimony
3. the information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State
4. information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points
5. informant has been previously convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude
See the Anti-graft and Corrupt Practices Act

II. FRAUDS AND ILLEGAL EXACTIONS AND

TRANSACTIONS
Article 213
ELEMENTS OF FRAUDS AGAINST PUBLIC TREASURY: (par. 1)
1. That the offender be a public officer.
2. That he should have taken advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the transaction in his
official capacity.
3. That he entered into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or made use of any
other scheme with regard to (a) furnishing supplies (b) the making of contracts, or (c) the
adjustment or settlement of account relating to a public property or funds.
4. That the accused had intent to defraud the government.
Notes:
1. The public officer must act in his official capacity
2. The felony is consummated by merely entering into an agreement with any interested party or
speculator or by merely making use of any scheme to defraud the Government
ELEMENTS OF ILLEGAL EXACTIONS:
1. The offender is a public officer entrusted with the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other
imposts.
 2. He is guilty of any of the following acts or omissions:
1. demanding, directly or indirectly the payment of sums different from or larger than those
authorized by law, or
2. failing voluntarily to issue a receipt, as provided by law, for any sum of money collected
by him officially, or
3. Collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or
objects of a nature different from that provided by law.
Notes:
1. Mere demand of a larger or different amount is sufficient to consummate the crime. The essence
is the improper collection (damage to govt is not required)
2. If sums are received without demanding the same, a felony under this article is not
committed. However, if the sum is given as a sort of gift or gratification, the crime is indirect
bribery
3. When there is deceit in demanding larger fees, the crime committed is estafa
4. May be complexed with malversation
5. Officers and employees of the BIR or Customs are not covered by the article
6. The NIRC of Administrative Code is the applicable law

Article 214
ELEMENTS OF OTHER FRAUDS:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he takes advantage of his official position.
3. That he commits any of the frauds or deceits enumerated in art. 315 and 316. (estafa; swindling)
Note: RTC has jurisdiction over the offense because the principal penalty is disqualification

Article 215
ELEMENTS OF PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS:
1. That the offender is an appointive public officer.
2. That he becomes interested, directly or indirectly, in any transaction of exchange or
speculation.
3. That the transaction takes place within the territory subject to his jurisdiction.
4. That he becomes interested in the transaction during his incumbency.
Notes:
1. Examples of transactions of exchange or speculation are: buying and selling stocks, commodities,
land etc wherein one hopes to take advantage of an expected rise or fall in price
2. Purchasing of stocks or shares in a company is simple investment and not a violation of the
article. However, regularly buying securities for resale is speculation
Article 216
POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED INTERESTS BY A PUBLIC OFFICER :
Who are liable:
1. Public officer in any contract or business in which it is his official duty to intervene.
2. Experts, arbitrators and private accountants in any contract or transaction connected with the
estate or property in the approval, distribution or adjudication of which they had acted.
3. Guardians and executors with respect to property belonging to their wards or the estate.
Notes:
1. Actual fraud is not necessary.
2. Act is punished because of the possibility that fraud may be committed or that the officer may
place his own interest above that of the Government or party which he represents

AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PLUNDER

RA 7080
1. Definition of Ill-gotten wealth:

Any asset, property, business enterprise or material possession of any person acquired by him
directly or indirectly through dummies, nominees, agents, subordinates, and/or business
associates by any combination or series of the following means or similar schemes:

1. Through misappropriation, conversion, misuse or malversation of public funds or raids on the

public treasury.
2. By receiving, directly or indirectly, any commission, gift, share, percentage, kickbacks or any
other form of pecuniary benefit from any person and/or entity in connection with any
government contract or project or by reason of the office or position of the public officer
concerned;
3. By the illegal or fraudulent conveyance or disposition of assets belonging to the National
Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities or government-owned or
controlled corporations and their subsidiaries;
4. By obtaining, receiving or accepting, directly or indirectly, any shares of stock, equity or any
other form of interest or participation, including the promise of future employment in any
business enterprise or undertaking.
5. By establishing agricultural, industrial or commercial monopolies or other combinations, and/or
implementation of decrees and orders intended to benefit particular persons or special
interests;
6. By taking undue advantage of official position, authority, relationship, connection or influence
to unjustly enrich himself or themselves at the expense and to the damage or prejudice of the
Filipino people and the Republic of the Philippines.

1. Persons Liable:
1. Any public officer who, by himself or in connivance with members of his family, relatives
by affinity or consanguinity, business associates and subordinates or other persons,
 amasses, accumulates, or acquires ill-gotten wealth through a combination or series of
overt or criminal acts as described under (I) in the aggregate amount or total value of at
least 50 million pesos, shall be guilty of the crime of plunder (as amended by RA 7659).
2. Any person who participated with the said public officer in the commission of plunder.
1. Jurisdiction: All prosecutions under this At shall be within the original jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan.
1. Rule of Evidence:

For purposes of establishing the crime of plunder, it shall not be necessary to prove each and
every criminal act done by the accused in furtherance of the scheme and conspiracy to amass,
accumulate or acquire ill-gotten wealth, it being sufficient to establish beyond reasonable doubt a
pattern of overt or criminal acts indicative of the overall unlawful scheme or conspiracy.

