Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Edition 2007
The following Guidelines come into force on May 1st, 2007
Head Office
Vorsetzen 35, 20459 Hamburg, Germany
Phone: +49 40 36149-0
Fax: +49 40 36149-200
headoffice@gl-group.com
www.gl-group.com
"General Terms and Conditions" of the respective latest edition will be applicable
(see Rules for Classification and Construction, I - Ship Technology, Part 0 - Classification and Surveys).
Table of Contents
Section 1
3. The manufacturer has to notify welding su- 1.2 The evidence can also be provided through a
pervisors, who verify the welding work with responsi- welding procedure test acc. to Section 2, E. at the user.
bility. Only welders and welding procedures, both This kind of recognition is restricted to the users
approved according to Section 2, D. and E. respec- work and only valid for max. one year, if an annual
tively, are allowed to be used for the work. repeat test is not carried out.
VI - Part 9 Section 2 D Production Fundamentals Chapter 2
GL 2007 Page 21
Section 2
Production Fundamentals
3. Until installation on board, the openings of 6. The joint area has to be metallic clean before
the pipes and fittings are to be protected against the welding. Root gap and misalignment have to be mini-
penetration of dirt. mised as most possible.
1. The procedures of forming (T-Drill process), 8. The arc shall only be stroked off in the weld-
flanging and reducing of pipes at the manufacturer ing gap. The heat input is to be restricted.
have to be approved by GL.
9. Welding spatters, excessive weld and root
2. Cold bending of pipes can be carried out, if reinforcement have to be removed, but the wall thick-
the bending diameter is larger than 2 times the exter- ness shall not fall below the minimum.
nal diameter. Occurred bending ripples are to be re-
moved.
E. Welding Procedure Tests 5. In the case that the measurements of the pipes
used during the fabrication are differing too much
1. Before starting the fabrication, it must be from the a.m. dimensions of the test piece, an adjusted
proved by means of a welding procedure test that pipe test program has to be agreed with GL.
joints acc. to the required quality properties can be
manufactured in the workshop. 6. Prior to sectioning, the welded test pieces are
to be examined over the entire length of the seam by
non-destructive testing in order to find external or
2. The welding supervisor has to indicate all internal welding failures by visual, penetrant and ra-
details in a manufacturers welding procedure specifi- diographic examination (VT, PT, RT). The evaluation
cation (WPS) how to carry out the welding works. The of the imperfections will be assessed according
welding of test pieces is made upon this preliminary Section 3, Table 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.
welding procedure specification.
7. The sectioning of the test pieces and the di-
3. Concerning the TIG-welding with preparation mensions of the specimens concerning the mechani-
of the square butt joint, a welder must weld a piece cal-technological testing are described in Figure 2.2
each with a diameter d1 = 150 up to 200 mm and a and Fig. 2.3. One test set shall be made up of the fol-
wall thickness s = 2,5 up to 3 mm in a horizontal pipe lowing specimens if not agreed otherwise:
axis (pos. PA, PF, PE) and in a vertical pipe axis (pos.
PC), see Fig. 2.1. 2 transverse tensile test specimens (Z) per welding
position
4. If multilayer welding is applied, another set 2 transverse bend test specimens per welding posi-
of test pieces with corresponding wall thickness has to tion, one is to be bent with the final pass (FBB) and
be welded. If the welding is restricted to the flat posi- one with the root pass (RBB) in tension
tion (PA), e.g. welding on rotating device, the welder
can only weld the test pieces in that position. 1 macrographic (M) per welding position
d1
s
PA
=
s
PF PF PC
d1
ca. 300
= =
=
PE
ca. 300
PA
RBB Z M
FBB
Pos. PC
Z FBB Z FBB
PF PF
M RBB M RBB
(Pos. PA)
Z M R FBB
BB
PE
Pipe axis horizontal, Pipe fixed Pipe axis vertical, Pipe fixed
(resp. horizontal, if welded with rotating device)
Fig. 2.2 Positions and preparation of specimens for welding procedure tests
VI - Part 9 Section 2 E Production Fundamentals Chapter 2
GL 2007 Page 23
L0 Weld reinforcement
machined off Weld reinforcement
R35
LS machined off
R2
20
30
20
LC (Tension side)
300
Flat tensile specimen Transverse bend test specimen FBB resp. RBB
LC LS + 60
Tensile test transversal to weld (Z) Tensile strength Rm as stipulated for the base material at
least 290 N/mm2.
The minimum elongation A 15 % shall be checked
with an initial gauge length of L0 = 5,56 S0 .
Transverse bend test (FBB, RBB) Bending angle 180 with a mandrel diameter of 3 times
the wall thickness.
Minor open defects up to a maximum length of 3 mm
may be tolerated.
8. In welding procedure and production tests on The scope of the wall thickness and the diameter is
copper-nickel-alloy 90/10, the butt weld specimens determined according to the welders qualification test
must meet the minimum requirements shown in Table acc. to EN ISO 9606-3.
2.1.
10. Depending upon the pipe class, the validity of
a welding procedure is determined in Chapter 1
9. A successfully passed welding procedure test General Requirements, Proof of Qualifications, Ap-
is valid for the examinated welding process, for the provals, Section 3 and Chapter 3 Welding in the
used copper-nickel-alloy, for the used welding con- Various Fields of Application, Section 4 of the GL
sumable type and for the tested welding position(s). Rules II Materials and Welding, Part 3 Welding.
