APPENDIX A

ACI Building Code Requirements for Thin

Shells and Folded Plates*

Since concrete is the basic, most common material for the construction of thin shells,
the requirements of such specific codes as those of the American Concrete Institute
must be followed. Unfortunately, for many years these codes did not address in
specific terms the unique problems related to thin shells, so that in the absence of
special provisions only the common rules on concrete structures could in general be
followed. One major result has been a great thickness for shells being imposed by
minimum cover requirements for steel reinforcement. Naturally, code requirements
vary from country to country, so that although ACI restrictions were enforced in the
United States, shells only three-quarters of an inch thick were legally possible in
Mexico, as demonstrated by the numerous thin shells there by Felix Candela.
The ACI's design provisions for shells and folded plates are covered in Chapter
19 of its code. These include such major topics as definitions, criteria for structural
and model analysis, reinforcement, prestressing, and construction. In separating the
supporting members of a thin shell structure from its whole, the code explicitly
specifies that Chapter 19's provisions apply only on the thin shell portion of the
structure. The edge beams, columns, footings, and other supporting members are
covered by other chapters in the code. Naturally, thin shell designs should also be
controlled by the rest of the code, except for provisions that may conflict with those
in Chapter 19.

*From Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89). The full text of
Chapter 19 and its Commentary are reprinted with the permission of the American Concrete
Institute, Detroit.

343
 ACI Buildina Code Requirements
[Code]
19.0-NOTATION
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi (see
8.5.1)
Fe = specified compressive strength of concrete,
psi
= square root of specified compressive strength
of concrete, psi
= specified yield strength of nonprestressed re-
inforcement, psi
= thickness of shell or folded plate, in.
= develop length, in.
= strength reduction factor (see 9.3)
19.1 Scope and Definitions
19.1.1 Provisions of Chapter 19 shall apply to
thin shell and folded plate concrete structures,
including ribs and edge members.
344
[Commentary]
This code and commentary provides building
code information on the design, analysis, and
construction of concrete thin shells and folded
plates. The process began in 1964 with the pub-
lication of a practice and commentary by ACI
Committee 334,19.1 and continued with the in-
clusion of Chapter 19 in ACI Building Code
ACI 318-71 and in later editions. The current
revision reflects additional experience in de-
sign, analysis, and construction gained since the
earlier publications, and was influenced by the
publication of the "Recommendations for
Concrete Shells and Folded Plates" of the In-
ternational Association for Shell and Spatial
Structures (lASS) in 1979. 19 .2
Since Chapter 19 applies to concrete thin
shells and folded plates of all shapes, extensive
discussion of their design, analysis, and con-
struction in the commentary is not possible. Ad-
ditional information can be obtained from the
references listed at the end of this chapter,
which are provided for the assistance of the
designer. They are not an official part of the
code. The designer is responsible for their in-
terpretation and use. Particular emphasis on de-
velopments and practice in the United States is
given in "Concrete Thin Shells," ACI
SP_28. 19-3
R 19 .1.1 Chapter 19 is intended to apply to
thin shells and folded plate concrete structures
in building construction. Discussion of the ap-
plication of thin shells in special structures such
as cooling towers and circular prestressed con-
crete tanks may be found in the reports of ACI-
ASCE Committee 334 19.4 and ACI Committee
344. 19 .5
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates
[Code]
19.1.2 All provisions of this code not specifi-
cally excluded, and not in conflict with provi-
sions of Chapter 19 shall apply to thin-shell
structures.
19.1.3 Thin shells: three-dimensional spatial
structures made up of one or more curved slabs
or folded plates whose thicknesses are small
compared to their other dimensions. Thin shells
are characterized by their three-dimensional
load-carrying behavior which is determined by
the geometry of their forms, by the manner in
which they are supported, and by the nature of
the applied load.
19.1.4 Folded plates: a special class of shell
structures formed by joining flat, thin slabs
along their edges so as to create a three-dimen-
sional spatial structure.
19.1.5 Ribbed shells: spatial structures with
material placed primarily along certain pre-
ferred rib lines, with the area between the ribs
filled with thin slabs or left open.
19.1.6 Auxiliary members: ribs or edge beams
which serve to strengthen, stiffen, and/or sup-
port the shell; usually, auxiliary members act
jointly with the shell.
345
[Commentary]
R 19.1. 3 Common types of thin shells are
domes (surfaces of revolution), 19.3. 19.6-19.9 cy-
lindrical shells, 19.3. 19.6. 19.8. 19.10-19.15 conoids,
19.6. 19.16-19.18 elliptical paraboloids, 19.6. 19.19 hy-
perbolic paraboloids, 19.3. 19.6. 19.8. 19.19-19.28 and
groin vauIts.19.3. 19.19. 19.29. 19.30 Considerable in-
formation on the experience gained in the de-
sign, analysis and construction of these shells
may be found in the cited references.
Less experience is available regarding other
shell types or shapes, including free-form shells.
However, a number of these have been success-
fully built.
Thin shell elements are slabs or plates with
thicknesses less than one-fifth the transverse
width and less than one-twentieth the radius of
curvature on span lengths.
R19.1.4 Folded plates may be prismatic,19.3.
19.6. 19.31-33 nonprismatic,19.34 or faceted. The
first two types, which are the most common,
consist generally of planar thin slabs joined
along their longitudinal edges to form a beam-
like structure spanning between supports. Fac-
eted folded plates, which are much less com-
mon, are made up of triangular and/or poly-
gonal planar thin slabs joined along their edges
to form three-dimensional spatial structures
similar to continuously curved thin shells such
as domes or other shell forms. Only limited ex-
perience is available on the design, analysis, and
construction of faceted folded plates.
R19.1.5 Ribbed shells I9.3. 19.35. 19.36 generally
have been used for larger spans where the in-
creased thickness of the curved slab alone be-
comes excessive or uneconomical. Ribbed shells
also have been used because of the construction
techniques employed and to enhance the aes-
thetic impact of the completed structure.
R 19.1.6 Most thin shell structures require ribs
or edge beams at their boundaries to carry the
shell boundary forces, to assist in transmitting
them to the supporting structure, and to accom-
modate the increased amount of reinforcement
in these areas.
 ACI BUilding Code Requirements
[Code]
19.1.7 Elastic analysis: an analysis of defor-
mations and internal forces based on equilib-
rium, compatibility of strains, and assumed elas-
tic behavior, and representing to suitable
approximation the three-dimensional action of
the shell together with its auxiliary members.
19.1.8 Inelastic analysis: an analysis of defor-
mations and internal forces based on equilib-
rium, nonlinear stress-strain relations for con-
crete and reinforcement, consideration of
cracking and time dependent effects, and com-
patibility of strains. The analysis shall represent
to suitable approximation the three-dimen-
sional action of the shell together with its auxil-
iary members.
19.1.9 Experimental analysis: an analysis pro-
cedure based on the measurement of deforma-
tions and/or strains of the structure or its
model; experimental analysis is based on either
elastic or inelastic behavior.
346
[Commentary]
R 19.1. 7 Elastic analysis of thin shells and
folded plates means any method of structural
analysis which is based on assumptions which
provide suitable approximations to the three-
dimensional behavior of the structure. The
method must provide the internal forces and
displacements needed in the design of the shell
proper, the rib or edge members, and the sup-
porting structure. Equilibrium of internal
forces and external loads and compatibility of
deformations must be satisfied.
Methods of elastic analysis based on classical
shell theory, simplified mathematical or analyti-
cal models, or numerical solutions using finite
e1ement,19.37 finite differences, or numerical in-
tegration techniques, are described in the cited
references.
The choice of the method of analysis and the
degree of accuracy required depend on certain
critical factors. These include: the size of the
structure, the geometry of the thin shell or
folded plate, the manner in which the structure
is supported, the nature of the applied load and,
finally, the extent of personal or documented
experience regarding the reliability of the given
method of analysis in predicting the behavior of
the specific type of shell or folded plate.
R19.1.8 Inelastic analysis of thin shells and
folded plates means a refined method of analy-
sis based on the specific nonlinear material
properties, nonlinear behavior due to the crack-
ing of concrete, and time dependent effects
such as creep, shrinkage, temperature, and load
history. These effects are incorporated in order
to trace the response and crack propagation of a
reinforced concrete shell through the elastic,
inelastic and ultimate ranges. Such analyses usu-
ally require incremental loading and iterative
procedures to converge on solutions which sat-
isfy both equilibrium and strain compatibil-
ity.19.38 Analysis of this type generally requires
extensive computer time.
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates

[Code] [Commentary]

19.2 Analysis and Design

19.2.1 Elastic behavior shall be an accepted
basis for determining internal forces, and dis-
placements, of thin shells. This behavior may be
established by computations based on an analy-
sis of the uncracked concrete structure in which
the material is assumed linearly elastic, homoge-
neous, and isotropic. Poisson's ratio of concrete
may be assumed equal to zero.
R19.2.1 For types of shell structures where
experience, tests, and analyses have shown that
the structure can sustain reasonable overloads
without undergoing brittle failure, elastic analy-
sis is a generally acceptable procedure. The de-
signer may assume that reinforced concrete is
ideally elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic,
having identical properties in all directions.
Poisson's ratio may be assumed equal to zero
since in concrete shells the three-dimensional
effects of Poisson's ratio are not very signifi-
cant. In shells of unusual size, shape, or com-
plexity, the analysis should consider behavior
through the elastic, cracking, inelastic, and fac-
tored load.
For unusual shell types, it is important to
verify that the elastic behavior is not terminated
by a brittle failure.

19.2.2 Inelastic analyses may be used where it R19.2.2 Inelastic analysis procedures will gen-
can be shown that such methods provide a safe erally require extensive use of computer proce-
basis for design. dures. Several references indicate possible solu-
tion methods.19.~8-19.40

19.2.3 Equilibrium checks of internal resist-

ances and external loads shall be made to en-
sure consistency of results.

347
 ACI Buildino Code Requirements
[Code]
19.2.4 Experimental or numerical analysis
procedures may be used where it can be shown
that such procedures provide a safe basis for
design.
19.2.5 Approximate methods of analysis not
satisfying compatibility of strains either within
the shell or between the shell and auxiliary
members may be used where it can be shown
that such methods provide a safe basis for
design.
348
[Commentary]
R19.2.4 A wide range of numerical analysis
procedures is available. The designer must en-
sure that the method selected is appropriate.
The finite element method can be used to sat-
isfy displacement compatibility and boundary
conditions. It does not necessarily satisfy overall
or local equilibrium with sufficient accuracy un-
less a fine enough finite element mesh size is
used. Other computational techniques include
finite difference and numerical integration
methods. Experimental analysis of elastic
models has been used as a substitute for an ana-
lytical solution of a complex shell structure. Ex-
perimental analysis of reinforced micro-con-
crete models through the elastic, cracking,
inelastic, and ultimate ranges should be consid-
ered for shells of unusual size, shape, complex-
ity, or importance.
For model analysis, only those portions of
the structure which affect significantly the items
under study need be simulated. Every attempt
should be made to ensure that the experiments
reveal the quantitative behavior of the proto-
type structure.
Similarly, wind tunnel tests of a scaled-down
model do not necessarily provide usable results
and should be conducted by a recognized ex-
pert in wind tunnel testing of structural
models. 19.41
R19.2.5 In general, solutions that include
both membrane and bending effects and satisfy
compatibility of strains and equilibriums are
preferred. Approximate solutions which satisfy
statics but not the compatibility of strains may
be used only when extensive experience has
proved that safe designs have resulted from
their use. Such methods include beam-type
analysis for barrel shells and folded plates hav-
ing large ratios of span to either width or radius
of curvature, simple membrane analysis for
shells of revolution, and others in which the
equations of equilibrium are satisfied, while the
strain compatibility equations are not.
However, in complex structures where sev-
eral shells join together, or where shells join
auxiliary members, a more accurate analysis
should be used.
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates
[Code]
19.2.6 In prestressed shells, the analysis must
also consider behavior under loads induced
during prestressing, at cracking load, and at
factored load. Where prestressing tendons are
draped within a shell, design shall take into ac-
count force components on the shell resulting
from tendon profile not lying in one plane.
19.2.7 The thickness h of a thin shell, and its
reinforcement, shall be proportioned for the
required strength and serviceability. All ele-
ments shall be proportioned by the same
method, using either the strength design
method of 8.1.1 or the alternate design method
of 8.1.2.
349
[Commentary]
RI9.2.6 If the shell is prestressed, the analysis
must include its strength at factored loads as
well as its adequacy under service loads, the
load which causes cracking, and the behavior
under loads induced during prestressing. This
was recommended in ACI 318R-77, 19.2.3,
and was moved to the code for clarity. Axial
forces due to draped prestressed tendons may
not lie in one plane and due consideration must
be given to the resulting force components.
The effects of post-tensioning of supporting
members on the shell must be taken into
account.
RI9.2.7 In general, Chapter 19 assumes the
use of the strength design method of 8.1.1. On
this basis the thin shell's thickness and rein-
forcement must be proportioned to satisfy the
strength provisions of this code, so as to resist
internal forces obtained from an analysis, an
experimental model study, or a combination
thereof. The thickness of the shell is often dic-
tated not by the requirements of strength, but
by the limitation of deflection of edge members,
by the requirements of stability imposed by
19.2.8, or by the required reinforcement cover
and the construction exigencies.
The necessary thickness and reinforcement
may be also provided by using the alternate
design method prescribed in 8.1.2. The design
method chosen shall be used consistently
throughout the structure.
If composite action is involved, the provi-
sions of Chapter 17 must be satisfied. Chapter
16 applies if elements are precast. When shell or
folded plate elements are precast and connected
by cast-in-place segments, composite action
must be considered.
 ACI BUilding Code Requirements

[Code] [Commentary]

19.2.8 Shell design shall investigate and pre- R19.2.8 Thin shells, like other structures that
clude the possibility of general or local insta- experience in-plane compressive forces, are
bility. subject to buckling when the applied load
reaches a critical value. Because of the surface-
like geometry of shells, the problem of calculat-
ing buckling load is complex. If one of the prin-
cipal membrane forces is tensile, the shell is less
likely to buckle than if both principal mem-
brane forces were compressive. The kinds of
membrane forces that develop in a shell depend
on its initial shape and the manner in which the
shell is supported and loaded. In some types of
shells, post-buckling behavior must be consid-
ered in determining safety against instability. 19.2
Investigation of thin shells for stability shall
consider the effect of the following factors: (1)
anticipated deviation of the geometry of the
shell surface as built from the idealized, perfect
geometry, (2) large deflections, (3) creep and
shrinkage of concrete, (4) inelastic properties of
materials, (5) cracking of concrete, (6) location,
amount, and orientation of reinforcement, and
(7) possible deformation of supporting ele-
ments.
For shells of moderate size, the smallest
practical shell thickness used in reinforced con-
crete construction is such that the danger of
buckling is usually minimal and simplified anal-
yses suffice. Practical measures to improve re-
sistance to buckling successfully used in the past
include the provision of two mats of rein-
forcement - one near each outer surface of the
shell, a local increase of shell curvatures, the use
of ribbed shells, and the use of concrete with
high tensile strength and low creep.
A practical procedure for determining criti-
cal buckling loads of shells is given in the lASS
recommendations. 19.2 Some recommendations
for buckling design of domes used in industrial
applications are given in ACI Committee 344
Report. 19.5 Approaches for other shells are con-
tained in "Concrete Shell Buckling," ACI
SP_67. 19,42

350
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates
[Code]
19.2.9 Auxiliary members shall be designed
according to the applicable provisions of this
code. The design method selected for shell ele-
ments under 19.2.7 shall also be used for auxil-
iary members. A portion of the shell equal to
the flange width specified in 8.10 may be as-
sumed to act with the auxiliary member. In
such portions of the shell, the reinforcement
perpendicular to the auxiliary member shall be
at least equal to that required for the flange of a
T-beam by 8.10.5.
19.3 Design Strength of Materials
19.3.1 Specified compressive strength of con-
crete!,. at 28 days shall not be less than 3,000
psi.
19.3.2 Specified yield strength of nonpre-
stressed reinforcement J, shall not exceed
60,000 psi.
19.4 Shell Reinforcement
19.4.1 Shell reinforcement shall be provided
to resist tensile stresses from internal membrane
forces, to resist bending and twisting moments,
to control shrinkage and temperature cracking,
and as special reinforcement at shell bounda-
ries, load attachments, and shell openings.
19.4.2 Membrane reinforcement shall be pro-
vided in two or more directions in all parts of
the shell.
19.4.3 The area of shell reinforcement at any
section as measured in two orthogonal direc-
tions shall not be less than the slab shrinkage or
temperature reinforcement required by 7.12.
351
[Commentary]
RI9.2.9 Auxiliary members must be designed
in accord with the general provisions of the
code, using one of the two methods prescribed
in 8.1, which is consistent with the design
method of the shell elements. Portions of the
shell may be utilized as flanges for transverse or
longitudinal frames or arch-frames and beams.
Such flanges may be curved or sloping. Canti-
lever action of the flanges must be investigated
in determining reinforcement in the flange per-
pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sup-
porting member, as required by Chapter 8. In
all cases, at least the minimum shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement must be used.
R19.4.1 At any point in a shell, two different
kinds of internal forces may occur simulta-
neously: those associated with membrane ac-
tion, and those associated with bending of the
shell. The membrane forces are assumed to act
in the tangential plane midway between the sur-
faces of the shell and are the two axial forces
and the membrane shears. Flexural effects in-
clude bending moments, twisting moments, and
the associated transverse shears.
R19.4.2 Membrane reinforcement should be
provided to carry the full calculated membrane
tension forces with no tensile stress carried by
concrete. Throughout the shell membrane re-
inforcement must be provided in at least two
approximately orthogonal directions. In high
stress areas, a third layer of membrane rein-
forcement may be utilized.
R19.4.3 Minimum membrane reinforcement
corresponding to slab shrinkage and tempera-
ture reinforcement must be provided in at least
two approximately orthogonal directions even
if the calculated membrane forces are compres-
sive in one or more directions.
 ACI BuiJdina Code Requirements
[Code]
19.4.4 Reinforcement required to resist shell
membrane forces shall be provided so that the
design strength in every direction shall be at
least equal to the component of the principal
membrane forces in the same direction due to
factored loads.
19.4.5 The area of shell tension reinforce-
ment shall be limited so that the reinforcement
will yield before crushing of concrete in com-
pression can take place.
352
[Commentary]
R19.4.4 The requirement of ensuring
strength in every direction is based on safety
considerations. Any method of design which as-
sures sufficient strength consistent with equilib-
rium is considered acceptable. The direction of
the principal membrane tensile force at any
point may sometimes vary depending on the
direction, magnitudes, and combinations of the
various applied loads.
The magnitude of the internal membrane
forces, acting at any point due to a specific load
system, generally is calculated on the basis of an
elastic theory in which the shell is assumed un-
cracked. The computation of the required
amount of reinforcement to resist the internal
membrane forces has been traditionally based
on the assumption that concrete cannot resist
tension. A great many shell structures have
been successfully designed and constructed
over the years. This experience provides evi-
dence of the adequacy of this approach. The
associated deflections, and the possibility of
cracking, should be investigated in the service-
ability phase of the design.
Where reinforcement is not placed in the
direction of the principal tensile forces and
where cracks at the service load level would be
objectionable, the computation of reinforce-
ment may have to be based on more refined
approaches I9 .43. 19.44 which consider the exis-
tence of cracks. In the cracked state, the con-
crete is assumed unable to resist either tension
or shear. Thus, equilibrium is attained by
means of tensile resisting forces in reinforce-
ment and compressive resisting forces in
concrete.
R19.4.5 The requirement that the tensile re-
inforcement yield before the concrete crushes is
consistent with 10.3.3. In shells, initial crushing
of the concrete is not likely to occur. However,
it has been suggested that such crushing would
occur in some portions of some shells where the
principal membrane forces are approximately
equal and opposite in sign. It can be shown l9 .45
that a limit on the maximum amount of rein-
forcement effective in resisting the principal
tensile membrane force will insure that the
crushing of concrete does not take place before
the yielding of reinforcement. The limit sug-
gested on the ratio of reinforcement in any por-
tion of shell is the smaller of 0.6f'. J, or 2,400/
J,. These limits are the same as those used in
ACI 318-77 but are expressed here in ratio
form.
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates
[Code]
19.4.6 In regions of high tension, membrane
reinforcement shall, if practical, be placed in
the general directions of the principal tensile
membrane forces. Where this is not practical, it
is permitted to place membrane reinforcement
in two or more component directions.
19.4.7 If the direction of reinforcement varies
more than I 0 deg from the direction of princi-
pal tensile membrane force, the amount of rein-
forcement may have to be increased to limit the
width of possible cracks at service load levels.
19.4.8 Where the magnitude of the principal
tensile membrane stress within the shell varies
greatly over the area of the shell surface, rein-
forcement resisting the total tension is to be
concentrated in the regions of largest tensile
stress where it can be shown that this provides a
safe basis for design. However, the ratio of shell
reinforcement in any portion of the tensile zone
shall be not less than 0.0035 based on the over-
all thickness of the shell.
19.4.9 Reinforcement required to resist shell
bending moments shall be proportioned with
due regard to the simultaneous action of mem-
brane axial forces at the same location. Where
shell reinforcement is required in only one face
to resist bending moments, equal amounts shall
be placed near both surfaces of the shell even
though a reversal of bending moments is not
indicated by the analysis.
353
[Commentary]
RI9.4.6 It is generally desirable for all shells
and particularly important in regions of sub-
stantial tension that the directions of reinforce-
ment approximate the directions of the princi-
pal tensile membrane forces. However, in some
structures it is not always possible or practical
for the reinforcement to follow the stress trajec-
tories. For such cases, orthogonal component
reinforcing is allowed.
RI9.4.7 When the directions of reinforce-
ment deviate significantly (10 deg) from the di-
rections of the principal membrane forces,
higher strains in the shell must occur to develop
the capacity of reinforcement. 19.44 This might
lead to the development of unacceptably wide
cracks. The crack width should be estimated
and controlled if necessary.
Permissible crack widths for service loads
under different environmental conditions are
given in the report of ACI Committee 224.19.46
Crack width can be limited by an increase in the
amount of reinforcement used, by reducing the
stress at the service load level, by providing re-
inforcement in three or more directions in the
plane of the shell, or by using closer spacing of
smaller diameter bars rather than wider spaced
larger bars.
RI9.4.S The practice of concentrating tensile
reinforcement in the regions of maximum ten-
sile stress has led to a number of successful and
economical designs, primarily for long folded
plates, long barrel vault shells, and for domes.
The requirement of providing the minimum re-
inforcement in the remaining tensile zone is in-
tended to control cracking.
RI9.4.9 The sign of bending moments may
change rapidly from point to point of a shell.
For this reason, bending reinforcement, where
required, is to be placed near both outer sur-
faces of the shell. In many cases, the thickness
required to provide proper cover and spacing
for the multiple layers of reinforcement may
govern the design of the shell thickness.
 ACI Buildino Code Requirements
[Code]
19.4.10 Shell reinforcement in any direction
shall not be spaced farther apart than 18 in. nor
five times the shell thickness. Where the princi-
pal membrane tensile stress on the gross con-
crete area due to factored loads exceeds 4cp if.
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart
than three times the shell thickness.
19.4.11 Shell reinforcement at the junction of
the shell and supporting members or edge
members shall be anchored in or extended
through such members in accordance with the
requirements of Chapter 12, except that the
minimum development length shall be 1.2t" but
not less than 18 in.
19.4.12 Splice development lengths of shell
reinforcement shall be governed by the provi-
sions of Chapter 12, except that the minimum
splice length of tension bars shall be 1.2 times
the value required by Chapter 12 but not less
than 18 in. The number of splices in principal
tensile reinforcement shall be kept to a practical
minimum. Where splices are necessary they
shall be staggered at least t" with not more than
one-third of the reinforcement spliced at any
section.
19.5 Construction
19.5.1 When removal of formwork is based on
a specific modulus of elasticity of concrete be-
cause of stability or deflection considerations,
the value of the modulus of elasticity E. shall be
determined from flexural tests of field-cured
beam specimens. The number of test speci-
mens, the dimensions of test beam specimens,
and test procedures shall be specified by the
Engineer.
19.5.2 The Engineer shall specify the toler-
ances for the shape of the shell. If construction
results in deviations from the shape greater
than the specified tolerances, an analysis of the
effect of the deviations shall be made and any
required remedial actions shall be taken to en-
sure safe behavior.
354
[Commentary]
RI9.4.10 The value of cp to be used is that
prescribed in 9.3.2.2(a) for axial tension.
RI9.4.11 and RI9.4.12 On curved shell sur-
faces it is more difficult to control the alignment
of precut reinforcement. This must be consid-
ered to avoid insufficient splice and develop-
ment lengths. Sections 19.4.11 and 19.4.12
specify extra reinforcement length to maintain
the minimum lengths on curved surfaces.
RI9.5.1 When early removal of forms is nec-
essary, the magnitude of the modulus of elastic-
ity at the time of proposed form removal must
be investigated in order to insure safety of the
shell with respect to buckling, and to restrict
deflections. 19.s. 19.47 The value of the modulus of
elasticity E. must be obtained from a flexural
test of field-cured specimens. It is not sufficient
to determine the modulus from the formula in
8.5.1, even if f. is determined for the field-
cured specimen.
RI9.5.2 In some types of shells, small local
deviations from the theoretical geometry of the
shell can cause relatively large changes in local
stresses and in overall safety against instability.
These changes can result in local cracking and
yielding which may make the structure unsafe
or can greatly affect the critical load producing
instability. The effect of such deviations should
be evaluated and any necessary actions should
be taken promptly.
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates

REFERENCES

19.1. ACI Committee 334, "Concrete Shell Structures-Practice and Commentary," (ACI
334.IR-64) (Revised 1982), ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 61, No.9, Sept. 1964, pp. 1091-
1108. Also ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 4. See also, Discussion, ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings V. 62, No.3, Part 2, Mar. 1965, pp. 1755-1765.
19.2. lASS Working Group No.5, "Recommendations for Reinforced Concrete Shells and
Folded Plates," International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Madrid, 1979, 66 pp.
19.3. Concrete Thin Shells, SP-28, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971, 424 pp.
19.4. ACI Committee 334, "Reinforced Concrete Cooling Tower Shells-Practice and
Commentary," (ACI 334.2R-77) (Revised 1982), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1977,
10 pp. Also ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 4.
19.5. ACI Committee 344, "Design and Construction of Circular Prestressed Concrete
Structures," (ACI 344R-70) (Reaffirmed 1981), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1970,
16 pp. Also ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 4.
19.6. Billington, David P., Thin Shell Concrete Structures, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1982,373 pp.
19.7. Ketchum, Milo S., "Design of Shell Structures-Short Shells and Domes of
Revolution," Consulting Engineer, V. 17, No.1, July 1962.
19.8. Tedesko, Anton, "How Have Concrete Shell Structures Performed?," Bulletin,
International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid), No. 73, Aug. 1980,
pp.3-13.
19.9. Christiansen, j. V., "The King County Multipurpose Domed Stadium," Proceedings,
lASS World Congress on Space Enclosures (Montreal, 1976), Building Research Centre,
Concordia University, Montreal, 1976, V. 2, pp. 11)49-1061.
19.10. "Design of Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs," Manual of Engineering Practice No. 31,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1952, 1977.
19.11. Chinn,j., "Cylindrical Shell Analysis Simplified by Beam Method," ACIJoURNAL,
Proceedings V. 55, No. 11, May 1959, pp. 1183-1192. Also, Discussion, ACIJoURNAL,
Proceedings V. 55, No.6, Part 2, Dec. 1959, pp. 1583-1603.
19.12. Gibson, j. E., The Design of Shell Roofs, 3rd Edition, E. & F. Spon Limited, London,
1968, 300 pp.
19.13. Bryant, Anthony H., and Scrivener, John C., "Cylindrical Shell Roofs with Draped
Prestressing," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 95, ST4, Apr. 1969, pp. 611-634.
19.14. Harris, Harry G., and White, Richard N., "Inelastic Behavior of RC Cylindrical Shells,
Proceedings, ASCE, V. 98, ST7, July 1972, pp. 1633-1653.
19.15. Mast, Paul E., "Design and Construction of Northlight Barrel Shells," ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings, V. 59, No.4, Apr. 1962, pp. 481-525. Also, Discussion, ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings, V. 59, No. 12, Dec. 1962, pp. 1903-1910.
19.16. Hadid, H. A., and Chandra, R., "An Experimental Investigation of a Reinforced
Mortar Parabolic Conoidal Shell," Bulletin, International Association for Shell and Spatial
Structures (Madrid), No. 28, Dec. 1966, pp. 53 - 62.
19.17. Hadid, H. A., "Variational Methods for the Analysis of a Conoidal Shell," Bulletin,
International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid), No. 35, Sept. 1968,
pp. 23-36.
19.18. Medwadowski, S. j., "Bending of Thin Shell Conical Frustum Segments," Proceedings,
lASS Symposium on Simplified Calculation Methods (Brussels, 1961), North-Holland
Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1962.
19.19. Parme, Alfred L., "Hyperbolic Paraboloids and Other Shells of Double Curvature,"
Proceedings, ASCE, V. 82, ST5, Sept. 1956, pp. 1057-1081. Also, Discussion, V. 83, ST2,
Mar. 1957.
19.20. Candela, Felix, "General Formulas for Membrane Stresses in Hyperbolic Paraboloidal
Shells," ACIJoURNAL, Proceedings, V. 57, No.4, Oct. 1960, pp. 353-371.

355
 ACI Building Code Requirements

19.21. Scordelis, Alexander C.; Ramirez, H. D.; and Ngo, D., "Membrane Stresses in
Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells Having an Arbitrary Quadrilateral Shape in Plan," ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings, V. 67, No. I,Jan. 1970, pp. 36-44.
19.22. Schnobrich, William C., "Analysis of Hipped Roof Hyperbolic Paraboloid Structures,"
Proceedings, ASCE, V. 98, ST7,July 1972, pp. 1575-1583.
19.23. Shaaban, Ahmed, and Ketchum, Milo S., "Design of Hipped Hypar Shells," Proceedings,
ASCE, V. 102, STll, Nov. 1976, pp. 2151-2161.
19.24. Schnobrich, W. C.; Mohraz, B.; and Hoebel, J. L., "Influence of Edge Beam Properties
on the Stress in Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells," Proceedings, lASS International Colloquium on
Progress of Shell Structures in the Last Ten Years and Its Future Development (Madrid,
1969), International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Madrid, 1970, V. 3.
19.25. Gioncu, V., "Stresses and Deflections in Umbrella Roof HP Shells," Bulletin,
International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid), No. 56, Dec. 1974,
pp.31-38.
19.26. White, Richard N., "Reinforced Concrete Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells," Proceedings,
ASCE, V. 101, ST9, Sept. 1975, pp. 1961-1980.
19.27. Scordelis, Alexander C., and Ketchum, Mark A., "Structural Behavior and Design of
Saddle HP Shells," Proceedings, lASS World Congress on Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid,
1979), Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construccion, Madrid, 1980, V. 2,
pp. 4.239-4.254.
19.28. Tedesko, Anton, "Shell at Denver-Hyperbolic Paraboloidal Structure of Wide
Span," ACIJoURNAL, Proceedings, V. 57, No.4, Oct. 1960, pp. 403-412.
19.29. Csonka, P., "Composite Sectorial Shells with Cantilevered Front Side," Bulletin,
International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid), No. 28, Dec. 1966,
pp.25-36.
19.30. Scordelis, Alexander C., "Analysis and Design of HP Groined Vaults," Proceedings,
lASS World Congress on Space Enclosures (Montreal, 1976), Building Research Centre,
Concordia University, Montreal, 1976, pp. 561-568.
19.31. Pultar, Mustafa; Billington, David P., and Riera, Jorge D., "Folded Plates Continuous
Over Flexible Supports," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 93, ST5, Oct. 1967, pp. 253-277 .
. 19.32. Cheung, Yau-Kai, "Folded Plate Structure by the Finite Strip Method," Proceedings,
ASCE, V. 95, STl2, Dec. 1969, pp. 2963-2979.
19.33. Klaiber, F. Wayne; Gutzwiller, MartinJ.; and Lee, Robert H., "Analytical and Model
Studies of Prestressed Folded Plates," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 99, ST6, June 1973, pp.
1287-1307.
19.34. Johnson, Claude D., and Lee, Ti-Ta, "Long Nonprismatic Folded Plate Structures,"
Proceedings, ASCE, V. 94, ST6, June 1968, pp. 1457 -1484.
19.35. Esquillan, Nicholas, "The Shell Vault of the Exposition Palace, Paris," Proceedings,
ASCE, V. 86, STl,Jan. 1960, pp. 41-70.
19.36. Esquillan, Nicholas, "Olympic Ice Stadium at Grenoble," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings, V.
66, No.7, July 1969, pp. 513-521.
19.37. Ashwell, D. G., and Gallagher, R. H., Editors, Finite Elementsfor Thin Shells and Curved
Members, John Wiley & Sons, London, 1976, 268 pp.
19.38. Lin, Cheng-Shung, and Scordelis, Alexander C., "Nonlinear Analysis of RC Shells of
General Form," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 101, ST3, Mar. 1975, pp. 523-538.
19.39. Hand, Frank R.; Pecknold, David A.; and Schnobrich, William C., "Nonlinear Layered
Analysis of RC Plates and Shells," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 99, ST7, July 1973, pp. 1491-1505.
19.40. Kabir, Ahmad F., and Scordelis, Alexander C., "Analysis of RC Shells for Time
Dependent Effects," Bulletin, International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures
(Madrid), No. 69, Apr. 1979, pp. 3-13.
19.41. Models for Concrete Structures, SP-24, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1970, 448 pp.
19.42. Concrete Shell Buckling, SP-67, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1981,234 pp.
19.43. Gupta, Ajaya K., "Membrane Reinforcement in Shells," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 107,
STl, Jan. 1981, pp. 41-56.