1. Prescription of Crime:

The crime of plunder shall prescribe in 20 years. However, the right of the State to recover
properties unlawfully acquired by public officers from them or from their nominees or transferees
shall not be barred by prescription, laches or estoppel.

III. MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR

PROPERTY
Article 217
ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL ACTS MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY :
1. That the offender be a public officer (or private person if entrusted with public funds or
connived with public officers)
2. That he had the custody or control of funds or property (if not accountable for the funds, theft
or qualified theft)
3. That those funds or property were public funds or property (even if private funds if attached,
seized, deposited or commingled with public funds)
4. That he:
1. Appropriated the funds or property
2. Took or misappropriated them
3. Consented or, through abandonment or negligence, permitted any other person to take
such public funds or property. (it is not necessary that the offender profited thereby. His
being remiss in the duty of safekeeping public funds violates the trust reposed)
Malversation is otherwise called embezzlement
It can be committed either with malice or through negligence or imprudence
In determining whether the offender is a public officer, what is controlling is the nature of his
office and not the designation
 The funds or property must be received in an official capacity. Otherwise, the crime committed
is estafa
When a public officer has official custody or the duty to collect or receive funds due the
government, or the obligation to account for them, his misappropriation of the same constitutes
malversation
A public officer who has qualified charge of govt property without authority to part with its
physical possession upon order of an immediate superior, he cannot be held liable under this
article
Private individuals can also be held liable for malversation under 2 circumstances:
1. when they are in conspiracy with public officers; and
2. when they have charge of national, provincial or municipal funds, revenues or property in any
capacity
In malversation through negligence, the negligence of the accountable public officer must be
positively and clearly shown to be inexcusable, approximating fraud or malice
The measure of negligence to be observed is the standard of care commensurate with the
occasion
When malversation is not committed through negligence, lack of criminal intent or good faith is
a defense
The failure of a public officer to have any duly forthcoming public funds or property upon
demand, by any authorized officer, shall be prima facie evidence that he has put such missing
funds or property to personal use. However, if at the very moment when the shortage is
discovered, the accountable officer is notified, and he immediately pays the amount from his
pocket, the presumption does not arise
Returning the embezzled funds is not exempting, it is only mitigating
There is also no malversation when the accountable officer is obliged to go out of his office and
borrow the amount corresponding to the shortage and later, the missing amount is found in an
unaccustomed place
A person whose negligence made possible the commission of malversation by another can be
held liable as a principal by indispensable cooperation
Demand as well as damage to the government are not necessary elements

Malversation (217) Estafa with Abuse of Confidence (315)

Funds or property usually public Funds/property are always private

Offender is a private individual or even a

Offender is usually a public officer who is public officer who is not accountable for
accountable for the public funds/property public funds/property

Crime is committed by approaching, taking,

or misappropriating/consenting, or through
abandonment or negligence, permitting any Crime is committed by misappropriating,
other person to take the public converting, or denying having received
funds/property money, goods or other personal property
Article 218
ELEMENTS OF FAILURE OF ACCOUNTABLE OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS :
1. That the offender is a public officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom.
2. That he must be an accountable officer for public funds property.
3. That he is required by law or regulation to render accounts to the commission on audit, or to a
provincial auditor.
4. That he fails to do so for a period of two months after such accounts should be rendered.
Note: Demand and misappropriation are not necessary

Article 219
ELEMENTS OF FAILURE OF A RESPONSIBLE PUBLIC OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS BEFORE
LEAVING THE COUNTRY :
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he must be an accountable officer for public funds or property.
3. That he must have unlawfully left (or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines without securing
from the Commission on Audit a certificate showing that his accounts have been finally settled.
Note: The act of leaving the Philippines must be unauthorized or not permitted by law

Article 220
ELEMENTS OF ILLEGAL USE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY (technical malversation):
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That there is public fund or property under his administration.
3. That such public fund or property has been appropriated by law or ordinance (without this, it is
simple malversation even if applied to other public purpose).
4. That he applies the same to a public use other than for which such fund or property has been
appropriated by law or ordinance.
To distinguish this article with Art 217, just remember that in illegal use of public funds or
property, the offender does not derive any personal gain, the funds are merely devoted to some
other public use
Absence of damage is only a mitigating circumstance

Article 221
ELEMENTS OF FAILURE TO MAKE DELIVERY OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY
1. Offender has govt funds or property in his possession
2. He is under obligation to either:
1. make payment from such funds
 2. to deliver property in his custody or administration when ordered by competent authority
3. He maliciously fails or refuses to do so
Note: Penalty is based on value of funds/property to be delivered

Article 222
PERSONS WHO MAY BE HELD LIABLE UNDER ARTS 217 TO 221
1. Private individual who, in any capacity, have charge of any national, provincial or municipal
funds, revenue, or property
2. Administrator or depositary of funds or property that has been attached, seized or deposited by
public authority, even if owned by a private individual
Sheriffs and receivers fall under the term administrator
A judicial administrator in charge of settling the estate of the deceased is not covered by the
article

