sensors

Article
A Smart Voltage and Current Monitoring System for
Three Phase Inverters Using an Android
Smartphone Application
Mohannad Jabbar Mnati 1,2, *, Alex Van den Bossche 1,3 and Raad Farhood Chisab 4
1 Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University,
Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 913, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium; alex.vandenbossche@ugent.be
2 Department of Electronic Technology, Institute of Technology Baghdad, Middle Technical University,
Al-Zafraniya, 10074 Baghdad, Iraq
3 Flanders Make, the Strategic Research Centre for the Manufacturing Industry, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
4 Department of Electrical Technology, Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Al-Zafraniya,
10074 Baghdad, Iraq; raadfarhood@yahoo.com
* Correspondence: mohannad.mnati@ugent.be or m.j.mnati@gmail.com; Tel.: +32-488-383-749

Academic Editors: Michele Magno and Ilker Demirkol

Received: 8 February 2017; Accepted: 8 April 2017; Published: 15 April 2017

Abstract: In this paper, a new smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS) technique is
proposed. It monitors a three phase electrical system using an Arduino platform as a microcontroller
to read the voltage and current from sensors and then wirelessly send the measured data to monitor
the results using a new Android application. The integrated SVCMS design uses an Arduino Nano
V3.0 as the microcontroller to measure the results from three voltage and three current sensors
and then send this data, after calculation, to the Android smartphone device of an end user using
Bluetooth HC-05. The Arduino Nano V3.0 controller and Bluetooth HC-05 are a cheap microcontroller
and wireless device, respectively. The new Android smartphone application that monitors the
voltage and current measurements uses the open source MIT App Inventor 2 software. It allows for
monitoring some elementary fundamental voltage power quality properties. An effort has been made
to investigate what is possible using available off-the-shelf components and open source software.

Keywords: SVCMS; voltage sensor; current sensor; Android; Bluetooth; Arduino; smart

1. Introduction
Because of the increasing advances in technology, smart systems are increasingly being used.
These systems allow technicians, administrators, and managers to monitor and control the performance
of devices from a safe distance. The monitoring system is very important when working in the field
of three phase systems; some users and companies use smart monitoring software programs [14].
These programs are installed on the users smartphone or company computers to allow employers to
make decisions if there is an error.
The main objective of this paper is to create a smart monitoring system based on an intelligent
control system [59]. The proposed system is called a smart voltage and current monitoring system or
SVCMS. The SVCMS is designed to monitor the performance of a three phase grid by measuring voltage
and current. The SVCMS design consists of two parts; the first is the control system shown in Figure 1a.
This system has been designed using the Arduino Nano V3.0 as a microcontroller to read and calculate
the RMS voltage and current from sensor units [10,11]. The Arduino Nano V3.0 is an open source
platform that is very cheap, flexible, and has special-purpose data processing capabilities [12]. Similar
applications have been proposed for previous versions of this microcontroller [9,13,14]. The voltage
sensor unit design is based on the ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Ltd.,

Sensors 2017, 17, 872; doi:10.3390/s17040872 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

Sensors
Sensors 2017,
2017, 17,
17, 872
872 22 of
of 16
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voltage sensor unit design is based on the ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co.
Shenzhen,
Ltd., China)
Shenzhen, andand
China) it amplifies thethe
it amplifies signals using
signals a aLM358
using LM358IC IC(Texas
(TexasInstruments, TX,
Instruments, Dallas, TX,
USA) [15,16].
USA) [15,16]. The
The current
current sensor
sensor unit
unit is
is designed
designed based
based on
on an
an ACS712
ACS712 chip
chip (Allegro
(Allegro Microsystems,
Microsystems,
Worcester, MA, USA) [17]. Both Both voltage
voltage andand current
current units
units are
are isolated,
isolated, very
very cheap,
cheap,and
andeasy
easytotouse.
use.
The
The last
last part
part in
in the
the control
control system
system is
is the
the Bluetooth
Bluetooth HC-05
HC-05 (Guangzhou
(Guangzhou HC HC Information
Information Technology
Technology
Co.
Co. Ltd.,
Ltd., Guangzhou,
Guangzhou, China)
China) [18,19].
[18,19]. This
ThisBluetooth
BluetoothHC-05,
HC-05,isisone one of
of several
several types
types of
of wireless
wireless
communication
communication [20] [20] (ZigBee,
(ZigBee, Wi-Fi,
Wi-Fi, etc.)
etc.) unit
unit placed
placed between
between the the control
control system
system and
and the
the end
end user
user
(monitoring
(monitoring system).

(a) (b)
Figure 1. SVCMS Model: (a) Control system; (b) Monitoring system.
Figure 1. SVCMS Model: (a) Control system; (b) Monitoring system.