356
 Thin Shells and Folded Plates

19.44. Baumann, T., "On the Question of Multi-Directional Reinforcement of Plate and Shell
Structure," Der Bauingenieur (Heidelberg), V. 97, No. 10,1972 (in German).
19.45. Fialkow, Morris N., "Ductility Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Cylindrical Shells
and Folded Plate Structures," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings, V. 77, No.2, Mar.-Apr. 1980, pp.
82-86.
19.46. ACI Committee 224, "Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures," (ACI 224R-80),
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1980, 42 pp. Also ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3.
19.47. Tedesko, Anton, "Construction Aspects of Thin-Shell Structures," ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings, V. 49, No.6, Feb. 1953, pp. 505-520.

357
APPENDIX B

Excerpts from The Engineering Index

Annual 1989

The latest bibliographical references on shell structures are extremely significant to

anyone interested in exploring this field in all its ramifications. It is essential to find
access to the latest bibliographical data, especially for researchers outside the United
States.
The original source of the following reference material is The Engineering Index
Annual 1989, a major publication that describes itself as "the world's first and most
comprehensive collection of time-saving abstracts on engineering developments."
This work, published annually since 1884, has been compiled by Engineering
Information, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
Because the list of publications in this field is quite extensive, it has been found
necessary to give only the references to the 1989 Index. It should be kept in mind
that for each group of publications published each year the Index classifies the
various articles into different areas that may vary from year to year. In the 1989
Index, for instance, fifty-four subtitles were selected.
The abstracts for the individual articles can be found within the Annual Index.
The six-digit number at the beginning of each listing here is used to locate the
abstract for that particular article. Any major research library should have the
engineering indexes.

Reprinted with the permission of Engineering Information, Inc. The full text of most of
articles referred to herein can be ordered directly from Engineering Information, Inc., 345
East 47 St., New York, NY 10016.