IV. INFIDELITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Article 223
ELEMENTS OF CONNIVING WITH OR CONSENTING TO EVASION
1. That the offender is a public officer (on duty).
2. That he is charged with the conveyance or custody of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or
prisoner by final judgment.
3. That such prisoner escaped from his custody
4. That he was in connivance with the prisoner in the latters escape
Detention prisoner: refers to a person in legal custody, arrested for and charged with some
crime or public offense
The release of a detention prisoner who could not be delivered to judicial authorities within the
time fixed by law is not infidelity in the custody of a prisoner. Neither is mere leniency or laxity
in the performance of duty constitutive of infidelity
There is real and actual evasion of service of sentence when the custodian permits the prisoner
to obtain a relaxation of his imprisonment

Article 224
ELEMENTS OF EVASION THROUGH NEGLIGENCE:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
 2. That he is charged with the conveyance or custody of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or
prisoner by final judgment.
3. That such prisoner escapes through his negligence.
4. Penalty based on nature of imprisonment
The article punishes a definite laxity which amounts to deliberate non-performance of a duty
The fact that the public officer recaptured the prisoner who had escaped from his custody does
not afford complete exculpation
The liability of an escaping prisoner:
1. if he is a prisoner by final judgment, he is liable for evasion of service (art 157)
2. if he is a detention prisoner, he does not incur criminal liability (unless cooperating with the
offender).

Article 225
ELEMENTS OF ESCAPES OF PRISONERS UNDER THE CUSTODY OF A PERSON NOT A PUBLIC
OFFICER :
1. That the offender is a private person (note: must be on duty)
2. That the conveyance or custody of a prisoner or person under arrest is confined to him.
3. That the prisoner or person under arrest escapes.
4. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner or person under arrest, or that the
escape takes place through his negligence
Note: This article is not applicable if a private person made the arrest and he consented to the
escape of the person he arrested

Article 226
ELEMENTS OF REMOVAL, CONCEALMENT, OR DESTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS Infidelity in
custody of documents:
1. That the offender be a public officer.
2. That he abstracts, destroys or conceals a document or papers.
3. That the said document or paper should have been entrusted to such public officer by reason of
his office.
4. That damage, whether serious or not, to a third party or to the public interest should have been
caused.
The document must be complete and one by which a right could be established or an obligation
could be extinguished
Books, periodicals, pamphlets etc are not documents
Papers would include checks, promissory notes and paper money
A post office official who retained the mail without forwarding the letters to their destination is
guilty of infidelity in the custody of papers
Removal of a document or paper must be for an illicit purpose. There is illicit purpose when the
intention of the offender is to:
 1. tamper with it
2. to profit by it
3. to commit any act constituting a breech of trust in the official thereof
Removal is consummated upon removal or secreting away of the document from its usual place.
It is immaterial whether or not the illicit purpose of the offender has been accomplished
Infidelity in the custody of documents through destruction or concealment does not require
proof of an illicit purpose
Delivering the document to the wrong party is infidelity in the custody thereof
The damage may either be great or small
The offender must be in custody of such documents

Article 227
ELEMENTS OF OFFICER BREAKING SEAL :
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he is charged with the custody of papers or property.
3. That these papers or property are sealed by proper authority.
4. That he breaks the seals or permits them to be broken.
It is the breaking of the seals and not the opening of a closed envelope which is punished
Damage or intent to cause damage is not necessary; damage is presumed

Article 228
ELEMENTS OF OPENING OF CLOSED DOCUMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That any closed papers, documents, or objects are entrusted to his custody.
3. That he opens or permits to be opened said closed papers, documents or objects.
4. That he does not have proper authority.
Note: Damage also not necessary

Article 229
REVELATION OF SECRET BY AN OFFICER:
ELEMENTS OF PAR.1: BY REASON OF HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he knows of a secret by reason of his official capacity.
3. That he reveals such secret without authority or justifiable reasons.
4. That damage, great or small, be caused to the public interest.
5. (damage is essential)
Notes:
1. Secret must affect public interest
 2. Secrets of a private individual is not included
3. Espionage for the benefit of another State is not contemplated by the article. If regarding
military secrets or secrets affecting state security, the crime may be espionage.
ELEMENTS OF PAR 2 DELIVERING WRONGFULLY PAPERS OR COPIES OF PAPERS OF WHICH HE
MAY HAVE CHARGE AND WHICH SHOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he has charge of papers.
3. That those papers should not be published.
4. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person.
5. That the delivery is wrongful.
6. That damage be caused to public interest.
Notes:
1. Charge: means custody or control. If he is merely entrusted with the papers and not with the
custody thereof, he is not liable under this article
2. If the papers contain secrets which should not be published, and the public officer having charge
thereof removes and delivers them wrongfully to a third person, the crime is revelation of
secrets. On the other hand, if the papers do not contain secrets, their removal for an illicit
purpose is infidelity in the custody of documents
3. Damage is essential to the act committed

