Proposals for 'BBB' Master plan of Kathmandu City

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Proposals for
BBB Master plan of Kathmandu City
KATHMANDU METROPOLITAN CITY FUKUOKA CITY TOKYO METROPOLITAN CITY
0 8 km 0 8 km 0 8 km
4 million 4 million 35 million
2015/07/10
Hiroyasu SHINGAI
JICA Study Team for Reconstruction Support to Government of Nepal
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN
Consideration Flow National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
(1) Review of Last Assessment, 2015Disaster, and Urban Policy in KV
(2) Estimation of (3) Prediction and Evaluation

Future Population of Urban Problems
(4) Prediction of Next(Bigger) Disaster Risk

Todays
(5)BBB Concept report
(6) Desirable Structure of Kathmandu Valley
(7) Land use plan (8) Transport & Facilities plan
N
(9) Assessment
Y
(10) Proposals of necessary action & systems for BBB
N
(11) Assessment
Y
(12) Master plan of KV for Reconstruction and Resilience

2
(1)-1
(1) Review of 2015Disaster, and Urban Policy in KV
c OpenStreetMap contributors
Damage in Kathmandu City

Consolidated Damage in Kathmandu Valley and Rural Area 3
(1)-2
Damage in Kathmandu City and multiplex Problem in Urban Policy
Block up of Emergency Chronic traffic congestion

Road with debris
Neck of the movement
for Emergency vehicles
at the time of disaster
Block up of Evacuation
Route with debris
Lack of urgent supplies
Lack of open space for

Living as refugees and
management of supplies
4
Earthquake2015 in NEPAL
Earthquake 2015 in Nepal National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Number of Rural villages which contain

buildings Non anti-seismic houses
Earthquake 2015
Sankh
Historical area
containing non
anti-seismic building
Kathmandu Valley
Distribution of Damaged building by
degree of earthquake resistance
Degree of earthquake resistance/
Strength of earthquake

5
Earthquake2015 in NEPAL
Earthquake 2015 in Nepal National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ratio by Building Structure Fragility Curve
Nepal 2015
RC3,RC5
ST,AD
BMW,BC
BM
Stone (ST)
Ratio of collapsed building Adobe (AD)
Brick with mud mortar (BM)
Well-built brick with mud mortar (BMW)
Brick with cement or lime mortar (BC)
RC frame with masonry of 4 stories or more (RC5)
RC frame with masonry of 3 stories or less (RC3)

6
(2)
(2) Estimation of Future Population
Population Change (19912030)
2030
7
Population in millions
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 (Transportation WG, JICA(2014)
1981 1991 2001 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
7
(3)
(3) Prediction and EvaluationNational
of Urban Problems
Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Contribution of OD(origin-destination) data of Kathmandu Valley (current)
Daily Passenger flow
2020 Urbanization
Then
2030 Urbanization
8
(3)
Current situation of roads inNational
Kathmandu City
Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
LEGEND
Lanes
Lanes
Lanes
Wider Lanes Heavy saturated

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andCross
Tourism JAPAN
point
Lanes
9
(3)
Serious problems about traffic
Overflow(Heavy)
Overflow
Chronic traffic congestion
Weakness at the
LOW
time of the disaster
Drop of the service speed (Bus) Serious traffic jam at the main crossing
10
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk (Characteristics)
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk
Characteristics from the view point of disaster types and fires
Major hazard
Tsunami/
Earthquake Charact
Hydro-met. events eristics Cause Guide para others
Kanto1923 Expansion of How evacuate
Damage as Death
Yes after disasters ?
Hanshin1995 Time passes by fire Prevent spread fire.
fire
Nepal
(2015) East Japan
No n.a.
(20XX) 2011
Sporadic, Areal
Charact simultaneous continuous
eristics (Uncertainty ) (Easy to forecast)
Cause Uffocation and

Crush death Drowning
Guide Need to consider Evacuate well

para both of area and when disaster
others individual buildings occurs
11
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk (Unexpected be happened)
Unexpected can be happened
Lessons Learnt from the two great earthquakes
in JAPAN1995KOBE, 2011EAST-JAPAN

