Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE MADURAI
PRESENTED BY
S. VIJAY
P.AMUDHAN
GENERAL ENGINEERING
LATHA MATHAVAN
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
MADURAI
CCTV CAMERA SYSTEM
Abstract
article introduces the main components that can
How attention is used to perceive and
go to make up CCTV systems of varying
evaluate dynamic, realistic scenes is more poorly
complexity.
understood We investigated these issues when
an observer has a specific, and naturalistic, task:
A. The Camera
closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring. We The starting point for any CCTV
concurrently recorded eye movements and ratings system must be the camera. The camera creates
of perceived suspiciousness as different observers the picture that will be transmitted to the control
watched the same set of clips from real CCTV position. Apart from special designs CCTV cameras
footage. Trained CCTV operators showed greater are not fitted with a lens. The lens must be
consistency in fixation location and greater provided separately and screwed onto the front of
consistency in suspiciousness judgments than the camera. There is a standard screw thread for
untrained observers. Training appears to increase CCTV cameras, although there are different types
Index Terms
closed-circuit television (CCTV)
INTRODUCTION
As the name implies, Closed Circuit
Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is
Diagram 1 Camera and Lens
closed and all the elements are directly
connected. This is unlike broadcast television
Not all lenses have focus and iris adjustment.
where any receiver that is correctly tuned can pick
Most have iris adjustment. Some very wide angle
up the signal from the airwaves. Directly
lenses do not have a focus ring. The 'BNC' plug is
connected in this context includes systems linked
for connecting the coaxial video cable. Line
by microwave, infrared beams, etc. This
powered cameras do not have the mains cable.
Power is provided via the coaxial cable.
B. The Monitor
F. Movable Cameras
So far, all the cameras shown
have been fixed with fixed focal length lenses. In
many applications, the area to be covered would
need many fixed cameras. The solution to this is
to use cameras fixed to a movable platform. This
Diagram.6 A Four-Camera System platform can then be controlled from a remote
with Video Switcher
location. The platform may simply rotate in a
horizontal plane and is generally known as a
E. Systems with Video Recording scanner. Alternatively, the platform may be
The next development of a basic system is to controllable in both horizontal and vertical planes
add a video recorder, the arrangement would be and is generally known as a pan, tilt unit. A basic
With this arrangement, the pictures shown during Diagram 8 Basic Movable Camera
play back will be according to the way in which System
the switcher was set up when recording. That is, if
it was set to sequence then the same views will be
Cameras may be used indoors or outdoors. When Purchase a Professional Camera Housing and turn
used outdoors they will always require a an indoor surveillance camera into an outdoor
protective housing. For indoor use the weather proof camera.
environment or aesthetic constraints will dictate
whether a housing is needed. Systems may
contain a combination of both fixed and movable
cameras.
H. Applications
H.1.Crime prevention
G.6. Hidden security camera The two-year-old James Bulger
Hidden security cameras, which are being led away by his killers, recorded on
also known as hidden surveillance cameras, shopping Centre CCTV in 1993. This narrow-
hidden spy cameras, and covert cameras, are bandwidth television system had a low frame
often the best type of camera when the goal is to rate.
monitor people and property secretly. As seen in A 2009 analysis by Northeastern University and
the product choices on this page, hidden the University of Cambridge, "Public Area CCTV
surveillance cameras are concealed in housings to and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic
look like smoke detectors, PIR alarm motion Review and Meta-Analysis," examined 44
sensors, fire sprinklers, and other inconspicuous different studies that collectively surveyed areas
objects. One of our best-selling models is the from the United Kingdom to U.S. cities such as
motion detector security camera. CCTV Camera Cincinnati and New York.
Pros also supplies mini spy cameras as small as The analysis found that:
the size of a quarter which can be hidden in any
Surveillance systems were most effective in
object that the customer chooses. If you have any
parking lots, where their use resulted in a 51%
questions related to the spy cameras on this page
decrease in crime;
or anything related to video surveillance.