The second part of the SVCMS, seen in Figure 1b, is the monitoring system or monitoring
The second
application that ispart of theon
installed SVCMS,
a tabletseen in Figure 1b,
or smartphone is theThis
device. monitoring system
application or monitoring
monitors the data
(three phase voltage and current) received from the microcontroller. This paper usesthe
application that is installed on a tablet or smartphone device. This application monitors data
a new
(three phase voltage and current) received from the microcontroller. This paper
application designed using MIT App Inventor 2, an open source platform from Google, that can be uses a new application
designed
used using different
to design MIT Apptypes Inventor 2, an open source
of applications that canplatform from Google,
be implemented of that can be
Android used to design
smartphones or
different types
tablets [2124]. of applications that can be implemented of Android smartphones or tablets [2124].
The aim
The aim ofof this
this work
work was
was toto design
design andand implement
implement aa low low cost
cost and
and safe
safe three
three phase
phase measuring
measuring
system and
system and toto design
design aa smartphone
smartphone application
application to to monitor
monitor thethe data
data received
received from
from the
the three
three phase
phase
measuring system. The SVCMS has been designed to measure three phase
measuring system. The SVCMS has been designed to measure three phase voltages and currents voltages and currents forfor
all
three
all phase
three systems
phase systemsthatthat
have a line
have to ground
a line voltage
to ground of less
voltage ofthan 250 VAC
less than 250 with
VACawithcurrent value of
a current less
value
than 30 A. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the relevant
of less than 30 A. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the relevant related related research,
Section 3 Section
research, presents3 the SVCMS
presents thedesign
SVCMS of design
both hardware and software
of both hardware and in detail, Section
software in detail,4 discusses
Section 4
the practical hardware and software system results, and finally, Section
discusses the practical hardware and software system results, and finally, Section 5 presents 5 presents conclusions and
suggests further work.
conclusions and suggests further work.
2. Related Work
2. Related Work
This section discusses the system which has been designed and compares it with some
This section discusses the system which has been designed and compares it with some related
related work in the same area, such as similar studies using different techniques, like different
work in the same area, such as similar studies using different techniques, like different types of
types of voltage and current sensors, wireless communication technology, type of microcontroller,
voltage and current sensors, wireless communication technology, type of microcontroller, and
and monitoring systems.
monitoring systems.
The SVCMS that has been designed in this research consists of voltage and current sensors for
The SVCMS that has been designed in this research consists of voltage and current sensors for a
a three phase system, an Arduino Nano V3.0 microcontroller (electronics_lee Co. Ltd, Wuxi, China),
three phase system, an Arduino Nano V3.0 microcontroller (electronics_lee Co. Ltd, Wuxi, China),
Bluetooth HC-05 as the wireless communication system, and a new Android smartphone application
Bluetooth HC-05 as the wireless communication system, and a new Android smartphone application
designed to monitor the measured values. Table 1 shows a list of the devices used in other proposals
designed to monitor the measured values. Table 1 shows a list of the devices used in other proposals
in this area.
in this area.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 3 of 16

Table 1. List of related works.

Sensors 2017, 17, 872 3 of 16
Related Work [Reference] Communication Type of Monitoring
Application Microcontroller
Year System
Table 1. List Sensors
of related works. System
Smart Power Voltage and
Gill et al.
Related [5], 2012
Work ZigBee
Communication PC PC
Monitoring
Monitoring
Application Current
Type of Sensors Microcontroller
[Reference] Year System System
Voltage and
Aurilio et al. [1], 2014 SmartSmart
PowerMeters - Arduino Shield Ordinary
Gill et al. [5], 2012 ZigBee Current
Voltage and Current PC PC
Monitoring
Power Meter Voltage and Arduino Mega
Tamkittikhun et al. [20], 2015 Smart Ethernet Shield PC
Aurilio et al. [1], 2014 Design ---- Current
Voltage and Current 2560 Shield
Arduino Ordinary
Meters
Tamkittikhun Temperature Arduino Mega
Salamone etetal.al.[2],
[20],
2016 PowerSmart
MeterLamp
EthernetBluetooth
Shield Voltage
Arduino Mega Smartphone
andand Current
Humidity 2560 PC
2015 Design 2560
Sung et al. [25], 2013 Smart LED Wi-Fi + ZigBee Temperature
Light Sensor
and XP-8000 Mega Smartphone
Arduino
Salamone et al. [2], 2016 Smart Lamp Bluetooth Smartphone
Monitoring Humidity 2560
Di Gennaro et al. [26], 2014 ZigBee pH Probe Raspberry Pi PC
Sung et al. [25], 2013 System Wi-Fi + ZigBee
Smart LED Light Sensor XP-8000 Smartphone
Di Gennaro et al. [26], Monitoring
Monitoring Arduino Mega Pi
Caldern et al. [7], 2016 ZigBeeCable pH Probe
Temperature Raspberry PC PC
2014 SystemSystem and PC
Monitoring Arduino Mega and
Embedded
Caldern et al. [7], 2016 Monitoring Cable Temperature PC
Kim et al. [27], 2015 System Wi-Fi Webcam PC
Linux Board Smartphone
System
Monitoring Embedded
and ArduinoLinux
Kim et al. [27], 2015 Wi-Fi Webcam Smartphone
System Board and Arduino

3. SVCMS Design
3. SVCMS Design
The SVCMS design in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the control system (practical system) and
The SVCMS design in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the control system (practical system) and
software system (the program of the microcontroller and smartphone application).
software system (the program of the microcontroller and smartphone application).
3.1. Control System (Hardware Design)
3.1. Control System (Hardware Design)
The control system of the SVCMS in Figure 1a has been designed to measure the voltage and
The
current ofcontrol
a three system of the SVCMS
phase system. Then theinmicrocontroller
Figure 1a has been designed
calculates to measure
the RMS thebevoltage
values to sent to and
the
current of a three phase system. Then the microcontroller calculates the RMS values to be sent
smartphone application using Bluetooth as the wireless communication method. The practical module to the
smartphone application using Bluetooth as the wireless
of the control system (SVCMS) includes the following parts: communication method. The practical
module of the control system (SVCMS) includes the following parts:
1. Voltage sensor unit
1. Voltage sensor unit
2. Current sensor unit
2. Current sensor unit
3. Microcontroller unit
3. Microcontroller unit
4. Wireless communication
4. Wireless communication unit
unit
The
The four
four units
units of
of the
the hardware
hardwarecontrol
controlsystem
systemare
areshown
shownin
inFigure
Figure2.2.