Disasters occur in

Damage depend
Disasters occur in largely on the time
unexpected areas bigger scale than
when earthquakes
expected occurred
(Unexpectation (Unexpectation (Uncertainty
of place) of scale) of time)
Necessary to consider
the unexpectation of unexpectation
12
The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake (1995)
The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake (Jan., 1995)
Central NEPAL
Gorkha
(m/103y)
Activity Level
Chautara
SAME SCALE
A (101)
B (10.1)
Kathmandu
0 30km View from KOBE City

Figure. Active faults in Kinki district
Predicted few earthquakes in Beyond the prediction, huge

earthquake in KOBE area and
KOBE area heavily damaged in buildings.
Magnitude Occurred early morning caused
Deaths less fire incidents, but more
Wounded deaths of collapsed housed.
13
The Great East Japan Earthquake (2011)
The Great East Japan Earthquake (March, 2011)
Mt. Annapurna I
Pokhara Mt. Everest

Kathmandu
Sendai
It was expected the inundated area Suffered from much bigger

of tsunamis could not be large. Tsunami than expectation
Area of flood
Mt. Fuji Tokyo
Expectationonce per 100 years ActualOnce per 1,000 years
14
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk (Scenario A)
Underlying Risk National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Number of
buildings
Areas including
Scenario A Relatively vulnerable
buildings to earthquakes
Kobe(1995)
Kathmandu Valley
Degree of earthquake resistance/
Strength of earthquake

15
Distribution of Building Type
Distribution of Building Type

16
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk (Scenario B)
Number of
buildings
Scenario B Areas where high
ratio of anti
seismic buildings
Kobe(1995)
Kathmandu Valley
Degree of earthquake resistance/ With consideration of soft
Strength of earthquake ground, then

17
(4) Prediction of Next (Bigger) Disaster Risk
(2015)
Next Bigger
Earthquake,
Then Block up of Evacuation
Route with debris
Current Road Whole City

LEGEND
Lanes
Lanes
Lanes
Wider Lanes
Narrow
Lanes
Road
Geomorphology
LEGEND
Very Soft
Ground

Evaluation of Geomorphology and Current road network (Image) 18
(5) BBB Concept
(5) Strategic Thinking of Build Back Better
Scenario 3:
Quality of urban space/ With disasters
DRR capacity of urban areas With BBB
Scenario 1:
No disasters
Scenario 2:
More development With disasters
No BBB
Prevention
of future loss
restoration
Better
reconstruction Strategic prevention
Quick Disaster of future loss is
restoration
recovery important to BBB &
Damage mitigation more development
Disaster
Time
19
(5) BBB Concept
Level of Safety (5) Strategic Thinking of Build Back Better
Strong Important Infrastructures etc.(many in Urban)
Resilient Strong
Zone Zone
Resilient Facilities etc.(many in Urban)

Resilient Houses(Rural & Urban)
Vulnerable
Next Bigger
Zone
Earthquake
Vulnerable Important Infrastructures etc.(many in Urban)
Vulnerable Facilities etc.(many in Urban)
Earthquake
Vulnerable Houses(many in Rural) 2015/4/25
Cost & Contrivance

20
LEGEND
150ha
400ha
240ha
200ha Trend Sprawl City
450ha Boundary (2030)
Leading
120ha 140ha New Compact
Satellite City
Highway, or
Outer Ring Road
Ring Road
Inner Ring Road
21
Heavy saturated
Cross point
150ha
400ha
240ha
200ha
450ha
Appropriate 140ha
Skelton of
Bypass function 120ha Developments, and
Public transportation
Kathmandu Valley Development Proposition(2000,KVTDC)
Color Zone based on constraint(Functional free area(2015,KVDA)
Hierarchy) 22
Outer Ring Road
Lower Cost by
avoiding hillyMinistry
areaof Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN
Hilly or Forested
Forested areas inarea
KV in KV 23
Outer Ring Road Save the Water
Recharge Area

Potentially High Water Recharge Area(2015,KVDA) 24
Outer Ring Road
2050
2020
2040
2030
Must be constructed
until 2030
Urbanization 20202050 (2015,KVDA) 25
Outer Ring Road
National Need
Institute to revise
for Land and Infrastructure Management
the former plan