359
 Excerpts from The Eneineerine Index Annual 1989
036954 Numerical Study of Axisymmetric
Waves in an Elastic Cylindrical Shell
Partially Filled with a Viscous Liquid. This
paper is devoted to a study of the natural
longitudinal-transverse waves in an elastic
cylindrical shell of the Kirchoff-Love type,
filled with a viscous compressible liquid.
Direct numerical integration of the equations
of motion is the basis of this study. Examples
of the calculation of the eigenvalues of
natural and steady oscillations in this
formulation of the problem are discussed. For
a shell with a viscous compressible liquid there
are an infinite number of modes with
complex eigenvalues. The Wien effect is
observed for the upper conical waves. 12 Refs.
Nochkin, I.M. (Moscow Inst of Electronics and
Mechanical Engineering, Moscow, USSR); Pashkov,
LA.; Troyanovskii, I.E. Sov Appl Meek v 24 n 2 Aug
1988 P 144-148.
036955 Axisymmetric Problem of the
Penetration of a Compressible Fluid by
Thin Elastic Spherical Shells. This article
describes the solution of a linear axisymmetric
problem concerning the penetration of a
compressible fluid by thin elastic spherical
shells. The problem is solved in four
formulations with different boundary
conditions on the free surface of the fluid. In
the first two formulations, the free surface is
assumed to be movable. However, its rise near
the penetrating shell is not considered in
formulation 1 and is accounted for in
formulation 2. In the other two formulations,
the free surface is constrained by a rigid
shield in formulation 3 and by a deformable
shield in formulation 4. It is assumed that the
wetted surface of the shell is impermeable to
the fluid and that the disturbances generated
in the fluid by the shell decay at infinity. 6 Refs.
Kubenko, V.D. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Gavrilenko, V.V. Sov Appl Meek
Oct 1988 p 374-384.
036956 Geodesic Dome of Polystyrene and
Concrete. Structurally, the geodesic dome is a
space truss and is the strongest known
straight-line form enclosing space. It is
efficient as well as strong; there is no straight-
line geometric form that requires less surface
skin to enclose a given amount of space than
a geodesic dome. In the concrete and
polystyrene dome described, folds in the
concrete shell replace the straight bars. The
folds, however, act just as the bars would to
360
transmit loads to the foundation. The article
discusses the foundation requirements, cutting
and assembling the triangular panels; setting
steel and applying concrete; interior and
exterior finishes; and the costs and material
quantities.
Hurd, M.K. Caner Constr v 33 n 11 Nov 1988 4p.
036957 Transient Waves in Inhomogeneous
Anisotropic Elastic Shells. This paper
considers the problem of transient wave
propagation in linearly elastic Cosserat shells
of constant thickness that may be anisotropic
and inhomogeneous. The methods of rays and
of singular wave curves are combined to find
and integrate the transport equations
governing growth-decay behavior of the six
possible wave modes. Conditions on material
parameters and wave geometry are obtained
for various different uncouplings of the wave
modes. Some special cases of propagation
conditions and of decay equations are worked
out in detail. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
Cohen, H. (Univ of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manit,
Can); Thomas, R.S.D. Acta Meek v 77 n 1- 2 Apr
1989 p 47-67.
036958 Elasto/Visco-Plastic Dynamic
Response ofAxisymmetrical Shells Under
Mechanical and/or Thermal Loading. An
analytical method for the e1asto/visco-plastic
dynamic problems of axisymmetricaI thin
shells subjected to mechanical and/or thermal
loads is developed. The equations of motion
and the relations between the strains and
displacements are derived by extending
Sanders' elastic shell theory. For the
constitutive relations, Perzyna's elasto/visco-
plastic equations including the temperature
effect are employed. The derived fundamental
equations are numerically solved by the finite
difference method. As numerical examples,
the simply supported cylindrical shells made of
mild steel are treated and the following two
cases are analyzed: a nonuniform temperature
cylinder subjected to impulsive internal
pressure, and an internal pressure cylinder
subjected to impulsive thermal load. In both
cases the variations of displacements and
internal forces with time are discussed.
(Author abstract)
Tao, Katsumi (Toyohashi Univ of Technology,
Toyohashi, jpn); Takezono, Shigeo; Taguchi,
Toshihiro; Hotada, Kazuo. ]SME Int] Ser 1 ]SME
Int] Ser 1 v 32 v32 n3 n3 jul jul 1989 1989 P
341-347.
 Excerpts from The Eneineerine Index Annual 1989
ACOUSTIC WAVE EFFECTS
036959 Interaction of Unsteady Acoustic
Waves with Plates and Hollow Shells in a
Fluid. A method is developed for solving
coupled problems for the unsteady interaction
of acoustic waves with plates and hollow
spherical or cylindrical shells in a fluid by
applying double integral transforms and
investigating them simultaneously. Analytical
solutions of unsteady hydroelastic problems
are obtained for spherical and cylindrical
shells. These solutions can be used to study
transient processes and their effect on the
stress and deformation of the structural
elements for a wide range of parameters of
the hydroelastic system. 15 Refs.
Kubenko, V.D. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Moseenkov, Yu. B. Sov Appl
Meek v 23 n 10 Apr 1988 p 951-957.
036960 Investigation of Axisymmetric
Electroacoustic Waves in a Cylindrical
Sandwich Shell by Three-Dimensional and
Applied Theories. The power series method
is utilized in the present paper to solve
problems on axisymmetric electroacoustic
wave propagation in a cylindrical sandwich
shell on the basis of the three-dimensional
electroelasticity equations. Approximate
dispersion dependences are obtained on the
basis of the theory of vibrations of
piezoceramic shells with finite shear stiffness
extended to the case of inhomogeneity over
the thickness, and comparison of these
dependences with the exact solutions found
permits estimation of the limits of applied
theory applicability. 6 Refs.
Shul'ga, N.A. (Acad of the Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, USSR); Rudnitskii, S. 1.;
Evseichik, Yu. B. Sov Appl Meek v 23 n 10 Apr 1988
p 1005-1011.
036961 Action of Acoustic Waves on a
Spherical Shell Filled by a Viscous,
Compressible Fluid. This paper considers
within the axisymmetric problem, the action
of acoustic waves on a spherical shell, filled by
a viscous compressible fluid. The limitations
for an imcompressible, viscous, and ideal fluid
follow from the results. The tangential and
bending stresses are shown as functions of the
angular coordinate at relatively high
frequency when the shell is filled by air, oil,
and kerosene. When the shell is filled by air,
the stresses created by the plane wave are
larger than for a shell filled by kerosene or
oil. 8 Refs.
361
Guseinov, I.G. (Acad of Sciences of the
Azerbaidzhan SSR, Baku, USSR). Sov Appl Meek v
24 n 2 Aug 1988 P 138 - 144.
036962 Soundproof Characteristics of
Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells. This paper is
concerned with the soundproof characteristics
of infinitely long, cylindrical sandwich shells
composed of orthotropic face layers and a
honeycomb core. The shell is excited by
axisymmetric acoustic waves traveling within
the shell. To simplify the shell governing
equations it is assumed that the facings resist
only bending moments and the honeycomb
core resists only transverse shear forces. The
sound transmission loss for the shell wall, TL,
is derived and calculated numerically for
various values of the physical parameters
involved. (Author abstract) 11 Refs. In
Japanese.
Chonan, Seiji. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunsku A
Hen v 54 n 505 Sep 1988 p 1684-1691.
036963 Soundproof Characteristics of
Cylindrical Sandwich Shells with a
Honeycomb Core. An analysis is presented
for the soundproof characteristics of infinitely
long sandwich cylindrical shells subjected to
inner axisymmetric acoustic waves. To
simplify the shell equation it is assumed that
the core material resists only transverse shear
forces and that the facings do not resist
transverse shear forces. Acoustic waves in the
air surrounding the shell is denoted by the
Helmholtz equation. Sound transmission loss
TL is calculated for various values of the
physical parameters of the core and the
facings. (Author abstract) 6 Refs. In Japanese.
Chonan, Seiji. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C
Hen v 54 n 505 Sep 1988 p 2156-2163.
036964 Sound Insulation Characteristics of
Finite Length Orthotropic Shells. An
analysis is presented of the acoustic
characteristics of orthotropic cylindrical shells
excited by axisymmetric plane sound waves
traveling within the shells. The shell is
exposed in a free field in the range of length
L, and is otherwise covered with an infinite
rigid baffle. The problem is studied on the
basis of a thick shell theory in which account
is taken of the effects of shear deformation
and rotatory inertia. The air outside the shell
is described by the Helmholtz linear acoustic
equation. The sound transmission loss
through the shell wall, TL, is obtained and
calculated for various values of the physical
parameters involved. (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
Chonan, s. (Tohoku Univ, Sendai, Jpn); Koriyama,
H.i Sound Vib v 126 n 3 Nov 8 1988 P 525-532.
036965 Simplified Method for a
Hydrodynamic Loading Prediction of an
Acoustic Wave. This paper discusses existing
methods for the hydrodynamic loading
prediction on a circular cylindrical shell
subjected to an underwater weak shock wave.
To this end, a new, special purpose finite
element program was developed. The new
program treats the acoustic fluid medium by
an equation which defines the incident
particle velocity in the fluid in the absence of
the structure. This is then coupled to the
structure to yield the total fluid loading.
Tensile pressures are not allowed by
restricting the water pressure to above
ambient level. (Edited author abstract) 14 Refs.
Moussouros, Minos (US Naval Surface Warfare
Cent, Silver Spring, MD, USA). Am Soe Meeh Eng
Pap Preprint - American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Houston, TX, USA, Jan 22-25 1989.
Publ by American Soc of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1989 OCN12 18p.
036966 Inelastic Response of an Infinite
Cylindrical Shell to Transient Acoustic
Waves. The geometrically and constitutively
nonlinear response of an infinite, circular,
cylindrical shell submerged in an infinite fluid
medium to a transverse, transient acoustic
wave is analyzed. Circumferential Fourier
series solutions are obtained through the
numerical integration of coupled ordinary
differential equations and convolution
integrals. Numerical results are presented in
the form of response histories, response
snapshots, and iso-damage curves for incident
waves of rectangular pressure profile.
Response solutions obtained with the first-
order doubly asymptotic approximation are
compared with their 'exact' counterparts.
(Edited author abstract) 25 Refs.
Geers, T.L. (Univ of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA);
Yen, C.-L. AMD Symp SeT ASME Appl Meek Div v 94
1988 Large-Scale Interaction Problems, Presented
at the Winter Annual Meeting of the ASME,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27-Dec 21988. p 13-45.
ANALYSIS
036967 Analysis of the Stress-Strain State of
a Nonshallow-Orthotropic Cylindrical Shell
with an Elliptical Hole. The method of
expansion in a series in a small parameter has
been applied successfully in analyzing isotropic
362
cylindrical shells weakened by a curvilinear
hole. A modified method of series expansion
in a small parameter is proposed in this paper,
which can be utilized in analyzing cylindrical
composite orthotropic shells weakened by
small and medium elliptical holes. 13 Refs.
Revenko, V.P. (Scientific-Production Organization,
USSR). Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p 368-373.
036968 Fourier Integral Representation of
Curvilinear Influence Functions Applied to
Surface Structures. The paper proposes the
application of curvilinear influence functions
represented by Fourier integrals to problems
of surface structures. It investigates in detail
characteristic properties of such integrals.
Particular attention is called to differentiation
of the integrals representing functions with
curvilinear discontinuities, as in this case their
distributional features are most visible. The
problem is illustrated by an example of an
infinite plate. (Author abstract) 12 Refs.
Muc, A. (Technical Univ of Cracow, Cracow, Pol);
Zielinski, A.P. Thin-Walled StTuct v 7 n 2 1989 P
85-98.
036969 Co Shell Plate and Beam Elements
Free From Their Deficiencies. The author
proposes a generally applicable new
formulation which removes all shear and
membrane locking mechanisms from the finite
element equations of the structural Co shell,
plate, and beam elements. Employment. of full
integration with the proposed formulatIon
eliminates also the zero energy modes problem,
and!or softening effects, associated with the
use of the technique of reduced integration in
Co plate and shell element applications. The
formulation proposed is obtained through a
simple and cost effective scheme. (Edited
author abstract) 52 Refs.
Briassoulis, Demetres (Agricultural Univ of Athens,
Greece). Comput Methods Appl Meeh Eng v 72 n 3
Mar 1989 p 243-266.
036970 Analysis of Simply-Supported
Laminated Circular Cylindrical Shell
Roofs. An elasticity solution has been
presented for the analysis of a laminated
circular cylindrical shell roof with simply.
supported edges, and the displacements and
stresses of the solution are expressed in terms
of infinite series. A solution according to the
classical shell theory (CST) is also developed.
Computations are made for various ratios of
midsurface radii to thicknesses and the results
of the CST have been examined in the light of
the elasticity solution results. (Author abstract)
 Excerpts from The Ensineerins Index Annual 1989
Ren, J.G. (Changsha lnst of Technology, Hunan,
China). Compos Struct v 11 n 4 1989 P 277 - 292.
036971 Continuum-Based Stiffened
Composite Shell Element for Geometrically
Nonlinear Analysis. A continuum-based,
laminated, stiffened shell element is used to
investigate the static, geometrically nonlinear
response of composite shells. The element is
developed from a three-dimensional continuum
element based on the incremental, total
Lagrangian formulation. The Newton-Raphson
method or modified Riks method is used to
trace the nonlinear equilibrium path. A
number of sample problems of un stiffened and
stiffened shells are presented to show the
accuracy of the present element and to
investigate the nonlinear response of laminated
composite plates and shells. (Author abstract)
28 Refs.
Liao, C.L. (Virginia Polytechnic lnst & State Univ,
Blacksburg, VA, USA); Reddy,J.N. AlAAJ v 27 n 1
Jan 1989p95-101.
036972 Accurate Rigid-Body Modes
Representation for a Nonlinear Curved
Thin-Shell Element. For certain highly curved
shells, such as bellows, the formulation of a
curved-shell finite element with curvilinear
displacement components may fail to properly
model some rigid body modes, even with
either the explicit inclusion of rigid-body terms
or the use of high-order displacement
functions. It is suggested in this paper that the
rigid-body modes can be properly included if
the Cartesian displacement components are
used. A 48-degree-of-freedom (DOF) curved
thin-shell element is formulated, and both the
curvilinear and the Cartesian forms are used
for this investigation. Examples of the
nonlinear analyses of a bellows shell and a
spherical cap are given to demonstrate the
advantage of using the Cartesian formulation.
Curved elements may also suffer from
membrane locking, which is caused by the
inability of an element to bend without
stretching. (Edited author abstract) 53 Refs.
Yang, T.Y. (Purdue Univ, West Lafayette, IN,
USA); Kapania, Rakesh K.; Saigal, Sunil. AlAAJ v 27
n 2 Feb 1989 p 211-218.
036973 Eigensolutions of Joined/Hermetic
Shell Structures Using the State Space
Method. A substructure synthesis method
based on state space mathematics is proposed
for the eigensolution of axisymmetric joined/
hermetic thin shell structures. In the state
space method (SSM), a system of eight
363
coupled first order differential equations is
solved for each shell substructure using the
Pade approximation for matrix
exponentiation. The substructures are then
joined by matching all of the displacement and
force boundary variables. The strength of
SSM from the substructure synthesis viewpoint
is demonstrated by analyzing several shell
structures including a hermetic capsule and a
refrigeration compressor shell. In all
examples, finite element method (FEM)
predictions are used to support SSM results.
For the compressor shell, SSM results compare
well with the limited experimental data.
(Edited author abstract) 58 Refs.
Tavakoli, M.S. (Georgia lnst of Technology,
Atlanta, GA, USA); Singh, R. ] Sound Vib v 130 n 1
Apr 8 1989 P 97 -123.
036974 Extending Life of LD Converter
Vessel. At Kakogawa Works, all three LD
converter vessels were renewed for 1987-
1988 because of working limits caused by shell
deformation. In renewing the vessels, an
analytical method was developed to quantify
deformation of the barrel shell, which is the
dominant factor in vessel life. Based on the
analytical results, an air jet cooling technique
and steel plate were developed and applied to
the new vessels. As a result, it is now possible
to extend the life of vessels using a high ratio
of MgO-C bricks. (Author abstract) 4 Refs. In
Japanese.
Kita, Ryuji; Nishikawa, Tsuneaki; Okazaki,
Toshiyuki; Mine, Takao; Nishijima, Akifumi;
Kawasaki, Hiroya. R&D Res Dev Kobe Steel Ltd v 39
n 1 Jan 1989 p 61-64.
036975 Review on the Analysis of
Laminated Shells. Laminated shell structures
are increasingly being used in chemical,
mechanical, marine and aerospace
applications. A significant amount of research
has been conducted in the past on studying
the structural response of these structures. A
review of various investigations on the analysis
of these shells is given here. Specifically, this
review deals with the development of various
theories for modeling the thick laminated
shells, including shear effects; analytical
studies, development of various finite elements
to model these shells, including applications to
tire modeling; buckling and post-buckling
analysis of perfect and imperfect laminated
shells; and vibration and dynamic response
analysis of various laminated shells. (Author
abstract) 157 Refs.
Kapania, R.K. (Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA). J Pressure Vessel
Tecknol Trans ASME v III n 2 May 1989 p 88-96.
036976 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis of
Shallow Shells Using Higher Order Finite
Elements. Based on K. Marguerre's shallow
shell theory, a family of higher-order finite
elements each consisting of 17 - 25 nodes and
with separate in-plane and bending
displacement variables has been developed for
the geometrically nonlinear analysis of shallow
shells subjected to lateral loads. A step-
iteration Newton-Raphson scheme has been
adopted in solving the final system of
recurrent nonlinear equations. Several
numerical examples, including a spherical cap
and a square shallow shell with surface in
double sine curves, are presented to
demonstrate the versatility and convenience of
the use of higher-order elements in modelling
shallow shells and also the sufficient accuracy
of the predictions made by the present
formulation in the context of geometrically
nonlinear analysis. (Author abstract) 13 Refs.
Chan, H.C. (Univ of Hong Kong, Hong Kong);
Chung, W.C. Comput Struct v 31 n 3 1989 P
329-338.
036977 Nonlinear Analysis of Shell
Structures by Degenerated Isoparametric
Shell Element. Two rotation strategies
termed the finite rotation method and the
mixed rotation method are proposed to
described the rotation of the shell normal and
four rotation strategies in the literature are
reviewed. The rotation variables of the finite
rotation method are chosen to be the
incremental rotations with respect to the Xl
and X2 axes of a moving coordinate system
rigidly tied to the shell. Both the rotation
increments between two successive increments
and the rotation corrections between two
successive iterations are used as the
incremental rotations. The previous covergent
stress is employed to update the geometric
stiffness matrix and its performance is
compared with that of the standard geometric
stiffness matrix update method. (Edited
author abstract) 20 Refs.
Hsiao, Kuo-Mo (Nat! Chiao Tung Univ, Hsinchu,
Taiwan); Chen, Yeh-Ren. Comput Struct v 31 n 3
1989 P 427 -438.
036978 On the Analysis of Shallow Shells
with Complex Contours. In this paper, we
offer a variational method and some solutions
for the problem of determining the stress-
strain state of thin-walled structural elements
364
in the form of elastically or rigidly fastened
plates and shallow shells. We employ
Timoshenko's theory of shells. The desired
unknown functions are represented as series in
the coordinate functions, each of which may
not necessarily satisfy the specified attachment
conditions for the structure. We employ
solution methods for problems of plates and
shells based on the use of complete functionals
and of the contour equation of the domain in
setting up the approximating function. (Edited
author abstract) 11 Refs.
Serazutdinov, M.N. Meek Solids v 23 n 3 1988 P
136-14l.
036979 Analysis of Simply Supported
Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells Subject to
Lateral Impact Loads. An analytic solution is
given for the problem of simply-supported
orthotropic cylindrical shells subject to impact
loading. The closed-form solution has not
been obtained previously. The analysis is based
on an expansion of the loads, displacement
and rotations in a double Fourier series which
satisfies the end boundary conditions of
simple support. Each expansion is assumed to
be separable into a function of time and a
function of position. By neglecting in-plane
and rotary inertia the problem becomes a
second order ordinary differential equation in
time for the Fourier coefficients of the radial
deflection. For a given loading impulse the
solution can be found by invoking the
convolution integral. The results show that
for impact by a heavy mass, the solution is
equivalent to that obtained by an approximate
procedure of neglecting the mass of the shell,
which leads to a simple single degree of
freedom analysis. For problems of impact by
smaller masses, the higher response
frequencies of the cylinder become important.
The impact duration, peak force, and peak
deflection relative to the quasi-static response.
(Edited author abstract) 17 Refs.
Christoforou, A.P. (Univ of Utah, Salt Lake City,
UT, USA); Swanson, S.R. ASME Aerosp Div Publ AD
v 13 Recent Advances in the Macro- and Micro-
Mechanics of Composite Materials Structures,
Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27-Dec 21988. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
New York, NY, USA, 1988 P 77-84.
ANISOTROPY
036980 Membrane Theory for Anisotropic
Laminated Shells of Revolution. The
present paper discusses the derivation and
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual J989
application of the membrane theory equations
governing the small deformation of laminated,
anisotropic, elastic shells of revolution. The
equations are derived by use of the Hellinger-
Reissner variational principle in conjunction
with the asymptotic expansion technique.
They are then used to analyze specific shells
under loadings of practical interest. (Author
abstract) 3 Refs.
Logan, D.L. (Rose-Hulman lnst of Technology,
Terre Haute, IN, USA); Widera, G.E.O. J Pressure
Vessel Technol Trans ASME viii n 2 May 1989 p
130-135.
BENDING
036981 Plane Bending of a Long Cylindrical
Shell During Simple Thermomechanical
Deformation. This paper examines dynamic
processes in a long cylindrical shell-tube in the
case of simple thermomechanical deformation
under the influence of mechanical and
thermal loads. Since the shell is long it is
regarded as a beam with corrected stiffness in
bending, tension, and torsion. Governing
relations for small strains and finite
displacements are obtained on the basis of
thermodynamic relations from the nonlinear
theory of elasticity. Nonlinear equations of
motion for the plane bending of such a
shell-tube are obtained. 10 Refs.
Kayuk, Ya. F. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); KiI'chinskaya, G.A. Sov Appl
Mech v 24 n 2 Aug 1988 P 157-162.
036982 Monomial Test: Testing the Flexural
Behavior of the Degenerated Shell
Element. Shear locking of the degenerated
shell element is a result of the development of
spurious shear strain by the element, when
subjected to high order Kirchhoff
displacement fields. The shear locking
phenomenon is analyzed in this paper using
an analytical test. The effects of the
integration scheme, order of the element,
order of the modeled Kirchhoff field and the
element distortion are analyzed explicitly and
quantitatively for the four-node, eight-node
and nine-node degenerated shell elements.
(Author abstract) 23 Refs.
Briassoulis, Demetres (Univ of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA). Comput Struct v 29 n
6 1988 P 949-958.
036983 New Approach for the Bending
Problem of Shallow Shell by the Boundary
Element Method. A very simple method is
suggested in this paper to analyze shallow
365
spherical shells with simply supported
boundaries. Numerical examples show that
the approach developed in the paper is
effective. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
Ye, Jianqiao (Hefei Polytechnical Univ, Hefei, Jpn).
Appl Math Modelling v 12 n 5 Oct 1988 p 467 - 470.
036984 Optimal Design of a Cylindrical
Shell Under Overall Bending with Axial
Force. The problem of optimal design of a
cylindrical shell loaded by bending moment
Mo and axial force N is presented. As a
criterion of optimality we assume the
minimum value of the cross-sectional area for
given values of external loadings. In the
general case the shape of the central line of
the profile and thickness of the wall of a shell
are used as design variables. The constraints
are connected with strength and with local
stability of the wall of a shell. The concept of
a 'shell of uniform stability' is applied and two
different types of profiles of uniform stability
are looked for, namely the uniform stability
profile with variable thickness and a constant
thickness profile of uniform stability. (Author
abstract) 9 Refs.
Kruzelecki, Jacek (Technical Univ, Cracow, Pol).
Bull Pol Acad Sci Tech Sci v 36 n 3-4 1988 P
141-150.
036985 Theory and Numerics of Thin
Elastic Shells with Finite Rotations. A
bending theory for thin shells undergoing
finite rotations is presented, and its associated
finite element model is described. The
kinematic assumption is based on a Reissner-
Mindlin theory. The work-conjugate stress
resultants and stress couples are integrals of
the Biot stress tensor. This tensor is invariant
with respect to rigid body motions and
therefore appropriate for the formulation of
constitutive equations. The rotations are
described by using Eulerian angles. The finite
element descretization of arbitrary shells is
performed using isoparametric elements. The
advantage of the proposed shell formulation
and its numerical model is shown by
application to different non-linear plate and
shell problems. Finite rotations can be
calculated within one load increment. Thus
the step size of the load increment is only
limited by the local convergence behaviour of
Newton's method or the appearance of
stability phenomena. (Edited author abstract)
27 Refs.
Gruttmann, F. (Univ Hannover, Hanover, West
Ger); Stein, E.; Wriggers, P. Ing Arch v 59 n 1 1989
P 54-67.
 Excerpts from The Ennineerinn Index Annual 1989
BLASTING
036986 Using Geometry to Improve
Survivability. The research effort has
concentrated on developing the Hyperbolic
Paraboloid (HYP AR) structural system for
buried shelters. Individual HYPAR panels-
hyperbolic paraboloidal curved surfaces-are
joined together in varying geometries to form
protective shelters. The HYP AR structure has
several advantages: reduced wall thickness;
reduced materials and field labor costs; and
reduced field erection time. The HYP AR
panel uses its geometry and construction
materials to efficiently dissipate the energy
released by the detonation of conventional
weapons. The HYPAR panel is a composite
consisting of an outer layer of fiberglass-
reinforced asphalt, a middle layer of steel-
reinforced portland cement concrete, and an
inner layer of polyester fabric. The reinforced
asphalt and concrete layers are structural ones
which help dissipate blast energy through
deformation and cracking, while the polyester
fabric provides a spall protection. 4 Refs.
Burkett, William R. Mil Eng v 80 n 523 Aug 1988
P 450-452.
BUCKLING
036987 Influence of Initial Imperfections
on the Buckling of Orthotropic Truncated
Spherical and Conical Shells. The influence
of small geometric imperfections in the shape
of the middle surface on the non-
axisymmetric buckling and post-critical
behavior of thin elastic shallow orthotropic
truncated spherical shells under uniform
external pressure truncated conical shells
under axial compression is studied by
Lyapunov-Schmidt method. Cases of buckling
are investigated when the least bifurcation
load of non-axisymmetric buckling of a
corresponding ideal shell is a double
eigenvalue of the linearized problem and
either two unstable eigenmodes or one stable
and one unstable eigenmode interact. It is
obtained that small imperfections lower the
value of the upper critical load of an ideal
shell. Examples are presented of special
non-axisymmetric shell buckling cases. 14 Refs.
Bermus, I.M. (Rostov Univ, USSR); Srubshchik,
L.S. Sov Appl Meeh v 24 n 2 Aug 1988 P 149 -156.
036988 Static and Dynamic Numerical
Analysis Studies of Hemispheres and
Spherical Caps. Part I. Background and
Theory. Shell-like structures are prevalent in
nature. However, because of their slenderness
366
they are prone to buckling, and to such an
extent that this is often the dominant
consideration in their design. Early attempts
to determine buckling pressures were
unsatisfactory. Although initial geometric
distortions are now recognised as the cause of
this, little comprehensive work has been
conducted on doubly-curved shells,
particularly hemispheres, subjected to external
pressure and having asymmetric initial shapes.
This paper presents the results of such a
study, in two parts. In Part I, the background
research on doubly-curved shells is briefly
reviewed. The kinematic, equilibrium and
constitutive equations used in the work are
stated. The adopted numerical procedure
which can generate static or dynamic solutions
is described along with the results of
convergence studies. (Edited author abstract)
44 Refs.
Shao, W.J. (Ministry of Communications, Shanghai,
China); Frieze, P.A. Thin-Walled Struet v 8 n 2 1989
p99-118.
036989 Simple Buckling Problems Within
the Shell Theory of Rubber-like
Materials. In an earlier paper, the authors
have formulated a fairly general theory of
finite strains deformation of shells of an
incompressible hyperelastic material. The
basic equations of this theory were derived,
from 3-D finite elasticity under the single
assumption: material fibers initially normal to
the shell reference surface remain straight in
the process of an isochronic deformation.
Consequently the resulting 2-D model of the
shell incorporates effects due to transverse
shear and transverse normal deformations as
well as higher order effects accommodated in
the dependency of the 2-D strain energy
function on the gradient of strain measures.
In this note they present some further results
for the buckling of initially straight rods
under axial end forces. They illustrate
limitations of particular variants of the general
shell theory. 5 Refs.
Makowski, J. (Ruhr-Univ, Bochum, West Ger);
Stumpf, H. Z Angew Math Meeh v 68 n 6 1988 P
251-252.
036990 Zwei Varianten der
Schalenbeulrechnung im Elastoplastischen
Bereich. [Two Different Methods'for Shell
Buckling Calculation in the Elastic-Plastic
Region]. The material behavior in the
elastic-plastic region depends on the fact
whether the concerned point is loaded or
unloaded. For buckling calculations one
transfers generally the criterion for loading or
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
unloading from the prebuckling mode of the
ideal shell. But there are no ideal shells. Every
real shell has initial imperfections, and real
events start with the growing of one buckle.
Hence it corresponds better to the reality to
transfer the criterion for loading or unloading
from the buckling mode. A calculation
procedure of that kind is presented; its
applications demonstrated by numerical
examples. (Edited author abstract) In German.
Esslinger, Maria (DFVLR, Braunschweig, West Ger);
Poblotzki, Gert. Forschungsber Dtsch Forsch
Versuchsanst Luft Raumfahrt DFVLR n FB 88-26
1988pl-49.
036991 On Buckling of Ellipsoidal Cups
Under Internal Pressure. A method for the
calculation of the critical load for a semi-
ellipsoidal shell with a stiffening rib at the edge
is presented. The external and internal
buckling energy of the shell is described. The
Rayleigh quotient is used as the static buckling
criterion, assuming the deflection function to
depend on four shape parameters. Some
numerical examples are presented showing the
influence of the rib stiffness and the shell
dimensions on the critical pressure value.
(Author abstract) 6 Refs.
Magnucki, K. (Technical Univ of Poznan, Poznan,
Pol); Wegner, T.; Szye, W. Ing Arch v 58 n 5 1988 P
339-342.
036992 Schalenbeulen: Von der DASt-
Richtlinie 013 zur DIN 18800, Tell 4. [Shell
Buckling: From DASt Guideline 013 to DIN
18800. Part 4]. Following a review of the
buckling safety proof for shells according to
DASt guideline 013 which must be kept in two
stages, the method of representation in DIN
18800, Part 4 is explained in detail. It is shown
that the large rlt dependency of the reduction
factor ex which exists for the axially compressed
cylinder can be suppressed for the building
material steel. In this way, it is possible to
conduct the buckling safety proof in a single
stage for all shells examined analogous to the
buckling of columns. Only two basic buckling
curves, for K) 'normal' and K2 for 'very'
imperfection-sensitive shells, are sufficient.
With the aid of detailed investigations, it is
shown that the K2 curve may possibly be raised
slightly. As compared with dimensioning
methods according to DASt guideline 013 used
in the past, economic benefits would be
possible using this method. (Author abstract)
14 Refs. In German.
Bornscheuer, Friedrich Wilhelm. Bautechnik v 65 n
10 Oct 1988 p 325-33l.
367
036993 Beulversuche an Duennwandigen
Fluessigkeitsgefuellten Schalen. [Buckling
Tests on Thin-Walled Fluid-Filled
Shells.]. This paper deals with the problem of
the buckling of thin walled cylindrical tanks
under the action of a fluid filling and an axial
load. In addition, the partial removal of the
bottom membrane of such tanks is studied. The
experimental results obtained can be used for
the testing of mathematical models. 3 Refs. In
German.
Rammerstorfer, Franz Georg (Technische Univ
Wien, Vienna, Austria); Billinger, Wolfgang; Fischer,
Franz Dieter. DIAl Desterr Ing Archit l v 133 n 8
Aug 1988 P 430-43l.
036994 Numerical Analysis of Diamond
Buckles. Both linear and nonlinear analyses
are performed on the buckling of a cylindrical
shell under axial compression. Among the
post buckling shapes of the cylindrical shell, a
number of diamond modes are found to be
possible. The analysis is compared to those
conducted by A. Maewall and W. Nachbar,
M.A. Crisfield, and Y. Yoshida et al.
Agreement is established in conceiving the
deformed shape with circumferential number
of 14 as the stable postbuckling mode of the
cylindrical shell. The transition from the
axisymmetric mode to a diamond mode of
collapse is shown to be an instantaneous
process triggered in the proximity of the
critical state by a small perturbation of the
load increment. (Edited author abstract) 17
Refs.
Liu, Wing Kam (Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL,
USA); Lam, Dennis. Finite Elem Anal Des v 4 n 4
Feb 1989 p 291-302.
036995 Theoretical and Experimental Study
of a Curved Strip Compressed by a Flat
Plate. The quasi-static loading of a curved
strip compressed by a flat, rigid plate is
considered, with particular reference to large
deformations and the ensuing buckling
behavior. Experiments were performed on
curved strips of constant width but of different
thickness. The strips were initially deformed
to a fixed radius of curvature and stress
relieved before pinning the ends. The span
was held constant at about 305 mm. The
deformation characteristics have been
analyzed using an incremental finite element
technique. Particular attention has been paid
to modeling the situation when a node
contacts the plate and the condition for
separation of the strip from the plate. The
predicted loads and deformation modes
agreed well with experimental results from
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
tests on steel and aluminum specimens.
(Edited author abstract) 9 Refs.
Iseki, H. (McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Ont, Can);
Sowerby, R.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Gatt, P. J Appl Meeh
Trans ASME v 56 n 1 Mar 1989 p 96-104.
036996 Buckling of Edge Damaged,
Cylindrical Composite Shells. The stability
of thin composite layered anisotropic
cylindrical shells under axial compression is
considered for the case of nonuniform
boundary conditions. Such conditions are
employed to model the situation where there
is edge damage to the shell. The influence of
weakening or a crack at an edge on the
critical buckling load of a variety of single and
multilayered shells is investigated. Results
indicate that isotropic shells exhibit a rather
sudden steep reduction in the critical buckling
load for relatively small edge damage.
However, some anisotropic composite shells
may not be so sensitive and, in contrast, only
a gradual reduction may be brought about by
the edge damage. The degree of sensitivity to
edge damage appears to be dependent, in
some complex fashion, on the various
geometric and physical shell parameters.
(Author abstract) 8 Refs.
Sabag, M. (Technion - Israel Inst of Technology,
Haifa, Isr); Stavsky, Y.; Greenberg, J.B. J Appl Meeh
Trans ASME v 56 n 1 Mar 1989 p 121-126.
036997 Bifurcation Buckling of Circular
Cylindrical Shells Under Uniform External
Pressure. This paper presents asymptotic
solutions for the eigenvalue problems of
buckling under uniform external pressure of a
circular cylindrical shell having an arbitrary
combination of the boundary conditions for
the simply supported, clamped, and free ends.
A simple formula for the buckling pressure is
derived, which is shown to be accurate
enough for engineering purposes by
comparison with available results. The
eigenvalues calculated for all possible
combinations of the boundary conditions show
that the buckling pressures are affected
significantly by the presence of a free end as
well as axial constraint at a supported end.
(Author abstract) 17 Refs.
Koga, Tatsuzo (Univ of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Jpn);
Morimatsu, Shigeyuki. AIAA J v 27 n 2 Feb 1989 p
242-248.
036998 Postbuckling Analysis of Circular
Cylindrical Shells Under External
Pressure. The postbuckling behavior of
circular cylindrical shells of finite length under
368
uniform external pressure is analysed using
the spline finite strip method. A Total
Lagrangian formulation on the displacement
dependent pressure load in the orthogonal
curvilinear reference frame is derived. An
improvement for the arc-length iteration
method is presented. The postbuckling
equilibrium path and the contour map of
equal radial deflection computed an~ in good
agreement with the experimental and
analytical results reported in Esslinger, M. and
Geier, B., Postbuckling Behaviour of
Structures, Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York,
1975. (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
Cheung, Y.K. (Univ of Hong Kong, Hong Kong);
Zhu, D.S. Thin-Walled Struet v 7 n 3-4 1989 P
239-256.
036999 Non-probabilistic Models of
Uncertainty in the Nonlinear Buckling of
Shells with General Imperfections:
Theoretical Estimates of the Knockdown
Factor. A nonprobabilistic, set-theoretical
treatment of the buckling of shells with
uncertain initial geometrical imperfections is
presented. The minimum buckling load is
determined as a function of the parameters
which describe the (general infinite) range of
possible initial imperfection profiles of the
shell. The central finding of this paper is a
theoretical estimate of the knockdown factor
as a function of the characteristics of the
uncertainty in the initial imperfections. Two
classes of set-theoretical models are employed.
The first class represents the range of
variation of the most significant N Fourier
coefficients by an ellipsoidal set in N-
dimensional Euclidean space. The minimum
buckling load is then explicitly evaluated in
terms of the shape of the ellipsoid. (Edited
author abstract) 29 Refs.
Ben-Haim, Yakov (Technion - Israel Inst of
Technology, Haifa, Isr); Elishakoff, Isaac. J Appl
Meeh Trans ASME v 56 n 2 Jun 1989 p 403 -41 o.
037000 Post-buckling Behavior and
Imperfection Sensitivity of Spherical Shells
Based on Nonlinear Elastic Stability
Theory. Using the nonlinear elastic stability
theory and its applications to shells, we have
investigated the post-buckling behavior and
imperfection sensitivity of spherical shells with
amplitude modulation. For this purpose, we
assume that the buckling modes have the
form of Legendre polynomials with an
exponential function as a modulating factor.
We use a numerical analysis technique with
high precision. The amplitudes of the post-
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
buckling modes and the critical loading
factors of the spherical shell with various
imperfection modes are presented. (Edited
author abstract) 10 Refs.
Fan, Q.S. (Tsinghan Univ, Beijing, China).
Thin-Walled Struct v 8 n I 1989 P 1-18.
037001 Postbuckling Analysis of Shells by
Spline Finite Strip Method. The postbuckling
analysis of shells is studied by the spline finite
strip method. The selection of higher order
terms in the incremental variational principle
is discussed. An improvement on the arc-
length iteration method is presented. The
examples all demonstrated the versatility and
accuracy of the present method. The
computed results for a circular cylindrical
shell under axial compression correlate very
well with the experiment results. (Author
abstract) 15 Refs.
Zhu, D.S. (Univ of Hong Kong, Hong Kong);
Cheung, Y.K. Comput Struct v 31 n 3 1989 P
357-364.
037002 Transverse Shear Effects in Stability
Problems of Laminated Shallow Shells. This
paper presents the analysis of the accuracy of
the classical shell theory in the prediction of
buckling loads of laminated shallow shells of
revolution loaded by external pressure or
axially compressed. The shells studied are
circular cylinders, barrels, inverse barrels and
spherical sections. In each case the boundary
conditions are simple supports. (Author
abstract) 7 Refs.
Muc, Aleksander (Univ of Liverpool, Liverpool,
Engl). Compos Struct v 12 n 3 1989 P 171-180.
037003 Zur Stabilitaet von ZyIindern Vnter
Axiallast und Randmomenten. [Stability of
Cylindrical Shells V nder Axial Loads and
Edge Moments]. Existing methods of
determining the critical axial loads of
cylindrical shells take into account only the
membrane stress state. However, parts of the
shell structures are loaded by additional edge
moments. These result from external forces,
from the edge conditions themselves or from
the deviation of the membrane forces due to
a break in the generatrix. This paper reports
on a study, which investigated the influence of
edge moments on the nonlinear bifurcation
loads of axially compressed cylinders. Edge
moments are shown to reduce the bifurcation
load irrespective of the length of the cylinder.
The results obtained were approximated by
easy to handle formulas. After some remarks
on the imperfection sensitivity, a practical
369
design procedure is suggested. (Edited author
abstract) 15 Refs. In German.
Knoedel, Peter (Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, West
Ger); Maierhoefer, Dieter. Stahlbau v 58 n 3 Mar
1989 p 81-86.
037004 Experimental Investigation on the
Dynamic Buckling of a Cylindrical Shell
Due to Seismic Excitation. (lst Report:
Plastic Buckling Due to Bending Load). The
fundamental characteristics of plastic dynamic
buckling of a thin cylindrical shell due to
seismic excitation, where bending load was
predominant, were clarified experimentally.
The relationship between seismic response
displacement acceleration, strain of cylindrical
shell model and input acceleration was
investigated. The dynamic buckling load was
compared with that for static buckling, and
the differences between them were discussed
as well as the threshold for postbuckling.
(Author abstract) 6 Refs. In Japanese.
Fujita, Katsuhisa; Ito, Tomohiro; Wada, Hiroshi.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 55 n 515
Jul 1989 P 1634-1637.
037005 New Solution for Vessel Liner
Buckling Analysis. The thermally
constrained and perfectly confined cylindrical
shell finds its critical buckling load in infinity.
Disturbances such as shape or support
imperfections are required to yield finite
critical buckling loads. Based on a conservative
imperfection model, the new solution allows
the quantification of the influence of
imperfections on buckling stress. As a large
deflection solution, it follows the load
displacement path under increasing prestress
up to neutral equilibrium. Thus, the
occurrence of subcritical limit load conditions
due to non-linear bending can be determined.
(Edited author abstract) 12 Refs.
Tschiersch, R.T. (Thyssen Henrichshuette AG,
Hattingen, West Ger); Huessler, W. ASME Pressure
Vessels Piping Div Publ PVP v 139 Design and
Analysis of Piping, Pressure Vessels and
Components, 1988, Presented at the 1988 ASME
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA,Jun 19-23 1988. Publ by American Soc
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 133-138.
037006 Static Buckling of the Shells of
Revolution Due to the Asymmetric
Loading. Finite element buckling analysis
program of the shells of revolution under an
asymmetric loading was developed. In this
program, the buckling mode for asymmetric
 Excerpts from The Eneineerine Index Annual 1989
loading is presented as a summation of free
vibration modes. The program was verified by
comparing with the test and the theoretical
results. (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
Chiba, T. (Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries
Co, Yokohama, Jpn); Sugino, H.; Mieda, T.;
Yoshida, M.; Ohya, H.; Kobayashi, N. ASME
Pressure Vessels Piping Div Publ PVP v 150
Application of Modal Analysis to Extreme Loads,
Presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and
Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, P A, USA, Jun
19 - 23 1988. Publ by American Soc of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1988 P
1-7.
037007 Nonlinear Investigations of
Composite Shells by Finite Element
Method. For investigations of structures
consisting of layered fiber composite shells a
special shell finite element has been developed
and applied to some illustrative problems.
The element's features are: geometrically
nonlinear formulation; arbitrary set-up of the
composite (i.e. symmetric or non-symmetric
stacking sequences with different layer
materials); material non-Iinearities in terms of
stiffness degradation due to layer cracking;
thermal loading. Due to the FE-formation
used, buckling analyses can be conducted by
solving accompanying eigenvalue problems.
(Author abstract) 19 Refs.
Dominger, K. (Vienna Technical Univ, Vienna,
Austria); Rammerstorfer, F.G. ASME Pet Div Publ
PD v 24 Composite Material Technology 1989,
Twelfth Annual Energy-Sources Technology
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, USA,
Jan 22-25 1989. Publ by American Soc of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 117-125.
037008 Buckling Design of Vierendeel
Recticular Shells. Double layer reticular shell
structures carry very little transverse shear,
thus, it may be appropriate to substitute the
inter-layer diagonal members with 'space'
members perpendicular to the middle surface.
In this paper the shear stiffness of double
layer grids without diagonals is presented and
used to calculate the design buckling load for
domes built with this geometry. (Author
abstract) 8 Refs.
Castano, Francisco (Unistrut Space Frame Systems,
Canton, MI, USA). Proe Sess Relat Steel StTUet StTUet
Congr Proceedings of the Sessions Related to Steel
Structures at Structures Congress '89, San
Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ by
ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 195-204.
370
COMPOSITE
037009 Finite Deformations of Thin
Anisotropic and Composite Shells and
Defining Relations. Defining relations for
composite shells formed by superposition of
layers with specified structure of the
reinforcement were derived using Green's
strain formula and the Cauchy stress tensor as
a starting point. An asymptotic analysis was
carried out for revealing the kind of functions
contained in the defining relations, with
plastic and creep deformations taken into
account. A system of experiments was
suggested for finding these functions on the
assumption that with finite deformations the
material is nonlinearly elastic. The cause of a
deviation of the obtained results from given
computational conditions was suggested as a
noticeable manifestation of inelastic properties.
Evaluations for glass reinforced plastics are
presented. 12 Refs.
Teregulov, I.G. (Kazan Inst of Civil Engineering,
USSR). Meek Compos Mater v 23 n 4 Jan 1988 p
453-458.
037010 Stress-strain State of a Composite
Shell with Circular Slit. A shell of revolution
with an infinitely thin slit cut on the
circumference was subjected under
mathematical simulation to a distributed load.
A system of coordinates was introduced to
describe the state of stress and strain of the
shell. The elasticity relations were derived and
the state of stress and strain of each shell was
determined and reduced to the solution of a
system of equations. The boundary-value
problem of the slit was solved with the network
method. A calculation algorithm system was
recommended which was based on Godunov's
orthogonal matching method. It was found
from analyzing the curves that a
circumferential slit with axisymmetric load
induces an inhomogeneous state of stress and
strain. 3 Refs.
Gerasimenko, P.V. (All-Union Extramural
Polytechnic Inst, Moscow, USSR); Preobrazhenskii,
I.N. Meek Compos Mater v 23 n 4 Jan 1988 p
459-462.
037011 Allowing for Binder Stiffness and
Reinforcement Extensibility in Designing a
Shell of Revolution Made of a Composite
Material. A method for determining the
configuration and equilibrium state of a shell
under the effects of internal pressure with
allowance for the extensibility of the fibers and
the elasticity of the threads was devised. The
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
boundary value problem for linearized
equations was solved by the method of initial
parameters with the use of Godunov's
procedure for orthogonalization. Two cases
are given: a shell with a movable head made by
spiral winding wherein the initial form of the
shell is designed as being equilibrium for a
recticular shell with a geodesic winding, and a
geodesic shell wound on a mandrel of the same
profile for which the strains were calculated
under internal pressure and a compressive
force applied to the head. The method makes
it possible to determine the geometry of the
shell and its stress state. 6 Refs.
Biderman, V.L. (N.E. Bauman Moscow Higher
Technical lnst, USSR); Mart'yanova, G.V.; Sorokin,
F.D. Meek Compos Mater v 23 n 5 Mar 1988 p
579-585.
037012 Optimization of Structures of
Reinforced Cylindrical Shells Made of
Composites. A method is given for selecting
the parameters for the design optimization of
reinforced cylindrical shells which satisfies the
system of restrictions and minimizes the target
function. The active physical restrictions
included general and local stability, the
strength of the material of the cloth of the
shell, and the reinforcing set. The design and
technological restrictions imposed on the
geometrical parameters of the shell were also
taken into account. Two possible forms of the
loss of stability of the reinforced shells were
evaluated. Strength calculations of the cloth
were based on a macromodel according to
which the load-carrying capacity of the entire
packet was exhausted when the limiting stress
state was reached in at least one layer. An
algorithm was constructed for optimum design
on the basis of heuristic combinatorial analysis.
It was shown that longitudinal-transverse
reinforcement in respect of mass is 1.5-2.0
times more effective than the unidirectional
longitudinal reinforcement. 4 Refs.
Tomashevskii, V.T. (Marshall A.A. Grechko Naval
Military Acad, Leningrad, USSR); Anufriev, A.P.;
Shalygin, V.N.; Yakovlev, V.S.; Kalimulin, R.l. Meek
Compos Mater v 23 n 5 Mar 1988 p 603-607.
037013 Model of Composite Shallow Shells
and Plates for Solving Problems of Statics,
Dynamics, and Contact Interaction. In an
earlier paper, the authors constructed a
theory for the evaluation of the stress-strain
state of composite structures for the case of
laminated composite shallow shells and plates
of orthotropic materials in which the principal
directions of orthotropy coincided with the
371
coordinate axes of the shell. To expand the
possibility of the model for evaluating the
stress-strain state at the microscopic level, the
order and number of resolvent equations
were independent of the number of layers as
well as the ratio of the physico-geometric
properties. In this paper, the model is
generalized to the case of laminated shallow
shells made of anisotropic layers. The model
considers transverse shear and compression,
tangential and normal forces of inertia, and
geometric nonlinearity. Kinematic hypotheses
are introduced to reduce the three-
dimensional problem to two dimensions. Two
examples illustrating the ability of the model
to reflect the three-dimensional nature of the
stress-strain state of multilaminate plates and
shells are examined. 12 Refs.
Prisazhnyuk, V.K. (Kiev Highway lnst, USSR);
Piskunov, V.G. Meek Compos Mater v 23 n 6 May
1988 p 719-726.
037014 Analysis of Thermoelastic Stresses
in Laminated Shells of Double Curvature. A
curvilinear coordinate system was used to
construct a model describing the thermoelastic
stresses in laminated shells of double
curvature. It was assumed that the stresses
depended linearly on strains and temperature.
Near the edges of the outer layer the shell
element was regarded as two finite elements;
one element modeled the packet of inner
layers and the second modeled the outer shell
layer. The solution of the thermoelastic
problem satisfied the condition of the
minimum of potential energy of the shell.
Shear stress distributions were determined.
The method was applied to a stiff cylindrical
shell with a thin outer layer heated uniformly
from within. The stresses determined on the
edge of the outer layer were compared with
results of holographic measurements of strains
of a steel shell with a sheet made of carbon-
fiber plastic stuck to it and were found to
agreed qualitatively with the experimental
data. 4 Refs.
Bakulin, V.N. (S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow lnst,
USSR); Kaledin, V.O.; Rassokha, A.A. Meek Compos
Mater v 23 n 6 May 1988 p 732-737.
037015 Axisymmetric Divergence of
Ring-stiffened Composite Cylindrical Shells
Subject to Axial Compression. Static
aeroelastic instability of structures, which is
also called divergence, represents an important
theoretical and practical problem. Divergence
of composite structures has been intensively
studied due to increasing utilization of
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
composite materials in the aerospace industry.
In this paper, axisymmetric divergence of
simply supported, internally ring-reinforced
composite shells is considered. The shell is
subject to an air flow, directed parallel to the
shell axis, and to static axial loading. The
analytical conditions of divergence are