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Cont.
Figure 2. Cont.
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Sensors 2017, 17, 872 4 of 16

(c)
(c) (d)
(d)
Figure2.2.Hardware
Figure Hardwarecomponents:
components:(a)
(a)voltage
voltagesensor
sensorunit;
unit;(b)
(b)current
currentsensor
sensorunit;
unit;(c)
(c)Arduino
ArduinoNano,
Nano,
Figure
(d) 2. Hardware
Bluetooth components: (a) voltage sensor unit; (b) current sensor unit; (c) Arduino Nano,
HC-05.
(d) Bluetooth
(d) Bluetooth HC-05.
HC-05.

3.1.1.Voltage
3.1.1. VoltageSensor
SensorUnit
Unit
3.1.1. Voltage Sensor Unit
Thevoltage
The voltagesensor
sensorcircuit
circuitthat
thatisisshown
shownin inFigure
Figure33isisdesigned
designedto tomeasure
measurethethemaximum
maximumAC AC
The that
voltage voltageis sensor
less thancircuit
250 thatbased
VAC is shown
on in Figure 3 is
components in designed
Figure toThis
2a. measure
circuitthe
usesmaximum
a AC
differential
voltage that is less than 250 VAC based on components in Figure 2a. This circuit uses a differential
voltage thatafter
attenuator is less 230
thanVACrms
250 VACwith
based on components than5in Figure 2a. This circuit uses a differential
attenuator after aa230 VACrms with tolerance
tolerance lessthan
less 5VACpp.
VACpp. The
The output
output waveform
waveform (5(5VAC)
VAC)of of
attenuator
the circuitafter
is a 230
riding VACrms
on DC with
voltage tolerance
as an less
offset than
(about 5 VACpp.
2.5 V) and The
the output waveform
amplitude can be (5 VAC) of
adjusted by
the circuit is riding on DC voltage as an offset (about 2.5 V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by
the circuit is riding
potentiometer on greater
butnot
not DC voltage
than5as
5V. anThe
V. offset (about
output 2.5 circuit
ofthe
the V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by
potentiometer but greater than The output of circuit isisconnected
connected directly
directly tothe
to theADCADCpin
pin
potentiometer
of the Arduino but not greater than
microcontroller. 5 V. The output of the circuit is connected directly to the ADC pin
of the Arduino microcontroller.
of the Arduino microcontroller.

Figure 3. Voltage sensor circuitA band pass (~50 Hz).

Figure3.3.Voltage
Figure Voltagesensor
sensorcircuitA
circuitAband
bandpass
pass(~50
(~50Hz).
Hz).

The voltage sensor circuit design in Figure 3 is based on three stages:

Thevoltage
The voltagesensor
sensorcircuit
circuitdesign
designin inFigure
Figure33isisbased
basedon onthree
threestages:
stages:
1.1. A ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China)
China)[15]
[15]with
withlow
1. AAZMPT101B
ZMPT101Bcurrent currenttransformer
transformer(Interplus
(InterplusIndustry
IndustryCo. Co.Ltd.,
Ltd.,Shenzhen,
Shenzhen,China) [15] with low
low
impedance
impedanceloadload (R2).
load(R2). The
(R2).The ZMPT101B
TheZMPT101B is a
ZMPT101Bisisaasmallsmall size
smallsize current
sizecurrent transformer
currenttransformer
transformerwithwith good
withgood consistency
goodconsistency
consistency
impedance
and
and isolation
isolation for
forvoltage
voltage measurements.
measurements. The
Themain
main properties
properties of of
thethe
transformer
transformerareare
explained
explainedin
and isolation for voltage measurements. The main properties of the transformer are explained
Table 2 [15]
inTable
Table and theandoutput characteristics are shown in Figure 4. Two curvesTwoshow in the Figure 4
in 22[15]
[15] and theoutput
the output characteristics
characteristics areshown
are shown inFigure
in Figure 4.4.Two curves
curves show
show inthe
in the
depended to the
Figure44depended
dependedto input
totheresistance
theinput of ZMPT101B,
inputresistance
resistanceof Figure
ofZMPT101B, 4a
ZMPT101B,Figure shows
Figure4a the relation
4ashows
showsthe between
therelation the
relationbetweenRMS
between
Figure
input
the current
RMS inputand RMS output
current and voltage
RMS outputandvoltage
Figure and4b shows
Figure the
4b relation
shows between
the thebetween
relation RMS input the
the RMS input current and RMS output voltage and Figure 4b shows the relation between the
current and phase angle error of the output signal (theoutput
input resistance R1input
is connected in series
RMS input current and phase angle error of the output signal (the input resistance R1 isis
RMS input current and phase angle error of the signal (the resistance R1
with the transformer).
connected inseries
serieswith
withthe thetransformer).
transformer).
connected in
2.2. Two
Two stages
stagesof of
bandpass-amplifier
bandpass-amplifier are based on LM358
are based
based IC [16].IC
on LM358
LM358 This chipThis
[16]. consists
chipof two operation
consists of two
two
2. Two stages of bandpass-amplifier are on IC [16]. This chip consists of
amplifiers with
operationamplifiers the properties
amplifierswith withthe of:
theproperties
propertiesof: of:
operation
Lowpower
Low powerconsumption
consumption
AA widesingle
A wide
single powersupply
wide single power
supply (3VVto
power supply (3
to 32V)
(3 V to 32
V)
32 V)
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 5 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 5 of 16

(a)

(b)

Figure
Figure 4.
4. Output
Output characteristics
characteristics of
of ZMPT101B
ZMPT101B [15]:
[15]: (a)
(a) output
output voltage
voltage and
and input
input current;
current; (b)
(b) phase
phase
angle and input current.
angle and input current.