Article 230
ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC OFFICER REVEALING SECRETS OF PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL:
1. That the offender is a public officer
2. That he knows of the secret of a private individual by reason of his office.
3. That he reveals such secrets without authority or justification reason.
Revelation to one person is sufficient
If the offender is an attorney, he is properly liable under Art 209 (betrayal of trust by an
attorney)
Damage to private individual is not necessary

V. OTHER OFFENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY

PUBLIC OFFICERS

Article 231
ELEMENTS OF OPEN DISOBEDIENCE:
1. That the offender is a judicial or executive officer.
2. That there is a judgment, decision or order of superior authority.
 3. That such judgment, decision or order was made within the scope of the jurisdiction of the
superior authority and issued with all the legal formalities.
4. that the offender without any legal justification openly refuses to execute the said judgment,
decision or under which he is duty bound to obey.
Note: Judgment should have been rendered in a hearing and issued within proper jurisdiction
with all legal solemnities required

Article 232
ELEMENTS OF DISOBEDIENCE TO ORDER OF SUPERIOR OFFICER WHEN SAID ORDER WAS
SUSPENDED BY INFERIOR OFFICER:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That an order is issued by his superior for execution.
3. That he has for any reason suspended the execution of such order.
4. That his superior disapproves the suspension of the execution of the order.
5. That the offender disobeys his superior despite the disapproval of the suspension.
Note: A public officer is not liable if the order of the superior is illegal

Article 233
ELEMENTS OF REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That a competent authority demands from the offender that he lend his cooperation towards the
administration of justice or other public service.
3. That the offender fails to do so maliciously.
Involves a request from one public officer to another
Damage to the public interest or third party is essential
Demand is necessary

Article 234
ELEMENTS OF REFUSAL TO DISCHARGE ELECTIVE OFFICE:
1. That the offender is elected by popular election to a public office.
2. That he refuses to be sworn in or discharge the duties of said office.
3. That there is no legal motive for such refusal to be sworn in or to discharge the duties of said
office.
Note: Even if the person did not run for the office on his own will as the Constitution provides
that every citizen may be required to render service

Article 235
 ELEMENTS OF MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS:
1. That the offender is a public officer or employee.
2. That he has under charge a prisoner or detention prisoner (otherwise the crime is physical
injuries)
3. That he maltreats such prisoner in either of the following manners:
1. by overdoing himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention prisoner
under his charge either
by the imposition of punishments not authorized by the regulations, or
by inflicting such punishments (those authorized) in a cruel and humiliating manner, or
1. by maltreating such prisoner to extort a confession or to obtain some information from the
prisoner.
The public officer must have actual charge of the prisoner in order to be held liable
To be considered a detention prisoner, the person arrested must be placed in jail even for just a
short while
Offender may also be held liable for physical injuries or damage caused

Article 236
ELEMENTS OF ANTICIPATION OF DUTIES OF A PUBLIC OFFICE:
1. That the offender is entitled to hold a public office or employment, either by election or
appointment.
2. That the law requires that he should first be sworn in and/or should first give a bond.
3. That he assumes the performance of the duties and powers of such office.
4. That he has not taken his oath of office and./or given the bond required by law.

Article 237
ELEMENTS OF PROLONGING PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND POWERS:
1. That the offender is holding a public office.
2. That the period provided by law, regulations or special provisions for holding such office has
already expired.
3. That he continues to exercise the duties and powers of such office.
Note: The article contemplates officers who have been suspended, separated or declared over-
aged or dismissed

Article 238
ELEMENTS OF ABANDONMENT OF OFFICE OR POSITION :
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he formally resigns from his position.
3. That his resignation has not yet been accepted.
4. That he abandons his office to the detriment of the public service.
There must be formal or written resignation
The offense is qualified if the purpose behind the abandonment is to evade the discharge of
duties consisting of preventing, prosecuting or punishing any of the crimes against national
security. The penalty is higher. This involves the following crimes:
 1. treason
2. conspiracy and proposal to commit conspiracy
3. misprision of treason
4. espionage
5. inciting to war or giving motives to reprisals
6. violation of neutrality
7. correspondence with hostile country
8. flight to enemy country
9. piracy and mutiny on the high seas
10. rebellion
11. conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion
12. disloyalty to public officers
13. inciting to rebellion
14. sedition
15. conspiracy to commit sedition
16. inciting to sedition

Abandonment of Office or Position

(238) Dereliction of Duty (208)

There is actual abandonment through Public officer does not abandon his office
resignation to evade the discharge of but merely fails to prosecute a violation of
duties. the law.

Article 239
ELEMENTS OF USURPATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS:
1. That the offender is an executive or judicial officer.
2. That he (a.) makes general rules or regulations beyond the scope of his authority or (b.)
attempts to repeal a law or (c.) suspends the execution thereof.