26
Concept of Urban Planning (Transport and Facilities)
Concept of Urban Planning (Transport and Facilities)
Measurement for densely populated urban areas
Preparation and Maintenance of

evacuation route
Underground installation of
electric wire
Network
Setting of parks and green areas for
evacuation Keeping living space
Prevent the obstacles of

transportation by falling electric poles
27
Conceptual Idea for Master Plan (Kathmandu City)
SRN: Strategic
2)New SRN (Feeder Roads) Road
Network
1)Reinforcement of SRN
Shelter Network
New Inner Ring Road
Plaza & Water Tank

Shelter Network

Plaza with
Water Tank
National Road or
Ring Road
Main Road
New Outer Ring Road
Branch Road
Bottle Neck Point
Main wide-area disaster-
New Highway (short cut)
To be Constructed management base
Traffic Terminal
(Bus Terminal) 0 3 km
Main wide-area
disaster-management
base Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN
World Heritage 28
(8) Master Plan Image (North side)
(8) Master Plan Image (Transport and Facilities)

(8) Master Plan Image (South side)
LEGEND
Outer Ring Road
SRN Construction
SRN Widen
with Land-pooling
with River
improvement
0 1 2 3 km Evacuation Route
Plaza with W.Tank
Wide-area disaster
Management base
30
(8) Main Frame of MP for KV
Main Frame of Master Plan for Resilient Kathmandu City (Transport and Facilities)
Design Concept of Main Infrastructure for Resilient City
New Outer Ring Road
Theme1 Cancellation of the bottle neck points
New Highway (short cut)
Theme2 Networking of the emergency
transportation road 1) Reinforcement of SRN
Theme3 Securing of second evacuation route 2) New SRN (Feeder Roads)
in the crowd district of the old buildings SRN: Strategic Road Network
Theme4 Securing and management of New Inner Ring Road
urgent support supplies, and
Open space for living as refugees Main wide-area
disaster- management base
Design Concept of Human-scale Facilities for Improvement of Disaster Prevention Effort

Theme5 Securing of first evacuation route Evacuation Route Network
and first evacuation open space Shelter Network
in the crowd district of the old buildings
Pocket Park and
Emergency water supply
Plaza with Water Tank
31
(8)- Strategic Road Network (image)
Concept of New SRN construction method (with Land-pooling)
2)New SRN (Feeder Roads) 0 100m 0 100m LEGEND
Emergency
transportation road
(SRN)
Construction
Land-pooling Area
Pocket Park
Emergency World heritage

transportation road Pocket Park Construction Pocket Park and
by Land-pooling Emergency water supply
Plaza with Water Tank
Pocket Park Widen
by Land-pooling
Land-pooling
2nd Evacuation Route
Kathmandu
Emergency
Durbar Square transportation road
0 500m
Block up of Evacuation KUMARIs cruising route
Route with debris(2015) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN
32
(8)- Inner Ring road (with Land-pooling) (image)
New Inner Ring Road

Land-pooling
Heavy Saturated THAMEL

Cross Point
High Densely Built Area
0 500m
33
(8)- Inner Ring road (with River improvement) (image)
Sousei-gawa Street (Sapporo, JAPAN) After Reconstruction

A revival of a clean River by double section,
with Underpass construction of main road.
One of examples in JAPAN, which is compared
with `Cheonggyecheon River revival, KOREA.
East side of Inner Ring road Current

Along Dhobi Khola) Section Image
or or
0 500m

34
(8)- Main wide-area disaster-management base (image)
LEGEND
Hospital
Hospital
Concentrated Co-operation
area
National Road or
Ring Road
Main Road
Branch Road
Bottle Neck Point
To be Constructed
Traffic Terminal
Main wide-area disaster-
(Bus Terminal)
Main wide-area
disaster-management
management base
base
World Heritage 0 3 km
Relation between
Main wide-area disaster-management base and other facilities(Hospitals) 35
(8)- Evacuation route network (image)
Network Design Concept
Goal!
SRN
Plaza
Evacuation
route
Start!
Shelter Network
36
(8)- Pocket park and Emergency water supply (image)
Plaza & Water Tank Water Supply Improvement Project (2015,KVDA)

Shelter Network
Plaza with
Water Tank
0 500m LEGEND
LEGEND
Pipe line diameters
500-600 mm
350-400
200-300
Water Tank
Pocket
Park
Water Supply Pipe line

