CBB4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEMESTER SEP 2015

DESIGN OF
PRODUCTION OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN FROM GLYCEROL

GROUP 11

HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247

MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS
SEPTEMBER 2015
 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT 1

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2015

DESIGN OF

EPICHLOROHYDRIN PLANT FROM GLYCEROL

GROUP 11

HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247

MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

APPROVED BY:

DR.OH PEI CHING (Group Supervisor)

DATE:

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

SEPTEMBER 2015

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest appreciation to the Chemical
Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for providing us
the opportunity to undertake this important final year plant design team project.

We appreciate the chance given to us to work together in a team to design a conceptual

plant. This course has an excellent coverage on the overall chemical engineering
program whereby students from different majors contribute their effort and knowledge
towards achieving a common goal.

Our gratitude also goes to our supervisor Dr. Oh Pei Ching for her guidance and
encouragement, as well as assisting the group project throughout the semester. We have
been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about our project, and
who responded to our questions and queries so promptly.

We would like to thank all lecturers from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS who had
given us guidance throughout the period of the project. A special thanks to our
coordinator of Plant Design Project I, Ir Dr Abdul Halim Shah B Maulud for the
guidelines and assistance provided throughout completing this project.

Finally, we would like to appreciate individuals that are either directly or indirectly
involved in making this project a success. Adding to that, gratitude is expressed to all of
the group members that give full commitment without which this project would not be
possible.

3
 1. Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 9
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Background of the Design Project ................................................................................ 10
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Objectives...................................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Scope of Study .............................................................................................................. 12
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Commercial Use of EC ................................................................................................. 13
2.3 History of ECH Manufacture ........................................................................................ 14
2.3.1 Mature Allyl Chloride Route................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Mature Allyl Alcohol Route .................................................................................. 15
2.3.3 New Glycerol Route .............................................................................................. 16
2.4 Properties ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Feed: Glycerol, Hydrogen Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide...................................... 16
2.4.2 Intermediate Product: Monochloroydrin, Dichlorohydrin .................................... 18
2.4.3 Product: Epichlorohydrin, Sodium Chloride, Water ............................................. 18
2.4.4 Catalyst: Adipic Acid ............................................................................................ 19
2.5 Epichlorohydrin (ECH) Market Survey ........................................................................ 19
2.5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 19
2.5.2 Demand & Supply of Epichlorohydrin ................................................................. 20
2.5.3 Price of Raw Materials .......................................................................................... 22
2.6 Plant Location ............................................................................................................... 22
2.6.1 Site Consideration ................................................................................................. 22
2.6.2 Selection Criteria ................................................................................................... 23
2.6.3 Location Evaluation .............................................................................................. 26
3. PRELIMINARY HAZARDS ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 27
3.1 Summary of previous accidents in Epichlorohydrin manufacturing plant .................... 27
3.1.1 Explosion of the co-existing system of Epichlorohydrin and dimethylsulfoxide in
epoxy resin manufacturing at the waste treating plant .......................................................... 27
3.1.2 Run-away reaction occurred during vacuum distillation of epichlorohydrin waste
liquid including dimethylsulfoxide. ...................................................................................... 28
3.2 Identification of material and chemical hazards in the process ..................................... 29

4
 3.3 Inherent safety aspects and design guidelines ............................................................... 33
3.4 Local Safety Regulations .............................................................................................. 40
3.4.1 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 .............................................. 40
3.4.2 Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 .............................................................. 40
3.4.3 Waste Export and Waste Import ........................................................................... 41
3.4.4 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 ........................................................... 43
4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 45
4.1 Preliminary Reactor Optimization ................................................................................ 45
4.1.1 Batch Reactors ...................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2 Continuous reactors ............................................................................................... 46
4.1.2.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) ........................................................ 47
4.1.2.2 Plug Flow Reactor ............................................................................................. 48
4.1.3 Comparison between batch process and continuous process ................................ 49
4.1.4 Justification of Reactor Selection .......................................................................... 50
4.1.4.1 Reaction of glycerol with hydrogen chloride .................................................... 51
4.1.4.2 Reaction of dichlorohydrin with sodium hydroxide.......................................... 52
4.2 Process Screening.......................................................................................................... 53
4.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 53
4.2.2 Process Development ............................................................................................ 54
4.2.3 Catalyst Alternatives ............................................................................................. 58
4.2.4 Separation Selection for glycerol purification....................................................... 60
4.2.4.1 Membrane Technology for the removal of sodium chloride Ions in crude
glycerol 61
4.2.5 Mass Balance ........................................................................................................ 62
4.2.5.1 Purification of Crude Glycerol .......................................................................... 63
4.2.5.1.1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................ 63
4.2.5.1.2 Calculation .................................................................................................. 64
4.2.5.2 Process of Producing Epichlorohydrin .............................................................. 70
4.2.5.2.1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................ 70
4.2.5.2.2 Calculation .................................................................................................. 71
4.2.6 Separation Sequencing .......................................................................................... 99
4.3 Economics Evaluation ................................................................................................. 106
4.4 Process Flowsheeting ........................................................................................................ 110
5. HEAT INTEGRATION.................................................................................................... 112
5.1 Energy Optimization through Pinch Analysis ............................................................. 112
5.2 Heat Exchanger Network ............................................................................................ 114