Table
Table 2.
2. The
The main
main properties
properties of
of ZMPT101B
ZMPT101B [15].
[15].
Parameter Value
Parameter
Turns Ratio Value
1000:1000
Turns Ratio
Primary and Secondary Current 2 1000:1000
mA and 2 mA
Primary and
Dielectric Secondary Current
Level 2 mA
3000and 2 mA
VAC/min
Dielectric
Frequency Range Level 300050~60
VAC/min
Hz
Phase Angle Error Range
Frequency 50~60 Hz
20, (50 )
Phase Angle Error 20 , (50 )

3.1.2. Current Sensor Unit

3.1.2. Current Sensor Unit
The current measuring circuit, shown in Figure 5, is based on the Allegro ACS712 IC sensor [17].
The current
The ACS712 IC ismeasuring circuit,
a linear current shown
sensor in Figure
used 5, is based
for measuring ACon theDC
and Allegro ACS712
currents. This IC sensor
device [17].
comes
The
in ACS712
three typesICfrom
is a the
linear current sensor
manufacturer used fortomeasuring
according the maximumAC and DC currents.
current sensed (5,This
20,device comes
and 30 A).
in three types from the manufacturer according to the maximum current sensed ( 5,
In this paper, the ACS712-30A was used as the current sensor. The ACS712-30A can measure currents20, and 30 A).
In this
up paper,
to 30 thewith
A and ACS712-30A
66 mV/Awas used
output as the current
sensitivity sensor.
on a +5 V DCThe ACS712-30A
power supply. can measure currents
up to 30 A and with 66 mV/A output sensitivity on a +5 V DC power supply.
From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and
measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chip are shown in Table 3.
 Sensors 2017, 17, 872 6 of 16
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Sensors 2017, 17, 872 6 of 16

Figure 5. Current sensor circuit.

From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and
Figure5.5. Current
Current sensor
sensor circuit.
Figure
measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chipcircuit.
are shown in Table 3.

From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and
measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chip are shown in Table 3.

Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax = 30 A) [17].
Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax = 30 A) [17].
Table 3. The main properties of ACS712 [17].
Table 3. The main properties of ACS712 [17].
Parameter
Figure 6. The ideal curve Value= 30 A) [17].
of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax
Supply Voltage
Parameter 5V
Value
Minimum Isolation
TableVoltage
3. The(Input & Output) of ACS712 [17].
main properties 2.1 kVrms
Supply Voltage 5V
Sensitivity (5, 20 and 30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A
Minimum Isolation Voltage (Input & Output)
Parameter 2.1 kVrms
Value
Working Temperature From (40 to + 85) C
Sensitivity (5, 20 and 30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A
Supply Voltage
Consumed Current 10 5mA
V
Working Temperature From (40 to + 85) C
Minimum Isolation Voltage (Input & Output) 2.1 kVrms
Consumed Current 10 mA
Sensitivity (5, 20 and 30) A
3.1.3. The Microcontroller (66,100, 185) mV/A
Working Temperature From (40 to + 85) C
3.1.3. As previously mentioned,
The Microcontroller the main
Consumed component of the control unit is10the
Current mAArduino development
board. The Arduino Nano V3.0 board, shown in Figure 1c, is an open source electronics prototyping
As previously
platform basedmentioned,
on V3.0 on the
the main component
ATmega328, of hardware
flexible the control andunit is the Arduino
software. development
All manufacturer
3.1.3. The Microcontroller
board.properties
The Arduino NanoinV3.0
are shown Tableboard,
4, whileshown indiagram
the pins Figure 1c, is an in
is shown open source
Figure 7. electronics prototyping
platformAs previously
based on V3.0mentioned, the main flexible
on the ATmega328, component of the control
hardware unit is the
and software. AllArduino development
manufacturer properties
board. The Arduino Nano V3.0 board,
Tableshown
4. in Figure
Arduino Nano 1c, is an
Properties.
are shown in Table 4, while the pins diagram is shown in Figure 7. open source electronics prototyping
platform based onParameter
V3.0 on the ATmega328, flexible hardware Value and software. All manufacturer
properties are shown in Table
Microcontroller 4, while
Table the
4. pins diagram
Arduino Nano is shown in
Properties. Figure 7.
ATmega328
Operating Voltage (logic level) 5V
Flash Memory, Parameter
EEPROM, and SRAM Table 4. Arduino
32 kB Nano Properties.
of which 2 kB used
Valueby bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB
Clock Speed
Microcontroller 16 MHz
ATmega328
Parameter Value
Analog
Operating I/O Pins
Voltage (logic level) 5 V8
Microcontroller ATmega328
Flash Memory, EEPROM, and SRAM 32 kB of which 2 kB used by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB
Operating Voltage (logic level) 5V
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Flash Memory, EEPROM,
Analog and SRAM
I/O Pins 32 kB of which 2 kB used 8 by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB
DCClock Speed
Current per I/O Pins 16 MHz
40 mA (I/O Pins)
Analog I/OVoltage
Input Pins 712 V8
Digital I/O Pins 22
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19 mA
 DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins)
Input Voltage 712 V
Digital I/O Pins 22
PWM Output 6
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 7 of 16
Power Consumption 19 mA

Figure
Figure 7.
7. Pin
Pin diagram
diagram of
of Arduino
Arduino Nano
Nano [28].
[28].