Article 240
ELEMENTS OF USURPATION OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS:
1. That the offender is a judge.
2. That he (a.) assumes a power pertaining to the executive authorities, or (b.) obstructs executive
authorities in the lawful exercise of their powers.
Note: Legislative officers are not liable for usurpation of executive functions

Article 241
ELEMENTS OF USURPATION OF JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS:
1. That the offender is an officer of the executive branch of the government.
 2. That he (a.) assumes judicial powers, or (b.) obstruct the execution of any order decision
rendered by any judge within his jurisdiction.
Note: A mayor is guilty under this article when he investigates a case while a justice of the
peace is in the municipality

Article 242
ELEMENTS OF DISOBEYING REQUEST FOR DISQUALIFICATION:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That a proceeding is pending before such public officer.
3. That there is a question brought before the proper authority regarding his jurisdiction, which is
not yet decided.
4. That he has been lawfully required to refrain from continuing the proceeding.
5. That he continues the proceeding.

Article 243
ELEMENTS OF ADDRESSING ORDERS OR REQUESTS BY EXECUTIVE OFFICER TO ANY JUDICIAL
AUTHORITY:
1. That the offender is an executive officer.
2. That the addresses any order or suggestion to any judicial authority.
3. That the order or suggestion relates to any case or business coming within the exclusive
jurisdiction of the courts of justice.
Note: Legislative or judicial officers are not liable under this article

Article 244
ELEMENTS OF UNLAWFUL APPOINTMENTS:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he nominates or appoints a person to a public office.
3. That such person lacks the legal qualification therefor.
4. That the offender knows that his nominee or appointee lacks the qualification at the time he
made the nomination or appointment.
Recommending, knowing that the person recommended is not qualified is not a crime
There must be a law providing for the qualifications of a person to be nominated or appointed to
a public office

Article 245
ELEMENTS OF ABUSES AGAINST CHASTITY:
1. That the offender is a public officer.
2. That he solicits or makes immoral or indecent advances to a woman.
 3. That such woman must be
1. interested in matters pending before the offender for decision, or with respect to which
he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer, or
2. under the custody of the offender who is a warden or other public officer directly charged
with care and custody of prisoners or person under arrest, or
3. the wife, daughter, sister or relative within the same degree by affinity of the person in
the custody of the offender
The mother of the person in the custody of the public officer is not included
Solicit: means to propose earnestly and persistently something unchaste and immoral to a
woman
The advances must be immoral or indecent
The crime is consummated by mere proposal
Proof of solicitation is not necessary when there is sexual intercourse