5
6. PROCESS FLOWSHEET ................................................................................................ 116
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTION ................................................................. 118
8. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 120
9. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 123
9.1 APPENDIX 1: PFD of glycerol purification before heat integration ......................... 123
9.2 APPENDIX 2: PFD of the main process before heat integration ............................... 123
9.3 APPENDIX 3: Stream Table ...................................................................................... 123
9.4 APPENDIX 4: PFD of glycerol purification after heat integration ............................ 123
9.5 APPENDIX 5: PFD of the main process after heat integration .................................. 123
9.6 APPENDIX 6: PFD of icon simulation before heat integration ................................. 123
9.7 APPENDIX 7: PFD of icon simulation after heat integration .................................... 123
9.8 APPENDIX 8: Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ................................................. 123

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Chemical structure of ECH ........................................................................................ 13

Figure 2-2: Reaction of propylene and chlorine with allyl chloride and hydrogen chloride as
product .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2-3: Formation of Dichloropropanol.................................................................................. 14
Figure 2-4: Dehydrohalogenation of Dichloropropanol................................................................ 15
Figure 2-5: World Consumption of ECH in Year 2013 ................................................................ 20
Figure 4-1: Illustration of batch reactor ........................................................................................ 46
Figure 4-2 Cotinuous reactors ....................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4-3:Continuously Stirred Tank reactor (CSTR) ................................................................. 48
Figure 4-4 Schematic Diagram of a Plug Flow Reactor ............................................................... 49
Figure 4-5: Onion Model .............................................................................................................. 53
Figure 4-6: Route 1 of producing epichlorohydrin ....................................................................... 54
Figure 4-7: Route 2 of producing epichlorohydrin. ...................................................................... 55
Figure 4-8: Route 3 of producing epichlorohydrin. ...................................................................... 55
Figure 4-9: Pipe fouling due to calcium scaling ........................................................................... 56
Figure 4-10: Chemical reaction of producing the epichlorohydrin ............................................... 63
Figure 5-1: Composite Curve ...................................................................................................... 113
Figure 5-2: Grand Composite Curve ........................................................................................... 114
Figure 5-3: Heat Exchanger Network diagram ........................................................................... 114

7
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Composition of crude glycerol........................................................................................ 17

Table 2: Properties of Feed ........................................................................................................... 17
Table 3: Properties of Intermediate Products ................................................................................ 18
Table 4: Properties of Product....................................................................................................... 18
Table 5: Properties of Catalyst ...................................................................................................... 19
Table 6 : Global ECH Production in year 2013 (ZhangBei, 2013) ............................................... 21
Table 7: Cost of Raw materials ..................................................................................................... 22
Table 8: Plant Site Comparison..................................................................................................... 25
Table 9: Plant Site Comparison..................................................................................................... 26
Table 10 List of chemicals handled in purification of crude glycerol ........................................... 29
Table 11: List of chemical handled in manufacturing of epichlorohydrin .................................... 29
Table 12: Hazard identification of chemicals ............................................................................... 31
Table 13: Potential Hazard vs. Possible Mitigating Measures ...................................................... 34
Table 14: Comparison between batch and continuous process (Kenser) ...................................... 49
Table 15: Comparison of process alternatives .............................................................................. 56
Table 16: Comparison of catalysts ................................................................................................ 59
Table 17: Weight of material needed per year ............................................................................ 106
Table 18: EP 1 (currency rate of 1USD = RM 4.30)................................................................... 107