obtained both for discrete ring stiffeners and
based on the smeared stiffeners technique. 4
Refs.
Birman, Victor (Univ of New Orleans, New
Orleans, LA, USA).] Appl Meek Trans ASME v 55
n 4 Dec 1988 p 984-985.
037016 Design of Composite Cylindrical
Vessels for Fluid Loading. A theoretical
approach is presented to examine the problem
of the fluid loading of a simply supported
Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) composite
cylindrical pipe. The shell layup is composed
of specially orthotropic layers, the
arrangement of which may be nonsymmetrical
through the wall thickness. The theory is
developed using Sanders' thin shell theory,
neglecting the effect of transverse shear. An
example of the use of the method is given,
where the behavior of a horizontal pipe is
examined when it is partially or totally filled
with fluid. Three layups are examined, one of
an isotropic construction using chopped
strand mat (CSM) and two of a laminated
construction. (Author abstract) 5 Refs.
Banks, W.M. (Univ of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scod);
Tooth, A.S.; Wilson, P.M.] Pressure Vessel Teeknol
Trans ASME v III n 2 May 1989 p 102-108.
037017 Shear Deformable Theory of
Laminated Composite Shallow Shell-type
Panels and Their Response Analysis: II.
Static Response. In the second part of this
paper, by using the static counterparts of the
governing equations derived in Part I, the
static response of shallow composite shell-type
panels subjected to a sinusoidal transverse
load is investigated. The numerical
applications, encompassing a large number of
boundary conditions and various lamination
schemes, allow one to obtain some conclusions
which are formulated in the paper. (Edited
author abstract) 1 Ref.
Khdeir, A.A. (Virginia Polytechnic lost & State
Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA); Librescu, L.;
Frederick, D. Acta Meek v 77 n 1- 2 Apr 1989 p
1-12.
037018 Sandwich Shells of Absolute
Minimum Volume. We consider a number of
new solutions of optimal design problems for
372
three-layer plastic structures fabricated from
an ideally plastic material that obeys the Hill
plasticity condition. We also compare designs
obtained by the constant-dissipation method
and equal-strength designs; we demonstrate
that equal-strength designs display a greater
volume of the supporting layers. For the
sandwich shells considered here, equal-
strength designs are understood to mean
those for which, at each meridian point, the
plasticity condition is realized as an equality in
one of the supporting layers, and as a
nonstrict inequality in the other. (Edited
author abstract) 16 Refs.
Nemirovskii, Yu.V.; Shul'gin, A.V. Meek Solids v 23
n 51988 P 104-112.
037019 Finite-element Method in Problems
of Nonline Deformation of Reinforced
Shells of Arbitrary Shape. A method of
calculation of reinforced shells of arbitrary
shape is proposed. It applies the finite element
method to problems of nonlinear deformation
of these shells and it is based on specification
of primary geometrical information regarding
the object. Such information can be provided
by the radius vectors of the nodes of the
elements and the positions of the unit normal
vectors to the surface at these nodes.
Differences in the geometry of the shells
under consideration are unimportant from the
standpoint of algorithmization of the
calculations, since the same node-by-node
information is required for calculations. A
universal approach can &pan an extensive class
of calculation problems for reinforced shells
of arbitrary shape, operating in the large-
displacement region. As an example the
problem of compression of a cylindrical panel
of rectangular shape is considered. The
method used allows the problem to be solved
for arbitrary elastic displacements.
Kuznetsov, V.V.; Soinikov, Yu.V. Meek Solids v 23
n 31988 P 129-135.
037020 Hygrothermal Effects on the
Stability of a Cylindrical Composite Shell
Panel. In this paper the finite element
method is applied to study the problem of
moisture and temperature effects on the
stability of a general orthotropic cylindrical
composite shell panel subjected to axial or
in-plane shear loading. The element employed
is a 9-node isoparametric shell element. Since
the hygrothermal effects on the elastic
properties of the matrices and the fibers are
very different, the degrading of the matrices
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
and the fibers are very different, the
degrading of elastic moduli, the transverse
shear effect and the induced initial stress are
all considered in the present study. Numerical
investigation shows that if the temperature
increase from 300 K to 422K and the
0 instability of a simply supported orthotropic
moisture concentration is saturated, the
buckling load with both the degrading of
elastic moduli and transverse shear
deformation considered is approximately 12%
lower than Snead/Papazoto's result where
only the degrading of elastic moduli is
considered. (Edited author abstract) 10 Refs.
Lee, S.Y. (Nat! Cheng-Kung Univ, Tainan,
Taiwan); Yen, W.J. ASME Aerosp Div Publ AD v 13
Recent Advances in the Macro- and Micro-
Mechanics of Composite Materials Structures,
Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (AS ME),
New York, NY, USA, 1988 P 21-31.
037021 Delamination Effects on Composite
Shells. An analytical investigation was
performed to study the effect of delamination
on the response of cylindrical composite shells
subjected to external loadings. It was of
particular interest to determine the buckling
load and the post-buckling behavior of
externally pressurized cylindrical composite
shells containing delamination. An analytical
model was developed which consists of a
structural analysis for calculating the global
deformations of the structures and a fracture
analysis for determining the delamination
growth in the structures. A nonlinear finite
element code based on the updated Lagrange
formulation was developed for the model.
Based on the results of calculations, it was
found that delamination can significantly
effect the buckling load and response of
cylindrical composite shells subjected to
externally pressurized loadings, depending
upon the initial length and location of the
delamination, ply orientation and laminate
curvature. The calculated strain energy
release rate at the crack tips indicates that
delamination growth occurs at the wake of
buckling due to Mode II shear fracture.
(Author abstract) 24 Refs.
Chang, F.-K. (Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA, USA);
Kutlu, Z. ASME Aerosp Div Publ AD v 13 Recent
Advances in the Macro- and Micro-Mechanics of
Composite Materials Structures, Presented at the
Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA, Nov
27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by American Soc of
373
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 71-76.
037022 Divergence Instability of Reinforced
Composite Cylindrical Shells. Divergence
composite shell reinforced in both axial and
circumferential directions is considered. The
shell is subject to an axial static load and to an
action of an outside supersonic gas flow in the
direction parallel to the shell axis. Two
variants of the solution considered in the
paper include discrete widely spaced stiffeners
and closely spaced stiffeners; the latter case
can be treated using a smeared stiffeners
technique. It is proven that divergence
instability of shells treated by smeared
stiffeners technique can occur only if they are
subject to axial compressive loads exceeding
the static buckling value. (Author abstract) 9
Refs.
Birman, V. (Univ of New Orleans, New Orleans,
LA, USA). ASME Aerosp Div Publ AD v 13 Recent
Advances in the Macro- and Micro-Mechanics of
Composite Materials Structures. Presented at the
Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA, Nov
27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by American Soc of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 169-175.
037023 Failure Prediction for Composite
Shells: Shear Deformable Finite Element
Formulation. Piecewise smooth stress-based
failure criteria are implemented in a shear
deformable finite element formulation. Both
plate and shell elements are utilized to
represent thin to moderately thick laminated
structures. Accurate stresses are obtained both
in the plane of each ply as well as in the
through-the-thickness direction. Such stress
information is essential in differentiating
between fiber, matrix and delamination
failures. (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
Engblom, JJ. (Texas A&M Univ, College Station,
TX, USA). ASME Pet Div Publ PD v 24 Composite
Material Technology 1989, Twelfth Annual
Energy-Sources Technology Conference and
Exhibition, Houston, TX, USA, Jan 22 - 25 1989.
Publ by American Soc of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1988 P 37-41.
037024 Computer-Aided Manufacturing of
Filament-Wound Composite Shells. An
interactive CAM system developed for
automated manufacturing of filament-wound
axisymmetric shells is reported.
Microprocessors are designed to drive motors
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
for multi-axes control of mandrel rotation,
carriage and cross feeder translations, and eye
rotation. A personal computer system is used
as host and has software to initiate the
microprocessors, to supervise the motions of
the rotating mandrel and of the robot-like
assembly of carriage, cross feeder, and eye.
Operator interactive capability of the software
make it possible to manually interrupt and
perform on-the-spot adjustment and reset.
The variety of filament-wound shells made by
this automated system is reported. (Edited
author abstract) 12 Refs.
Pao, Y.C. (Univ of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB, USA);
Karamooz, S.; Spencer, B.E.; Keester, PJ. Comput
Eng Proc Int Comput Eng Con! Exhib v 1 (of 2),
Proceedings of the 1989 ASME International
Computers in Engineering Conference and
Exposition, Anheim, CA, USA, Jul 30-Aug 3
1989. Publ by American Soc of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1989 P
553-557.
COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS
037025 Strength Analysis Algorithm of
Discrete Stiffened Conic Shells. Computer
aided analysis algorithm is developed for the
stressed-strain state of circular conic shells of
irregular structure stiffened by stringers and
frames under the effect of arbitrary loads
applied to the frames. The problem solution
is obtained in the Fourier series using the
method of the matrix pass by means of the
computer BESM-6-programmed algorithm.
Contrary to known algorithms of the method
of finite elements the suggested algorithm
does not need considerable expenditures of
machine time and time for preparation of the
initial data necessary for the calculation. A
stressed state in the casting of the shell
supported as a cantilever under the effect of
tangential concentrated load, the effect of the
shell taper angle and frame elasticity on this
state are investigated. The beam theory to
calculation of broad fuselage of planes under
the effect of local forces is shown to be
nonapplicable. (Author abstract) 4 Refs. In
Russian.
Kabanov, V.V.; Levitskaya, T.E. Probl Prochn n 7
Jul 1988 P 97 -100.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
037026 Geodesign: A Computer Program
for Geodesic Dome Geometries. A computer
algorithm is described for obtaining the
coordinates of vertices, chord factors, and
374
dihedral angles of n-frequency spherical and
ellipsoidal octahedral and icosahedral geodesic
domes with or without truncation, for plotting
orthographic and axonometric projections,
and for tabulating the chord lengths and
dihedral angles for sawing the structural
elements for construction. (Author abstract) 4
Refs.
Teter, W.D. (Univ of Delaware, Newark, DE,
USA); Nicholls, R.L. Bull Int Assoc Shell Spat Struct
v 29-2 Aug 1988 P 47-53.
037027 Das System VWMESH zur
Idealisierung von Tragstrukturen im
CAE-Konzept. [VWMESH System for an
Ideal Design of Supporting Structures in the
CAE Concept. Presentation of an Interactive
Module for the Eiasto-Mechanical Ideal
Design of Thin-walled Supporting
Structures, Available for Instance in the
CAD Medium in Carbody Design, Aircraft
Construction, Mechanical Engineering or in
the Shipbuilding Sector]. The development
of weight and cost optimized supporting
structures requires an early safe statement on
the performance criteria of the component
which must be made available to the designer
in the design phase by way of suitable
forecasting media. To this end the most
important test results obtained by the
application of modern simulation methods
must be brought to the attention and desk of
the designer and must be made available for
interpretation without passing the construction
stage before. For the physical relationships
which can be forecast by means of the FEM
analysis idealizing networks are needed for
the original structure. (Edited author abstract)
7 Refs. In German.
Sorgatz, Ulrich (RWTH, Aachen, West Ger);
Deuter, Helmut. VDI Z v 131 n 3 Mar 1989 p 26-32.
037028 Modeling of Plate and Shell
Structures with P-Version of the FEM. Finite
element models for the analysis of plates and
shells, based on the concept of hp-extension
are presented. A methodology for the control
and analysis of the error of the finite element
solution is developed. Numerical results
obtained using the proposed methodology are
given. (Author abstract) 16 Refs.
Sahrmann, Glenn J. (Sverdrup Technology Inc,
Middleburg Heights, OH, USA). Comput Util Stroct
Eng Computer Utilization in Structural
Engineering, Proceedings of the sessions at
Structures Congress '89, San Francisco, CA, USA,
May 1-51989. Publ by ASCE, New York, NY,
USA, 1989 p 277-285.
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
CONCRETE
037029 Effect of Support Movement on
Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells. For many
hyperbolic paraboloid shells, the horizontal
reaction is provided by horizontal ties between
the supports. It is shown that the horizontal
movement of the supports associated with the
elongation of these ties will alter sufficiently
the stresses in the shell membrane and the
axial forces and moments in the supporting
edge members that these movements must be
considered in the analysis. The effect of the
outward support movement for gable-type HP
shells supported on four corners is to reduce
the arching effect across the diagonal supports,
resulting in behavior that resembles more
closely that predicted by membrane theory.
When such shells are placed to form continuous
structures, the effect of the outward support
movement causes the portion of shell in the
vicinity of the first rows of interior supports to
behave as inverted umbrella HP shells.
(Author abstract) 8 Refs.
Simmonds, Sidney H. (Univ of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Can). J Struct Eng v 115 n 1 Jan 1989 p
19-31.
037030 Collapse Load Analysis of
Prestressed Concrete Surface Structures with
Unbonded Tendons by the Finite Element
Method. The basis of the theoretical
investigation is a formulation of the principle
of virtual work which is suitable for
incremental-iterative analysis of PC surface
structures by the finite element method (FEM).
It contains the expression for the virtual work
of forces exerted by the tendons on the
remaining part of the surface structure, treated
as a free body. Geometric nonlinearity is
considered on the basis of W.T. Koiter's shell
theory of small displacements and moderately
large rotations. Physical nonlinearity is taken
into account by means of appropriate
constitutive equations for intact and cracked
concrete, respectively, reinforcing steel and
prestressing steel. The numerical investigation
consists of collapse load analysis of a PC slab
with unbonded tendons. It demonstrates the
usefulness of the theoretical concept. (Edited
author abstract) 17 Refs.
Hofstetter, Guenter (Technical Univ of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria); Mang, Herbert A. Finite Elem Anal
Des v 5 n 2Jul1989 p 141-165.
037031 Manipulation of Shell and Fabric
Structure Form. Fabric structures and
concrete shells are readily compared because
375
of their curving shapes and the apparent
structural derivation of their forms. Every
fabric structure includes compression elements,
just as most shells include both tension and
bending elements. Furthermore, both forms,
through the introduction of stiffening
elements, have enormous range for subjective
manipulations of form to achieve desired
sculptural effects. Both fabric structures and
concrete shells rely on an interplay of tension
and compression, and much of their aesthetic
success is a function of the skill with which this
interplay is handled by the designer.
Huntington, Craig G. (Huntington Design Associates
Inc, Oakland, CA, USA). Proc Sess Relat Steel Struct
Struct Congr Proceedings of the Sessions Related to
Steel Structures at Structures Congress '89, San
Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ by ASCE,
New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 706-715.
CONTROL
037032 Optimal Control of a Pre-stressed,
Orthotropic Thin Cylindrical Shell Subjected
to a Constant Pressure at Its Interior
Wall. The open loop optimal control of a
pre-stressed, orthotropic thin cylindrical shell
subjected to a constant pressure at its interior
wall relative to a given index of performance
is investigated. The optimal control function
is obtained by using a calculus of variations
approach on the basis of a thin-shell theory.
The response and the hoop stress
(circumferential stress) of the controlled shell
are presented in graphical form and
compared with those of an uncontrolled shell.
Moreover, it is observed that the time
required for the effectiveness of the control
increases as the orthotropy coefficient
increases. An interesting aspect of the
investigation is the singularity of the mass
matrix. (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
Sadigh-Esfandiari, R. (California State Univ, Long
Beach, CA, USA); Sloss, J.M.; Bruch, J.C. Jr. J
Sound Vib v 125 n 1 Aug 221988 P 123-130.
CORROSION
037033 Corrosion Wear of a Thick-Walled
Cylindrical Shell of a Nonlinearly Elastic
Material. During service the elements of
many structures are subject to the combined
action of loads, temperatures, and corrosive
working media. In this work the case in which
the corrosive medium does not influence the
mechanical properties of the material but does
cause corrosion failure of the surface layers
was considered. The depth of corrosion wear
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
was used as the parameter characterizing the
process of corrosion failure of the surface.
Algorithms were constructed and used to
develop a program in FORTRAN-4 language
with the use of which a series of problems was
solved. The method makes it possible to quite
effectively evaluate the behavior of shells of
nonlinearly elastic materials in a corrosive
medium with the relationship of the properties
of the material and the corrosion rate to
temperature. 4 Refs.
Ovchinnikov, I.G. (Saratov Polytechnic lnst, USSR);
Garbuz, E. V. Sov Mater Sci v 23 n 4 Jan 1988 p
405-408.
037034 Optimization of the Life and Cost of
Cylindrical Shells Subject to Mechanical and
Chemical Failure. The purpose of this work
is to create mathematical models of
optimization of cylindrical shells for general
cases in which the corrosion rate is a function
of stresses. A thin-walled cylindrical shell of
specified radius and length and pivotsupported
on the ends and compressed with an axial
load was taken as the model structure. Two
optimization problems were formulated. The
first, in which the corrosion rate was assumed
as a linear function of the stress intensity, was
written in the form of linear mathematical
programming. The second, in which the
limitation in time was introduced, was
formulated in the form of nonlinear
programming and accounted for both the
initial cost and expenditures made on the
structure at various times. Certain results of
calculation using the two models are
considered. 5 Refs.
Zelentsov, D.G. (Ferrous Metallurgy Mechanization
Scientific & Production Union, Dnepropetrovsk,
USSR); Pochtman, Yu. M. Sov Mater Sci v 23 n 4
Jan 1988 p 400-412.
CREEP
037035 Creep of Anisotropic Multi-Layered
Moderately Thick Shells of Revolution. This
paper describes an analytical formulation and
a numerical solution for creep problems of
anisotropic multilayered moderately thick
shells of revolution with application to a
cylindrical shell. The analytical formulation is
developed by extending the Reissner-Naghdi
theory for elastic shells with consideration
given to the effect of shear deformation. For
the constitutive relation, Hooke's law for
orthotropic materials is used in the elastic
deformation, and equations based on the
orthotropic creep theory derived from the
376
orthotropic plastic theory by Hill are
employed in the creep range. The creep
strains are related to the stresses by McVetty's
equation with a thermal effect multiplier by
Arrhenius. The basic differential equations
derived are numerically solved by a finite
difference method. As a numerical example,
the creep of a two-layered, anisotropic
cylindrical shell composed of mild steel and
stainless steel subjected to uniform internal
pressure is analyzed. (Edited author abstract)
14 Refs. In Japanese.
Takezono, Shigeo; Migita, Kohji. Nippon Kikai
Gakkai Ronbunshu A Hen v 54 n 507 Nov 1988 p
2019-2027.
DEFECTS
037036 Plates and Shells with Crack-like
Flaws. The formulation of new hierarchial
finite elements for the analysis of laminated
plates and shells in the presence of flaws are
discussed. The performance of the elements is
elevated with the help of a number of
example problems and the results available in
the published literature. (Author abstract) 19
Refs.
Basu, P.K. (Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN, USA);
Ahmed, N.U.; Woo, K.S. Comput Vtil Struct Eng
Computer Utilization in Structural Engineering,
Proceedings of the sessions at Structures Congress
'89, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ
by ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 286-295.
DEFLECTION
037037 Deflection and Snapping of Ring-
Loaded Spherical Caps. The axisymmetric
behavior of both shallow, and deep, ring-
loaded spherical caps, which are simply
supported but otherwise unconstrained at
their edges, is investigated using a large-strain
shell theory based on a variational principle.
A numerical technique is used to extract the
solution. Particular attention is paid to highly
nonlinear phenomena such as snapthrough,
single and multiple snapback, and load-free
everted states. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
Brodland, G. Wayne (Univ of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ont, Can); Cohen, H. J Appl Mech Trans ASME v
56 n 1 Mar 1989 p 127-132.
037038 Elastic-Plastic Large Deflection
Analysis of Axisymmetric Shells. A new
finite element formulation for elastic-plastic
large deflection analysis of shells of revolution
is presented. The new formulation contains
 Excerpts from The Ennineerinn Index Annual 1989
most of the best features of nonlinear finite
element analyses currently available in the
literature, together with some new numerical
schemes to improve the capability, accuracy
and speed of the computation. It is thoroughly
verified using a variety of problems. The
doubly curved thin shell finite element used
has been widely applied to linear elastic stress
analysis and linear stability analysis by the
present authors and their co-workers. In place
of the widely-used relations of Donnell,
Novozhilov or Sanders, more comprehensive
nonlinear thin shell strain-displacement
relations are used, which account for
nonlinear strains caused by in-plane
displacements. Unlike most previous nonlinear
axisymmetric shell formulations, in-plane
shearing is included throughout the treatment.
For plastic analysis, a multi-layered approach
is adopted employing the Prandtl-Reuss
normal flow rule with isotropic hardening or
perfect plasticity. (Edited author abstract)
Teng, J.G. (Univ of Sydney, Sydney, Aust); Rotter,
J.M. Comput Struet v 31 n 2 1989 P 211-233.
037039 Assumed Strain Finite Element
Model for Large Deflection Composite
Shells. A nine node finite element model has
been developed for analysis of geometrically
non-linear laminated composite shells. The
formulation is based on the degenerate solid
shell concept and utilizes a set of assumed
strain fields as well as assumed displacement.
Two different local orthogonal co-ordinate
systems were used to maintain in variance of
the element stiffness matrix. The formulation
assumes strain and the determinant of the
Jacobian matrix to be linear in the thickness
direction. This allows analytical integration in
the thickness direction regardless of ply
layups. The formulation also allows the
reference plane to be different from the shell
midsurface. The results of numerical tests
demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness
of the present approach. (Author abstract) 17
Refs.
Yeorn, C.H. (Univ of Maryland, College Park, MD,
USA); Lee, S. W. Int J Numer Methods Eng v 28 n 8
Aug 1989 P 1749-1768.
DEFORMATION
037040 Numerical Study of the
Axisymmetric Deformation of Composite
Shells of Revolution Under Shock Loads. A
method was proposed of numerically solving
problems of transient deformation of
composite shells composed of rigidly joined
377
orthotropic layers of variable thickness. The
shells were deformed by shock loads. This
method is based on a Timoshenko-type
geometric equation of nonlinear shell theory
and physical relations from the theory of
effective moduli. The boundary value problem
was solved by finite difference discretization
of the Lagrange-D'Alembert variational
equation and by integrating over time.
Equations of motion were obtained.
Computations were performed on a BESM-6
computer. Experimental and numerical results
were compared. For the experiment the
dynamic deformation of a viscoelastic shell of
poly methyl methacrylate was used. The shells
were formed by multiple-zone spiral winding
of glass-plastic strip. It was found that by
varying the number of zones and layers in the
winding, the stress level in the region of the
pole opening could be reduced. 15 Refs.
Abrosirnov, N.A. (Gorkii State Univ, Gorky, USSR).
Meeh Compos Mater v 23 n 4 Jan 1988 p 447 - 453.
037041 Nonlinear Theory of the Central
Bending of Three-Layer Shells with Defects
in the Form of Sections of Bonding
Failure. Thin three-layer shells with a
light-weight filler and having sections of
bonding failure on one of the surfaces of
contact between the filler and an external
layer were theoretically examined. For the
case of central bending of such shells, a
complex of nonlinear relations was
constructed which were used to formulate
nonlinear problems concerning contact
interaction of the external layers with the
filler, with allowance for unilateral contact on
the sections of bonding failure. The
Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses traditionally used
in the theory of three-layer shells were
adopted to describe the mechanics of
deformation of the external layers. 11 Refs.
Pairnushin, V.N. (Kazan Aviation Inst, USSR). Sov
Appl Meeh v 23 n 11 May 1988 p 1038 -1 043.
037042 Approaches to Numerical Solution
of Linear and Nonlinear Boundary-value
Problems of the Theory of Layered
Anisotropic Shells. Certain approaches to the
numerical solution of boundary-value
problems are presented, describing the
stress-strain state of layered shells with
isotropic and anisotropic layers of variable
thickness in the linear and geometrically
nonlinear formulations on the basis of classical
and improved models for nonuniform force
and temperature interactions. The proposed
approaches to the numerical solution of the
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
static shell problems are realized by programs
in FORTRAN and tested on many examples.
Solutions of some problems based on the
discussed methods are demonstrated. 10 Refs.
Grigorenko, Va. M. (Acad of Sciences of the
Ukranian SSR, Kiev, USSR). Sov Appl Meeh v 23 n
10 Apr 1988 p 923-927.
037043 Deformation of a Spherical Shell
Under Internal Loading by a Shock
Generated by an Underwater Electrical
Discharge. This article is devoted to a
theoretical and experimental study of the
nonsteady hydroelastic deformation of a thin
spherical shell subjected to an underwater
electrical discharge at its center. The range of
application of model representation of the
latter in the form of a point source and a
source of finite dimensions with an ideally
flexible boundary is determined. The test shell
was composed of two stamped hemispheres
which were subsequently welded about their
perimeters. 8 Refs.
Saprykin, Yu. V. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Tsurkin, V.N.; Shvets, I.S.;
Sholom, V.K. Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p 392-396.
037044 Stability of a Viscoelastic Shell of
Double Curvature. In this paper, we consider
the stability of a viscoelastic ellipsoidal shell.
We examine the behavior of the shell in
relation to the load, curvatures, and
eccentricity of the support ellipse. We
establish the conditions for 'snapping' of the
shell to occur, and for asymmetrical
equilibrium forms to appear and develop. 1
Ref.
Vorovich, 1.1.; Drobysheva, T.P. Meeh Solids v 22 n
61987 P 174-178.
037045 Application of the Two-Dimensional
Hermitian Finite-Difference Method to
Linear Shear Deformation Theory of Plates
and Arbitrarily Curved Shells. In this paper
the linear shear deformation theory of thin
shells formulated by Basar/Kratzig has been
used to demonstrate a special kind of the
Hermitian finite-difference method. The
governing differential equation system
established in an appropriate matrix form
contains only first derivatives of the unknown
tensor components. After transformation into
an algebraic form by applying two-
dimensional operators and solving the global
system, no further differentiation of the
unknown field functions is necessary. The
procedure shows fast convergence and, in
general, numerical instabilities like the
378
well-known shear locking that appears in some
finite element representations, were not
observed. However, in connection with
kinematically slightly supported boundaries,
such as corresponding to membrane theory,
oscillating solutions may occur. 21 Refs.
Wimmer, H. (Univ of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria). Aeta Meeh v 73 n 1-4 Aug 1988 P 163 -175.
037046 Betti's Theorem for Rotationally
Symmetric Infinitesimal Deformations
Superimposed on the Finite Deformation of
a Thin Shell of Revolution. It is intuitively
clear that the tangent stiffness matrix for a
finitely deformed shell, treated as a two-
dimensional continuum, should be symmetric.
The governing differential equations for
continuing rotationally symmetric quasi-static
bending and extensional deformation of thin
shells of revolution with no shear deformation
are employed to derive Betti's theorem from
which symmetry of the tangent stiffness
matrix follows, provided the pressure load is
conservative. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
DaDeppo, D.A. (Univ of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ,
USA); Keppel, W.J. Ind Math v 38 pt 1 1988 P
71-82.
037047 FDM in Arbitrary Curvilinear
Co-ordinates-Formulation, Numerical
Approach & Applications. The basic concept
of automatization of operations in curvilinear
co-ordinate systems are briefly presented and
applied to the analysis of large deformations of
membrane shells by the FDM. Several
examples provide the basis for a comparison of
this approach with other descriptions of
deformation. 23 Refs.
Tworzydlo, Wlodzimierz, W. (Technical Univ of
Krakow, Cracow, Pol). Intl Numer Methods Eng v 28
n 2 Feb 1989 p 261-277.
037048 Consistent Linearization in Elasto-
Plastic Shell Analysis. The present paper is
directed towards elasto-plastic large
deformation analysis of thin shells based on the
concept of degenerated solids. The main
aspect of the paper is the derivation of an
efficient computational strategy placing
emphasis on consistent elasto-plastic tangent
moduli and stress integration with the radial
return method under the restriction of 'zero
normal stress condition' in thickness direction.
The advantageous performance of the
standard Newton iteration using a consistent
tangent stiffness matrix is compared to the
classical scheme with an iteration matrix based
on the infinitesimal elasto-plastic constitutive
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
tensor. Several numerical examples also
demonstrate the effectiveness of the standard
Newton iteration with respect to modified and
quasi-Newton methods like BFGS and others.
(Author abstract) 21 Refs.
Ramm, E. (Univ of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, West Ger);
Matzemiller, A. Eng Comput (Swansea Wales) v 5 n 4
Dec 1988 p 289- 299.
037049 Whole-Field Optical Examination of
Cylindrical Shell Deformation. An optical
technique for the measurement of radial
deformation in circular cylindrical shells is
discussed. The technique is a modification and
improvement of an earlier method, using a
conical mirror of simple geometry to view a
grating reflected from the inner surface of the
shell. The new system allows more precise
alignment of the components of the optical
system with the shell. Fringes obtained by
superposition as in the Ligtenberg moire
method, or deviations of lines from a regular
pattern in a photographic image provide a
measure of the slope changes on the surface of
the shell. Theoretical relations are presented
for three grid orientations, at least two of
which have to be used in conjunction to
determine the two components of slope.
Illustrations for the use and accuracy of the
technique are presented for two cases. (Edited
author abstract) 8 Refs.
Krishnakumar, S. (Univ of Tasmania, Hobart, Aust);
Foster, C.G. ExpMeeh v 29 n 1 Mar 1989 p 16-22.
037050 New Method of Multisegment
Integration for the Nonlinear Analysis of
Shells of Revolution. A new method of
multi segment integration has been developed
for solving boundary value problems of a
system of nonlinear ordinary differential
equations as encountered in the large
deflection analysis of the axisymmetric
deformations of the shells of revolution. The
method developed here involves much less
computational work than the multisegment
integration developed by Kainins and Lestingi.
The new method has been applied to a number
of problems to ascertain its soundness and
accuracy. (Edited author abstract) 28 Refs.
Uddin, Md. Wahhaj (Bangladesh Univ of
Engineering & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Int
J Pressure Vessels Piping v 38 n 1 1989 P 39-55.
037051 Elastic-plastic Unstable Deformation
of Shells in Contact (Case of a Spherical
Shell). This paper deals with the numerical
analysis of large elastic-plastic deformation of
shells in contact with each other. The penalty
379
function method is used accurately to treat the
contact condition involving a finite amount of
sliding. Axisymmetric large deformations of
contacting spherical shells are analyzed, and it
is shown that elastic unloading resulting from
the sliding definitely affects the crushing of
one shell by another. The possibility of
nonaxisymmetric bifurcation of deformation is
examined on the basis of the J2-deformation
theory. (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
Kitagawa, Hiroshi (Osaka Univ, Suita, Jpn); Hiura,
Seiji.]SME Int] Ser 1 v 32 n 2 Apr 1989 p 199-207.
037052 Determination of Shell
Constructions Deformations with
Application of Linear Transformation
Theory. In this paper concepts for
determining shell structure deformations are
presented for the case of the surface of a
tria pial ellipsoid. Observations by the spatial
incision method in a rectangular xyz
coordinate system are assumed. The method
of determining the deformation components
in the points under examination in the
t = T - To time interval is based on the
principle of a minimum sum of the squares of
the (vx' vy ' v,) corrections. (Edited author
abstract) 8 Refs. In Russian.
Baran, P.1. (Kiev Engineering-Constructional lnst,
Kiev, USSR); Przewlocki, Stefan. Zesz Nauk Politeeh
Lodz Budownietwo n 39 1988 P 151-159.
037053 Experimental Study of Deformation
of Thin Conical Shells During Penetration
into Soil. The penetration of various solids
into deformable media has been previously
considered. At the same time, insufficient
attention has been paid to deformation of thin
shells in the process of penetration into soil.
This paper describes an experimental study of
deformation of thin-walled shells upon
indentation into soil; it determines the effect
of the angle of taper, the shape of the tip,
and the manner of attachment of the
concentrated mass to the shell structure on
the deformation process. The authors
employed an experimental setup consisting of
a pneumatic gun with a control panel for
regulating the delivery of compressed gas, a
target, and measurement and recording
equipment with an automatic control unit.
The gun was capable of accelerating shells to
specified velocities. 5 Refs.
Bakulin, V.N.; Ovcharov, P.N.; Potopakhin, V.A.
Meeh Solids v 23 n 41988 P 183-186.
037054 Deformation of Slender Shells with
Openings. Cutouts of various shapes are
often made in shell structures for design
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
purposes or fabrication convenience. This
paper describes a numeric method for solving
a wide range of problems of the stressed-
strained state of shells with cutouts. Results of
some specific studies are reported. 21 Refs.
Dmitriev, V.G.; Preobrazhenskii, I.N. Meek Solids v
23 n 1 1988 P 169-175.
037055 Dynamic Deformation of
Orthotropic Cylinders. The theory of thick
orthotropic shells is used here to analyze a
cylinder subjected to dynamic loads. The
formulation includes shear deformation and
rotatory inertia effects similar to the
first-order, shear deformation, laminated plate
theory. Dynamic line loads (along the
longitudinal direction) and patch loads are
considered. The time-dependent part of the
load is a step pulse or a half sine wave.
(Author abstract) 11 Refs.
Cederbaum, G. (Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State
Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA); Heller, R.A. ASME
Pressure Vessels Piping Div Publ PVP v 146 Advances
in Macro-Mechanics of Composite Material Vessels
and Components, Presented at the 1988 ASME
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA,jun 19-23 1988. Publ by American Soc
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 43-48.
037056 Large Elastic Deformation of Shear
Deformable Shells of Revolution: Numerical
and Experimental Results. Through an
integrating matrix approach, a numerical
solution is obtained to the equations governing
large elastic deformation of a clamped circular
cylinder due to internal pressure. The shell
equations include the effects of large strains,
thickness changes, and transverse shear
deformation. The numerical solution is
compared to results from asymptotic analysis
and experiments on rubber cylinders. A
specialized Rivlin-Saunders strain energy
density function is assumed for the rubber,
with material constants determined from
tensile tests and deformed cylinder profiles at
a high inflation pressure. (Author abstract) 15
Refs.
Kempski, M.H. (Rochester Inst of Technology,
Rochester, NY, USA); Taber, L.A.; Su, FongChin.
Am Soe Meek Eng Pap Preprint-American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Presented at the Winter
Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27-Dec 2
1988. Publ by American Soc of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1988
WA/APM486.
380
037057 Modelling of the Progressive
Extensible Plastic Collapse of Thin-Walled
Shells. A theoretical model describing the
progressive extensible plastic collapse of
thin-wall conical and cylindrical shells is
presented. The proposed theory enables the
load-deflection curves during axial
compression following the deformation history
of the shell to be evaluated. The comparison
of theoretical curves with experimental ones
shows a fair degree of accuracy. (Author
abstract) 14 Refs.
Mamalis, A.G. (Natl Technical Univ of Athens,
Athens, Greece); Manolakos, D.E.; Viegelahn, G.L.;
johnson, W. Int] Meek Sei v 30 n 3-41988 Some
Papers Presented at the International Symposium
on Structural Failure, Second International
Symposium on Structural Crashworthiness,
Cambridge, MA, USA,jun 6-81988 P 249-261.
DESIGN
037058 Design of Barrel Shells by the
Strength Method. For shells and folded plates,
the ACI Code (318-83), Section 19, permits
the reinforcing to be selected by strength
design. The method of applying this to barrel
shells is not specified. Possible procedures and
the results for an interior barrel of a multiple
series of barrel shells is described and
compared to other methods of selecting
reinforcing. (Author abstract)
Ketchum, Milo S. Stroet Eng Praet v 4 n 3-4
1987-1988 P 165-177.
037059 Formwork for Spiral Ramps at
Dolphins' Stadium. The problems presented
by forming spirals included: wider forms
needed for the ramps' slabjoist system at
outer edge; forms needed to provide for
ramp's slope; after the first revolution,
formwork had to be supported on the
structure below, and had to be designed to be
removed readily from one section to another.
These problems were solved by assembling a
number of modules, each consisting of a beam
table section and its shoring. The shoring
incorporated adjustable scaffold frames that
could be lowered 6 to 8 inches to facilitate
stripping of concrete and repositioning of the
module at another level. The article discusses:
forming the first 180 of ramp, the second
180 of ramp and the ramp beyond the first
360.
Kathe, Chris (Ceco Corp, jacksonville, FL, USA).
Coner Constr v 33 n 11 Nov 1988 4p.
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
037060 Pure Building. This paper outlines
the need for building integration in the
design of fabric structures by examining the
different necessary components and how they
fit together. It provides examples of this
integrated process that suggests its use in
conventional construction. (Author abstract)
Goldsmith, Nicholas S. (FTL Associates, New York,
NY, USA). Proe Sess Relat Steel Struet Struet Congr
Proceedings of the Sessions Related to Steel
Structures at Structures Congress '89, San
Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ by
ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 726-735.
ELASTICITY
037061 Application of Generalized Ray
Methods in Hydroelasticity Problems of
Thin Shells of Noncanonical Shape. A
substantial simplification in the solution of
hydroelasticity problems, for primarily shells
of noncanonical shape, can be utilization of
generalized ray methods based on replacement
of the wave equation by its equivalent
first-order vector differential equation, a
generalized transport equation, and by the
analysis of the wave fronts that occur during
shell interaction with the fluid. A further
development of the method proposed earlier
to the case of nonstationary radiation
problems and to stationary problems is
examined in this paper. The approach is
apparently applicable for shells of arbitrary
shape, however its realization is shown in
axisymmetric and plane problems. 24 Refs.
Podil'chuk, Yu. N. (Acad of Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, USSR); Rubtsov, Yu. K. Sov
Appl Meeh v 23 n 10 Apr 1988 p 981-988.
037062 On Drilling Degrees of
Freedom. Variational principles employing
independent rotation fields are investigated. In
the two-dimensional case these lead to
membrane elements with 'drilling degrees of
freedom', of practical use in shell analysis. We
argue that convenient interpolatory patterns
require modifications of the classical
variational framework. Several formulations
are proposed and shown to be convergent for
displacement/rotation interpolations of all
orders. (Author abstract) 29 Refs.
Hughes, Thomas J.R. (Inst for Computer Methods
in Applied Mechanics & Engineering, Stanford, CA,
USA); Brezzi, F. Comput Methods Appl Meeh Eng v
72 n 1 Jan 1989 p 105-12l.
381
037063 Nonuniqueness of Equilibrium
States for Axisymmetric Elastic Shells in
Tension. The problem of non uniqueness of
static axisymmetric solutions for a non-
linearity elastic cylindrical shell in which the
ends are pulled apart with a constant traction
while retaining the radii of its ends fixed is
studied. In the elastic case, we prove the
existence of buckled states and the possibility
of necking. In the hyperelastic case a global
existence and nonuniqueness theorem is
proved, via the energy criterion. (Author
abstract) 19 Refs.
Pastrone, Franco (Univ di Torino, Turin, Italy);
Tonon, Maria Luisa. J Elast v 21 n 1 1989 P 43-59.
037064 Nonlinear Analysis of Elastomeric
Keyboard Domes. The large deflection of an
elastomeric dome is studied using the finite
element method. The material properties of
the elastomer are described by a hyperelastic
model in order to capture the strain energy
stored in the dome during deformation. The
nonlinear responses are determined by the
modified Riks procedure. The calculated
load-deflection curve agrees well with
experimental results. In addition, a pressurized
thick-walled spherical hyperelastic shell is
analyzed and the stress results obtained by the
finite element method are in excellent
agreement with the closed-form solutions.
The results provide a better understanding of
the mechanical behavior of elastomeric
keyboard domes and demonstrate the
usefulness of the finite element method in
designing such structures. (Author abstract)
15 Refs.
Lau, John H. (Hewlett-Packard Lab, Palo Alto, CA,
USA); Jeans, Albert H. Am Soc Meeh Eng Pap
Preprint-American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
New York, NY, USA, 1988 WA/EEP8 9.
ELASTOPLASTICITY
037065 Elastic-Plastic Analysis of a Radially
Loaded Spherical Shell. An elastic-plastic
analysis of a spherical loaded radially through
a rigid inclusion is performed. The sphere is
modeled as a shallow shell of infinite extent.
The Tresca yield condition is used to derive
the elastic-plastic moment-curvature
relationship in a simple form. This is used to
develop a computationally efficient solution
method. (Author abstract) 22 Refs.
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
Brooks, G.N. (Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN,
USA); Leung, C.-P. J Pressure Vessel Technol Trans
ASME v III n 1 Feb 1989 p 39-46.
037066 Elastojvisco-plastic Dynamic
Response of Thin Shells of Revolution by
Means of Overlay Model. The numerical
analysis of the elasto/visco-plastic dynamic
response of axisymmetricaI thin shells
subjected to arbitrary loads is carried out by
the elasto/visco-plastic overlay model which is
able to express the Bauschinger effect and the
strain rate dependence. Namely, Perzyna's
equation is used for the constitutive relation
of each layer of the overlay model, and as a
whole, the Bauschinger effect and the
influence of viscosity in plastic range of the
material are taken into account. The equations
of motion and the relations between the
strains and displacements are derived by
extending the Sanders linear theory in elastic
shells. The numerical method selected for this
problem is a method using finite difference in
both space and time. (Edited author abstract)
16 Refs. In Japanese.
Tao, Katsumi; Takezono, Shigeo; Ohtsubo, Kazumi;
Mochidone, Hiroyuki; Matsuoka, Hironobu. Nippon
Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu A Hen v 55 n 513 May
1989 p 1145-1152.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS
037067 Elastic Conducting Shells in
Alternating Electromagnetic
Fields. Problems of excitation of elastic
vibrations of shells by variable electromagnetic
fields are considered. For problems of this
type, we give the equations in vector form, the
corresponding initial and boundary conditions,
and the limits of applicability of the equations,
and we provide a description of the general
technique for solving them. For the
electrodynamic part of the problem, we give
an expression for the total-power functional,
and we formulate the orthogonality conditions
for the eigensolutions of the corresponding
equations; for problems involving shells in
specified harmonic fields, we write out the
expansion formula for the magnetic potential
of the eddy currents in eigensolutions. As an
example, we consider the problem of relative
rotation of a thin-walled elastic sphere and a
constant oblique magnetic field, considered in
the rigid-shell approximation in some earlier
papers; we also obtain formulas for
determining the magnetic pressure on the
sphere when a constant magnetic field is
applied. (Edited author abstract) 6 Refs.
382
Radovinskii, A.L. Meeh Solids v 23 n 5 1988 P
117-122.
ENERGY DISSIPATION
037068 Energy Dissipation in Braced
Cylindrical Shells. This paper presents an
experimental and numerical investigation of
the energy dissipation characteristics of mild
steel cylindrical shells subjected to large
deformations under line loadings acting
parallel and perpendicular to the shells'
longitudinal axes. The effects of diametrical
bracing, cylindrical length and external
loading orientation on the deformation
patterns and energy dissipation capacities are
described. The results are applied to the
design of a new impact attenuation system
used in highway safety applications. (Author
abstract) 9 Refs.
Carney III, J.F. (Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN,
USA); Pothen, S. Int J Meeh Sci v. 30 n 3 -4 1988
Some Papers Presented at the International
Symposium on Structural Failure, Second
International Symposium on Structural
Crashworthiness, Cambridge, MA, USA, Jun 6-8
1988 P 203-216
FAILURE
037069 Influence of Geometry on Limit
States of Elastic-Plastic Toroidal Shells
Under Pressure with Bending. A study of
the limit states of elastic-plastic toroidal shells
under combined bending and pressure is
presented. Generally, two different modes of
failure have been observed, however, the
possibility of their existence depends on the
value of pipe factor. It is shown that the
appearance of the determined limit state is
also strongly connected with the elastic
carrying capacity of the torus and in this way
with the position of hoop stresses peak. The
numerical results explain, in detail, the
discussed problem. (Edited author abstract) 11
Refs.
Muc, Aleksander (Technical Univ of Cracow,
Cracow, Pol). Thin-Walled Struet v 7 n 3-4 1989 P
197-212.
FRACTURE
037070 Local Stresses and Strains in Axially
Cracked Cylindrical Shells. A perturbation
solution is obtained for the local stress-strain
fields in an axially cracked cylindrical shell.
The tenth-order differential equations are used
that take into account the transverse shear
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
deformation. The perturbation of a curvature
parameter, A., is employed. The stress intensity
factors for finite size cylindrical shells subjected
to bending and internal pressure are evaluated.
Sufficient accuracy can be obtained without
using fine mesh sizes in regions near the crack
tip. Also analyzed are the influence of cylinder
diameter and shearing stiffness on bulging.
(Edited author abstract) 7 Refs.
Liu, C.T. (Acad Sinica, Beijing, China); Wu, X.J.
Theor Appl Fraet Meeh v 11 n 1 Apr 1989 p 51 - 58.
037071 Finite Element Analysis of a
Circumferentially Cracked Cylindrical Shell
Loaded in Torsion. Finite element methods
are used to evaluate all possible fracture modes
at the tip of a circumferential crack in an
isotropic cylindrical shell subjected to torsion.
The finite element results are compared with
shallow-shell theory data for cylinders with
different geometries. The results indicate that
there is good agreement between the
membrane stress intensity factors calculated
from finite element displacements at the crack
tip and the factors found using shallow-shell
theory for small crack lengths. For longer
cracks, disagreement between these two
approaches is very pronounced. In particular,
the bending stress intensity factors from the
finite element analysis are significantly greater
than the corresponding values determined
from the shallow-shell theory. It is observed
that the out-of-plane, antisymmetric
deformation near the crack produces mixed
mode fracture with crack opening and tearing
displacements. (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
Kumosa, M. (Univ of Cambridge, Cambridge, Engl);
Hull, D. Eng Fraet Meeh v 32 n 1 1989 P 123 -136.
HEAT TREATMENT
037072 Technological Monolithic Character
of Shells Formed from Polymeric
Composition Materials. Solution of the
problem of maintaining a monolithic character
throughout production requires the
development of such a heat-treatment regime
that would make it possible to obtain
monolithic thick-wall wound articles formed
from reinforced plastics. The heat-treatment
process includes two stages: hardening of the
initially liquid polymer-binder in the
composition of the structure and cooling of the
already hard polymeric composite. In this
paper, an attempt was made to demonstrate
the need for conducting detailed investigations
of the mechanical phenomena in the complex
hardening process for the final solution of the
383
problem of maintaining monolithic character
throughout production. Optimal hardening
regimes were assessed for cylinders made of
fiberglass based on the VM-I fiber and binder
EDT-I0 or binder EKR. To establish the
causes of the differences in the test results the
variations in the physicomechanical properties
of the solid polymers EDTI0 and EKR as
functions of temperature were investigated.
The optimization problem was solved
numerically. 10 Refs.
Turusov, R. A. (Acad of Sciences of the USSR,
Moscow, USSR); Korotkov, V.N.; Rogozinskii, A.K.;
Kuperman, A.M.; Sulyaeva, Z.P.; Garanin, V.V.;
Rozenberg, B.A. Meeh Compos Mater v 23 n 6 May
1988 p 773-777.
MANUFACTURE
037073 On the Determination of the
Redrawing Ratio in the Redrawing of
Cylindrical Shells with a Numerical
Simulation (2nd Report, on the
Determination of the Redrawing Ratio by
the Reduction of the Maximum Deep
Drawing Force). A determination method for
the redrawing ratios has been proposed by
analyzing the redrawing process of cylindrical
shells from flat circular blanks using the
elementary theory of plasticity. These
redrawing ratios were calculated using the
criterion based on the reduction of the
maximum deep drawing forces. These
theoretical results on the variations of the
redrawing ratios with the profile radius, the
blank thickness, the frictional force, the
blankholder load and the strain-hardening
exponent are presented using a developed
computer program aimed at rationalizing,
planning and simulating the redrawing
process. It is shown that the maximum deep
drawing forces decreased at about 10-40%
comparing the predicted drawing force with
the usual drawing force. This is based on the
experience of many years standing and skilled
labor. (Author abstract) 13 Refs. In Japanese.
Iseki, Hideo; Murota, Tadao; Katoh, Kazunori.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 54 n 505
Sep 1989 p 2249-2256.
037074 Reduction of the Metal Volume in
Pressed Conical Shells. A reduction in the
metal volume in pressed axisymmetric shells of
narrowing form (high-pressure containers,
transition elements, fairings etc.) can be
achieved by improving the uniformity of
thickness of the components being produced.
An improvement in the uniformity of
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
thickness of pressed axisymmetric shells of
narrowing form is attained by combining
compression and drawing operations while
producing such shells. A technology of
multi-stage pressing, in which the concluding
drawing operations have been replaced by
compression of the bottom region of the
blank, has been developed for manufacture of
axisymmetric shells with a large relative
height. 2 Refs.
Maslov, V.D.; Popov, I.P.; Gostev, A.1. Sov Eng Res
v 8 n 1 1988 P 59-61.
037075 On the Determination of the
Redrawing Ratio in the Redrawing of
Cylindrical Shells with a Numerical
Simulation (3rd Report, on the
Determination of the Redrawing Ratio by
the Reduction of the Maximum Deep
Drawing Energy). A determination method
for redrawing ratios has been proposed by
analyzing the redrawing process of cylindrical
shells from flat circular blanks using an
elementary theory of plasticity. These
redrawing ratios were calculated using a
criterion based on the reduction of the
maximum deep drawing energy. Variation of
redrawing ratio with profile radius, blank
thickness, frictional force, blankholder load
and strain-hardening exponent were obtained
using a developed computer program aimed
at rationalizing, planning and simulating the