TITLE EIGHT
I. CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

DESTRUCTION OF LIFE
A. ELEMENTS OF PARRICIDE: (246)
1. That a person is killed.
2. That the deceased is killed by the accused.
3. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a
legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spouse of the accused.
Notes:
1. The relationship of the offender with the victim is the essential element of the felony
2. Parents and children are not included in the term ascendants or descendants
3. The other ascendant or descendant must be legitimate. On the other hand, the father, mother
or child may be legitimate or illegitimate
4. The child should not be less than 3 days old. Otherwise, the offense is infanticide
5. Relationship must be alleged
6. A stranger who cooperates in committing parricide is liable for murder or homicide
7. Even if the offender did not know that the person he had killed is his son, he is still liable for
parricide because the law does not require knowledge of the relationship
B. DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Requisites:
1. A legally married person or parent surprises his spouse or daughter (the latter must be under 18
and living with them) in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person
2. He/she kills any or both of them or inflicts upon any or both of them any serious physical injury
in the act or immediately thereafter
 3. He has not promoted or facilitated the prostitution of his wife or daughter, or that he has not
consented to the infidelity of the other spouse.
Notes:
1. Article does not define or penalize a felony
2. Not necessary that the parent be legitimate
3. Article applies only when the daughter is single
4. Surprise: means to come upon suddenly or unexpectedly
5. Art 247 is applicable when the accused did not see his spouse in the act sexual intercourse with
another person. However, it is enough that circumstances reasonably show that the carnal act is
being committed or has been committed
6. Sexual intercourse does not include preparatory acts
7. Immediately thereafter: means that the discovery, escape, pursuit and the killing must all form
parts of one continuous act
8. The killing must be the direct by-product of the rage of the accused
9. No criminal liability is incurred when less serious or slight physical injuries are inflicted.
Moreover, in case third persons caught in the crossfire suffer physical injuries, the accused is not
liable. The principle that one is liable for the consequences of his felonious act is not applicable
because he is not committing a felony
C. ELEMENTS OF MURDER: (248)
1. That a person was killed.
2. That the accused killed him.
3. That the killing was attended by any of the following qualifying circumstances
1. with treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid or armed men, or
employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford
impunity
2. in consideration of price, reward or promise
3. by means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of vessel,
derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive, fall of airship, by means of motor
vehicles or with the use of any other means involving great waste or ruin
4. on occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an
earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or any other public
calamity
5. with evident premeditation
6. with cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanely augmenting the suffering of the victim or
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse
4. The killing is not parricide or infanticide.
Notes:
1. The victim must be killed in order to consummate the offense. Otherwise, it would be
attempted or frustrated murder
2. Murder will exist with only one of the circumstances. The other circumstances are absorbed or
included in one qualifying circumstance. They cannot be considered as generic aggravating
circumstances
3. Any of the qualifying circumstances must be alleged in the information. Otherwise, they will
only be considered as generic aggravating circumstances
 4. Treachery and premeditation are inherent in murder with the use of poison.
D. ELEMENTS OF HOMICIDE: (249)
1. That a person was killed.
2. That the accused killed him without any justifying circumstances.
3. That the accused had the intention to kill, which is presumed.
4. That the killing was not attended by any of the qualifying circumstances of murder, or by that of
parricide or infanticide.
Notes:
1. Intent to kill is conclusively presumed when death resulted. Hence, evidence of intent to kill is
required only in attempted or frustrated homicide
2. There is no crime of frustrated homicide through negligence
3. When the wounds that caused death were inflicted by 2 different persons, even if they were not
in conspiracy, each one of them is guilty of homicide
4. In all crimes against persons in which the death of the victim is an element, there must be
satisfactory evidence of (1) the fact of death and (2) the identity of the victim
E. PENALTY FOR FRUSTRATED PARRICIDE, MURDER OR HOMICIDE (250)
F. ELEMENTS OF DEATH IN A TUMULTOUS AFFRAY: (251)
1. That there be several persons.
2. That they did not compose groups organized for the common purpose of assaulting and attacking
each other reciprocally.
3. That these several persons quarreled and assaulted one another in a confused and tumultuous
manner.
4. That someone was killed in the course of the affray.
5. That it cannot be ascertained who actually killed the deceased.
6. That the person or persons who inflicted serious physical injuries or who used violence can be
identified.
Notes:
1. Tumultuous affray exists hen at least 4 persons take part in it
2. When there are 2 identified groups of men who assaulted each other, there is no tumultuous
affray
3. Persons liable are:
1. person/s who inflicted serious physical injuries
2. if it is not known who inflicted serious physical injuries on the deceased, all persons who
used violence upon the person of the victim.
G. ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED IN A TUMULTOUS AFFRAY: (252)
1. that there is a tumultuous affray as referred to in the preceding article.
2. That a participant or some participants thereof suffer serious physical injuries or physical
injuries of a less serious nature only.
1. that the person responsible therefor cannot be identified.
2. That all those who appear to have used violence upon the person of the offended party are
known.
H.GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE: (253)
Acts punishable:
 1. Assisting another to commit suicide, whether the suicide is consummated or not
2. Lending his assistance to another to commit suicide to the extent of doing the killing himself.
Notes:
1. A person who attempts to commit suicide is not criminally liable
2. A pregnant woman who tried to commit suicide by means of poison but instead of dying, the
fetus in her womb was expelled, is not liable for abortion
3. Assistance to suicide is different from mercy-killing. Euthanasia/mk is the practice of painlessly
putting to death a person suffering from some incurable disease. In this case, the person does
not want to die. A doctor who resorts to euthanasia may be held liable for murder
4. Penalty is mitigated if suicide is not successful.
I. ELEMENTS OF DISCHARGE OF FIREARMS: (254)
1. that the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person.
2. That the offender has no intention to kill that person.
Notes:
1. The offender must shoot at another with any firearm without intention of killing him. If the
firearm is not discharged at a person, the act is not punished under this article
2. A discharge towards the house of the victim is not discharge of firearm. On the other hand,