37
(9) Assessment of Master Plan
(9) Assessment of Master Plan
The situation of the suffering with the progress of the time
0 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 sec.
Earthquake
0 10sec. 12min. 20min. 3hour 12day 2week 4month 4year
Location Evacuation Help required Living as refugees Needs of
Reconstruction
Upper stairs
(3rd floors)
Lack of Water Lack of Urgent Supplies
Lower stairs
(G2nd floors) Death(No Delivery)
Death(Collapsed housed)
Patio(Chowk) or
Front of Houses SRN and Inner Ring Road
Collapse Death(No Rescue)
Street
[ Evacuation Route ] Lack of Urgent Supplies

Pocket Park
[ Evacuation space ] Block up with
Block up with Debris and cars
Wide Road Debris and cars
[ Emergency Road ] Lack of Water Lack of Capacity
Wide Open space
[ Wide Area Disaster- Shelter Network
management base ] Shelter Network
Death(No Care)
Outer Area Delivery of
Plaza with
Water Tank Plaza & water tank Rescue Emergency Wide-area
(Depends on the hearing result to inhabitants) Materials base
Outer Ring Road & Highway 38
(10) Proposals of necessary action and systems for BBB
(10) Proposals of necessary action and systems for BBB
In Japan,
Basic Disaster Measurement Act1961)

National Resilient Law2013
Comprehensive measurement including land and industrial
policy beyond the strict meaning of Disaster Risk Reduction
Way of thinking Disaster mitigation , minimizing the damage,
especially human lives and social important functions
Resilient restoring force, way of thinking which realizes quick
recovery and reconstruction and Prevention for future loss, way
of thinking that enables restoring force
Response to Areal development Non structured

Obstruction and induction measurements

Applicable in Nepal with
Applicable in Nepal Applicable in Nepal
additional contrivances
39
Control and Action
Case of Land-use control andNational
PublicInstitute
facilities construction in JAPAN
for Land and Infrastructure Management
Faceted development Master plan of the City
and induction
Control of Building Use by Land Use Zones Public Facilities

40
Non structured measurements
Non structured measurements
Non structured
measurements
Risk communication
Disaster education in schools
Support for the communities in rural and mountainous areas
Promotion of national movement for establishment of

practical disaster risk reduction
Studies for the strong infrastructures to disasters,
making use of the knowledge of East Asia and Japan

41
Message
For the better development of

Nepal,
Build Back Better and
prevention of future losses
should be promoted
Japan contributes BBB in Nepal!

42
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management JAPAN
Head of Urban Facilities Division Hiroyasu SHINGAI
TEL/FAX: +81-29-864-3949
E-mail: shingai-h86ax@nilim.go.jp
URL: http://www.nilim.go.jp/lab/jcg/index.htm
43

Proposals for 'BBB' Master plan of Kathmandu City

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Proposals for 'BBB' Master plan of Kathmandu City

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National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management

4 million 4 million 35 million

(1) Review of Last Assessment, 2015Disaster, and Urban Policy in KV

(2) Estimation of (3) Prediction and Evaluation

(4) Prediction of Next(Bigger) Disaster Risk

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Damage in Kathmandu City

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Block up of Emergency Chronic traffic congestion

Lack of urgent supplies

Lack of open space for

Number of Rural villages which contain

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Ratio by Building Structure Fragility Curve

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Wider Lanes Heavy saturated

Chronic traffic congestion

Cause Uffocation and

Guide Need to consider Evacuate well

0 30km View from KOBE City

Predicted few earthquakes in Beyond the prediction, huge

Pokhara Mt. Everest

It was expected the inundated area Suffered from much bigger

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Current Road Whole City

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Strong Important Infrastructures etc.(many in Urban)

Resilient Facilities etc.(many in Urban)

Cost & Contrivance

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Measurement for densely populated urban areas

Preparation and Maintenance of

Prevent the obstacles of

New Inner Ring Road

Plaza & Water Tank

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management

Design Concept of Human-scale Facilities for Improvement of Disaster Prevention Effort

Emergency World heritage

New Inner Ring Road

Heavy Saturated THAMEL

High Densely Built Area

Sousei-gawa Street (Sapporo, JAPAN) After Reconstruction

East side of Inner Ring road Current

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

Plaza & Water Tank Water Supply Improvement Project (2015,KVDA)

Water Supply Pipe line

Response to Areal development Non structured

Support for the communities in rural and mountainous areas

Promotion of national movement for establishment of

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management

For the better development of

Japan contributes BBB in Nepal!

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

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