VI - Part 9 Section 3 A Inspection of Welded Pipelines Chapter 2
GL 2007 Page 31
Section 3
2. Unevenness of the weld seams inside the Pipe-nominal width Maximum permissible
pipelines, e.g. welding beads or sagging drops of inside advantage
weld, has to be removed, but the minimum wall thick-
ness has to be respected. DN mm
40 1,5
3. The root reinforcement shall not exceed the
values given in Table 3.1. The misalignment of the 50 to 150 2
inside does not exceed the half of the wall thickness or
2 mm max. The sum of root reinforcement and the 175 to 250 2,5
inside misalignment has not to be more than the values
described in Table 3.1. 300 3
B. Penetrant Inspection to test class A, but the minimum of the optical density
has to be increased up to 2.5.
1. A penetrant testing of weld seams of the
pipelines of pipe class I and II are to be carried out in 1.4 When taking radiographs with gamma rays,
a spot check way. one has to make specimen radiographs because of the
loss of sensitivity with regard to the source-film-
distance according to test class B and A respectively.
2. The GL Rules II Materials and Welding,
Part 3 Welding, Chapter 2 Design, Fabrication and
1.5 Exposure time and film systems are to be
Inspection of Welded Joints, Section 4, N. specifies
chosen that way that the optical density according to
the requirements for the execution of the penetrant
3. is achieved.
inspection.
200
3.1 Optical density
steel
Following EN 444, an optical density of 2.0 and in
100 titanium case of gamma rays of 2.3 is required within the
Limit energy in kV
Dimensions in millimeters
Stepped heights
3,5
2,5
3
2
1,5
0,5
4
12,5
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
6
8 x 6 = 48
Nominal Weld Acceptable number of pores Nominal Weld Acceptable number of pores
wall joint per 50 mm joint length for wall joint per 50 mm joint length for
thickness thickness pore size 1 thickness thickness pore size 1
s s
mm mm in mm mm mm in mm
over 0,3 over 0,5 over 1 over 0,3 over 0,5 over 1
min. up to 0,5 up to 1 up to 1,5 min. up to 0,5 up to 1 up to 1,5
1,5 1,65 4 0 0 7 0
2 2,2 5 1
2 2 0 8 8,8
2,5 2,75 2 2
2 0 0 3
3 3,3
0 1 8 0
2 0 6 1
3,5 3,85
0 1 10 11 4 2
3 0 2 3
4 4,4
1 1 0 4
4 0 10 0
5 5,5 2 1 7 1
0 2 5 2
12 13,2
5 0 3 3
6 6,6 3 1
1 4
0 2
1 The pore size is the maximum size of a pore detectable (projected) in the radiographic film.
2 Pore size up to 0,5 mm is ignored for wall thickness of 2 mm and above; pores up to 0,3 mm are not evaluated.
VI - Part 9 Section 3 C Inspection of Welded Pipelines Chapter 2
GL 2007 Page 35
Test arrangement A
FFD
Taking arrangement B
2 2
D
D
1 even stepped
photometric absorption Film 1 1 Film
wedge
2 bend stepped photometric
absorption wedge
FFD film-focus-distance
2 2
C B
Film A
Film A 2 2
A
A 1
Film C Film B
1 2 2
Filmposition A Filmposition C Filmposition B
Fig. 3.3 Test arrangements of image quality indicator and stepped photometric absorption wedge
Chapter 2 Section 3 C Inspection of Welded Pipelines VI - Part 9
Page 36 GL 2007
A C
D
b f
A C Note:
In the application case IV instead of 2 irradiations
(elliptic radiation), 4 individual radiographs are to
D be set up.
b f
Test arrangement and film-focus distance (FFD) depending upon pipe's nominal diameters (DN)
2 2
b
FFD
f
FFD
s
Film
Film
Radiation source (Q)
Fig. 3.4 Test arrangement and film-focus distances (FFD) depending upon the pipes nominal diameters (DN)
and test arrangement for central radiographics
VI - Part 9 Section 3 D Inspection of Welded Pipelines Chapter 2
GL 2007 Page 37
3000
2500
2000
Focus 1 mm
Focus 2 mm
FFD
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Diameter in mm
Fig. 3.5 Film-focus distance (FFD) depending upon the pipes nominal diameters (DN) and upon the used
focus
Section 4
1. Forms with regard to the shop approval, 3. The completed forms are to be submitted to
welders qualification test and procedure test can be the GL Head Office together with all necessary docu-
found in the GL Rules II Materials and Welding, ments, e.g. welding procedure specification (WPS),
Part 3 Welding, Chapter 1 General Requirements, test results, NDT-record, see also GL Rules II Mate-
Proof of Qualifications, Approvals, Annex A to D. rials and Welding, Part 3 Welding, Chapter 1 Gen-
These forms are also available in the internet under eral Requirements, Proof of Qualifications, Approvals,
www.gl-group.com. Section 2 (Shop approval), Section 3 (Welders quali-
fication tests) and Section 4 (Welding procedure test).
2. With regard to the approval for welding of 4. If the stated requirements are fulfilled, an
military structure according to DIN 2303, the applica- employee of the department Materials and Welding
tion form Annex B of the Standard has to be duly will issue the according certificates based upon the
completed by the manufacturer. submitted documents, verified by the Surveyor.