firing a gun against the house of the offended party at random, not knowing in what part of the
house the people were, it is only alarm under art 155.
3. Usually, the purpose of the offender is only to intimidate or frighten the offended party
4. Intent to kill is negated by the fact that the distance between the victim and the offender is 200
yards
5. A person can be held liable for discharge even if the gun was not pointed at the offended party
when it fired for as long as it was initially aimed at or against the offended party.
J. ELEMENTS OF INFANTICIDE: (255)
1. That a child was killed.
2. That the deceased child was less than three days (72 hours) of age.
3. That the accused killed the said child.
Notes:
1. When the offender is the father, mother or legitimate ascendant, he shall suffer the penalty
prescribed for parricide. If the offender is any other person, the penalty is that for murder. In
either case, the proper qualification for the offense is infanticide
2. When infanticide is committed by the mother or maternal grandmother in order to conceal the
dishonor, such fact is only mitigating
3. The delinquent mother who claims that she committed the offense to conceal the dishonor must
be of good reputation. Hence, if she is a prostitute, she is not entitled to a lesser penalty
because she has no honor to conceal
4. There is no infanticide when the child was born dead, or although born alive it could not sustain
an independent life when it was killed.
K. ELEMENTS OF INTENTIONAL ABORTION: (256)
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
2. That violence is exerted, or drugs or beverages administered, or that the accused otherwise acts
upon such pregnant woman.
 3. That as a result of the use of violence or drugs or beverages upon her, or any other act of the
accused, the fetus dies, either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom.
4. That the abortion is intended.
L. ELEMENTS OF UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION: (257)
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
2. That violence is used upon such pregnant woman without intending an abortion.
3. That the violence is intentionally exerted.
4. That as a result of the violence that fetus dies, either in the womb or after having been expelled
therefrom.
Notes:
1. Unintentional abortion can also be committed through negligence
1. The accused can only be held liable if he knew that the woman was pregnant
2. If there is no intention to cause abortion and neither was violence exerted, arts 256 and
257 does not apply.
M. ELEMENTS OF ABORTION PRACTICED BY THE WOMAN HERSELF OR BY HER PARENTS: (258)
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion.
2. That the abortion is intended.
3. That the abortion is caused by
1. the pregnant woman herself
2. any other person, with her consent, or
3. any of her parents, with her consent for the purpose of concealing her dishonor.
Notes:
1. Liability of the pregnant woman is mitigated if the purpose is to conceal her dishonor. However,
there is no litigation for the parents of the pregnant women even if their purpose is to conceal
their daughters dishonor
2. In infanticide, parents can avail of the mitigating circumstance of concealing the dishonor of
their daughter. This is not so for art 258
N. ELEMENTS OF ABORTION PRACTICED BY A PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE AND DISPENSING OF
ABORTIVES: (259)
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion.
2. That the abortion is intended.
3. That the offender, who must be a physician or midwife, causes or assists in causing the abortion.
4. That said physician or midwife takes advantage of his or her scientific knowledge or skill.
Notes:
1. It is not necessary that the pharmacist knew that the abortive would be used to cause abortion.
What is punished is the act of dispensing an abortive without the proper prescription. It is not
necessary that the abortive be actually used
2. If the pharmacist knew that the abortive would be used to cause abortion and abortion results,
he is liable as an accomplice
O. RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN A DUEL: (260)
Acts punished:
1. Killing ones adversary in a duel
2. Inflicting upon the adversary serious physical injuries
 3. Making a combat although no physical injuries have been inflicted
Persons liable:
1. Principals person who killed or inflicted physical injuries upon his adversary, or both
combatants in any other cases
2. Accomplices as seconds
Notes:
1. Duel: a formal or regular combat previously concerted between 2 parties in the presence of 2 or
more seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the selection of arms and fix all the other
conditions of the fight
2. If death results, the penalty is the same as that for homicide
P. CHALLENGING TO A DUEL: (261)
Acts punishable:
1. Challenging another to a duel
2. Inciting another to give or accept a challenge to a duel
3. Scoffing at or decrying another publicly for having refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel
Persons liable:
1. Challenger
2. Instigators
II. PHYSICAL INJURIES
1. A. MUTILATION: (262)
Kinds of Mutilation
1. Intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, totally or partially, of some essential organ
for reproduction
2. Intentionally making another mutilation, i.e. lopping, clipping off any part of the body of the
offended party, other than the essential organ for reproduction, to deprive him of that part of
the body
Elements:
1. There be a castration i.e. mutilation of organs necessary for generation
2. Mutilation is caused purposely and deliberately
Notes:
1. In the first kind of mutilation, the castration must be made purposely. Otherwise, it will be
considered as mutilation of the second kind
2. Mayhem: refers to any other intentional mutilation
1. B. SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES: (263)
How Committed
1. Wounding
2. Beating
3. Assaulting
4. Administering injurious substances
What are serious physical injuries:
1. Injured person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind
2. Injured person
 1. loses the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, loses an eye, a hand, foot, arm
or leg
2. loses the use of any such member
3. becomes incapacitated for the work in which he had been habitually engaged
3. Injured person
1. becomes deformed
2. loses any other member of his body
3. loses the use thereof
4. becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance of the work in which he had been
habitually engaged in for more than 90 days
1. Injured person becomes ill or incapacitated for labor for more than 30 days (but
not more than 90 days)
Notes:
1. Serious physical injuries may be committed through reckless imprudence or simple imprudence
2. There must be no intent to kill
3. Impotent should include inability to copulate and sterility
4. Blindness requires lost of vision in both eyes. Mere weakness in vision is not contemplated
5. Loss of power to hear must involve both ears. Otherwise, it will be considered as serious physical
injuries under par 3
6. Loss of use of hand or incapacity of usual work in par 2 must be permanent
7. Par 2 refers to principal members of the body. Par 3 on the other hand, covers any other
member which is not a principal part of the body. In this respect, a front tooth is considered as a
member of the body, other than a principal member
8. Deformity: means physical ugliness, permanent and definite abnormality. Not curable by natural
means or by nature. It must be conspicuous and visible. Thus, if the scar is usually covered by a
dress, it would not be conspicuous and visible
9. The loss of 3 incisors is a visible deformity. Loss of one incisor is not. However, loss of one tooth
which impaired appearance is a deformity