redrawing process. It is shown that the
maximum deep drawing energy decreased
about 10-40%, comparing the predicted
drawing energy by the usual determination
method for the redrawing ratios. (Author
abstract) 14 Refs. In Japanese.
Iseki, Hideo; Sowerby, Robert; Katoh, Kazunori.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 54 n 508
Dec 1988 p 3106-3114.
037076 On the Determination of the
Redrawing Ratio in the Redrawing of
Cylindrical Shells with a Numerical
Simulation (4th report, on the Determination
of the Redrawing Ratio by the Minimax
Optimization of Compromise
Programming). A determination method for
the redrawing ratios has been proposed by
analyzing the redrawing process of cylindrical
shells from flat circular blanks using the
elementary theory of plasticity, and by
applying multi-objective optimization theory.
These redrawing ratios were calculated using
the minimax optimization of a compromise
solution of multi-objective optimization
theory. These theoretical results on the
384
variation of redrawing ratio with profile
radius, blank thickness, frictional force,
blankholder load and strain-hardening
exponent are presented using a developed
computer program aimed at rationalizing,
planning and simulating the redrawing
process. It is shown that the maximum non-
attainment value decreased to about 20-70%
compared to those values of other
optimization criteria. (Author abstract) 16
Refs. In Japanese.
Iseki, Hideo; Sowerby, Robert. Nippon Kikai Gakkai
Ronbunshu C Hen v 54 n 508 Dec 1988 p 3115-3121.
MATHEMA TICAL MODELS
037077 Elastic-Plastic Ring-Loaded
Cylindrical Shells. The elastic plastic solution
for an infinitely long cylindrical shell with an
axisymmetric ring load is presented. Except
for the material nonlinearity, the standard
assumptions of small deflection shell theory
were made. Because the principal directions
are known for the axisymmetric problem, the
Tresca yield condition was used. This made it
possible to obtain closed-form expressions for
the elastic-plastic, moment-curvature relations,
greatly simplifying the computational task.
The actual stress distribution through the
thickness was used, making these relations
exact. Yielding was contained near the load.
Thus, for the analysis the cylinder was divided
along its axis into elastic-plastic and purely
elastic regions. Solutions were obtained for
each region which were then matched at their
intersection to give the complete solution. All
results are given in dimensionless form so that
they may be applied to any shell. (Author
abstract) 12 Refs.
Brooks, Gregory N. (Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville,
TN, USA).] Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 55 n 4 Dec
1988 p 761-766.
037078 Mechanics and Finite Elements of
Shells. This article begins with a brief review
of the foundations: The classical theory of
Love is described with attention to the
underlying hypothesis and consequent
limitations. A more general theory is described
which removes the constraints of Love; the
inclusion of transverse strains admits simpler
finite elements, accommodates the thick shell
via layers and even a transition to the three-
dimensional approximation. The concept of
the finite element is reviewed in the context of
the discrete approximation of shells. Specific
attention is given to those problems which are
peculiar to shells: The predominant roles of
 Excerpts from The En8ineerin8 Index Annual 1989
flexural and extensional deformations, the
lesser role of transverse shear, can lead to
excessive stiffness ('locking'). Origins and
procedures are described to circumvent these
problems. (Edited author abstract) 147 Refs.
Wempner, Gerald (Georgia Inst of Technology,
Atlanta, GA, USA). Appl Meek Rev v 42 n 5 May
1989 p 129-142.
NOISE ABATEMENT
037079 Statistical Theory of Internal
Soundproofing in Cylindrical Shells. In a
number of cases of practical interest, an
interesting question is about the capability of
thin-walled shells of localizing wave energy
close to the radiator encased in this shell, i.e.,
is separated by it from the environment. This
phenomenon represents the concept of
internal soundproofing (isolation). The paper
concludes that as the case of soundproofing of
a shell from the external field (enclosure), the
following physical phenomena are important:
1. Increase of soundproofing effectiveness is
nonmonotonous with respect to the frequency.
2. Dips (notches) in the spectral characteristic
of soundproofing are due to resonant
phenomena in the shell and in air volume
within the shell. 3. The experimental analysis
of the internal soundproofing of shells (using
standard measuring techniques) does not
reveal these dips (notches) in soundproofing
due to averaging in the octave frequency
bands. 4 Refs.
Guzhas, D.R. Vib Eng v 3 n 1 1989 P 21- 26.
037080 Evaluation of Active Noise Control
in a Cylindrical Shell. This paper examines
the physical mechanisms governing the use of
active noise control in an extended volume of
a cylindrical shell. Measured data were
compared with computed results from a
previously derived analytical model based on
infinite shell theory. For both the analytical
model and experiment, the radiation of
external monopoles is coupled to the internal
acoustic field through the radial displacement
of the thin, elastic, cylindrical shell. An active
noise control system was implemented inside
the cylinder using a fixed array of discrete
monopole sources, all of which lie in the plane
of the exterior noise sources. Good agreement
between measurement and prediction was
obtained for both internal pressure response
and overall noise reduction. (Edited author
abstract) 6 Refs.
Silcox, R.J. (NASA Langley Research Cent,
385
Hampton, VA, USA); Lester, H.C.; Abler, S.B. J
Vib Acoust Stress Reliab Des v III n 3 Jul 1989 P
337-342.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
037081 Non Contacting Testing and NDT
for Composite Shells. There is, today, a
strong need for reliable large-field ways of
inspecting for the initial quality of composite
structures and for monitoring, over long
times, the continued integrity of such
structures. This paper introduces two new
methods which, when used in combination,
has strong promise of meeting this need. The
first, called Spectral Density Analysis is a
purely optical method for full field
measurement of surface displacements. The
second is a fiber-optic laser based method to
generate and detect ultrasonic waves for
interrogating the interior of structures. It is
called Thermal Acousto Photonic NDE.
(Author abstract) 5 Refs.
Burger, C.P. (Texas A&M Univ, College Station,
TX, USA). ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Div Publ
PVP v 146 Advances in Macro-Mechanics of
Composite Material Vessels and Components,
Presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure Vessels and
Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Jun
19- 23 1988. Publ by American Soc of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, USA, 1988 P
167-171.
PLASTICITY
037082 Numerical-Analytical Solution of
the Thermoplasticity Problem for Locally
Heated Shallow Shells. We construct a
numerical-analytic solution of the
thermoplasticity problem for locally heated
shallow shells. The solution is obtained by
using the method of integral equations and
the self-correcting method of successive
loadings. As an example, we investigate the
thermally stressed state in plates heated by
normal-circular heat sources. In the case of
unilateral heating of a plate by normal-circular
heat sources, we estimate the accuracy of our
solution. We consider the problem of
optimization of the heating parameters of a
plate with the aim of bringing the residual
compressive stresses into a specified region of
favorable values (from the standpoint of
strength). (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
Maksimovich, V.N.; Khomlyak, L.V. Meek Solids v
23 n 51988 P 123-129.
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
PLASTICS APPLICATIONS
037083 Use of Semimomentless Theory to
Design Multiply Closed Cylindrical Shells of
a Reinforced Plastic. Multiply closed,
convex, thin-walled cylindrical shells of
arbitrary cross section are widely used in
different types of power plants.
Semimomentless theory was used in this paper
to account for the effect of any distributed or
concentrated loads if they were discontinuous
along the shell and was illustrated using a
composite shell as an example. A onceclosed
cylindrical shell of rectangular cross section
was examined. The shell was secured in
cantilever fashion and loaded by a transverse
force distributed uniformly over the length.
After minimizing the potential energy
functional, a system of resolvent equations was
obtained, and the calculations were performed
for an orthotropic material with given
stiffness characteristics. The structure of the
material was assumed to be constant for each
panel used in the shell. 3 Refs.
Dudchenko, A.A. (S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow
Aviation Inst, Moscow, USSR). Meeh Compos Mater
v 23 n 4 Jan 1988 p 437 -443.
037084 Experimental Study of Coefficients
of Variation of Strength Characteristics of
Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Shells under
Internal Shock Loading. Variation
coefficient estimates were obtained of the
limit load and limit strain on cylindrical
glass-fiber-reinforced plastic shells under
impulsive loading. The test objects were free
cylindrical glass-fiber-reinforced plastic shells
into which steel 20 reinforcing shells were
inserted. The glassplastic shells were made by
the method of 'wet' winding of the fabric and
impregnated with binder EDT-IO. Loading
was accomplished by exploding a spherical
charge in the center of the shell. Estimates of
the mathematical expectation and the
standard deviation were calculated by the
method of functional probabilities and
statistical modeling. It was found that under
extreme shock loads, glass-plastic shells have
higher strength than under static loading,
according to the limit strain criterion. 10 Refs.
Vorontsova, O.S.; Syrunin, M.A.; Fedorenko, A.G.;
Khomutinin, Yu.V.; Tsypkin, V.I.; Bilyk, N.A.;
Ivanov, A.G. Meeh Compos Mater v 23 n 4 Jan 1988
p 443-447.
386
PRESSURE EFFECTS
037085 Improved Asymptotic Early-Time
Response Formulae for Submerged Elastic
Shells Impinged Upon by an Incident
Pressure Pulse. The early-time solutions for
this class of problems have often been
obtained by the use of integral transform
techniques and the method of steepest
descents to asymptotically evaluate the inverse
transform integrals. These steepest descent
solutions overestimated the elastic restoring
force of the shell for the early time period in
which the shell response is of practical
interest. The accuracy of the early-time
solution is improved by a correction of this
elastic restoring force term. 13 Refs.
Huang, H. (US Naval Surface Warfare Cent, Silver
Spring, MD, USA). Am Soe Meeh Eng Pap Preprint
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Houston, TX, USA, Jan 22-251989. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
New York, NY, USA, 1989 OCNll 5p.
SOUND INSULATION
037086 Soundproof Characteristics of
Sandwich Cylindrical Shells with a
Honeycomb Core Partially Exposed in Free
Field. An analysis is presented for the sound-
proof characteristics of sandwich cylindrical
shells with honeycomb core excited by axially
propagating internal plane acoustic waves. The
shell is exposed in a free field by the length of
I, however is otherwise covered with infinitely
long rigid cylindrical walls. To simplify the
shell equations, it is assumed that the core
material resists only transverse shear forces
and that the facing resist only bending
moments. The sound transmission loss of the
shell wall, TL, is derived and calculated
numerically for various values of the physical
parameters involved. (Author abstract) 20
Refs. In Japanese.
Chonan, Seiji. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu CHen
v 54 n 508 Dec 1988 p 2883-2889.
STABILITY
037087 Determination of Critical Parameters
of Momentary External Pressure for a
Spherical Shell with Initial De8ection. A
solution is presented for the problem of the
dynamic loss of stability of a spherical shell
subjected to momentary external pressure. The
shell, reinforced in two directions, is regarded
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
as being structurally orthotropic. The critical
value of compressive forces in the radial
sections of the shell are determined within the
framework of a linear formulation of the
problem, with the use of analytical criteria of
dynamic instability, for linear and parabolic
laws of change in the compressive forces over
time. 3 Refs.
Amiro, I. Va. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR). Sov Appl Meeh v 23 n 10 Apr 1988
p 903-907.
037088 Stability of Shells of Revolution of
Fiber Composites with Initial Cracks in the
Microstructure. A method of calculating the
stability and initial postcritical behavior of
shells of revolution of composite materials with
variable mechanical characteristics dependent
on microstructural damages at the interface
between the components is presented. The
stability of glass-plastic cylindrical and conical
shells with different degrees of damage to the
material is examined. The method makes it
possible to study the stability of shells of
composite materials in which the components
separate from one another during mechanical
or other types ofloading. 9 Refs.
Vanin, G.A. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR,
Kiev, USSR); Semenyuk, N.P. Sov Appl Meeh v 23 n
10 Apr 1988 p 908-914.
037089 In8uence of Conditions of End
Fixing on the Stability of Longitudinal
Compressed Multilayer Conical Shells. The
problem of the stability of multilayer
orthotropic conical shells-and also cylindrical
shells, as a particular case - is considered, and
the influence of the boundary conditions on
the critical values of the longitudinal
compressive force is analyzed. A family of
curves of the critical load as a function of the
current value of L/Rme for shells with different
conditions at the ends is shown. Analysis of the
results offers the possibility of dividing the
consideration of the boundary conditions into
two groups with four versions in each. 9 Refs.
Shul'ga, N.A. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Primak, A.P. Sov Appl Meeh Oct
1988 p 348 - 352.
037090 Stability of a Sloping Panel of
Negative Gaussian Curvature. The problem
of the stability of a thin elastic shell of the
hyperbolic paraboloid type, rectangular in the
plane, when the contour lines coincide with the
direction of the principal curvatures is
387
considered. The linear stability problem and
the deformation of the shell under large
deflections with the construction of the 'load-
deflection' graphs is investigated. 2 Refs.
Samol'yanov, 1.1. (L'vov Polytechnic Inst, USSR).
Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p 353-357.
037091 Stability of a Multilayer Cylindrical
Shell in Interlayer Pressure. The problem of
the stability of a cylindrical shell or circular
ring with one-side connection with the
surrounding elastic or absolutely rigid space
has been studied in a number of investigations.
In solving this problem for thin shells it is
possible to neglect the variation of the shell
geometry as a result of subcritical behavior,
and also changes in the area of contact with
the surrounding space during the loss of
stability. Consequently, the solution can be
obtained in linear formulation, as carried out
in the present paper. 4 Refs.
Pal'chevskii, A.S. Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p
358-362.
037092 Analysis of Parametric Oscillations
of Shells of Revolution with Variable
Parameters. This paper examines the
parametric oscillations of thin shells of
revolution of arbitrary contour closed in the
annular direction. The shells were assembled
from a certain number of orthotropic and
isotropic layers of variable thickness. The
material of each layer is assumed to be elastic
and governed by Hooke's generalized law.
The problem is solved on the basis of the
linear theory of shells and assuming that the
hypothesis of nondeformable normals for the
entire packet of the shell as a whole is
satisfied. 9 Refs.
Vasilenko, A.T. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Cherin'ko, P.N. Sov Appl Meeh
Oct 1988 p 363-367.
037093 Initial Post-Critical Behavior and
Flaw Sensitivity of Composite Cylindrical
Shells with Difference Reinforcement
Schemes. Results of the stability of reinforced
shells are used to study the character of their
post-critical behavior and sensitivity to the
initial geometrical defects. The formulated
problem is solved through the theory of initial
post-critical behavior and Koiter's special
theory. A circular cylindrical shell of the
length L, radius R, and thickness t consisting
of N layers with different fiber orientations is
examined. 6 Refs.
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
Semenyuk, N.P. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Zhukova, N.B. Sov Appl Meeh
Oct 1988 p 385-392.
037094 Loss of Stability for a Spherical
Shell. On the basis of three-dimensional
linearized stability theory, we obtain the
characteristic equation for determining the
critical inner radius of a spherical support,
whose outer surface is acted upon by a load
equal to the contact pressure on the boundary
of the support and the rock mass. The
magnitude of the contact pressure is
determined in solving the problem of the
precritical stress-strain state of the support and
the elastic-plastic mass, which has an interface
between zones of elastic and plastic
deformation. (Edited author abstract) 7 Refs.
Meshkov, S.I.; Shashkin, A.I. Meeh Solids v 23 n 5
1988 P 113-116
037095 Numerische Stabilitaetsanalyse
Linear und Nichtlinear, Deformierbarer,
Parametererregter Schalentragwerke.
[Numerical Stability Analysis of Linearly
and Nonlinearly Deformable Shell
Structures Under Parametric
Excitation]. The present contribution derives
a numerical concept for the stability analysis
of linearly and nonlinearly responding shell
structures under parametric excitation.
Starting from a displacement discretization of
the incremental principle of virtual
displacements and using Ljapunow's stability
definitions, handy stability bounds are
presented, especially also for nonlinear
fundamental motions. Two of many computed
examples demonstrate their applicability; the
correctness of the results is checked by
properties of line-search evaluated
neighbouring motions. (Author abstract) 15
Refs.
Eller, Conrad (Ruhr-Univ Bochurn, Bochurn, West
Ger); Kraetzig, W. B. lng Areh v 59 n 5 1989 P
345-356.
037096 Zur Stabilitaet Flacher
Eckgestuetzter Hyparschalen aus Holz mit
Geradlinigen Randtraegern. [On the Stability
of Shallow, Wooden Hypar-shells with
Straight, Point-Supported Edge Beams]. This
paper is concerned with finite element
stability analysis of shallow, thin hypar-shells
made of timber, with straight, COrner-
supported edge beams. A feature of the
analysis model is the direct consideration of
the structural anisotropy of the shell
membrane consisting of two layers of wooden
388
boards, orthogonally attached to each other
by nails. As far as the investigated hypar-shells
are concerned, reaching of the ultimate load
(in this paper the term 'ultimate load' is used
in a restrictive sense) is found to be the
relevant mode of loss of stability. This agrees
with experimental results reported in the
literature. (Author abstract) 23 Refs. In
German.
Rattasepp, T. (Technische Univ Tallinn, Tallinn,
USSR); Mang, H.A. Bauingenieur v 64 n 6 Jun
1989 p 255-266.
STEEL
037097 Optimized Wall Thickness of Shells
of Revolution. The aim of this paper was to
develop a concept for the design of shells of
revolution with different Gaussian curvature
using a simplified finite element buckling
analysis. A cooling tower shell was used as an
example for calculations. 7 Refs.
Wittek, Udo (Univ Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern,
West Ger). Proe Sess Relat Steel Struet Stroet Congr
Proceedings of the Sessions Related to Steel
Structures at Structures Congress '89, San
Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ by
ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 686-695.
STRAIN
037098 Deformation Bounds for Cyclically
Loaded Shell Structures Operating under
Creep Conditions. Constitutive relations,
based on the Bailey-Orowan's creep theory,
are used to develop a maximum work
condition which includes the influence of an
internal state. A bounding theorem on
displacement is obtained for structures
subjected to cyclic loading. An application of
the bound is illustrated. (Author abstract) 6
Refs.
Cocks, Alan C.F. (Univ of Leicester, Leicester,
Engl); Leckie, F.A. J Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 55 n
3 Sep 1988 p 509-516.
037099 Refined Small Strain and Moderate
Rotation Theory of Elastic Anisotropic
Shells. A general refined shell theory that
accounts for the transverse deformation, small
strains, and moderate rotations is presented.
The theory can be reduced to various existing
shell theories including: the classical (i.e.,
linear Kirchhoff-Love) shell theory, the
Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov shell theory, the
Leonard-Koiter-Sanders moderate rotations
shell theory, the von Karman type shear-
deformation shell theory and the moderate-
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
rotation shear-deformation plate theory
developed by Reddy. The present theory is
developed from an assumed displacement
field, nonlinear strain-displacement equations
that contain small strain and moderate
rotation terms, and the principle of virtual
displacements. (Edited author abstract) 47 Refs.
Schmidt, R. (Univ of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, West
Ger); Reddy, IN. ] Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 55 n
3 Sep 1988 p 611 - 61 7.
037100 Assumed Strain Stabilization
Procedure for the 9-Node Lagrange Shell
Element. An assumed strain (strain
interpolation) method is used to construct a
stabilization matrix for the 9-node shell
element. The stabilization procedure can be
justified based on the Hellinger-Reissner
variational method. It involves a projection
vector which is orthogonal to both linear and
quadratic fields in the local co-ordinate system
of each quadrature point. All terms in the
development involve 2 X 2 quadrature in the
9-node element. Example problems show
good accuracy and an almost optimal rate of
convergence. (Author abstract) 40 Refs.
Belytschko, Ted (Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL,
USA); Wong, Bak Leong; Stolarski, Henryk. IntJ
Numer Methods Eng v 28 n 2 Feb 1989 p 385-414.
037101 Refined Small Strain and Moderate
Rotation Theory of Elastic Anisotropic
Shells. A general refined shell theory that
accounts for the transverse deformation, small
strains, and moderate rotations is presented.
The theory can be reduced to existing shell
theories including the classical (i.e., linear
Kirchhoff-Love) shell theory, Donnell-
Mushtari-Vlasov shell theory, Leonard-Koiter-
Sanders moderate rotations shell theory, von
Karman type shear-deformation shell theory
and moderate rotation shear deformation
plate theory developed by J.N. Reddy. The
present theory is developed from an assumed
displacement field, nonlinear strain
displacement equations that contain small
strain and moderate rotation terms, and the
principle of virtual displacements. The
governing equations exhibit strong coupling
between the membrane and bending
deformation which should alter the bending,
stability, and post-buckling behavior of certain
shell structures as predicted using available
theories. (Edited author abstract) 47 Refs.
Schmidt, R. (Univ of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, West
Ger); Reddy, IN. Am Soe Meeh Eng Pap Preprint-
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting, Chicago,
389
IL, USA, Nov 27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by American
Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York,
NY, USA, 1988 WA/APM37 7.
STRESSES
037102 Analysis of an Axisymmetric
Thermoelastic Plastic Stress-Strain State of a
Laminar Shell Under Repeated Loading.
Simple repeated loading processes were
considered on laminar shells of revolution by
loads of both the same and the reverse sign as
for the initial loading. The investigation was
done within the framework of the Kirchhoff-
Love hypothesis. It was assumed that the
creep strain is negligibly small as compared to
the instantaneous elastic-plastic strains. A thin
shell of revolution with meridian section of
arbitrary shape and consisting of variable-
thickness layers was considered. The shell was
subjected, from an initially unstressed and
unstrained state, to axisymmetric loads and
nonuniform heating that varied in time in
such a way that plastic strain domains
occurred in which unloading then took place.
The results of the analysis showed that the
active loading process occurred in the first two
steps in the shell in the form of a plastic strain
zone at the shell inner surface. 6 Refs.
Babeshko, M.E. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR); Prokhorenko, l.V.;
Sokolovskaya. V.l. Sov Appl Meeh v 23 n 11 May
1988 p 1054-1058.
037103 Combined Theoretical and
Experimental Method of Determining
Residual Stresses in Wound Composite
Shells. A combined theoretical and
experimental method of determining residual
stresses, and the strains of wound composite
shells induced by these stresses, is suggested.
The method makes use of shells of revolution
that are formed by a system of layers of
unidirectional composite material placed at
given angles to the generatrix. Each of the
elementary unidirectional layers is allotted
rigidities in tension and compression as well as
in shear. The elastic constants of such a layer,
including the modulus and Poisson's ratio, are
determined experimentally in tests of
circularly wound tubular specimens. For
determining residual stresses it is assumed that
the deformations of the layer are composed of
elastic, thermal, and curing components and
deformations induced by prestressing of the
reinforcing elements. The method was
experimentally verified in tests of cylindrical
shells made of glass reinforced plastic
 Excerpts from The En8ineerin8 Index Annual 1989
comprised of glass fiber VMPS and epoxy
resin ED-20 binder. The results confirm the
possibility of using the combined theoretical
and experimental method for determining
technological stresses and deformations of
wound composite shells. 5 Refs.
Morozov, E.V. (K.E. Tsiolkovskii Moscow lnst of
Aviation Technology, USSR). Meeh Compos Mater v
23 n 6 May 1988 p 802-807.
037104 Axisymmetric Elastoplastic Stress
State of Branched Shell Systems with
Nonisothermal Loading Processes. The
axisymmetric elastoplastic stress state of a
branched shell with a complex form of the
meridian and poles is investigated, in
conditions of quasistatic thermal and force
loading which varies over time. A shell of
revolution with a branched meridian is
considered in conditions of axisymmetric
connective heat transfer with the surrounding
medium, under the action of a variable load.
The problem is solved within the framework
of the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis in a
geometrically linear, quasistatic formulation;
creep deformation is neglected in comparison
with the instantaneous elastoplastic
deformation. The equations of state employed
are the relations of the theory of simple
loading processes, taking account of their
previous history which are linearized by the
method of variable elasticity parameters. 8
Refs.
Galishin, A.Z. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kiev, USSR). Sov Appl Meeh Sep 1988 p
234-38.
037105 Large Elastic Deformation of Shear
Deformable Shells of Revolution: Numerical
and Experimental Results. Through an
integrating matrix approach, a numerical
solution is obtained to the equations governing
large elastic deformation of a clamped circular
cylinder due to internal pressure. The shell
equations include the effects of large strains,
thickness changes, and transverse shear
deformation. The numerical solution is
compared to results from an asymptotic
analysis and from experiments on rubber
cylinders. A specialized Rivlin-Saunders
strain-energy density function is assumed for
the rubber, with material constants
determined from tensile tests and deformed
cylinder profiles at a high inflation pressure.
(Author abstract) 15 Refs.
Kempski, M.H. (Rochester lnst of Technology,
Rochester, NY, USA); Taber, L.A.; Su, Fong-Chin.
390
J Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 55 n 3 Sep 1988 p
629-634.
037106 Stress-Strain Fields at Crack Tip in
Axially Cracked Cylindrical Shells and the
Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors. A
perturbation solution for stress-strain fields
(including modes I, II, III) at crack tip in
axially cracked cylindrical shells is given. The
analysis, using 10th-order differential
equations which take the transverse shear
deformations into account, involves
perturbation in a curvature parameter y2,
(y2 = [12(Inv2) J'a 2/Rh). Stress intensity
factors for finite size cylindrical shells under
bending and internal pressure loading are
evaluated. A good accuracy can be obtained
without using fine meshes in a region near
the crack tip. Besides, the influence of the
finite size and the shearing stiffness on
bulging factors, which are commonly used in
engineering, are analyzed. (Author abstract) 6
Refs.
Liu, Chuntu (Acad Sinica, China); Wu, Xijia. Aeta
Meeh Sin v 3 n 3 1987 P 223-230.
037107 Surface Crack in Shells Under
Mixed-Mode Loading Condition. The
problem of a shallow shell containing a surface
crack and subjected to general loading
conditions is considered. It is shown that, as
in the three-dimensional elasticity formulation,
the mode I state can be separated whereas
modes II and III remain coupled. A line
spring model is developed to formulate the
part-through crack problem under mixed-
mode conditions. A shallow shell of arbitrary
curvature having a part-through crack located
on the outer or the inner surface of the shell
is then considered. Reissner's transverse shear
theory is used to formulate the problem by
assuming that the shell is subjected to all five
moment and stress resultants. The uncoupled
antisymmetric problem is solved for
cylindrical and toroidal shells having a surface
crack in various orientations and the primary
and the secondary stress intensity factors are
given. (Edited author abstract) 20 Refs.
Joseph, P.F. (Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA, USA);
Erdogan, F. J Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 55 n 4 Dec
1988 p 795-804.
037108 Investigation of the Spherical
Membrane Cap Under Partial Load. It is
shown how the internal forces due to an
axially non-symmetric load of a spherical cap
can be determined within the framework of
the membrane theory. We present the
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
method of internal forces for the terms of the
Fourier expansion. In a numerical example
these forces are computed for a spherical cap
with the half central angle cPo = 38 As can
0
asymptotic formula is derived to characterize
be seen, for n = 2,3,4 closed formulae can be
obtained, while for n ~ 5 the calculation has
to be carried out numerically. (Edited author
abstract) 4 Refs.
Olitzscher, Frank. Acta Tech (Budapest) v 100 n 3-4
1987 P 225 - 238.
037109 Shallow Shells with Local Deviations
in Shape. A simple solution is presented for
the stress analysis of shallow shells with
imperfections in the geometry. The model is
based on the bending equations of the shell,
and the imperfection is considered by an
equivalent load method. A Ritz solution for a
given shape of local imperfection is obtained in
explicit form, and the expressions are applied
to the case of an elliptical paraboloidal shell.
(Author abstract) 14 Refs.
Godoy, L.A. (Univ Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba,
Argent); Quinones, D.; Wagner, R. Bull Int Assoc
Shell Spat Struct v 29 - 2 Aug 1988 P 55 - 62.
037110 Stress Distribution by the
Misalignment of Spherical and its Allowable
Limit. The expressions for stress distribution
in the region of misalignment of spherical
shells have been derived on the basis of the
theory of plates and shells. The analytical
expressions are verified with the results
obtained by FEM and photoelastic experiment.
The effect of several parameters on stress
concentration has been analyzed with the
expressions derived. The regressions of the
analytical results of 76 misalignment have been
made and the expressions for engineering
calculations are given. The nomograph for the
allowable limits of geometric irregularities is
presented. (Edited author abstract)
Kui, Jishan (Nanjing Inst of Chemical Technology,
Nanjing, China); Wang, Jiuqing. HuagongJixie v 15 n
61988p341-347,353.
037111 Solution of the Axisymmetric
Problem for a Shallow Conical Shell by the
Small Parameter Method. By the method of
small parameters, an approximate solution is
constructed for the problem of a rotating
shallow conical shell. The error of the method
is estimated by comparing it with the results
obtained by a numeric computer simulation.
(Author abstract) 2 Refs.
Sakharov, V.Yu. (Leningrad Univ, Leningrad,
USSR). Leningrad Univ Mech Bull n 2 1988 P 60 - 61.
391
037112 Bifurcation of Axisymmetric
Equilibrium of Thin Shells of Revolution
with Regular Shaped Imperfections. An
the effect of a regular axisymmetric shape
imperfection upon the classical critical load of
a perfect convex shell belonging to a certain
class. 4 Refs.
Teterin, I.Yu. (Leningrad Univ, Leningrad, USSR).
Leningrad Univ Mech Bull n 2 1988 P 62-64.
037113 Assessment of Assumed Strain
Methods in Finite Rotation Shell Analysis. A
critical assessment of the 4-node assumed strain
element as proposed by E.N. Dvorkin and K.J.
Bathe is made. The element performed
excellently in all investigated shell problems
which sometimes caused difficulties for other
assumed strain techniques. For efficient
computation in the non-linear range,
linearization of the virtual work equation is
done to yield the consistent tangent stiffness.
The shell formulation is done for stress and
strain tensors based on local element
coordinates. To demonstrate the effectiveness
and rapid convergence of the non-linear
formulation, three examples are tested for
large displacements. (Edited author abstract)
19 Refs.
Stander, Nielen (Univ Stuttgart, Stuttgart, West
Ger); Matzenmiller, Anton; Ramm, Ekkehard. Eng
Comput (Swansea Wales) v 6 n I May 1989 p 58 - 66.
037114 Investigation of Partially
Pressurized Thick Cylindrical Shells. In
applications of thick cylinders, such as gun
barrels and hydraulic jacks, the internal
pressure is not only variable, but the pressure
front at each moment moves along the length
of the cylinder leading to the division of these
cylinders into two segments with
discontinuous loading. In this work, the FEM
has been applied to investigate the state of
stress existing at the discontinuity zone of
thickness or pressure (transition zone). Results
indicate the existence of a considerable
bending moment due to the variation of
longitudinal stress across the thickness at the
transition zone. These results could help the
designers to optimize the thicknesses of the
cylinders in such applications as mentioned
above. (Edited author abstract) II Refs.
Mahmood, Najdat A. (Military Engineering Coli);
Jweeg, Muhsin J.; Rajab, Mumtaz Y. Modell Simul
Control B v 25 n 3 1989 P 47-64.
037115 Thick General Shells Under General
Loading. Three equilibrium equations in
terms of three displacements are derived in
 Excerpts from The Ennineerinn Index Annual 1989
scalar mathematics form, by linear, small-strain
elasticity principles, for the case of general
thick-walled shells under general loading.
These reduce to well-known forms for the
particular cases of flat-plates and thick circular
cylindrical shells. (Author abstract)
Donnell, Lloyd H. ] Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 56 n
2Jun 1989 p 391-394.
037116 Shear Deformable Finite Element
for the Analysis of General Shells of
Revolution. A 64-dof isoparametric
quadrilateral finite element is presented for
the analysis of generally laminated shells of
revolution. The effects of shear deformation
and rotary inertia are accounted for by using
shear deformation theory that employs the
parabolic shear strain variation across the
thickness. The classical thin shell theory is the
special case of shear deformation theory used
in the present study. Thus, the thin shell
element also can be obtained from the present
thick shell element by simply having the
displacement parameters (UI and VI) associated
with the shear rotations as zeros. The
numerical results presented illustrate the
performance of the element and the effects of
shear deformation. (Author abstract) 33 Refs.
Bhimaraddi, A. (Univ of Canterbury, Christchurch,
NZ); Carr, A.J.; Moss, P.J. Comput Struet v 31 n 3
1989 P 299-308.
037117 Stressed State of Inhomogeneous
Elastic Shells of Revolution. An extension is
discussed regarding an averaging technique
for the case of quasi-periodic structures with
curvilinear anisotropy, as applied to problems
of elasticity written in the displacements. In
this paper, the authors employ the technique
to reduce the static problem of
inhomogeneous elasticity in the stresses,
utilizing hypotheses of shell theory (i.e., the
problem of equilibrium of an inhomogeneous
anisotropic shell of quasi-periodic structure to
a recursive sequence of problems for a
homogeneous anisotropic shell. The authors
offers a solution for the problem of
equilibrium of a shell formed by a winding or
coil that is acted upon by internal pressure. 8
Refs.
Levin, V.D.; Pobedrya, B.E. Meeh Solids v 23 n 4
1988 P 140-145.
037118 Simulation of Temperature and
Elastic-Plastic Stresses in Solid Shell During
Continuous Casting Process. An analytical
method to simulate the temperature and the
stress fields in a continuous casting slab under
392
steady operating conditions is presented. The
heat conduction equation incorporating heat
generation due to solidification was solved by
finite element method to obtain the spatially
steady temperature distribution when
considering material flow. Elastic-plastic
stresses in the solidified shell were also
evaluated. A parameter study was carried out
in order to obtain the optimal operating
condition such as shell thickness, site of crater
end, and stress distribution as functions of the
casting speed and cooling condition. (Author
abstract) 6 Refs. In Japanese.
Tatsumi, Naohisa; Wang, Zhi-Gang; Inoue, Tatsuo.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu A Hen v 55 n 514
Jun 1989 p 1389-1393.
037119 Elastic Stress Analysis of Two
Oblique Intersecting Cylindrical Shells
Subjected to Internal Pressure. In this paper,
the elastic stress distribution in two oblique
intersecting cylindrical shells subjected to
internal pressure is discussed. We first
investigated the elastic stresses and
displacements to the intersected shell
(cylindrical vessel) with an arbitrary curved
hole under internal pressure. In making this
analysis, a curvilinear coordinate system (e, ~)
e eo
is used and one of which = is made to
coincide with the hole contour r. The
governing equation is the equation of shallow
shell in this coordinate system. When the hole
contour is an ellipse, the obtained solution is a
complex function expressed in Mathieu
function. Then, we discussed the stresses and
displacements expressed in the edge effect
form on the basis of Flugge's equations for the
intersecting shell (nozzle). At last, a boundary
condition along the intersection curve is
derived. Numerical computation was
conducted, and the results are compared with
experiments. (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
Chien, Huei-Lin (Nanjing lnst of Chemical
Technology, Nanjing, China); Wu, Shao-Jun. ASME
Pressure Vessels Piping Div Publ PVP v 139 Design
and Analysis of Piping, Pressure Vessels and
Components, 1988, Presented at the 1988 ASME
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA,Jun 19-23 1988. Publ by American Soc
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 119-124.
037120 Cutouts in Laminated Plates and
Shells. A finite element method for evaluating
stresses around cutouts in thin to moderately
thick laminated composite plate and shell
structures is presented. Ahmad's eight noded
isoparametric quadrilateral shell element
 Excerpts from The Eneineerine Index Annual 1989
(Ahmad et aI., 1970) is extended to laminated
composite structures by incorporating the
thickness concept. The element includes an
arbitrary number of bonded layers, each of
which may have a different thickness,
orientation of principal material directions
and elastic properties. The transverse shear
deformation is taken into account in
developing the stiffness matrix. (Author
abstract) 9 Refs.
Widera, G.E.O. (Univ of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA); Moumene, M. ASME Pressure
Vessels Piping Div Publ PVP v 146 Advances in
Macro-Mechanics of Composite Material Vessels and
Components, Presented at the 1988 ASME Pressure
Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA,Jun 19-23 1988. Publ by American Soc of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1988 P 155-158.
037121 Thermal Stresses in Thick Spherical
Shell with Internal Heat Generation. The
elastic thermal stresses in thick spherical shells
with internally uniform heat generation have
been studied analytically. The dimensionless
stress functions have been developed. The
computer generated graphs for the stress
functions for various outside to inside radii
ratios are presented to facilitate computation
of the stresses at any radial location of the
shell. The stress functions for the thermal
stresses for solid sphere with internal heat
generation have also been developed. The
radial location for the maximum values of the
dimensionless stress functions have been
determined and shown on the graphs. The
graphs for the stress functions are general
enough to compute the radial and hoop
stresses which are produced by the
temperature gradient encountered in the
shells. Additional aspects of the subject are
discussed. (Edited author abstract) 8 Refs.
Bhaduri, S. (Univ of Texas at EI Paso, EI Paso, TX,
USA); Kapoor, P.S. ASME Pet Div Publ PD v 21
Technical Economics, Synfuels, and Coal Energy-
1989, Presented at the Twelfth Annual Energy-
Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, TX, USA, Jan 22 - 25 1989. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (AS ME),
New York, NY, USA, 1988 P 65-70.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
037122 Step Pressure and Blast Responses
of Clamped Orthotropic Hemispherical
Shells. This paper is concerned with studies
on the axisymmetric free vibration and
dynamic response of polar orthotropic
393
clamped hemispherical shells subjected to
suddenly applied loads, including idealized
step pressure, a rectangular pressure impulse
of finite duration and realistic blast pressure
over the total or partial area. The
mathematical model is formulated in terms of
the mid-surface displacements and cross-
section rotation with effects of transverse
shear strain and rotary inertia taken into
account. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is
employed to solve the hemispherical shell
vibration problem by assumed modes in
Legendre polynomials, and the normal mode
superposition is used in the analysis of its
dynamic response. Numerical results for the
natural frequencies, mode shapes, structural
deformation and dynamic stresses are obtained
with the fiber orientation parallel or
perpendicular to the meridian direction as a
design guide. (Edited author abstract) 20 Refs.
Chao, C.C. (Nat! Tsing Hua Univ, Hsinchu,
Taiwan); Tung, T.P. Int J Impact Eng v 8 n 3 1989
P 191-207.
037123 Elasto/Visco-Plastic Dynamic
Response ofAxisymmetrical Shells Under
Mechanical and/or Thermal Loading. An
analytical method for the e1asto/visco-plastic
dynamic problems of axis ymmetrica I thin
shells subjected to mechanical and/or thermal
loads is developed. The equations of motion
and the relations between the strains and
displacements are derived by extending
Sanders' elastic shell theory. For the
constitutive relations, the Perzyna elasto/
visco-plastic equations including the
temperature effect are employed. The
fundamental equations derived are
numerically solved by the finite difference
method. As numerical examples, the simply
supported cylindrical shells made of mild steel
are treated and the following two cases are
analyzed; a nonuniform temperature cylinder
subjected to impulsive pressure, and an
internal pressure cylinder subjected to
impulsive thermal load. In both cases the
variations of displacements and internal forces
with time are discussed. (Author abstract) 13
Refs. In Japanese.
Tao, Katsumi; Takezono, Shigeo; Taguchi,
Toshihiro; Hotada, Kazuo. Nippon Kikai Gakkai
Ronbunshu A Hen v 54 n 503 Ju1 1988 p 1457 -1464.
037124 Investigation of the Spherical
Membrane Cap under Partial Load. This
paper shows how the internal forces due to an
axially non-symmetric load of a spherical can
cap be determined in the frame of the
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
membrane theory. It presents the method of
internal forces for the terms of the Fourier
expansion. In a numerical example these
forces are computed for a spherical cap with a
particular half central angle. Calculation
results are discussed. (Edited author abstract)
5 Refs.
Olitzscher, Frank. Acta Tech (Budapest) v 100 n 2-3
1987 P 225-238.
037125 Formulation and Accuracy of a
Circular Cylindrical Shell Theory Due to a
Higher-Order Approximation. In this paper,
the most general higher-Qrder equations of
three-dimensional static and dynamic theories
for a circular cylindrical shell are derived by
expanding the displacements into an infinite
power series with respect to the radial
coordinate of the shell. The present
formulation can be taken into account actually
any higher-order terms for both cases of static
and dynamic problems. Several theories which
were proposed previously, can be deduced by
the employment of the lower-order terms in
our theory. Three typical theories such as
3-order theory, Levinson-type theory and
Levinson-Voyladjis-Baluch-type theory are also
newly derived from the present formulation.
Numerical results of natural frequencies for
simply-supported cylindrical shells are
compared to the exact solution as well as
many theories. (Author abstract) 8 Refs. In
Japanese.
Hirano, Kisaburou; Hirashima, Kenichi. Nippon
Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu A Hen v 54 n 506 Oct 1988
p 1915-1919.
037126 Dynamic and Static Behavior of
Cable Dome Model. The static and dynamic
behavior of a cable dome was studied by
testing a 1/50 scale model. Three different
pretension levels were considered. The static
response of the model under a symmetric and
an antisymmetric loading was investigated.
The cable dome's behavior changes from a
compressive to a tensile membrane with
increasing applied central load. The cable
model exhibits a hardening response,
especially in the antisymmetric mode. The
nonlinearity becomes more pronounced with
decreasing pretension. The stiffness in the
antisymmetric mode is dominated by the
geometric stiffness from pretensioning. In the
vertical acceleration (symmetric) test at the
intermediate pretension the first dominant
mode was antisymmetric. A sail exciter was
also used to apply a single asymmetric
controlled force. Up and down harmonic
394
excitation sweeps showed a dynamic instability.
The frequency range over which the response
is unstable decreases with increasing
pretension. The dynamic to static strain ratio
decreased from 20% to 2.3% as pretension
increased from the lowest to the highest
value. (Author abstract) 20 Refs.
Gasparini, D.A. (Case Western Reserve Univ,
Cleveland, OH, USA); Perdikaris, P.C.; Kanj, N.]
Struct Eng v 115 n 2 Feb 1989 p 363 - 381.
037127 Infinite, Elastic, Cylindrical Shell
with a Finite Number of Ring
Constraints. The axisymmetric excitation of
an infinite, elastic, cylindrical shell with a
finite number of ring constraints is discussed.
Exact solutions are presented for the cases of
one and two constraints. These are then
examined in an asymptotic limit that
corresponds to light fluid-loading and small
curvature. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
Lawrie, J.B. (Univ of Bristol, Bristol, Engl).] Sound
Vib v 130 n 2 Apr 22 1989 P 189-206.
037128 Membrane Shell as an Under-
constrained Structural System. Statical-
kinematic analysis is employed to provide a
new perspective on the structural behavior of
membrane shells and the related limitations of
the linear membrane theory. The obtained
results include a resolution of an apparent
paradox in the statics of membranes, a
description and explanation of the peculiar
behavior of toroidal membranes with an
arbitrary cross-section, and a stronger version
of a central theorem in the membrane theory.
(Author abstract) 7 Refs.
Kuznetsov, E.N. (Univ of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA).] Appl Meek Trans
ASME v 56 n 2 June 1989 p 387 - 390.
037129 Modal Analysis of a Shell's Acoustic
Radiation in Light and Heavy Fluids. A
modal analysis study of acoustic radiation by a
finite cylindrical shell immersed in light of
heavy fluid is presented. Attention is focused
on the explanation of radiation phenomena in
both fluids. The concepts of radiation,
structural and evenly damped modes are
explained. These lead to clarification of the
shells' vibro-acoustic behaviour in heavy fluid
and to confirmation of the well known case of
light fluid. Relationships between these new
concepts and the more classical one of radiating
and non-radiating modes are presented. It is
shown that this previous classification of modes
is insufficient to clarify the heavy fluid-shell
coupling, especially in the critical frequency
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
range. In this range the behaviour of a shell in
water is very different from that of one in air,
and is entirely controlled by modes which are
overdamped by radiation. In particular, it is
shown that structural damping is ineffective in
reducing radiated power in the critical
frequency range when the fluid is water.
(Author abstract) 22 Refs.
Laulagnet, B. (INSA, Villeurbanne, Fr); Guyader,
J.L.] Sound Vib v 131 n 3 Jun 22 1989 P 397 - 415.
037130 Analysis of Elasto/Visco-Plastic
Dynamic Response of General Thin Shells by
Means of Overlay Model. The numerical
analysis of the elasto/visco-plastic dynamic
response of the general thin shells to arbitrary
loads is carried out by the use of the elasto/
visco-plastic overlay model which is able to
express the Bauschinger effect and the strain
rate dependence. Namely Perzyna's equation is
used for the constitutive relation of each layer
of the overlay model and as a whole the
Bauschinger effect and the influence of
viscosity in the plastic range of the material are
taken into account. The equations of motion
derived from the Sanders nonlinear theory for
thin shells by adding the inertia terms are used,
and the relations between strains and
displacements where rotations of the shell are
considered for the membrane strains are
employed. (Edited author abstract) 18 Refs. In
Japanese.
Tao, Katsumi; Takezono, Shigeo. Nippon Kikai
Gakkai Ronbunshu A Hen v 55 n 514 Jun 1989
p 1453-1460.
037131 Theoretical Analysis of a Multi-
Layered Thin Shell Coupled with
Piezoelectric Shell Actuators for Distributed
Vibration Controls. Structural dynamics and
controls of distributed mechanical systems have
drawn much attention in recent years. In this
paper, a multilayered thin shell coupled with an
active distributed vibration actuator-
polymeric piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF)-is proposed and evaluated. Dynamic
equations for the generalized multi-layered
thin shell coupled with the polymeric
piezoelectrets are derived based on Love's
theory and Hamilton's principle. Each layer of
the shell can be a polymeric piezoelectric
control layer subjected to feedback voltages
resulting in a local control force to suppress the
vibration of the shell. To demonstrate the
derived equations, a cantilever beam coupled
with the polymeric piezoelectric actuator is
derived by directly simplifying the modified
Love's equations. An experimental model was
395
also built and tested in laboratory to validate
the results. (Author abstract) 24 Refs.
Tzou, H.S. (Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
USA); Gadre, M.] Sound Vib] Sound Vib v 132 v
132 n 3 n 3 Aug 8 Aug 819891989 P 433-450.
037132 Analysis of Laminated Shells.
Laminated shell structures are increasingly
being used in chemical, marine and aerospace
applications. A significant amount of research
has been conducted in the past on studying
the structural response of these structures. A
review of various investigations on the analysis
of these shells is given here. Specifically, this
review deals with the development of various
theories for modelling the thick laminated
shells including shear effects; analytical
studies, development of various finite elements
to model these shells including applications to
tire modelling; buckling and post buckling
analysis of perfect and imperfect laminated
shells; vibration and dynamic response analysis
of various laminated shells. (Author abstract)
148 Refs.
Kapania, R.K. (Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State
Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA). ASME Aerosp Div Publ
AD v 13 Recent Advances in the Macro- and
Micro-Mechanics of Composite Materials Structures,
Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov 27 - Dec 2 1988. Publ by
American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
New York, NY, USA, 1988 P 177-187.
037133 Analysis of Glulam Lattice Dome.
Glued-laminated timber (glulam) domes have
become competitive in the engineering of
large-span roof structures. Three-way glulam
grid domes, such as the Triax and Varax
domes, are particularly well-suited for glulam
construction because the members lie on great
circles and, thus, have the same radius of
curvature. The curved members are
interconnected by patented steel hubs. The
restraints offered by these connectors are the
major differences in the designs of the Triax
and Varax domes. The domes rest on tension
rings made of steel or reinforced concrete.
Because of their economy and acoustic
quality, Triax and Varax domes are widely
used for multipurpose facilities involving
sports, recreational, and social activities. The
purpose of this paper is to report on a project
that was initiated to formulate a finite
element method of analysis that can predict
the complete structural response of glulam
space frames and lattice domes up to collapse.
25 Refs.
 Excerpts from The Enoineerino Index Annual 1989
Holzer, S.M. (Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State
Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA); Huang, C.Y.;
Davalos, J.F.; Loferski, J.R. Struet Des, Anal Test
Structural Design, Analysis and Testing,
Proceedings of the sessions at Structures Congress
'89, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 1- 5 1989. Publ
by ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P 914-921.
037134 Why Bifurcation: A Study of a
Recticulated Dome. Numerical results for a
hexagonal lattice dome subjected to uniform
gravity loading are presented. We demonstrate
that a perfect nonlinear bifurcation analysis
plays a crucial role in the identification of the
critical imperfection. In the process we also
advertise the capabilities of some recently
developed techniques for computational
bifurcation problems with symmetry. (Author
abstract) 6 Refs.
Healey, Timothy L. (Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY,
USA). Struet Des, Anal Test Structural Design,
Analysis and Testing, Proceedings of the sessions at
Structures Congress '89, San Francisco, CA, USA,
May 1-5 1989. Publ by ASCE, New York, NY,
USA, 1989 P 942 - 948.
037135 Application of Mathematical
Programming to the Limit Analysis of Shell
Structures. Limit analysis of a shell structure
has been expressed, in the present paper, as a
nonlinear programming problem, where the
principle of virtual displacement in
combination with rigid perfect-plastic
assumption and von Mises yield criterion are
used. The structure is separated into several
rigid and plastic regions for the purpose of
saving computer storage, since the
displacement functions should be generated
only in plastic regions. By use of the Lagrange
multiplier method, the primary problem can