The A/D converter of Arduino Nano is 10-bit and the measuring current of the circuit is 30 A
The A/D converter of Arduino Nano is 10-bit and the measuring current of the circuit is 30 A
(ranging from 30 to +30) A. From the above data (Tables 2 and 3), the quantisation noise of the A/D
(ranging from 30 to +30) A. From the above data (Tables 2 and 3), the quantisation noise of the A/D
converter can be calculated by Equation (1):
converter can be calculated by Equation (1):
60
= I = 10 60 = 0.058651 58.651 mA (1)
QN = N2 m1
= 10 1 = 0.058651 58.651 mA
2 (1)
2 1 2 1
where: QN: quantisation noise; Im: measuring range; N: A/D bits of the converter.
where QN: quantisation noise; Im : measuring range; N: A/D bits of the converter.
3.1.4. Wireless Communication
3.1.4. Wireless Communication
The Bluetooth HC-05 module shown in Figure 1d was used as the wireless communication
deviceThe Bluetooth
between theHC-05 module shown
microcontroller in Figure
and the 1d was
end user used as the
(smartphone wireless
device). communication
This device
model is connected
between the microcontroller and the end user (smartphone device). This model is connected
directly to the Arduino Nano V3.0. The Bluetooth HC-05 properties are shown in Table 5. directly
to the Arduino Nano V3.0. The Bluetooth HC-05 properties are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Properties of Bluetooth HC-05.
Table 5. Properties of Bluetooth HC-05.
Parameter Value
Frequency
Parameter ISM band, 2.4 GHz
Value
Synchronous 1 Mbps/1 Mbps
Frequency ISM band, 2.4 GHz
Power Supply
Synchronous +3.3 VDC 50
1 Mbps/1 mA
Mbps
Working Temperature
Power Supply (25~+75)
+3.3 VDC 50C mA
TransmitTemperature
Working Power Class C
2, 4 dBm
(25~+75)
Transmit Power Class 2, 4 dBm
The final SVCMS hardware is shown in Figure 8, the system consists of four units, which are: (1)
Arduino
The Nano V3.0, (2)hardware
final SVCMS three voltage sensors,
is shown (3) three
in Figure current
8, the sensors,
system andof
consists (4)four
Bluetooth HC-5 as
units, which a
are:
(1) Arduino Nano V3.0, (2) three voltage sensors, (3) three current sensors, and (4) Bluetooth HC-5 as
a wireless communication. In Figure 8, the connection of all components and how it works together
are shown in order to yield the data and also shows how the data is read by the oscilloscope to check
 Sensors 2017, 17, 872 8 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 8 of 16
wireless communication. In Figure 8, the connection of all components and how it works together are
shown in order to yield the data and also shows how the data is read by the oscilloscope to check the
thesystem
system forfor errors
errors or mistakes
or mistakes during
during the connection.
the connection. The approximate
The approximate total
total cost cost
of the of themodel
SVCMS SVCMS
model using parts acquired from eBay stores, as presented in Table 6,
using parts acquired from eBay stores, as presented in Table 6, was 25. was 25.

Figure 8. The SVCMS hardware system.

Figure 8. The SVCMS hardware system.
Table 6. SVCMS model cost analysis.
Table 6. SVCMS model cost analysis.
Component Hardware Quantity Price ()
Voltage Sensor
Component Single-phase AC Voltage Sensor Circuit
Hardware 3
Quantity 34.26
Price ()
Current Sensor Single-phase AC current Sensor Circuit 3 31.7
Voltage Sensor Single-phase AC Voltage Sensor Circuit 3 3 4.26
Wireless Communication HC-5 Bluetooth 1 3.41
Current Sensor Single-phase AC current Sensor Circuit 3 3 1.7
Microcontroller Board Arduino Nano 1 3.26
Wireless Communication HC-5 Bluetooth 1 3.41
Total cost from eBay stores (approximately) 24.55
Microcontroller Board Arduino Nano 1 3.26
Total cost from eBay stores (approximately) 24.55
3.2. Monitoring System (Software Design)
3.2. Monitoring
Two types System (Software
of program areDesign)
used in this work, the first one is for the Arduino microcontroller to
read the data from the voltage and current sensors and send the results by Bluetooth to the end user.
Two types of program are used in this work, the first one is for the Arduino microcontroller to
The second one is for monitoring the received data from the microcontroller. The monitoring system
read the data from the voltage and current sensors and send the results by Bluetooth to the end user.
or monitoring software of the SVCMS is installed on an Android smartphone or a tablet as shown in
The second
Figure 1b.one
Thisisapplication
for monitoring the received
is designed datathe
to monitor from
datathe microcontroller.
(three phase voltageThe
and monitoring system
current) received
or from
monitoring software of
the microcontroller. the SVCMS is installed on an Android smartphone or a tablet as shown in
Figure 1b. This application is designed to monitor the data (three phase voltage and current) received
from theMicrocontroller
3.2.1. microcontroller.Program
Figure 9 shows Program
3.2.1. Microcontroller the main open source platform of the Arduino Nano microcontroller and shows
the microcontroller codes to read the data from the voltage and current sensor units, and then send
theFigure
data to9 the
shows
endthe main
user. Thisopen source
program platform
is written in of
anthe Arduino
Arduino Nanoand
platform microcontroller
then uploadsandit toshows
the
theArduino
microcontroller
board usingcodesthe to
USBread the data In
connection. from
thisthe
partvoltage and current
of the program it cansensor units,
be seen andprogram
that the then send
thechecks
data to
thethe end user.ofThis
availability program device
the Bluetooth is written in ifan
to see it Arduino platform
is connected or not inand then
order to uploads it to the
read the result
Arduino board
and send this using
data tothe
theUSB connection.
smartphone In this
via the part ofcommunication
Bluetooth the program itprotocols.
can be seen that the program
checks the availability of the Bluetooth device to see if it is connected or not in order to read the result
and send this data to the smartphone via the Bluetooth communication protocols.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program