8
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The main objective of the project is to come up with a conceptual design of

epichlorohydrin plant to be built in Malaysia. Our team was given task to consider and
determine which process is the most economically feasible and suitable to produce
epichlorohydrin from crude glycerol, and thus proceeding with the steps to design an
epichlorohydrin manufacturing plant in Malaysia. Therefore, the purpose of writing this
project paper is to present the tasks, analysis and preliminary studies completed by our
group in designing this plant. In the first chapter of this report, the project background,
problem statement as well as the project objectives as scope was explained to show an
overall view of the project. Then in chapter 2, literature review of the project in
presented. In literature review, the history and application of epichlorohydrin in industry,
market study of feedstock and product, feasible process routes of epichlorohydrin
manufacturing, prices of raw materials and plant location study are carried out. Three
different plant sites were selected and different aspects were considered and studies to
select the best plant location. From the study conducted, Pasir Gudang, Johor location
appears to be technically feasible and economically strategic. In chapter 3 the
preliminary hazards analysis has been shown. This includes a summary of previous
accidents/incidents on epichlorohydrin plants, the identification of material and chemical
hazards in the process as well as laws and regulations. Next, the conceptual design
analysis is dealt in chapter 4. Preliminary reactor optimization is studied and reactor
selection for reactions to occur is selected based of justifications. After the manual mass
balances for the chosen process route, the process screening was conducted. Next the
manual mass balance was compared with the iCON simulation to validate the results.
The reactors used in this plant design are continuous stirred tank reactor and plug flow
reactor. In chapter 5 the heat integration for the selected process has been completed.
The pinch analysis as well as the problem table algorithm was carried out, in order to
reduce the overall utility requirement of the process. The following chapter 6 reviews the
process flowsheeting and hence describes the process according to the selected process
route. Finally, the conclusion and some further recommendations are provided in chapter
7. All the references used are provided at the end of this project report.

9
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Design Project

Since the early 20th century, biodiesel production has gained momentum as a renewable
fuel source due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the great prosperity of chemical
industry development. Biodiesel usually is synthesized from animal fats or vegetable oils
through the transesterification process (Kakushadze & Tye, 1999). During production of
biodiesel, about 10% by weight of crude glycerol is produced. Therefore, as the biodiesel
production increased, the availability of crude glycerol also increased (Santacesaria,
Tesser, Di Serio, Casale, & Verde, 2009).

Generally, there are some impurities in crude glycerol such as water, salt, alcohol and
fatty acids and this composition mainly varies from one plant to other. Some
considerations contribute to these different chemical compositions, for instance, the
efficiency of transesterification, the type of catalyst used to produce biodiesel and
whether the methanol and catalysts were recovered (Yang, Hanna, & Sun, 2012).

Since glycerol has numerous beneficial uses and it presents superb opportunities for new
application [3], the production of Epichlorohydrin (ECH) has taken place in industry and
increasing steadily as abundant and over-supply of crude glycerol increased in the
market. According to a report published by research and market, The epichlorohydrin
consumption will grow from an estimated 1,520 kilo tons in 2012 to 1,926 kilo tons by
2017, growing with 4.8% during the same period (Epichlorohydrin(ECH)Market,
2013).

Epichlorohydrin is a liquid with no color and has pungent odor resembling garlic. It has a
high miscibility in polar organic for instance alcohol solvents and has moderate
solubility in water. ECH is being significant in many productions and the demand has
been enlarged globally. For example, it is primarily used in the production of epoxy
resins which can be used for manufacturing of paints, plastics and electric circuits.
Moreover, it can be used in the manufacturing of synthetic glycerin and other
pharmaceuticals (EPA, 2000).

10
1.2 Problem Statement
The biodiesel plants produce crude glycerol as a byproduct so that could possibly exploit
the abundant and low-priced crude glycerol which can be converted to other valuable
products. Even though there are several plants and a mass production of biodiesel in
Malaysia, the crude glycerol has not been commercially and widely utilized. Thus, it is
anticipated to design the most cost effective process of epichlorohydrin plant and
propose the best product and conceptual process design.

Moreover, different potential plant locations would be analyzed to decide the best
location of the plant to ensure easy access and availability of raw material, a proximity to
market and availability of amenities. In fact, due to high demand of epichlorohydrin, it is
planning to establish a number of plants in Asia-Pacific region
(Epichlorohydrin(ECH)Market, 2013). For this reason, the manufacturing processes
(routes of process) of this project would be studied carefully and monitor the reactions
and purification steps in order to achieve high quality product and exceptionally high
purity level which may perhaps help to dominate and lead the domestic and part of
global market.