be expressed as a non-linear programming
problem without restrictions. By using the
gradient of the object function, a set of
suitable displacement velocities can be found
by iteraction to minimize the object function
and obtain an upper bound solution of the
ultimate load of the structure. A cylindrical
shell and a tubular T-joint are computed and
the results are satisfactory in comparison with
classical solutions or experimental results.
(Author abstract) 7 Refs.
Chen, T.Y. (Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai,
China); Chen, W.M.; Wang, Y.Q. Proe Int Offshore
Meeh Arct Eng Symp v II (of VI), Proceedings of the
Eighth International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering-1989, Hague,
Neth, Mar 19-23 1989. Publ by American Soc of
396
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1989 P 743-751.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
037136 Carrying Capacity and Optimal
Design of Reinforced Cylindrical
Shells. Models were constructed for
calculating the carrying capacity and
optimizing the design of cylindrical shells
reinforced by regular frames and supported
by discrete 'saddle' supports of various
configurations or resting on a continuously
plastic base. The closed shell was considered
to be made from an ideal rigidly plastic
material with constant thickness with a given
yield point and to be filled with fluid. It was
assumed that exhaustion of the shell carrying
capacity occurs with rupture. Calculations of
the upper boundaries of the limit loads were
performed in a broad range of thicknesses.
Parameters for the analysis of the shell
carrying capacity reinforced by regular
annular ribs were established. Analysis of the
optimal designs shows that the models first
tend to assure a given carrying capacity
because of an increase in thickness and only
then are the frames introduced. 4 Refs.
Dekhtyar, A.S. (Kiev Art Inst, Kiev, USSR). Sov
Appl Meeh v 23 n 11 May 1988 p 1049-1054.
037137 Wplyw Geometrycznych I
Fizycznych Parametrow Trojwarstwowej
Powloki Wnlcowoj Nn Jej Statecznosc Przy
Obclazenlach Zlozonych. [Influence of
Physical and Geometrical Parameters of
Sandwich Cylindrical Shell Under Composed
Load for its Stability]. The paper presents
numerical analysis results of stability loss for
an elastic, open, cylindrical sandwich shell
with light-weight core and with thin faces of
equal thickness. The shell is loaded by
composed load, i.e. compression longitudinal
forces, lateral surface pressure and shear edge
forces. The influence of shell curvature, shell
length, the thickness of each layer, and the
core elasticity modulus on the values of upper
and lower critical load is investigated. (Edited
author abstract) 4 Refs. In Polish.
Sekulski, Zygmunt; Szyc, Waclaw. Arch Budowy Masz
v34n31987p321-336.
TESTING
037138 Deformation and Fracture of
Two-Layer Metal-Plastic Shells Under
Internal Shock Loading. The goal of this
paper was to study the feasibility of making
 Excerpts from The En8ineerin8 Index Annual 1989
fuller use of the strength reserves of a
glass-plastic in a thin-walled shell under
internal shock loading. We studied the
deformation and fracture of cylindrical two-
layer metal-plastic shells (a shell of steel 20
was inserted without a gap inside the glass-
plastic shell) under an internal explosion.
Fracture was established from the break-
through of explosion products, ruptures of
the strain gages, and external inspection. We
determined the maximum hoop strains in the
first phases of tension and compression for
the most heavily loaded central section of the
shells. The deformation process took the form
of rapidly decaying vibrations. We also
evaluated the effect of the steel on the decay
of vibrations in the shell in a simplified
formulation for the case of decaying sinusoidal
free vibrations of a system with Coulomb
friction. Characteristic chronograms and
oscillograms of the strains of the glass-plastic
and steel shells are shown with a cross section
of the metal-plastic shells. Test results are
analyzed. 6 Refs.
Tsypkin, V.I.; Rusak, V.N.; Ivanov, A.G.;
Fedorenko, A.G.; Vorontsova, O.S. Meeh Compos
Mater v 23 n 5 Mar 1988 p 586-590.
THEORY
037139 Numerical Solution Method for
Dynamical Problems of Shell Theory. The
forced vibrations of shells of revolution
subjected to a load changes in an arbitrary
manner with time was examined. The
majority of the existing algorithms for
numerical analysis of thin elastic shell
vibrations are based on the method of
expansion of eigenmodes and on asymptotic
method. This paper describes a method that is
not associated with the constraints of the
above-mentioned algorithms. Analysis of the
results shows that the vibration mode of a
shell subjected to a unit rectangular pulse
differs noticeably from the lowest eigenmodes.
6 Refs.
Naraikin, O.S. (M.E. Bauman Higher Technical
Inst, USSR). Sov Appl Meeh v 24 n 2 Aug 1988 P
126-132.
037140 Stress State of Thin-Walled
Elements of Structures Fabricated from
Nonlinearly Elastic Orthotropic Composite
Materials. Experimental results indicate that
the material of certain composites (glass-plastic
on a fabric base, organic plastics, etc.)
possesses nonlinear properties; the elastic
characteristics and strain diagram of the
397
mentioned composites vary significantly as a
function of the component content by
volume, the bonding scheme and a number of
other technological factors. Taking account of
the real properties of composites, including
the anisotropy and nonlinearity of the strain
diagram attention must be paid in formulating
the problems, compiling the governing
equations, refining the computational schemes,
and performing the strength analyses of
structural elements (rods, plates, shells) or the
typical structures of complex geometric shape.
9 Refs.
Guz', A.N. (Acad of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR,
Kiev, USSR); Chernyshenko, I.S.; Georgievskii,
V.P.; Maksimyuk, V.A. Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p
337-342.
037141 Refinement of Shear Theory of
Laminar Orthotropic Sloping Shells. This
paper proposes refinement of the shear
theory. A second-approximation model is
proposed, allowing this effect to be described
on the basis of an approach invariant with
respect to the number of layers in the system
and allowing the distortion of the normal in
the course of shell deformation to be taken
into account. The discontinuities in the
smoothness of the functions between the
outer layers are observed both for tangential
and for normal stress, which allows the
lamination process of the structure to be
modeled. 12 Refs.
Rasskazov, A.O. (Kiev Highway Inst, USSR);
Burygina, A.O. Sov Appl Meeh Oct 1988 p 343-347.
037142 Higher Order Theories for Thick
Cylindrical Shells. A variational derivation is
used to obtain 10th and 12th order shell
theories along with the associated boundary
conditions. A computer program produces the
coefficients in the reductions of the sets of
equilibrium equations to equivalent single
10th and 12th order equations. Exact
solutions for closed shells which decay in the
axial direction are obtained and compared
with exact three dimensional solutions in
order to assess the accuracy of the shell
theory as an approximation to the elasticity
theory. (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
Faraji, Susan (Univ of Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA);
Archer, R.R. Aeta Meeh v 74 n 1-4 Oct 1988 p 9-24.
037143 Self-Equilibrated Singular Solutions
of a Complete Spherical Shell: Classical
Theory Approach. The elastic response of a
complete spherical shell under the influence of
concentrated loads (normal point loads,
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
concentrated tangential loads, and
concentrated surface moments) which apply in
a self-equilibrating fashion is obtained. The
mathematical analysis incorporates the classical
uncoupled system of equations for the
transverse displacement Wand a stress
function F. The solution formulae for all
three types of singular loading are in closed
form and they are expressed in terms of
complex Legendre and other elementary
functions. The two latter portions of the
analysis are associated with a multivalued
stress function F which leads to a single-valued
stress and displacement formulae. (Edited
author abstract) 19 Refs.
Simos, Nikolaos (City Univ of New York, New
York, NY, USA); Sadegh, Ali M.] Appl Meeh Trans
ASME v 56 n 1 Mar 1989 p 105-112.
037144 On a Stress Resultant Geometrically
Exact Shell Model. Part I: Formulation and
Optimal Parametrization. The main thrust
of this work is to demonstrate that classical
shell theory, phrased as one-director Cosserat
surface, leads itself to an efficient numerical
implementation which is free from
mathematical complexities and suitable for
large scale computation. Examples are given
which contain simulations involving extremely
large displacements and rotations obtained
with the formulation described. It is shown
that this approach is able to reproduce the
exact solutions of standard benchmark linear
problems often used to assess the performance
of numerical formulations based on the
degenerated solid approach. 48 Refs.
Simo, J.C. (Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA, USA);
Fox, D.D. Comput Methods Appl Meek Eng v 72 n 3
Mar 1989 p 267-304.
037145 On a Stress Resultant Geometrically
Exact Shell Model. Part II: The Linear
Theory; Computational Aspects. Computa-
tional aspects of a linear stress resultant
(classical) shell theory, obtained by systematic
linearization of the geometrically exact
nonlinear theory are examined in detail. In
particular, finite element interpolations for the
reference director field and the linearized
rotation field are constructed such that the
underlying geometric structure of the
continuum theory is preserved exactly by the
discrete approximation. A discrete canonical,
singularity-free mapping between the five and
the six degree of freedom formulation is
constructed by exploiting the geometric
connection between the orthogonal group
(SO(3)) and the unit sphere (S2). The
398
proposed numerical treatment of the
membrane and bending fields, based on a
mixed HeIlinger-Reissner formulation,
provides excellent results for the 4-node
bilinear isoparametric element. (Edited author
abstract) 46 Refs.
Simo, J.C. (Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA, USA);
Fox, D.O.; Rifai, M.S. Comput Methods Appl Meeh
Eng v 73 n 1 Apr 1989 p 53-92.
037146 Maguerre-Mindlin Shallow Shell
Elements. Two isoparametric Lagrangian
shallow shell elements are presented: a 4-node
element Quad4 and a 9-node element Quad9.
These elements are based on Mindlin/
Reissner plate elements. These elements are
sophisticated by adding conventional
membrane stiffness and membrane-bending
coupling terms based on Maguerre's
approximate shallow shell theory. This results
in double curved shell elements which
originally possess severe membrane locking
behavior. This defect is overcome in the same
way as the shear locking problem is solved.
(Edited author abstract) 10 Refs.
Kraus, Gerhard (Ingenieurbuero fuer
Strukuranalyse, Berlin, West Ger). Eng Comput
(Swansea Wales) v 6 n 1 Mar 1989 p 44-48.
037147 Work-Conjugate Boundary
Conditions in the Nonlinear Theory of Thin
Shells. Work-conjugate boundary conditions
for a class of nonlinear theories of thin shells
formulated in terms of displacements of the
reference surface are discussed. Applying
theorems of the theory of differential forms it
is shown that many of the sets of static
boundary conditions which have been proposed
in the literature do not possess work-conjugate
geometric counterparts. The general form of
four geometric boundary conditions and their
work-conjugate static boundary conditions is
constructed and three particular cases are
analyzed. The boundary conditions given here
are valid for unrestricted displacements,
rotations, strains and/or changes of curvatures
of the reference surface. (Author abstract) 30
Refs.
Makowski,J. (Ruhr Univ, Bochum, West Ger);
Pietraszkiewicz, W.] Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 56 n
2June 1989 p 395-402
037148 Formulation and Accuracy of the
Circular Cylindrical Shell Theory Due to
Higher Order Approximation. The most
general higher order equations of the three-
dimensional static and dynamic theories for a
circular cylindrical shell are derived by
 Excerpts from The Ennineerinn Index Annual 1989
expanding the displacements into an infinite
power series with respect to the radial
coordinate of the shell. The present theory
takes into account any higher order terms for
both the static and dynamic problems. Several
theories, which have been proposed, can be
deduced by using the lower order terms of our
theory. Three typical theories are the third-
order theory, the Levinson theory and the
Levinson-Voyiadjis-Baluch theory, which are
redefined according to the present theory.
Numerical results of natural frequencies for
the simply supported cylindrical shell, as well as
many other theories, are compared with the
exact solutions. (Author abstract) 8 Refs.
Hirano, Kisaburou (Oita Natl Coil of Technology,
Oita, Jpn); Hirashima, Kenichi.JSME IntJ Ser 1 v 32
n 3Jul1989 p 337-340.
THERMAL EFFECTS
037149 Parabolic Shells Subjected to Solar
Radiation. Questions of the theory and
analysis of parabolic shells under solar side and
central illumination were considered. A
thermal balance equation was constructed
incorporating the heat fluxes and coefficients
of thermal conduction and radiation transfer
along with expressions for the optical
coefficients of metals. Equations were derived
for determining the temperature fields. Using
these fields, the stress-strain states for a
parabolic shell closed at the apex and for the
domain of connection of the shell to a stiffener
ring were examined. 6 Refs.
Gudramovich, V.S. (Acad of Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk, USSR); Diskovskii,
l.A.; Sel'skii, Yu, S. Sov Appl Meeh v 23 n 11 May
1988 p 1043-1049.
037150 Transient Temperature Distribution
in an Internally and Externally Insulated
Cylindrical Shell. This paper presents the
analytical solution for unsteady state
temperature distribution in a cylindrical shell
having thin layer of thermal insulation coating
at the inner and outer surfaces. The formula
has been derived assuming different initial
temperatures of shell and insulation coating
while the contact between them has also been
assumed to be imperfect. The internal and
external surfaces of the shell and coatings are
exposed to the convective boundary
conditions of third kind. The generalized
formula obtained has been used to obtain the
warming-up-period of the cylindrical wall of a
Diesel engine coated internally and externally
by ceramic insulation material. A plot of
399
Temperature-time history and heat flow rates
have been obtained. The problem considered
has got its application in the transient thermal
analysis of an adiabatic engine. Any other
similar problem in metallurgical, aeronautical,
furnace design, boiler design applications may
be solved by the formula obtained. (Author
abstract) 8 Refs.
Prasad, Ravindra (Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi,
India); Samria, N.K. Appl Sci Res (The Hague) v 46 n
2Jun 1989 p 141-157
THERMOELASTICITY
037151 Thermoelasticity of a Regularly
Nonhomogeneous Thin Curved Layer with
Rapidly Varying Thickness. A regular
nonhomogeneous (composite), anisotropic,
thin curved layer with rapidly oscillating
material parameters and thickness is
considered for the case when mean thickness
and period scale have small magnitudes of the
same order. A three-dimensional
thermoelasticity problem for this layer is
reduced to a homogenized shell model by
means of an asymptotic homogenization
method for periodic structures. This general
model is applied to the derivation of
thermoelastic and thermal constitutive
equations for network periodic shells. The
relations obtained lay the foundation for a
new continuous model of thermoelasticity and
heat conductivity for network period shells
and plates. (Edited author abstract) 15 Refs.
Parton, Vladimir Z. (Moscow Inst of Chemical
Engineering, Moscow, USSR); Kalamkarov,
Aleksandr L. J Therm Stresses v 11 n 4 1989
P 405-420.
037152 Stochastic Thermoelasticity of
Laminated Shells. The paper proposes a
theory and develops a numeric method for
computing the stochastic characteristics of
stress fields in the layers of a multilayer shell
needed for estimating its reliability and
longevity. The statistical characteristics of the
external temperature field are assumed to be
known. Centered fields of temperatures and
displacements are considered, assuming that
the expectations of the fields have already
been evaluated. The assumptions adopted in
the construction of the theory are divided
into three kinds. Thermophysical hypotheses:
thermophysical parameters of the materials of
the layers are temperature independent.
Mechanical hypotheses: the rigid layers of a
multilayer shell conform to the Kirchhoff-
Love hypothesis. Stochastic hypotheses: the
 Excerpts from The Ennineerinn Index Annual 1989
statistical characteristics of displacement fields
and stress fields are analyzed in the
framework of a correlation theory. The
external temperature field is a stationary
time-random, space-homogeneous field.
(Edited author abstract) 14 Refs.
Butko, A.M.; Novichkov, Yu.N. Mech Solids v 23 n
21988 p 133-143.
VIBRATIONS
037153 Nonlinear Analysis of Doubly
Curved Symmetrically Laminated Shallow
Shells with Rectangular Plan form. A
multi-mode solution to the dynamic
Marguerre-type nonlinear equations is
presented for the nonlinear free vibration of
doubly curved, symmetrically laminated,
imperfect shallow shells of rectangular
plan-form on a Winkler-Pasternak elastic
foundation. The shell edges are assumed to
be transversely supported and the variation of
rotational stiffness is identical along opposite
edges. Generalized double Fourier series with
time-dependent coefficients and the method
of harmonic balance are used in the solution.
The boundary condition for the varying
rotational stiffness is fulfilled by replacement
of bending moments along the four edges by
an equivalent lateral pressure. Based on a
single-mode approximation numerical results
for the amplitude-frequency response of
doubly curved isotropic, orthotropic, cross-ply
and angle-ply shallow shells with square
plan form are presented for various boundary
conditions, material properties, curvature
ratios, initial imperfections, edge tensions, and
moduli of the elastic foundation. (Edited
author abstract) 25 Refs.
Chia, C.Y. (Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Can).
Ing Arch v 58 n 4 1988 P 252 - 264.
037154 Free Vibration of a Spinning
Spherical Shell. An analysis is presented for
the free vibration of a spinning spherical shell.
For this purpose, the governing equations and
the boundary conditions of the shell are
derived by applying Hamilton's principle to
the strain and kinetic energies of the shell.
The variables in the equations can be written
as summation of the quasi-static components
which are independent of time and the
dynamic ones. The linear equations on the
vibration about the deformed state are solved
by using the transfer matrix method. The
method is applied to a spinning clamped-free
spherical shell. The quasi-static and dynamic
displacement and the frequency parameters
400
are calculated numerically, and the effects of
the spinning of the shell on the free vibration
are studied. (Author abstract) 7 Refs. In
Japanese.
Yamada, Cen; Kobayaski, Yukinori; Sawae,
Tatsuhiro; Irie, Toshihiro. Nippon Kikai Gakkai
Ronbunshu C Hen v 54 n 505 Sep 1988 p 2009-2015.
037155 Evaluation of the Modal Density of
Paraboloidal and Similar Shells. Modal
densities of various structures have been found
both theoretically in terms of expressions
involving integrals, and also experimentally.
They are of interest to designers of, for
example, satellite aerials and spacecraft
structures. The theoretical method is
hampered by the difficulty of evaluating the
integrals. For certain shells such as a thin
plate, spherical cap or circular cylinder, the
integrals can be evaluated analytically. In this
paper a numerical method is presented for
the computation of modal densities of other
shell geometries, in particular the paraboloidal
shell. Both the isotropic and honeycomb types
are considered. Enough details of the
numerical method are given to allow the
reader to adapt it to other shapes for which
analytic integration is not possible. (Author
abstract) 3 Refs.
Elliott, C.H. (Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth,
Engl). ] Sound Vib v 126 n 3 Nov 8 1988 P 477 -483.
037156 Non-Linear Vibration Analysis of
Fluid-Filled Cylindrical Shells. A theoretical
analysis is presented for determining the
elastic non-linear vibrations of a prestressed
thin-walled cylindrical shell filled with an ideal
fluid. For the vibrations of the shell itself, the
dynamic version of the Sanders non-linear
equations for the case of moderately small
rotations is employed. Modal expansions are
used for the displacements of the shell middle
surface that are required to satisfy the
'classical simply supported' boundary
conditions and the circumferential periodicity
condition. The fluid is taken as non-viscous
and incompressible, and the coupling between
the deformable shell and this medium is taken
into account. The velocity potential is
expanded in terms of harmonic functions
which satisfy the Laplace equation term by
term. The Galerkin method is used to reduce
the problem to a system of coupled algebraic
non-linear equations for the modal amplitudes.
Solutions are presented to show the effects of
fluid and shell parameters on the non-linear
vibrations of the shell. (Author abstract) 27
Refs.
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
Goncalves, P.B. (Pontificia Univ Catolica, Rio de
Janerio, Braz); Batista, R.C. J Sound Vib v 127 n 1
Nov 221988 P 133-143.
037157 Hydroelastic Vibrations of Liquid-
Filled Finite Length, Rotating Cylindrical
Shells. A theoretical investigation is presented
for the hydroelastic vibration of finite length,
rotating cylindrical shells partially filled with
incompressible and nonviscous liquid. Gravity
and surface tension is neglected, while the
initial tension due to the rotation is
considered. On the basis of the Fluegge-type
equations, the shell with both edges clamped is
analyzed by the variation of parameters. It is
found that the magnitude of the initial
tension due to the centrifugal force depends
on the rotating speed and the quantity and
density of liquid. The frequency increases
with the initial tension, while it decreases with
the inertia of liquid. (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
In Japanese.
Tani, Junji; Zhang, Hebing. Nippon Kikai Gakkai
Ronbunshu C Hen v 54 n 507 Nov 1988 P
2633-2639.
037158 Theoretical and Experimental Study
of Vibrations of Thick Circular Cylindrical
Shells and Rings. The free vibrations of
thick circular cylindrical shells and rings are
discussed in this paper. The well-known
energy method, which is based on the
three-dimensional theory of elasticity, is used
in the derivation of the frequency equation of
the shell. The frequency equation yields
resonant frequencies for all the
circumferential modes of vibration, including
the breathing and beam-type modes.
Experimental investigations were carried out
on several models in order to assess the
validity of the analysis. This paper first
describes briefly the method of analysis. In
the end, the calculated frequencies are
compared with the experimental values. A
very close agreement between the theoretical
and experimental values of the resonant
frequencies for all the models was obtained
and this validates the method of analysis.
(Author abstract) 14 Refs.
Singal, R.K. (Communications Research Cent,
Ottawa, Ont, Can); William, K. J Vib Acoust Stress
Reliab Des v 110 n 4 Oct 1988 p 533-537.
037159 Asymmetric Vibrations of Thick
Shells of Revolution Having Meridionally
Varying Curvature. An exact method using
power series expansions is presented for
solving asymmetric free vibration problems
401
for thick shells of revolution having
meridionally varying curvature. Based on the
improved thick shell theory, the Lagrangian
of the shells of revolution are obtained, and
the equations of motion and the boundary
conditions are derived from the stationary
condition of the Lagrangian. The method is
demonstrated for thick shells of revolution
having elliptical, cycloidal, parabolical,
catenary and hyperbolical meridional
curvature. The results by the present method
are compared with those by the thin shell
theory and the effects of the rotary inertia
and the shear deformation upon the natural
frequencies are clarified. (Author abstract) 11
Refs.
Suzuki, Katsuyoshi; Yachita, Takumi; Kosawada,
Tadashi. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 54
n 508 Dec 1988 p 2822 - 2829.
037160 Asymmetric Vibrations of Shells of
Revolution Having Meridionally Varying
Curvature and Thickness. An exact method
using power series expansions is presented for
solving asymmetric free vibration problems
for shells of revolution having meridionally
varying curvature and thickness. The
governing equations of motion and the
boundary conditions are derived from the
stationary conditions of the Lagrangian of the
shells of revolution. The method is
demonstrated for shells of revolution having
elliptical cycloidal, parabolical, catenary and
hyperbolical meridional curvature. The
natural frequencies are numerically calculated
for these shells having second degree
thickness variation. (Author abstract) 8 Refs.
In Japanese.
Suzuki, Katsuyoshi; Miura, Kazuyuki; Kosawada,
Tadashi. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 54
n 508 Dec 1988 p 2830- 2836.
037161 Free Vibration Analysis of Singly
Curved Shell by Spline Finite Strip
Method. The spline finite strip method has
been applied to the free vibration analysis of a
singly curved shell panel. The convergence of
the method is reviewed. Additional numerical
examples on shells of different geometrical
shapes are employed to demonstrate the
accuracy and versatility of the method. Design
charts showing the variations of the four
lowest modes with the geometry of such panels
are presented. (Edited author abstract) 20 Refs.
Cheung, Y.K. (Univ of Hong Kong, Hong Kong);
Li, W.Y.; Tham, L.G. J Sound Vib v 128 n 3 Feb 8
1989 P 411-422.
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
037162 Effect of Boundary Conditions on
the Free Vibrations of Circular Cylindrical
Shells. A simple formula for the natural
frequency is derived as an asymptotic solution
for the eigenvalue problems of the breathing
type of free vibrations of a circular cylindrical
shell. It is applicable under any possible
combinations of the boundary conditions for
the simply supported, the clamped, and the
free ends. A characteristic value involved in
the formula depends on the combination of
three representative boundary conditions
SR(w = u = 0), SF(w = N = 0), and FR(N =
S = 0), indicating that the free vibration
characteristics depend on whether an end is
free or supported and whether the supported
end is allowed or not to move freely in the
axial direction. The accuracy of the formula is
examined by a comparison with numerical
solutions and experimental results. (Author
abstract) 9 Refs.
Koga, Tatsuzo (Univ of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Jpn).
AIAAJ v 26 n 11 Nov 1988 P 1387-1394.
037163 Inextensional Free Vibrations of
Circular Cylindrical Shells. Asymptotic
solutions are obtained for the eigenvalue
problems of the inextensional free vibrations
of circular cylindrical shells, considering all 45
possible combinations of the boundary
conditions, characterizing the simply
supported, the clamped, and the free ends. In
addition to the well-known L. Rayleigh and
A.E.H. Love types of inextensional vibrations
for shells with the free ends, a type
represented by a linear combination of those
classical ones is found in cases where one end
is free and the other is supported in such a
manner that it can move freely in the axial
direction. The existence of the three types of
inextensional mode is proved by an
experiment, and the mode shapes are
visualized by holographic interferometry.
(Author abstract) 7 Refs.
Koga, Tatsuzo (Univ of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Jpn);
Saito, Arihumi. AIAA J v 26 n 12 Dec 1988 p
1499-1505.
037164 Small Radial Vibrations of Layered,
H yperelastic, Spherical Shells of Arbitrary
Wall Thickness Subjected to Finite, Initial
Radial Deformations. Small, radial vibrations
of layered spherical shells of arbitrary wall
thickness and subjected to initial external
and/or internal pressure causing finite radial
deformations are investigated. The material of
each layer is assumed to be of neo-Hookean
type. The governing equations of both the
402
finitely deformed static state and the
superposed secondary dynamical state which
are obtained, respectively, by the theory of
finite elasticity and the theory of small
deformations superposed on large, elastic
deformations are solved analytically and in
closed form to yield the frequency expression.
Some numerical results are provided to study
the effect of several parameters. (Author
abstract) 12 Refs.
Evirgen, H. (Cazi Univ, Ankara, Turk); Ertepinar,
A.J Sound Vib v 130 n 2 Apr 221989 P 177-187.
037165 Vibration Analysis of Thick
Rotating Cylindrical Shells Based on the
Two-dimensional Elasticity Theory. Vibra-
tion analysis of infinite thick rotating
cylindrical shells is described on the basis of
the two-dimensional elasticity theory. Starting
from the state of plane strain, the basic
equation in the steady rotating state, which is
used to obtain the initial stresses, is derived
from Hamilton's principle, and the frequency
equation, including the effect of the initial
stresses due to the rotation, is formulated by
Ritz's method. The numerical results for the
frequencies in the non-rotating and rotating
state are compared with those based on
Timoshenko type shell theory and the
available range in the latter theory is
examined about the thickness and rotating
speed of a shell. (Author abstract) 7 Refs. In
Japanese.
Saito, Takashi; Endo, Mitsuru; Fujimoto, Kohji.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 55 n 511
Mar 1989 p 525-53l.
037166 Free Vibration Analysis of Coupled
External Fluid-Elastic Cylindrical Shell-
Internal Fluid Systems. The free vibrations
of an infinitely long cylindrical shell under
axisymmetrical hydrodynamic pressures due to
external and internal fluids are studied
theoretically. The basic equations of motion
for axisymmetric vibrations of such a shell are
given, based on the bending theory. These
equations are solved analytically by means of
Fourier cosine transformation, and the general
frequency equation for the coupled systems is
obtained by consideration of the dynamic
interaction between the shell surface and fluids.
Furthermore, seven cases are derived from the
general coupled frequency equation. The
general frequency equation is calculated for
some kinds of mass density of the internal
fluid. (Edited author abstract) 6 Refs.
Endo, Ryuji (Inst of Vocational Training, Aihara,
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual J989
Jpn); Tosaka, Nobuyoshi. jSME Int j SeT 1 v 32 n 2
Apr 1989p217-221.
037167 Dynamic Stability of Fluid-Coupled
Coaxial Cylindrical Shells under Vertical
Excitation. Theoretical analyses are presented
for the dynamic stability of a free-clamped
coaxial cylindrical shell partially filled in the
annular gap with incompressible, in viscid
liquid and subjected to vertical excitation. The
dynamic version of the Donnell equations and
the velocity potential theory are used for the
motions of the shell and the liquid, respectively.
The problem is solved by using the modified
Galerkin method so as to satisfy the boundary
conditions, and the governing equation is
reduced to a type of coupled Mathieu's
equation. The instability boundaries where
parametric resonance occurs are determined
by using Hsu's method. It is found that a
principal instability resonance and a
combination instability resonance of the sum
type of two natural vibrations, each of which
has the same circumferential wave number and
different axial mode of vibration, are likely to
occur. (Edited author abstract) 6 Refs. In
Japanese.
Tani, Junji; Sakai, Tatsuyoshi; Chiba, Masakatsu.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 55 n 512 Apr
1989 p 870-876.
037168 Vibration Analysis of Thick Rotating
Prestressed Cylindrical Shells (1st Report.
The Case of Exposure to an Initial Torque).
Vibration analysis of thick rotating cylindrical
shells subjected to an initial torque is
described. The basic equations, including the
effects of the initial tensions and resultant
shear stresses due to rotation, torque, external
pressure and axial compression load, are
derived by the Timoshenko-type shell theory.
By the modified Galerkin's method, frequency
analysis is carried out for four boundary con-
ditions (i.e., both ends (A) clamped with axial
constraint. (B) Simply supported without
axial constraint. (C) Simply supported with
axial constraint and (D) clamped without axial
constraint). Numerical results are compared
with those based on the Flugge-type shell
theory and the difference between both
theories is examined. (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
In Japanese.
Saito, Takashi; Endo, Mitsuru. Nippon Kikai Gakkai
Ronbunshu C Hen v 55 n 512 Apr 1989 p 878-885.
037169 Vibration Analysis of Cylindrical
Shells Connected with Bellows. For the
purpose of decreasing the lower critical speed
403
of circular cylindrical shells, which are used in
centrifugal separators to enrich uranium, and
rotating at higher speeds, it is considered that
circular cylindrical shells are connected with
bellows. Vibration analysis of circular
cylindrical shells connected with bellows is
carried out by the substructure synthesis
method for various numbers and dispositions
of bellows, and the optimum ones are
examined. Moreover, the transfer matrix
method, by which the critical speeds are simply
obtained, is described and the results are
examined by the substructure synthesis
method. (Author abstract) 5 Refs. In Japanese.
Saito, Takashi; Endo, Mitsuru; Yachigo, Katsuyuki.
Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu C Hen v 55 512 Apr
1989 p 887 -893.
037170 Vibrations of a Cylindrical Shell
Acted Upon by Concentrated Loads. We set
up Green's matrix of harmonic vibrations of a
circular cylindrical shell of finite length with
hinging conditions on the edges. The solution
is represented by a trigonometric Fourier
series in the circumferential coordinate. The
coefficients of the series are expressed in
terms of elementary functions. The response
of shells of infinite and finite length to
concentrated actions is compared. The
solution obtained is the kernel of the integral
equations of contact problems of shell
vibrations. It also enables us, by using simple
integration, to calculate the amplitude of
oscillation of a shell acted upon by arbitrarily
distributed surface loads. (Author abstract) 8
Refs.
Averbukh, A.Z.; Mavlyutov, I.G. Meeh Solids v 23
n 51988 P 130-135.
037171 Free Vibrations of the Rotating
Shells of Revolution. This paper is devoted
to the problems of free vibrations of thin
rotating shells. The theory of vibration of
rotating shells is part of the theory of an
arbitrary rotating body and the results which
are valid for an arbitrary body are also valid
for the shells. Though numerical methods are
the main approach to the investigation of the
dynamics of rotating bodies, some analytical
results have been obtained for some simple
bodies like rotating beams and discs. The
mathematical theory of nonrotating thin shells
is well developed. Several of the most
successful are two-dimensional theories of the
Kirchoff-Love type. The aim of this paper is
to apply asymptotic methods to the solution of
the eigenvalue problem for a rotating shell.
The authors use Novozhilov's two-dimensional
 Excerpts from The Engineering Index Annual 1989
shell theory to obtain the equations of the
vibration of the shell and the theory of
asymptotic integration of the differential
equation to solve the eigenvalue problem for
these equations. 23 Refs.
Smirnov, Andrei (Leningrad Univ, Leningrad,
USSR).] Appl Meeh Trans ASME v 56 n 2 Jun 1989
p 423-429.
037172 Dynamic Boundary Layer in
Problems of Vibration of Shells. Within the
framework of the three-dimensional theory,
the authors consider a thin elastic
axisymmetric shell of revolution of arbitrary
profile, that executes steady-state oscillations
under the action of an edge load. It was
established on the basis of the equations of
the classical two-dimensional theory, that for
fixed m and increasing w the variability of the
stress-strain state of the shell increases, and
there exist critical frequency values above
which the solution of the force-oscillation
problem becomes a solution of differing
variability. In this paper, the authors consider
approximate methods of setting up solutions
of differing variability for the equations of
elasticity, and consider the use of such
solutions for purposes of approximate
investigation of forced oscillations of shells at
frequencies that preclude the use of the
classical two-dimensional theory. 5 Refs.
Gol'denveizer, A.L. (Kaplunov, Yu.D.) Meeh Solids v
23 n 41988 P 146-155.
037173 Spline Finite Element for
Axisymmetric Free Vibrations of Shells of
Revolution. A new isoparametric element
suitable for the analysis of axisymmetric free
vibrations of shells of revolution is developed
in this paper. This element, which is based on
classical thin shell theory, employs a set of
B-spline shape functions for the interpolation
of the geometry as well as the displacements.
It inherits the merits of both the finite
element method and spline interpolation. The
efficiency and accuracy of the proposed
element are illustrated by examples in the
paper. (Author abstract) 20 Refs.
Fan, S.C. (Nanyang Technological Inst, Singapore);
Luah, M.H.] Sound Vib v 132 n 1 Jul 8 1989 P
61-72.
037174 Nonlinear Free Flexural Vibration
of Thin Circular Cylindrical Shells. The
early development on the topic of nonlinear
vibrations of isotropic circular cylindrical
shells is well documented by Evensen.
Subsequently, Prathap pointed out some
404
inconsistencies in the mathematical analysis
carried out by Evensen and also in the
physical behavior of the three-term model of
Dowell and Ventres. The comments made by
Prathap led to reinvestigation of the earlier
problem in the present study. The
axisymmetric part of the assumed deflected
shape plays an important role in the nonlinear
behavior of the shell, and so two appropriate
three-term mode shapes for the transverse
displacement are chosen. The modal equations
obtained by the Galerkin method are solved
by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to
obtain the amplitude-frequency relationship.
The numerical results based on the present
study and on the analysis of Evensen are
compared with the existing experimental
values. (Edited author abstract) 10 Refs.
Varadan, T.K. (Indian Inst of Technology, Madras,
India); Prathap, G.; Ramani, H.V. AIAA] v 27 n 9
Sep 1989 p 1303-1304.
037175 Free Vibrations of Circular
Cylindrical Shells. The eigenvalue problem
of the free vibrations of thin elastic circular
cylindrical shells is a well-established classical
topic in structural mechanics. All the
characteristic values of interest can now be
calculated to a desired degree of accuracy as
routine work with the aid of high-speed
digital computers. A number of analytical
solutions have been proposed, and they may
help us gain good insight into the physical
nature underlying the numerical data. This
paper reviews the historical background and
provides a unified view of the current state of
the art through asymptotic solutions recently
obtained by the author. Emphasis is placed on
the effects of the boundary conditions.
(Edited author abstract) 33 Refs.
Koga, Tatsuzo (Univ of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Jpn).
]SME Int] Ser 1 v 32 n 3 Jul 1989 P 311-319.
037176 Improved Multi-Segmental Transfer
Matrix Method for Closed Axisymmetric
Shells. In literature the vibrating problem of
thin, elastic axisymmetric shells is modeled by
a set of ordinary differential equations, which
are singular at closed ends. This paper
presents an improved multi-segmental transfer
matrix method to overcome the numerical
difficulties resulted from the singularities.
Examples are given for the calculations of
several typical axisymmetric shells. (Author
abstract) 5 Refs.
Jian, Zhao (Zhong Shan Univ, Guangzhou, China);
Hong-zhen, Wang; Wu-hua, Zhu. Proe Int Offshore
Meeh Aret Eng Symp v II (of VI), Proceedings of the
 Excerpts from The Enaineerina Index Annual 1989
Eighth International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering-1989, Hague,
Neth, Mar 19-23 1989. Publ by American Soc of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY,
USA, 1989 P 713-718.
VISCOELASTICITY
037177 Refined Dynamic Theory for
Viscoelastic Cylindrical Shells and
Cylindrical Laminated Composites, Part 1:
General Theory. Through the use of a new
technique, approximate theories are developed
for the dynamic response of viscoelastic
cylindrical shells and cylindrical laminated
composites. The work is divided into two
parts. The first part is devoted to the
development of the approximate theories and
the second part to the assessment. In this
part, first the approximate equations of a
single viscoelastic cylindrical shell are derived.
Then, a discrete model (DM) is proposed for
a composite made of viscoelastic laminae. In
establishing DM, it is noted that the equations
of a single shell hold also in each lamina of
the composite. The equations of DM are
completed by adding the interface continuity
conditions to the above-mentioned equations.
Finally, a continuum model (CM) is developed
for a composite shell made of two alternating
layers by using a smoothing operation. eM
simplifies the determination of dynamic
behavior of composite shells when the number
of laminae is large. (Edited author abstract)
10 Refs.
Mengi, Y. (Cukurova Univ, Adana, Turk); Birlik,
G.A.] Sound Vib v 130 n 1 Apr 81989 P 55-67.
037178 Refined Dynamic Theory for
Viscoelastic Cylindrical Shells and
Cylindrical Laminated Composites, Part 2:
An Application. In this study, the general
approximate theory developed in Part 1 for
shells is assessed for axially symmetric elastic
waves propagating in a dosed circular
cylindrical shell (hollow rod). The spectra
predicted by zeroth and second order
approximate theories are determined for
various values of shell thicknesses and the
Poisson ratios and they are compared with
those of exact theory. It is found that the
agreement between the two is good.
Approximate and exact cut-off frequencies
match almost exactly. The approximate
theory is valid for thin as well as thick shells.
These results, which are obtained without
using correction factors, give an indication of
the power of the general theories proposed in
Part 1. (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
405
BirIik, G.A. (Middle East Technical Univ, Ankara,
Turk); Mengi, Y.] Sound Vib v 130 n 1 Apr 8 1989
P 69-77.
WA VE EFFECTS
037179 Wave Forces on Hemicylinders.
Potential solutions describing the flow about
two-dimensional marine structures on or near
the ocean bottom are formulated, based on
Airy's wave model. The solutions for a
half-cylinder and semicircular shell are
considered in detail and evaluated in the case
of deep submergence. The formulation with
and without flow underneath the structure is
given and, in particular, the existence of a
large difference between the two cases in. the
vertical forces is shown. The effect of
introducing vorticity at the edges of the shell
is investigated. Numerical results for
hemicylinders resting on the bottom and
slightly raised off the bottom are presented.
The results obtained for the wave forces are
compared with experimental results obtained
for a slightly raised, open hemicylinder.
(Author abstract) 17 Refs.
Chakrabarti, Subrata K. (CBI Research Corp,
Plainfield, IL, USA); Naftzger, Rober A. Ocean Eng
(Pergamon) v 16 n 1 1989 P 49-69.
WIND EFFECTS
037180 Stability of Wind-Loaded Cylindrical
Shells. Stability analysis of perfect and
imperfect cylindrical shells under wind
pressures is performed using the finite element
method. A 48 degree-of-freedom thin shell
element previously developed by the present
authors is used. The element is free from
both shear and membrane locking and is
capable of modelling shells with arbitrary
imperfections. Nonlinear effects due to
pre buckling rotations are taken into account.
The nonlinear response is obtained using
Riks-Wempner algorithm. Effects of the
imperfection amplitude and that of the
material orthotropy on the limit load points
are studied. Wherever possible, the present
results are compared with existing results. A
favorable agreement is observed. (Author
abstract) 17 Refs.
Kapania, Rakesh K. (Virginia Polytechnic Inst &
State Univ, Blacksburg, VA, USA); Yang, T.Y.]
Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn v 28 pt 1 n 1- 3 Aug 1988
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on
Wind Engineering, Held under the Auspices of the
International Association for Wind Engineering,
Aachen, West Ger,juI6-10 1987. p 281-290.
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Index
ACI. See American Concrete Institute
Acoustic wave effects, abstracts of articles on,
361-62
Affaita, Izydor, 74
Agamemnon, Tomb of, Mycenae, Greece, 14
Aghia Parigoritissa, Arta, Greece, 41
Airport hangars
Chicago, 174, 175
Cuatro Vientos, Spain, 149, 150
Marignane, France, 151, 153
Seattle, 192
thin shells as, 193
Albany Mall Meeting Center, Albany, New
York, 193
Albert Hall, Kensington, 298
Alberti, 249
Alessi, Galeazzo, 61
Alfa-Romeo Factory, Milan, 146, 148
Alvarez Ordonez, Joaquin and Fernando, 158
Amati, Carlo, 83
American Concrete Institute (ACI), 221
Ammann and Whitney, 152, 167, 174, 193,
220
Analysis and design
abstracts of articles on, 362 - 64
and ACI building codes, 347- 51
Anisotropy, abstract of article on, 364-65
Anticlastic shells, 115, 118
Antonelli, Alessandro, 82
Apex, displacement at, and computer analysis,
237
Archimedean solids, 306, 307
Architects' Co-Partnership, 149
419
Army Warehouse, Columbus, Ohio, 146, 149
Arslan Jadhib Tomb, Sangbast, Iran, 42, 44
Art and shell structures, 179-82
Artificial Leather Industry building, Coswig,
Germany, 167
Aspidin, Joseph, 122
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, 177, 311-12,
313-16
Austro-Hungarian Bank, Vienna, 298
Auxiliary members, 203-6, 208-9, 210, 211,
214-15,219-20
and ACI building codes, 345, 351
and barrel shells, 261-63, 267 -68
Baba Luqman Mausoleum, Sarakhs, Iran, 48
Balat, A. and Maguet, 299
Ballou, Louis W., 85
Baltard, V., 298
Bank of Montreal, Montreal, 86
Baptistry, Pisa, 57
Baroni, Giorgio, 145, 146
Barrel shells, 21, 26, 99, 130-32, 211
Base, displacement at, and computer analysis,
235-37
Basilica of San Gaudenzio, Novara, 82
Bass, L. 0., 313
Baucher, Lucien-Jacques, 108
Belfry, Cathedral of Ivan the Great, Moscow,
77, 79
Bellushi, Pietro, 163
Bending, abstracts of articles on, 365
Berecci, Bartolomeo, 74
 Index
Berg, Max, 143
Bergman, M., and Associates, 163
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, 68, 69, 73
Binkley Engineering Associates, 316
Bizzos, Tomb of, Ruweha, Syria, 42, 43
Blasting, abstract of article on, 366
Blondel, jacques Fran~ois, 242 -43
B1ondel, jean-Pierre, 108
Blount Brothers, 316
Boat building
and ferrocement, 124, 125-27
and fiber-reinforced plastic, 200
Borromini, Francesco, 61, 65, 68, 69, 73
Boundary members. See Auxiliary members
Bourse du Commerce, Paris, 298
Bouvard, J. A., 299
Bramante, Donato, 62
Bretton Hall, Yorkshire, 298
Brodrick, C., 298
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 58, 60, 61, 62, 72, 103,
214, 241
Bryn Mawr Rubber Factory, Wales, 149
Buckling
abstracts of articles on, 366-70
and ACI building codes, 350
empirical rules for, 243-45
Bulfinch, Charles, 83
Bunning, J. B., 298
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. See Michelangelo
Burgi garden center, Camarino, Switzerland,
170, 173
Bus garage, Dusseldorf, Germany, 156
Byzantine architecture, domes in, 10, 35-41
Cable (tensegrity) domes, 322-24
Cajundome, Lafayette, Louisiana, 302, 321-22
Camelot, de Mailly, and Zehrfuss, 162
Camoletti, Bruno, 168
Camoletti, Pierre, 170, 173
Camoletti House, Geneva, 170, 173
Candela, Felix, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 162,
168, 186
and construction methodology, 104-5, 124,
343
influence on Isler, 190
and shell design, 123, 129-30, 135, 136,
137,275
and the Sydney Opera House, 175
Cantilevered shells, 134-36, 137
Capitol building, Washington, D.C., 83, 84,
108, 203
da Caprarola, Cola, 62
420
Casa Finlandia Futura, Finland, 201, 202
Castenson, George, 298
Cast iron domes, 83 - 84, 297 - 98
Catalan vault, 100 -1 02
Catenary curves in shell design, 243, 245-46
Cathedral, Pisa, 57
Cathedral of New Norcia, Perth, Australia,
158, 159
Cathedral of St. john the Divine, New York, 86
Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, Moscow,
77, 78
Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow, 77, 78
Cement, history of, 121-22
Centennial Hall, Breslau, Germany, 143-44
Center for Industries and Technology, Paris,
162, 163
Ceramic domes, 105-6
Chapel near Cuernavaca, Mexico, 157, 158
Chapel of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad, San
jose de Altillo, Mexico, 154, 156
du Chateau, Stephane, 318
Christian architecture, domes in, 10, 34-35
Christiansen, john V., 177, 192
Church, Gracanica, Yugoslavia, 41
Church of Koimisis, Daphni, 40
Church of Mary, Monterrey, Mexico, 149,
151, 153
Church of San Antonio de las Huertas,
Mexico City, 156
Church of San jose Obrero, Monterrey,
Mexico, 162, 164
Church of Santa Monica, Mexico City, 168, 171
Church of St. Barbara, Brooklyn, 86
Church of the Apostles, Athens, 39
Church of the Apostles, Constantinople, 39
Church of the Intercession of the Virgin,
Moscow, 77, 79
Church of the Miraculous Virgin. Mexico,
154
Church of the Nativity of Our Lady, Moscow,
77, 78
Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, 183
Church of the Transfiguration, Kizbi, Soviet
Union, 79, 80
Ciba-Geigy water purification plant, Prattelin,
Switzerland, 170, 174
Ciba Plant, canopy for, Churubusco, Mexico,
154, 155
Cisterns, domes as, 15
Coal Exchange, London, 298
Coliseum, Charlotte, North Carolina, 309-10
Composite shells, abstracts of articles on,
370-74
 Index
Computer aided analysis, abstract of article
on, 374
Computer aided design, abstracts of articles
on, 374
Concrete, 26,100,122,176-78,259-60
abstracts of articles on, 375
and boat building, 123-27
and pneumatic forms, 196
"Concrete Shell Buckling" (American
Concrete Institute), 350
"Concrete Thin Shells" (American Concrete
Institute), 344
Conoidal shells, 132 - 34, 195
Considere, 209
Constillares, building in, Spain, 149, 150
Constructivism, 180 - 81
Control of shell structures, abstract of article
on, 375
Corbeled domes, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21
Corrosion, abstracts of articles on, 375 - 76
da Cortona, Pietro, 65, 70
Cosmic Rays Research Laboratory, University
of Mexico, Mexico City, 152, 153
Coyne System, 219
Creep, abstract of article on, 376
Curtis and Davis, 163, 316
Dagit, Henry D., 86
Darb-i Imam, Isfahan, Iran, 49, 50
Dardasht Minarets, Isfahan, Iran, 48
Davazdah Imam Mausoleum, Yazd, Iran, 42, 44
Dean Smith Center, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina, 304, 305
Deaton, Charles, 203
Defects, abstract of article on, 376
Deflection, abstracts of articles on, 376-77
Deformation, abstracts of articles on, 377 - 80
Del POlO, F., Associates, 141
Derizet, Antoine, 70
Design, abstracts of articles on, 380 - 81
Desret, Antonio, 70
Dill, R. E., 215
Dirigible Hangar, Orly Airport, Paris, 144
Dischinger, Franz, 184
Doehring, W. D., 215
Domenig, Gunther, 170
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 42, 43, 107
Domes and shells, abstracts of articles on, 360
Domus Augustana, Rome, 28 - 29
Domus Aurea, Rome, 28-29, 30
Dosio, Giovanni Antonio, 61
Double-shell construction, 58, 59, 214
421
Dow Chemical, 197 - 200
del Duca, Giacomo, 65
Dyckerhoff-Widmann KG, 156, 182
Dywidag System, 219
Earle A. Chiles Center, University of Portland,
Oregon, 110, III
Edge beams. See Auxiliary members
Eero Saarinen and Associates, 167
Eiffel, A. G., 299
Elastic analysis and ACI building codes, 346,
347
Elasticity, abstracts of articles on, 381
Elastoplasticity, abstracts of articles on, 381- 82
Electromagnetic field effects, abstract of
article on, 382
Energy dissipation, abstract of article on, 382
Engineering Index Annual 1989, The
(Engineering Information, Inc.), 359
Eschmann factory, Switzerland, 170
Esquillon, 162
Etruscan domed tombs, 9
Euler's law, 307-8
Evans, Allen, 86
Evolution Museum, Eindhoven, Netherlands,
168, 171
Exhibit Hall, Vienna, 299
Experimental shell design, 182, 190-92
and ACI building codes, 346, 348
thin shell, Jena, Germany, 144, 145
Expo 86, Ontario Pavilion at, Vancouver, 304
Expo 67, U.S. Pavilion at, Montreal, 320
Exposition Building, Turin, 156
Factory for John Rennock and Sons, Haughley
Park, Suffolk, England, 108
Failure, abstract of article on, 382
False domes, 14, 21
Falsework, 89-90, 97,101,109,178
Felix und Regula Church, Zurich, 206
Ferrocement, 124, 125-27, 157
Ferstel, H. von, 298
Fiberglass formwork, 211
Fiber-reinforced plastic shells, 200 - 202
Field House, Montana State College, Bozeman,
108
Filippone, Odette, 108
Fioravanti, Rodolfo, 77
Florentine Zone, Renaissance domes of, 58-61
Folded plates and ACI building codes, 345
Fontana, Carlo, 241, 242
 Index
Fontana, Domenico, 63-65, 72, 242
Fontana's rules for masonry domes, 242
Forest Products Pavilion, Portland, Oregon,
108
Formige,j. C., 299
Formwork, 97,104,145,177
plastic foam for, 197 - 200
pneumatic, 196 - 97
rubber membrane as, 190, 192
wooden, 196,211
Forum Baths, Pompeii, 27
Fougner, N. K., 124
Foundry Building, Milan, 145
Four-gable hyperbolic paraboloids, 278-83
Fowke, F., 298
Fowler, Charles, 298
Fracture, abstracts of articles on, 382-83
Framed domes, 311
Free nodes displacement and computer
analysis, 237
Freyssinet, Eugene, 144, 184, 215
Freyssinet System, 219
Froehlich, Arthur, 174
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 299, 300, 301-2,
318-20,322,323
Funicular polygons, 243, 245-46
Funthaus Church, Vienna, 298
Gabellini, 124
Galla Placidia, Tomb of, Ravenna, 33
Galleria Umberto I, Naples, 299
Galleria Victor Emmanuel II, Milan, 298
Garcia de Quinones, Andres, 76
Gas Station, Deitingen, Switzerland, 170, 172
Gaudi, Antonio, 10, 182, 183
Gaussian curvature, 117
Geiger, David H., 302-3, 304, 305, 323
Geldmeister, Charles, 298
General Motors Technical Institute,
auditorium for, Warren, Michigan, 149,
151
Gensert, R. M., 249
Geodesic domes, 299-300, 301, 302, 318-20
Geometry of shell design, 116, 129-30,305-8
Georgia Tech Structural Design Language
(GT STRUDL), 223
Gesu Church, Rome, 63
Girard Trust Company, Philadelphia, 86
Glass and dome design, 297 - 98
Gonzales Reyna, Jorge, 152
Grand Palais, Louvet, France, 299
Gran Madre di Dio, Rome, 83
422
Great Mosque of the Shah, Isfahan, Iran,
50-51,52
Greek Orthodox Church, Milwaukee, 154, 155
Grid domes, 318
GT STRUDL. See Georgia Tech Structural
Design Language
Guastavino, Rafael, 86
GUM Department Store, Moscow, 299
Gunite method, 146, 163, 195
Gur-e Amir Mausoleum, Samarkand, Soviet
Union, 49, 50
Hadrian Villa, Tivoli, 30, 31
Hardouin-Mansart, Jules, 74
Hardy, L., 299
Harris County Sports Stadium. See Astrodome
Harrison and Abramovitz, 193, 220
Haruniyya Tomb, Tus, Iran, 46, 47
Hayden Planetarium, Manhattan, 145
Heat treatment, abstract of article on, 383
Heins and La Farge, 86
Helmle and Hubert, 86
Hershey Chocolate Company, ice hockey
arena for, Pennsylvania, 192
HipOdromo, Caracas, Venezuela, 174, 176
Hiroshima Peace Center Monument, 181- 82
Hisatok, T., 110
Historical masonry domes, spans of, 87 (table)
Hoechel, Eric, 168
Hoffmann, Claus, 167
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 36
Hoop forces in domes, 90 - 96
Hornblower and Marshall, 86
Howells and Stokes, 86
Hoyer, E., 215-16
Huber, Hunt and Nichols, 316
Hunt, Richard Morris, 299
Hyperbolic paraboloids, 195, 211
in art, 180, 181
in Candela's designs, 186
as conoidal surfaces, 132, 133
Gaudi's development of, 183
Hyperboloids, 137-42
H yperstatic domes, 204 - 6, 218 - 19
lASS. See International Association for Shells
and Spatial Structures
Ice houses, domes as, 14 -15
Igloos, 22-23
Illinois State University Arena, Normal,
Illinois, 303, 323
II Redentore, Venice, 71
 Index