The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application.
This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from Google
as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor 2 is
shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components
include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and
invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 9 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 9 of 16

Figure 9. Main microcontroller program.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program

The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application.
This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from
Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor
2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components
include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and
Figure 9. Main microcontroller program.
invisible items like the database, wireless
Figure tools,
9. Main etc.
microcontroller program.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program

The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application.
This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from
Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor
2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components
include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and
invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc.

Figure 10. Main

Figure10. Main screen
screenof
ofMIT
MITApp
AppInventor
Inventor2.2.

4. Discussion and Results

There are more methods for controlling and monitoring a three phase circuit depending on
the controller or the type of display for the results of the voltage and current. In this paper, a new
method for monitoring and displaying the three phase system is given; this method is called the

Figure 10. Main screen of MIT App Inventor 2.

Sensors 2017, 17, 872 10 of 16

4. Discussion and Results

SensorsThere are
2017, 17, 872more methods for controlling and monitoring a three phase circuit depending 10 onofthe
16
controller or the type of display for the results of the voltage and current. In this paper, a new method
for monitoring and displaying the three phase system is given; this method is called the smart voltage
smart voltagemonitoring
and current and currentsystem,monitoring system,where
or SVCMS, or SVCMS, where a smartphone
a smartphone is used instead is used instead of
of traditional
traditional
methods like an LCD display or an analog method for monitoring and displaying the results.the
methods like an LCD display or an analog method for monitoring and displaying It
results.
consistsItofconsists
two majorof twopartsmajor
which parts
arewhich are theand
the control control and monitoring
monitoring parts. The parts. Thepart
control control
has part
four
has four branches
branches which are:which are: a voltage
a voltage sensora unit,
sensor unit, a current
current sensorsensor unit,
unit, the the Arduino
Arduino NanoNano V3.0 V3.0
unit, unit,
and
and wireless communication unit (Bluetooth device), while the second part
wireless communication unit (Bluetooth device), while the second part contains the monitoring part contains the monitoring
part
that that monitors
monitors the the voltage
voltage andand current
current forfor three
three phasesusing
phases usingthetheAndroid
Android smartphone
smartphone application
application
which
which is written using the MIT App Inventor 2, an open source software platform available from
is written using the MIT App Inventor 2, an open source software platform available from
Google
Google for
for Android
Android project
project applications.
applications.
Now,
Now, thethe control
control part
part will
will bebe discussed.
discussed. It mainly consists of two two sensors
sensors forfor measuring
measuring the the
voltage and current. The voltage sensor contains the transformer and
voltage and current. The voltage sensor contains the transformer and two op-amps (LM358). two op-amps (LM358). According
to Section 3.1.1
According and the
to Section voltage
3.1.1 sensor
and the circuit
voltage in Figure
sensor 3, in
circuit theFigure
Matlab 3,Simulink
the Matlab simulation
Simulinkof the three
simulation
phase voltage system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the three phase
of the three phase voltage system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the three phase voltage voltage source and three
voltage sensors. Figure 11 explains how the voltage can be simulated
source and three voltage sensors. Figure 11 explains how the voltage can be simulated using the using the Matlab/Simulink
in which the input
Matlab/Simulink involtage
which the is shown in scope-A1
input voltage (which
is shown is about 230
in scope-A1 V) while
(which is aboutthe230
output voltage
V) while the
can be measured in pin VS-OUT and these three phase voltages (phase-A,
output voltage can be measured in pin VS-OUT and these three phase voltages (phase-A, phase-B, phase-B, and phase-C)
can
andbe shown can
phase-C) through
be shownthe scope-A2
through the (thisscope-A2
voltage is about
(this 5 V).isThe
voltage aboutwaveform
5 V). Theofwaveform
input andof output
input
voltage
and outputof Figure 11ofisFigure
voltage shown11 inisFigure
shown12. in The
Figureinput
12. voltage
The input sine wave sine
voltage is offset
waveequal to zero
is offset equal andto
upper with lower voltage of 230 V. The output voltage in Figure 12 ranges
zero and upper with lower voltage of 230 V. The output voltage in Figure 12 ranges between 0 and 5 between 0 and 5 V for the
microcontroller which is offset
V for the microcontroller which around 2.5 around
is offset V. This circuit
2.5 V. is used
This to reduce
circuit theto
is used voltage
reduceinthe order to deal
voltage in
with the high voltage.
order to deal with the high voltage.

Figure 11. Matlab/Simulink of the three phase voltage system.

Figure 11. Matlab/Simulink of the three phase voltage system.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 11 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 11 of 16

Three Phase Input Voltage (50 Hz)

250
Phas A
200
Phas B
150 Phas C

100

50
Input

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time

Three Phase OutPut Voltage (50 Hz)

5
Phas A
4.5
Phas B
4 Phas C

3.5 2.5Volt
<= 5Volt
3
Output

2.5

1.5 >= 0 Volt

1

0.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time

Figure 12.
Figure Simulation result
12. Simulation result (input
(input and
and output)
output) voltage.
voltage.