In addition, various ways will be identified to manage the reduction of energy

consumption to make sure to be on track to meet the economic objectives, accomplish
operational and safety goals and conforming environmental standards.

1.3 Objectives
The main objective of this project is to carry out a feasibility study and develop a
conceptual process design for a potential epichlorohydrin plant in Malaysia. Moreover,
other significant objectives are as follows:
To produce 99% pure epichlorohydrin from crude glycerol.
To determine an appropriate plant capacity.
To suggest the best plant location in Malaysia.
To design a plant by giving top priority to environmental concerns.
To recover and recycle the reactants and intermediates should be
maximized.

11
 To minimize energy consumption to the extent economically justified.
To design a plant that is simple and safe to operate, which follows the
HSE guidelines

1.4 Scope of Study

The scope of work of the design project consists of the following:
Conducting literature survey, this includes the main product, its process
routes, properties, uses, and market cost. Identify the chemical and physical
property data for all the raw materials, intermediate products, final products
and environmental and safety considerations.
Identifying and select the best process route for a particular design project.
Developing the best possible process flow sheet for the selected chemical
process route.
Developing the complete material and energy balance calculations.
Applying related computer-aided design engineering software (HYSIS,
VISIO, HINT and AUTOCAD) as a tool for the design.
Making necessary decisions, judgments and assumptions in design
problems.
Performing economic evaluation including capital cost estimation and
manufacturing cost estimation.
Discussing the environmental and safety issues related to the plant.
Understanding the detailed calculations using manual calculation,
spreadsheets, mathematical computer packages, and process simulators to
design a process.

12
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a combination of organochloride and epoxide. It is an organic
compound with a covalently bonded chlorine atom as the dominant functionality, and
also with a three-atom ring cyclic ether in its structure. It has a chemical formula of
C3H5ClO (Figure 2-1). ECH has garlic-like odor and often appear as colorless liquid in
standard condition. It is classified as a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.

Figure 2-1: Chemical structure of ECH

2.2 Commercial Use of EC

According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (1992), ECH is mainly
used as the material to produce epoxy resins used in coatings, plastics as well as
adhesives. Apart from that, it is also used in manufacturing textiles, inks and dyes,
surfactants, synthetic glycerine, paper, solvents and pharmaceuticals. In addition, ECH is
also used to act as an inert ingredient in commercial pesticides.

Apart from that, Solvay (2012) also mentioned the use of ECH in producing flame
retardants and water treatment chemicals. ECH is also considered as chemical
intermediate in the production of structural parts for automotive, aerospace and aircraft
industries (ICIS, 2012).

13
2.3 History of ECH Manufacture
Linda and Alexander (2011) reported that there are several process routes used in
manufacturing ECH commercially.

2.3.1 Mature Allyl Chloride Route

This route first surfaced in the mid-1930s, commercialized by Shell. In this route,
chlorination of propylene is carried out under high temperature to produce allyl chloride
and hydrogen chloride as shown in Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-2: Reaction of propylene and chlorine with allyl chloride and hydrogen chloride as
product

This process continued with the reaction of allyl chloride with hypochlorous acid (a
product from the reaction of water and Cl2), forming dichloropropanol as shown in
Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3: Formation of Dichloropropanol

14
Lastly, the process ended with dehydrohalogenation of dichloropropanol by using
calcium hydroxide to produce ECH as shown in Figure 2-4 and at the same time, calcium
chloride as byproduct (Linda & Alexander, 2011).

Figure 2-4: Dehydrohalogenation of Dichloropropanol

The production of ECH through mature allyl chloride route comes with several
drawbacks, and is eventually replaced with other manufacturing methods which are more
eco-friendly. The drawbacks include low selectivity of reactions, high quantity of toxic
sewage, and heavy dependence on oil (Georgy & Leonid, n.d.).

2.3.2 Mature Allyl Alcohol Route

Showa Denko introduced a manufacturing process that can lessen the chlorine
consumption of the conventional allyl chloride route in the mid-1980s. This process
involves the role of allyl alcohol as the key intermediate. With the presence of acetic acid
as catalyst in the reaction, propylene undergoes direct oxidation to produce allyl acetate.
Allyl alcohol is obtained from the hydrolysis of the acetate. In the presence of highly
concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid as catalyst, further addition of chlorine results
the formation of dichlorohydrin. The dichlorohydrin produced is then treated with alkali
to get the end product, ECH (Linda & Alexander, 2011).