Imamzada Sayyid Ishaq Tomb, Saveh, Iran, 46 Kresge Auditorium, Massachusetts Institute of
Imamzada Yahya Mausoleum, Varamin, Iran, Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts,
46, 47 152,154,193,209
Inelastic analysis and ACI building codes, Kuh-i Banan Tomb, Iran, 48, 49
346, 347
Information Pavilion, Brussels, 108
Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, 85 - 86 La Clerecia Church, Salamanca, Spain, 76
Instituto Tecnico de la Construccion y del Lambot, Joseph-Louis, 124
Cemento, Constillares, Spain, 160 - 61 Lamella domes, 210, 311-18
International Association for Shells and Lardy, Pierre, 190
Spatial Structures (lASS), 221- 22 Larrosa, Manuel, 157
International Exhibition Facility, New Lattice wood shells, Nara, Japan, 110
Orleans, 163, 165 Layne, Henry M., 174
International Exhibition of 1958, Phillips Le Corbusier, 159, 168
Pavilion at, Brussels, 158-59, 161 Lederer, F., 318
I Quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books Lenzlenger Sons Company building,
on Architecture) (Palladio), 71 Switzerland, 170
Ironworks foundry, Lohr, Germany, 161-62 Lesage, 122
Islamic dome, Mimar Sinan's contributions to Les Invalides, Paris, 74
the, 53-55 Leuzinger, Hans, 146
Isler, Heinz, 170, 172, 173, 174, 190-92 Lindsay Park Sports Center, Calgary, Alberta,
Isostatic domes, 204-6, 216, 217 -18 304
luvarra, Filippo, 61 Lissitzky, Elieyer, 180
Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens, 41
Lloyd and Morgan, 313
Jabal I Sang, Kerman, Iran, 45, 46 Lombardo, Pietro, 71
Jackson, P. H., 215 Lombardo, Tullio, 71
Jami Mosque, Ardistan, Iran, 44, 45 Long barrel vaults, 131,244-45,269 (table)
Jami Mosque, Ashtarjan, Iran, 46, 47 Lopez Carmona, Fernando, 154, 156, 162, 168
Jami Mosque, Golpaegan, Iran, 44, 45 Lott, H. A., 313
Jami Mosque, Qazvin, Iran, 44, 46 Loudon, John Claudius, 298
Jami Mosque, Saveh, Iran, 50, 51 Lutheran church, Warsaw, 82
Jami Mosque, Varamin, Iran, 48
Jami Mosque, Zavareh, Iran, 44, 45
Jardin d'Hiver, Laeken Royal Park, Brussels, Macalloy System, 219
299 Mackenzie and Moncur, 298
Jefferson, Thomas, 84 Maderno, Carlo, 65
Johns, Slater & Howard, 108 Madison Square Presbyterian Church, New
Johnson, Drake and Piper, 313 York, 86
Madonna di Loreto, Rome, 65, 67, 68
Madonna di San Biagio, Montepulciano, Italy,
Kaiser Aluminum building, Honolulu, 320 63
Kalff, 168 Maeno, T., 110
Kapnikarea Church, Athens, 39 Magnel, G., 215, 219
Karaganda works, Soviet Union, 213 Magni,83
Khaidukov, G. K., 213 Maguire, C. A., and Associates, 165
Kibble, John, 299 Maillart, Robert, 146, 181, 183
Kibble Palace, Botanic Gardens, Glasgow, 298 Mail-processing facilities, Providence, Rhode
Kiewitt, G. R., 313 Island, 165, 166, 167
Kiewittdomes, 311-12, 313-16 Makowsi, Z. S., 313
Kilns, domes as, 14, 15 -16 Manetti, Antonio, 60
Kingdome, Seattle, 176-78, 192, 324 Manufacture, abstracts of articles on, 383-84
Kirsis, Uldis, 249 Marcus, Henri, 313