The
The second
second sensor
sensor isis the
the current
current sensor,
sensor, asas shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 5, 5, which
which is is based
based on on thethe ACS712
ACS712 IC IC
sensor. This sensor can work under a limit of 30 A with 66 mV/A
sensor. This sensor can work under a limit of 30 A with 66 mV/A sensitivity with +5 V DC power sensitivity with +5 V DC power
supply.
supply. Figure
Figure 66 explains
explains the the relation
relation between
between the the output
output voltage
voltage and and phase
phase current
current and and itit can
can bebe
noticed that the relation is linear under different temperature conditions
noticed that the relation is linear under different temperature conditions from 40 C to 125 C; this from 40 C
to 125 C;
this
relation
relation increase
increase is is exactly
exactly linear
linear and
and that
that means
means the the increase
increase in in current
current taken
taken will
will lead
lead to to an
an increase
increase
in the voltage
in the voltage output.
output. Also
Also one onecancannotice
noticethatthatthe
thechange
changeinintemperature
temperaturewill will not
not affect
affect thethe activity
activity of
of this circuit.
this circuit.
The
The control
control and
and software
software flowchart
flowchart of of the
the SVCMS
SVCMS is is shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 13.13. According
According to to Section
Section 3.2,3.2,
the
the flowchart
flowchart in in Figure
Figure 13a shows how
13a shows how the control system
the control system works
works (reading
(reading datadata fromfrom sensors
sensors and and
sending
sending thisthis data
dataafter
aftercalculating
calculatingthe theRMS
RMSvalues
valuesbybyArduino
Arduino Nano
Nano through
through thetheBluetooth
Bluetooth HC-05
HC-05 to
the end
to the enduser). Figure
user). Figure 13b13b shows
shows the
theflowchart
flowchartofofthe thesmartphone
smartphoneapplication
applicationprogram
program and and howhow to to
receive data by smartphone Bluetooth from the microcontroller (control
receive data by smartphone Bluetooth from the microcontroller (control system) and then monitor the system) and then monitor
the results.
results. It can
It can be noted
be noted thatthatthethe smartphone
smartphone checks
checks thethe Bluetooth
Bluetooth device
device to see
to see if itifisit active
is active or ornotnotin
in order
order to receive
to receive the the
datadata
from from the Bluetooth
the Bluetooth device
device HC-05 HC-05
that isthat is connected
connected with Arduino
with Arduino Nano.Nano.After
After
reading reading
the datathe datacheck
it will it willeverycheck every
phase and phase and will
will begin withbegin
phasewith A. If phase A. If and
the voltage the current
voltagehave and
current
values and is never equal to zero then it will display these values, while if the voltage is zero then is
have values and is never equal to zero then it will display these values, while if the voltage it
zerodisplay
will then it will display
the (SC) andthe with(SC) and with
current equalcurrent
to zeroequal
displayto zero
(NL)display
and with (NL) and with
together equal together
to zeroequal
then
to zero then
display (NC).display (NC).
After that theAfter
programthat will
the program
check thewill check
second the (phase
phase secondB) phase (phasethe
and repeat B) and
samerepeat
steps
the same steps
for phase forgo
A, then phase A, then
to phase go to
C and phasesame
repeat C and repeat same
procedure for theprocedure
other two for phases.
the other two phases.
Finally, it will
Finally,
return toitreceive
will return
datato receive
and repeat data and repeat
the same the same
procedure procedure
in order to update in order to update
the reading andthe reading
display the
and display the
new data received. new data received.
 Sensors 2017, 17, 872 12 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 12 of 16

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 13.
13. Flowchart
FlowchartofofSVCMS:
SVCMS:(a)
(a)Flowchart
Flowchartof
of Arduino
Arduino Nano
Nano V3.0
V3.0 Software;
Software; (b)
(b) Flowchart
Flowchart of
of
Android application Software.
Android application Software.

According to the Matlab/Simulink waveform in Figure 12, the Arduino Nano V3.0 calculates the
According to the Matlab/Simulink waveform in Figure 12, the Arduino Nano V3.0 calculates the
RMS Value for voltage and current by Equations (2) and (3). The three phase voltage is presented in
RMS Value for voltage and current by Equations (2) and (3). The three phase voltage is presented in
Equations (4)(6):
Equations (4)(6):
r1 Z
() = 1 T ()2 (2)
Vph ( RMS) = 0 Vph (t)2 dt (2)
T 0
r Z T
11 2
I
ph ( ()
RMS ) =
= T I ph ()(t2)dt (3)(3)
00
where T = 1/frequency
where: T = 1/frequency
VA = Vm sin (4)
= (4)
VB =Vm sin ( 120) (5)

VC =
=V
m(
sin(+120)
120) (5)(6)

The Android smartphone application is=the

(
fifth unit
+ 120)
connected to the control system by Bluetooth.
(6)
The android application of SVCMS is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14a shows the SVCMS Android
The Android
application before smartphone
it connects theapplication
Bluetooth is to the fifth unit
the control connected
system to the
(the status control system
is disconnect) by
while
Bluetooth.
Figure 14bThe android
explains application
the condition of of
theSVCMS
Bluetoothis shown
device in Figure
after 14. Figure
connecting (the 14a shows
status the SVCMS
is connect) but
Android application before it connects the Bluetooth to the control system (the status is disconnect)
no result appears in the main screen as the control system is not working (which means that there is
while Figure 14b explains the condition of the Bluetooth device after connecting (the status is
connect) but no result appears in the main screen as the control system is not working (which
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 13 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 13 of 16

no signal
means thatfor all six
there sensors).
is no Figure
signal for all six14c presents
sensors). all states
Figure of monitoring
14c presents according
all states to the according
of monitoring flowchart
application in Figure 12b.
to the flowchart application in Figure 12b.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure
Figure 14.
14. The
The SVCMS
SVCMS android
android application:
application: (a)
(a) control
control system
system disconnected;
disconnected; (b)
(b) control
control system
system
connected (no measuring signals received); and (c) all states of measuring sensors are shown.
connected (no measuring signals received); and (c) all states of measuring sensors are shown.