Public transportation areas saw a 23% decrease in
crimes;
Systems in public settings were the least effective,
with just a 7% decrease in crimes overall. When
sorted by country, however, systems in the United speed cameras. With the addition of fixed
Kingdom accounted for the majority of the cameras for the Active Traffic Management
decrease; the drop in other areas was system, the number of cameras on the Highways
insignificant. Agency's CCTV network is likely to increase
H.3. Traffic monitoring United States use CCTV inside the venue for fans
to see the action while they are away from their
Main article: Traffic camera
seats. The cameras send the feed to a central
Many cities and motorway networks
control center where a producer selects feeds to
have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using
send to the television monitors that fans can
closed-circuit television to detect congestion and
view. CCTV monitors for viewing the event by
notice accidents.
attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways,
Many of these cameras however, are owned by
and restrooms. This use of CCTV is not used for
private companies and transmit data to drivers'
surveillance purposes.
GPS systems.
The UK Highways Agency has a publicly owned
CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom
cameras covering the British motorway and trunk
road network. These cameras are primarily used
to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as
H.6. Employee monitoring H.7.Use in schools
Organizations use CCTV to monitor In the United States, Britain, Australia and New
the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools due to its
an information block with subtitles that explain success in preventing bullying, vandalism,
the performed operation. This helps to track the monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of
actions of workers, especially when they are evidence in the event of a crime. There are some
making critical financial transactions, such as restrictions on installation, with cameras not
correcting or cancelling of a sale, withdrawing being installed in an area where there is a
money or altering personal information. "reasonable expectation of privacy", such as
Actions which an employer may wish to monitor bathrooms, gym locker areas and private offices
could include: (unless consent by the office occupant is given).
Scanning of goods, selection of goods, Cameras are generally acceptable in hallways,
introduction of price and quantity; parking lots, front offices where students,
Input and output of operators in the system when employees, and parents come and go,
entering passwords; gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms and
Deleting operations and modifying existing classrooms. The installation of cameras in
documents; classrooms may be objected to by some teachers.
Implementation of certain operations, such as Each of these operations is transmitted with a
financial statements or operations with cash; description, allowing detailed monitoring of all
Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and actions of the operator. Some systems allow the
counting; user to search for a specific event by time of
Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants; occurrence and text description, and perform
Change of settings, reports and other official statistical evaluation of operator behavior. This
functions. allows the software to predict deviations from the
standard workflow and record only anomalous
behavior.
There are two main ways to factors including the frames per second recorded,
record video images that CCTV cameras capture. the number of cameras hooked up to the DVR
They are analog tape and digital video recorders. device, the resolution that the DVR saves the
Most analog video recorders use VCR tapes or images at, and the video compression used (e.g.
standard VCRs to record the images or special MPEG4). For a common set, up, where 4 cameras
security time-lapse VCRs to record images for a are shooting at 30 fps and an image resolution of
longer period of time. 320 X 240 is being used, each camera only records
when motion is on, and MPEG4 compression is
L.1. VCR Tape Recorder
used, users should be able fill up a 20 to 25 GB
A tape recorder such as a security-time
hard drive in about 80 hours.
lapse VCR can record CCTV camera images in
either black and white or color for 2,4, 6, 8, all the M. CCTV WORKS DURING POWER CUT
way up to 960 hours, which is 40 complete days. There are many types of CCTV
The determining factor is how many frames per cameras. They can be categorized by the types of
second users intend to record and how many images they are able to capture, the number of
cameras are hooked up to the VCR for recording. frames they can take per minute, the type of
For instance, if a user records 30 frames per connection to the monitor or video recording
second (real time video), he/she will only be able device, whether they are able to move position,
to get a few hours of video captured on the and special functions they can provide.
recorder. If users record one frame per second or Most CCTV cameras are powered by 12V via a
less, they can record for dozens of hours before power box or power adaptor. Unless you have a
the video tape is full. VCRs are very practical, very UPS or power backup the cameras and recorder
reliable, and extremely affordable. Expect to pay will also be powered off if there is no electricity.