423
 Index

Market, Agadir, Morocco, 318 Nehrbass, Neil, 302

Market Hall, Algeciras, Spain, 144-45 Nervi, Pier Luigi, 136, 156, 158, 159, 163,
Market Hall, Royan, France, 154 184-85
Mashhad-i Mir Buzurg Shrine, Amul, Iran, and boat design, 125
51,52 and construction strategies, 105, 178, 195
Masonry shells, 21, 22, 83, 89-92, 96-99, and the Sydney Opera House, 175
259-60 Nervi e Bartolli Construction Company, 156,
spans of historical domes, 87 (table) 160
and trussed domes, 297 Network domes, 310-11
Mathematical models, abstracts of articles on, New Corn Exchange, Leeds, 298
384-85 "New Shapes for Shells" (Isler), 190
Matsushita, Fujio, 318 New York University, New York, 85
Mausoleum of Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah, Niccolini Chapel, San Croce, Florence, 61
Bijapur, India, 51, 53 Niemeyer, Oscar, 167
May-D & F Department Store, Denver, Nikken Sekkei Ltd., 325
157 -58, 159 Noise abatement, abstracts of articles on, 385
McDonald Brothers, 85 Nolan, Norman and Nolan, 316
McGuire nuclear power plant, Cornelius, Nondestructive examination, abstract of article
North Carolina, 179 on, 385
McKim, Mead and White, 85, 86 Nonspherical shells, 255, 256- 57 (tables)
McKinley National Memorial, Canton, Ohio, Nuclear reactors, 178-79
86 Nuraghi, 16, 18-20
McSweeney, Ryan and Lee, 163
Medici Chapel, Florence, 63
Mengoni, G., 298 Obata, 142
Mesnager, 209 Oconee nuclear power plant, Seneca, South
Mesopotamia, vaults and domes in, 25 - 26 Carolina, 179
Metal sheathing, 298 Octagonal Roof, Villaverde, Spain, 145, 146
Michelangelo, 63, 64, 65, 214 Odell Associates, 309
Michelozzi, 61 Olympic Games of 1988, buildings for, Seoul,
Mihailescu, Mircea, 187 Korea,303,323,324
Minerva Medica, Rome, 30-32 Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 129, 136,
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 320 174-76,184
Model analysis and ACI building codes, 348 Origins of domes, 4 - 5
Mole Antonelliana, Turin, 82 Otto, Frei, 110
de Montferrand, Auguste Ricard, 298 Outdoor shelter, Sancti Spiriti, Spain, 149, 151
Moore, Walter, 313
de la Mora, Enrique, 149, 154, 156, 162, 168
Morisseau, Andre, 154 Paez, A., 141
Mosque of Gawhar Shad, Mashhad, Iran, 49, 50 Palace of the Assembly, Chandigarh, India,
Mouton, William, 302, 320-22 168,171
Muller-Grah, Walter, 182 Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, 156-57,210,
Murphy and Mackey, 320 211
Mushtaquiyya'Ali Shah, Kerman, Iran, 53 Palazzo dei Congressi, E.U.R., Rome, 146,
Music Pavilion, "Santa Fe" Housing Project, 148 .
Mexico City, 135-36 Palazzo dello Sport, Rome, 159-60, 161
Myers, E. E., 84 Palladio, Andrea, 71, 249
Palmer and Hornbostel, 86
Palm House, Munich, 298
Nagase, T., 110 Palm House at Sefton Park, Liverpool, 298
Naramore, Bain, Brady and Johanson, 177 Pani, Aldo, 135
Nash, John, 298 Pantheon, Paris, 82, 83
Nea Moni Chios, Athens, 40 Pantheon, Rome, 29-30, 89, 102

424
 Index

Paolina Chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore, Reichstag, Berlin, 301

Rome, 65 Reinforced concrete, 4, 82, 86, 124, 143,
Parker, 122 193-94
Parsons, John K., and Associates, 109 Residence, Pougny, France, 168, 169
Pazzi Chapel, Florence, 60 Restaurant, Xochimilco, Mexico, 158, 160, 190
Pei, I. M., and Associates, 141, 158 Ribbed shells and ACI building codes, 345
Peller, Miklos, 249 Ricchini, Francesco, 61
Perret, Auguste, 151 Rivergate Exhibition Hall, New Orleans, 192
Pevsner, Antoine, 180, 181 Roberts and Schaefer Company, 141, 158,
Pevsner, Naum, 181 192-93
Physical Education Building, De Kalb, Illinois, Robinson and Associates, 163
193 Rocco, Emanuele, 299
Piacentini, Marcello, 159 Rock-cut tombs, 13 -14
Pierson, James G., 108 Rodchenko, Alexander, 180
Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, 142 Rodef Sholem Synagogue, Pittsburgh, 86
Planetarium, Trenton, New Jersey, 212 -13 Roebling System, 219
Plasticity, abstract of article on, 385 Roman architecture, domes and vaults in,
Plastics applications, abstracts of articles on, 26-32
386 Roman Zone, Renaissance domes of, 61-70
Platonic solids, 306, 319 Roof Structures, Inc., 311, 313
Pneumatic domes, 324-25 Rosati, Rosato, 70
Pneumatic forming, 196-97 Rosell, Guillermo, 157
Point supports for domes, 206, 207 Rossman and Partners, 109
Poleni, Giovanni, 241, 243 Rotunda, University of Virginia,
Polygonal domes, 34 - 35 Charlottesville, 84-85
Polyhedra as trussed domes, 305 - 8 Royal Brighton Pavilion, 298
Ponzio, Flaminio, 65 RSG Architects, 110
Porro, Ricardo, 149 Russell, S., Hansehauer, and Schmidt, 299
della Porta, Giacomo, 63 - 65
Portinari Chapel in San Eustogio, Florence, 61
Portland Cement Association, 221 Saarinen, Eero, 149, 152, 175, 186
Posttensioning, 125 - 26, 215, 219 - 20 Saarinen, Eliel, 149
Power station, Grandval, France, 318 Saddle-type hyperbolic paraboloids, 271-77
Pozzolana, 96, 100, 122 Sado, 320
Prader and Cie., 146 Saints Martina and Luca, Rome, 65, 67
Praeger, Kavanagh and Waterbury, 177,313 Salvi, Dioti, 57
Precast shell technology, 195, 211 - 13 San Andrea, Rome, 63
Preload Company, 215 San Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, 69
Pressure effects, abstract of article on, 386 San Andrea della Valle, Rome, 65
Prestressing, 125 - 26, 141-42, 195, 215 -19 San Carlino, Rome, 67 -68,69, 89
Protestant Church, Warsaw, 76 San Carlo, Milan, 83
Pseudoshells, 23-24, 202-3 San Carlo ai Catinari, Rome, 70
San Carlo al Corso, Rome, 70
San Claudio e San Andrea dei Borgognoni,
Qubab structures, 6
Rome, 70
da Sangallo, Antonio, 63
Race Track, Madrid, 146, 147 da Sangallo, Giuliano, 61
Rainaldi, 69 San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, 71
Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo, 79 San Giuseppe, Milan, 61
Ravelli, L., 156 San Ivo della Sapienza, Rome, 68, 69
"Recommendations for Concrete Shells and San Lorenzo, Florence, 60
Folded Plates" (International Association San Salvatore, Venice, 71
for Shell and Spatial Structures), 344 San Satiro, Milan, 62

425
 Index
San Sebastiano, Mantua, 61
San Sebastiano, Milan, 61
San Spirito, Florence, 60
Sant' Agnese, Rome, 68
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Rome, 69-70
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice, 71
Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, 58-60, 72,
89,102,103,214
Santa Maria della Consolazione, Todi, Italy,
62-63
Santa Maria delle Carceri, Prato, Italy, 61
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, 62
Santa Maria di Monte Santo, Rome, 69
Santa Maria in Carignano, Genoa, Italy, 61
Santissimo Nome di Maria, Rome, 70
San Tommaso Villanova, Castel Gandolfo,
Rome, 68
Sarger, Rene, 154
Savvestic, L., 299
Schaarschmidt, F., 167
School addition, Graz-Eggenberg, Austria,
170, 174
School of Plastic Arts, Havana, 149, 152
Schulze, 299
Schwedler, Johann Wilhelm, 300- 301
Schwedler domes, 309 -1 0, 327 - 30
Scott, H. G., 298
Senate and Chamber of Deputies, Brasilia, 167
Sesi, 16, 18
Severud, Fred, Elstadt, and Kruger, 309
Shah Firuz, Tomb of, Sirjan, Iran, 48,49
Shah Mosque, Mashhad, Iran, 49,50
Shell reinforcement and ACI building codes,
351-54
Short barrel vaults, 130, 131,264-66 (tables)
Shrine of Fatima, Qum, Iran, 50, 52
Shrine of Shaykh Ni'Matallah, Mahan, Iran,
49,51
Sicily Company, Geneva, 170, 172
Siegel, C., and R. Wonneberg, 162
Sigismund Chapel, Cracow, Poland, 73-74
Silos, domes as, 14
Silverstein, Edward and Associates, 163, 316
Simon, Louis, 154
Sinan, Mimar, 53-55
Sistine Chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore,
Rome, 63
Skilling, Helle, Christiansen and Robertson,
163, 177
Smithsonian Museum, Washington, D.C., 86
Smolny Convent, St. Petersburg, Soviet
Union, 79
Souffiot, Jacques, 82
426
Sound insulation, abstract of article on, 386
Space frames, 116,297,299-300,320-22
Spavento, Giorgio Pietro, 71
Specchie, 20
Spherical shells, dimensions for, 120 (table),
250 (tables), 252-53 (table), 254-55
(table)
Spiral Generation, 197 - 200
Spirex Structures, Inc., 200
Sports building, Northern Arizona University,
Flagstaff, 108 - 9, III
Sports center, Tbilisi, Soviet Union, 213
Sports complex, Chamonix, France, 170, 173
Sports complex, University of Northern
Michigan, Marquette, 110-11
Squinches, 207 - 8
St. Andrew's Cathedral, Kiev, 79-81
St. Antony of Padova Church, Warsaw, 74
St. Augustin, Paris, 298
St. Basil, Moscow, 41
St. Casimir, Warsaw, 74
St. Costanza, Rome, 33
St. Fosca, Torcello, Italy, 41
St. Francis de Sales Church, Philadelphia, 86
St. Front, Perigueux, France, 41
St. George, Salonica, Greece, 33
St. Irene, Constantinople, 39
St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Soviet
Union, 79
St. Mark's, Venice, 40
St. Mary's Cathedral, San Francisco, 163, 166
St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo, 168, 169, 170
St. Paul's, London, 74-76
St. Paul's Chapel, Columbia University, New
York, 86
St. Peter's, Rome, 58, 63-65, 66, 67, 72,
214,242
St. Petersburg Cathedral, St. Petersburg,
Soviet Union, 298
St. Sophia, Constantinople, 36-39, 89, 102
St. Sophia, Novgorod, Soviet Union, 40
St. Theodore, Athens, 40
St. Theodore, Constantinople, 41
St. Theodore Stratelates, Novgorod, Soviet
Union, 77
St. Theodosia, Constantinople, 41
St. Vincent's Chapel, Coyoacan, Mexico,
162-63, 165
St. Vitale, Ravenna, 39
Stabian Baths, Pompeii, 27
Stability, abstracts of articles on, 386-88
State Capitol Building, Boston, 83
State Capitol Building, Denver, 84
 Index
Statical analysis of structures, 300, 301
Steel, abstract of article on, 388
Steel and dome design, 82, 86, 87 (table), 299
Storage shed, Ferrara, Italy, 146
Storrs, John W., 108
Strain, abstracts of articles on, 388 - 89
Stresses, abstracts of articles on, 389 - 93
Structural analysis, abstracts of articles on,
393-96
Structural behavior of shells, 89-90,122-23,
210-11
conoidal domes, 95-96
spherical domes, 90 - 94
thin shells, 143
Structural design, abstracts of articles on, 396
STRUDL II, 327
Stupas, 23-24
Styrofoam, 197 - 200, 202
Suncoast Dome, St. Petersburg, Florida, 303,
323, 324
Superdome, New Orleans, 176, 177, 316, 324
Superga, Turin, 61
Suuronen, Matti, 201
Sverdrup and Parcel, 316
Swimming pool, Draney, France, 318
Swiss National Exhibition, Cement Hall at,
Zurich, 146, 148
Symbolism of domes, 4 - 11
Synclastic shells, 115, 117, 118
Syon House, 298
Tacoma Dome, Tacoma, Washington,
109-10, III
Tacoma Dome Associates, 109-10
Taillibert, R., 170
Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 53, 54
Takenaka Komuten Company, 325
Talayots, 21
Talin, Vladimir Evgrafovitch, 180
Tange, Kenzo, 168, 181
Tedesko, Anton, 146, 185-86, 192
Tempietto in San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 62
Temple of Diana, Baiae, Italy, 27
Temple of Mercury, Baiae, Italy, 28
Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Syria, 32
Temple of Venus, Baiae, Italy, 27
Temple of Vesta, Rome, 30
Tennis center, Heimburg, Switzerland, 170
Tensegrity, 322, 323
Terminal building, St. Louis airport, St. Louis,
Missouri, 152, 154, 155
427
Terminal building for Trans World Airlines,
Kennedy Airport, New York, 149, 152,
167, 168, 169,209
Testing, abstracts of articles on, 396-97
Thatched domes, 21, 22
Theiler, Otto, 170
Theodoric, Tomb of, Ravenna, Italy, 33-34
Theory, abstracts of articles on, 397 -99
"Theory of Bridge Girder Systems"
(Schwedler), 300
Thermae of Agrippa, Rome, 27
Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 30
Thermae of Diocletian, Rome, 32
Thermal effects, abstracts of articles on, 399
Thermoelasticity, abstracts of articles on,
399-400
Thin shells, 119-20, 135, 143, 193-94
and ACI building codes, 343, 345
computer analysis of, 223-37
experimentation on, 144, 145, 182
and ferrocement, 125
Tibaldi, Pellegrino, 61
Tile domes, 86
Timber Development Association, 108
Timbrel vaulting, 100 -1 02
T.M.P. Associates, 110
Tombs, rock-cut, 13 -14
Tomb Tower, Lajin, Iran, 42, 44
Toroidal shells, 153
Torroja Miret, Eduardo, 141, 144, 145, 146,
149,185,221
Trade fair building, Afghanistan, 320
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, 14
Trosch Company factory, Switzerland, 170
Trowbridge and Livingston, 145
Tylman of Gameren, 74
Umbrella-type hyperbolic paraboloids, 283-93
UNESCO building, entrance canopy for, Paris,
136,137
Union Tank Car Company plant, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, 320
Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical
Society, San Diego, 299
University of Illinois, Assembly Hall, Urbana,
193
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 85
Utzon, Jorn, 136, 175
Vacchini, F., 158
Van Buren Magonigk, H., 86
 Index

Vannoni, C., 158 Wooden domes, 86, 88 (table), 106-11,203

Varax wood domes, 110, 111 Wooden formwork, 196
Vault abutments, Blondel's rule for, 242-43 World's Columbian Exposition, administration
Vaulting, 4-5,26,89,99-100,101 building for, New York, 299
Venetian Zone, Renaissance domes, 70-71 World's Fair of 1853, Crystal Palace at, New
Vibrations, abstracts of articles on, 400-405 York,298
Victoria Regia House, Schoneburg Royal World's Fair of 1878, three domes at, Paris,
Botanic Garden, Berlin, 299 299
da Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi, 61, 63 World's Fair of 1889, central dome for, Paris,
Villa Capra (Villa Rotonda), Vicenza, Italy, 71 299
Villa Trissino, Vicenza, Italy, 71 World's Fair of 1900, Palais des Machines,
Viscoelasticity, abstracts of articles on, 405 Paris, 299
Vitellozzi, Annibel, 156 Wren, Christopher, 74
Vitruvius, 249 Wright, Donald R., 197-98
Voit, A. von, 298 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 154
von Emperger's Handbuch (Dischinger), 184 Wrought iron and dome design, 297 -98
Wyatts, 122
Wyss Garden Center, Solo Thurn,
Wada, M., 110 Switzerland, 170, 172
Walter, Thomas Ustick, 83
Water tower, Fedala, Spain, 141-42
Wave effects, abstract of article on, 405
Western Wood Structures, 110, III Yamasaki, Minoru, 152
White, Stanford, 85
Wieskopt and Pickworth, 145
Wilhelma Botanical Garden, Stuttgart, 298 Zanth, Ludwig von, 298
Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson, 313 Zimmermann, Hermann, 30 I
Wind effects, abstract of article on, 405 Zimmermann domes, 311
Wind forces, 246 Zug, Szymon Bugumil, 76, 82