10. Deformity by loss of teeth refers to injury which cannot be impaired by the action of the
nature

11. Loss of both outer ears constitutes deformity and also loss of the power to hear. Meanwhile,
loss of the lobule of the ear is only a deformity

12. Loss of the index and middle fingers is either a deformity or loss of a member, not a principal
one of his body or use of the same

13. Loss of the power to hear in the right ear is considered as merely loss of use of some other
part of the body

14. If the injury would require medical attendance for more than 30 days, the illness of the
offended party may be considered as lasting more than 30 days. The fact that there was medical
attendance for that period of time shows that the injuries were not cured for that length of time
15. Under par 4, all that is required is illness or incapacity, not medical attendance

16. In determining incapacity, the injured party must have an avocation at the time of the injury.
Work: includes studies or preparation for a profession

17. When the category of the offense of serious physical injuries depends on the period of the
illness or incapacity for labor, there must be evidence of the length of that period. Otherwise, the
offense will only be considered as slight physical injuries

18. There is no incapacity if the injured party could still engage in his work although less
effectively than before

19. Serious physical injuries is qualified when the crime is committed against the same persons
enumerated in the article on parricide or when it is attended by any of the circumstances defining
the crime of murder. However, serious physical injuries resulting from excessive chastisement by
parents is not qualified serious physical injuries

1. C. ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTERING INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES OR BEVERAGES: (264)

1. That the offender inflicted upon another person any serious physical injury
2. That it was done knowingly administering to him any injurious substances or beverages or
by taking advantage of his weakness of mind of credulity
3. He had no intent to kill
Notes:
1. It is frustrated murder when there is intent to kill
2. Administering means introducing into the body the substance, thus throwing of the acid in the
face is not contemplated.
1. D. ELEMENTS OF LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES: (265)
1. That the offended party is incapacitated for labor for 10 days or more (but not more than
30 days), or needs medical attendance for the same period of time
2. That the physical injuries must not be those described in the preceding articles
Notes:
1. Circumstances qualifying the offense:
1. when there is manifest intent to insult or offend the injured person
2. when there are circumstances adding ignominy to the offense
3. when the victim is either the offenders parents, ascendants, guardians, curators or
teachers
4. when the victim is a person of rank or person in authority, provided the crime is not
direct assault
5. It falls under this article even if there was no incapacity but the medical treatment was
for 13 days
1. E. SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES: (266)
3 Kinds:
 1. That which incapacitated the offended party for labor from 1-9 days or required medical
attendance during the same period
2. That which did not prevent the offended party from engaging in his habitual work or which did
not require medical attendance (ex. Black-eye)
3. Ill-treatment of another by deed without causing any injury (ex. slapping but without causing
dishonor)
1. F. RAPE (ART 355)
The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (RA 8353) now classified the crime of rape as Crime Against
Persons incorporated into Title 8 of the RPC to be known as Chapter 3
Elements: Rape is committed
1. By a man who have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:
1. through force, threat or intimidation
2. when the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious
3. by means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority
4. when the offended party is under 12 years of age or is demented, even though none of
the circumstances mentioned above be present
5. By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in par 1 hereof, shall
commit an ac of sexual assault by inserting
1. his penis into another persons mouth or anal orifice, or
2. any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person
Rape committed under par 1 is punishable by:
1. reclusion perpetua
2. reclusion perpetuato DEATH when
1. victim became insane by reason or on the occasion of rape
2. b. the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed by reason or on the occasion
thereof
3. DEATH when
1. homicide is committed
2. victim under 18 years and offender is:
1. parent
2. ascendant
3. step-parent
4. guardian
5. relative by consanguinity or affinity with the 3rd civil degree or
6. common law spouse of parent of victim
3. c. under the custody of the police or military authorities or any law enforcement or
penal institution
4. committed in full view of the spouse, parent or any of the children or other relatives
within the 3rd degree of consanguinity
5. victim is a religious engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is personally
known to be such by the offender before or at the time of the commission of the crime
6. a child below 7 years old
 7. g. offender knows he is afflicted with HIV or AIDS or any other sexually transmissible
disease and the virus is transmitted to the victim
8. h. offender; member of the AFP, or para-military units thereof, or the PNP, or any law
enforcement agency or penal institution, when the offender took advantage of his
position to facilitate the commission of the crime
9. victim suffered permanent physical mutilation or disability
10. j. the offender knew of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the
commission of the crime; and
11. k. when the offender knew of the mental disability, emotional disorder and/or physical
handicap or the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime
Rape committed under par 2 is punishable by:
1. 1. prision mayor
2. 2. prision mayor to reclusion temporal
1. use of deadly weapon or
2. by two or more persons
3. reclusion temporal when the victim has become insane
4. reclusion temporal to reclusion pepetua rape is attempted and homicide is committed
5. reclusion perpetua homicide is committed by reason or on occasion of rape
6. reclusion temporal committed with any of the 10 aggravating circumstances mentioned above
Notes:
1. The underscored words are the amendments provided by RA 8353
2. Dividing age in rape:
1. less than 7 yrs old, mandatory death
2. less than 12 yrs old, statutory rape
3. less than 18 yrs old and there is relationship (e.g. parent etc); mandatory death