Figure 14 explains the different cases of the connection and cases of phases. In Figure 15a the six
Figure 14 explains the different cases of the connection and cases of phases. In Figure 15a the
sensor reading is zero, that means the sensor is not working because the Bluetooth device was in the
six sensor reading is zero, that means the sensor is not working because the Bluetooth device was
off state. In Figure 15b the Bluetooth is working but the device and sensors are not connected and
in the off state. In Figure 15b the Bluetooth is working but the device and sensors are not connected
without receiving signals, while in Figure 15c the program is working and reading different data
and without receiving signals, while in Figure 15c the program is working and reading different data
received from the sensors with special cases of voltage and current like SC and NL.
received from the sensors with special cases of voltage and current like SC and NL.
Figure 15 shows more screens that are programmed to explain how this system (hardware and
Figure 15 shows more screens that are programmed to explain how this system (hardware and
software) works. Figure 15a shows the abstract that is written in this paper and gives a brief idea
software) works. Figure 15a shows the abstract that is written in this paper and gives a brief idea about
about this system for controlling and monitoring the three phases and how to it can display the results
this system for controlling and monitoring the three phases and how to it can display the results while
while Figure 15b shows the name of the journal where it was submitted and extra information such
Figure 15b shows the name of the journal where it was submitted and extra information such as the
as the specific dates like received, accepted, and published dates. Figure 15c explains the control flow
specific dates like received, accepted, and published dates. Figure 15c explains the control flow chart
chart for the SVCMS control system and how it works while Figure 15d shows the second type of
for the SVCMS control system and how it works while Figure 15d shows the second type of flow chart,
flow chart, which is the application flow chart, which works on smartphones and how it can display
which is the application flow chart, which works on smartphones and how it can display the results.
the results. Then Figure 15e explains the first types of sensors, which are the voltage sensors, and
Then Figure 15e explains the first types of sensors, which are the voltage sensors, and shows the circuit
shows the circuit diagram of this sensor. Finally, Figure 15f shows the circuit diagram of the second
diagram of this sensor. Finally, Figure 15f shows the circuit diagram of the second sensor, the current
sensor, the current sensor, and explains the components of this sensor.
sensor, and explains the components of this sensor.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 14 of 16
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 14 of 16

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure
Figure 15.
15. The
TheSVCMS
SVCMSadditional
additionalscreen:
screen:(a)
(a)abstract;
abstract;(b)
(b)journal
journalinformation;
information;(c)
(c)Arduino
Arduinoflowchart;
flowchart;
(d)
(d) Android flowchart; (e) voltage sensor unit; (f) current sensor unit. [NOTE: The system
Android flowchart; (e) voltage sensor unit; (f) current sensor unit. [NOTE: The system design
design isis
based
based on only one SVCMS application and can be connected by the Arduino Nano at a given time].
on only one SVCMS application and can be connected by the Arduino Nano at a given time].

5.
5. Conclusions
Conclusions and
and Future
Future Work
Work
AA smart
smart voltage
voltage and
and current
current monitoring
monitoring system
system (SVCMS),
(SVCMS), is is designed
designed andand implemented
implemented to to
measure and monitor three phase voltages and currents. The SVCMS model is more
measure and monitor three phase voltages and currents. The SVCMS model is more cost effective than cost effective
than similar
similar models
models that that use heavy
use heavy current
current transformers
transformers (CTs).
(CTs). It is It is also
also safer
safer thanthan having
having to measure
to measure the
the mains voltages very often. It is a low cost and easily applicable model for
mains voltages very often. It is a low cost and easily applicable model for measuring and monitoringmeasuring and
monitoring
three phasethree phase
system system performance
performance as compared aswith
compared with other
other models. The models. The technician
technician can also workcan with
also
work with the domain like virtual reality. The monitoring system uses a new Android
the domain like virtual reality. The monitoring system uses a new Android smartphone application smartphone
application
designed bydesigned
MIT AppbyInventor
MIT App 2. Inventor 2. This application
This application receives thereceives the three
three phase RMS phase
voltageRMSandvoltage
current
and current data from the Bluetooth device (HC-05). The SVCMS has
data from the Bluetooth device (HC-05). The SVCMS has been tested successfully. been tested successfully.
The future of smart monitoring system model and applications is to replace the Bluetooth
wireless communication system by Internet of Things (IOT) technology [29,30]. This technology is
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 15 of 16

The future of smart monitoring system model and applications is to replace the Bluetooth wireless
communication system by Internet of Things (IOT) technology [29,30]. This technology is used to
connect the sensors and devices over the internet by allowing them to talk to us, work in applications,
and interact with each other.

Acknowledgments: The first author appreciates the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/IRAQ
and Special Research of Ghent University for the financial support during this work.
Author Contributions: All the authors contributed substantially to the work presented. Mohannad Jabbar Mnati
did the simulation and experimental works. In addition, he wrote the paper. Alex Van den Bossche gave
a conceptual approach and provided comments at all the stages of the simulation and experimental works.
Alex Van den Bossche and Raad Farhood Chisab revised the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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