Production of Allyl Acetate:

C3H6 + CH3COOH + O2 CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O

Hydrolysis of Allyl Acetate:

CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O CH2=CHCH2OH + CH3COOH

15
Chlorination of Allyl Alcohol (In the Presence of Concentrated HCl):

CH2=CHCH2OH + Cl2 CClH2CClHCH2OH

2.3.3 New Glycerol Route

In year 1906, a German scientist patented the chemistry of manufacturing ECH using
glycerol. Unfortunately, there was not much attention paid on this route. Until recent
years, this knowledge started to gain attention from people around the world. The main
reason is due to the low cost of raw material as it is a byproduct of biodiesel production.
In addition, the raw material, glycerol, is a renewable resource, which make this route
more attractive.

Step 1: Hydrochlorination of Glycerol

C3H8O3 + 2 HCl C3H6Cl2O + 2 H2O

Step 2: Dehydrochlorination of Dichlorohydrin

C3H6Cl2O + Base C3H5ClO + H2O+ Salt

In comparison, this route is much simpler as it is conducted without the use of solvents.
Furthermore, less chlorinated sewage is produced and thus labelling it as a more
environmentally friendly method of ECH manufacturing (Linda & Alexander, 2011).

2.4 Properties

2.4.1 Feed: Glycerol, Hydrogen Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide

The feed components for the main process consist of glycerol, hydrogen chloride and
Sodium hydroxide. Glycerol is obtained in the form of crude glycerol, which comes out
as byproduct from biodiesel production process. Crude glycerol will be pre-treated in
order to acquire glycerol of high purity. Meanwhile, fresh hydrogen chloride gas and
sodium hydroxide will be purchased from chemical supplier.

Crude glycerol produced from transesterification process normally has purity in between
50 to 55% (Tan, Abdul Aziz & Aroua, 2013). According to the condition given as the
project title, the composition of the crude glycerol used is as shown in table 1:

16
 Table 1: Composition of crude glycerol

Component Percentage (Wt.)

Glycerin 53

Water 19

Salt (NaCl) 3

Methanol 17

FAME 8

After purification and separation process done on the crude glycerol, the properties of the
feed of the main process will be as shown on the table 2:

Table 2: Properties of Feed

Name Glycerol Hydrogen Sodium Hydroxide

Chloride

Chemical Formula C3H5(OH)3 HCl NaOH

Molecular Weight, 92.09 36.46 40.00

g/mole

Normal boiling 290 -85 1388

point, C

Critical 577 51.45 N/A

Temperature, K

Critical Pressure, 75 83.56 N/A

bar

Liquid Density, 1263 1192.98 2130

3
kg/m (C)

17
2.4.2 Intermediate Product: Monochloroydrin, Dichlorohydrin
In hydrochlorination process, monochlorohydrin is the intermediate product before it
forms into dichlorohydrin. Subsequently, dichlorohydrin will be mixed with sodium
hydroxide for dehydrochlorination process to form ECH. The properties of intermediate
products are shown in table 3:
Table 3: Properties of Intermediate Products

Name Monochlorohydrin Dichlorohydrin

Chemical Formula C3H5Cl(OH)2 C3H5Cl2OH

Molecular Weight, g/mole 110.54 128.99

Normal boiling point, C 213 174.3

Critical Temperature, K N/A N/A

Critical Pressure, bar N/A N/A

Liquid Density, kg/m3 (C) 1322 1367

2.4.3 Product: Epichlorohydrin, Sodium Chloride, Water

At the end of the process, ECH will be formed as the product. At the same time, sodium
chloride and water will come out as byproduct, which have to be removed to obtain pure
ECH. Table 4 shown below are the physical properties of the products:

Table 4: Properties of Product

Name Epichlorohydrin Sodium Chloride Water

Chemical Formula C3H5ClO NaCl H2O

Molecular Weight, g/mole 92.48 58.44 18.02

Normal boiling point, C 115 1413 100

Critical Temperature, K N/A N/A 373.9

Critical Pressure, bar N/A N/A 220

Liquid Density, kg/m3 (C) 1181 2165(anhydrous) 999.97

18
2.4.4 Catalyst: Adipic Acid
Adipic acid is used as catalyst in hydrochlorination process of glycerol and
monochlorohydrin. Table 5 shows the properties of adipic acid:

Table 5: Properties of Catalyst

Name Adipic Acid

Chemical Formula (CH2)4(COOH)2

Molecular Weight, g/mole 146.14

Normal boiling point, C 337.5

Critical Temperature, K N/A

Critical Pressure, bar N/A

Liquid Density, kg/m3 (C) 1360

2.5 Epichlorohydrin (ECH) Market Survey

2.5.1 Overview
As time goes by, biodiesel starts to gain more attention from all around the world as it is
made from renewable resources and having environmental benefits (Ma & Milford,
1999). Bryan (2011) stated that majority of biodiesel manufacturing process involves
transesterification of trigycerides, which produces glycerine as byproduct. However,
crude glycerine is sold at price as low as RM 0.10 per kilogram and some biodiesel
producers even resort to dispose of it.

Recent years, methods of producing ECH from glycerol economically and eco-friendly
have been discovered and thus caused the blooms of ECH manufacturing industry. Asia
pacific, especially China, is the major consumer of ECH as it is used in manufacturing
epoxy resin, ion exchange resin, elastomers and glycerol and also chemical and
pharmaceutical synthesis (Epichlorohydrin Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size,
Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2012 2018, n.d.).

19
2.5.2 Demand & Supply of Epichlorohydrin
In the past few years, the growing demand of ECH in the world especially China and the
strengthening of end-user segments such as electric and paint industry were the driving
force of the global ECH market. (Epichlorohydrin (ECH) Market, 2013).

About 80% of ECH in Western Europe is consumed for the production of epoxy resin,
therefore considered as the largest ECH-consuming sector in Western Europe. Similarly,
epoxy resin production is also the largest end use for ECH in Japan, as it used up about
70% of ECH in year 2013.

Undeniably, China remains the largest producer and consumer of ECH since mid-2000s,
with up to 97% of ECH total consumption is used to manufacture epoxy resins. The
consumption of ECH in China is estimated to grow at an average of 5% annually until
2018 (IHS, 2014).

Figure 2-5: World Consumption of ECH in Year 2013

From Figure 2-5, it shows that the largest consumer of ECH in year 2013 is none other
than China. China alone had consumed about one third of the ECH in the world.
ZhangBei (2013) stated that the amount of ECH consumed in China is approximately
600 kilo tonnes. He further elaborated that about 96% of them are used to produce epoxy
resin, while 1% are used to manufacture ECH rubber and the rest are for other uses.

20
Figure 5 also illustrates that United States and Western Europe consumed one eighth of
the total world consumption each, while the rest are mostly consumed by other Asian
countries, particularly Taiwan, Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand, and others.

According to the estimation, the ECH consumption in the world is around 1520 kilo
tonnes, with the growth of 4.8% annually until year 2017. Thus, the global consumption
is going to hit 1833 kilo tonnes in year 2016, providing that there is no significant
deviation from the growth trends, and so, target production of our project is set to be
around 100,000 tonnes, which is about 5% of the world consumption in year 2016.

Table 6 : Global ECH Production in year 2013 (ZhangBei, 2013)

Enterprise Name Production Capacity (kilo ton)

Dow 480

Hailichemical Industry 320

Momentive 175

Solvay SA 230

Formosa Plastics 100

Other 1179

Total 2484

There were about 2.65 million tons of ECH produced in year 2013 (ZhangBei, 2013).
The top ECH manufacturers are Dow Chemical, Momentive of the U.S., Hailichemical
Industry from China, Solvay SA of Belgium and Formosa Plastics from Taiwan (Table
1). These manufacturers are claimed that they captured about 70% of the total ECH
production. Therefore, they lead the ECH market by adopting a high pricing strategy,
regardless the decline of raw material prices (Epichlorohydrin Market - Global Industry
Analylsis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2012 2018, n.d.).

21
2.5.3 Price of Raw Materials
The price of raw materials affects the economics of ECH manufacturing. The lower the
material prices, the higher the profitability. The material prices are listed in table 7.

Table 7: Cost of Raw materials

Raw Materials Price (RM/ton)

Crude Glycerol 86.00

Hydrogen Chloride 568.00

Anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide 1398.00

Adipic Acid 5000.00

2.6 Plant Location

Choice of location for production plant is very critical in determining the plants
operability and feasibility of the whole business. It also affects the transportation
effectiveness and operating cost. Therefore, multiple aspects have to be taken into
consideration in order to build the plant on the strategic location.

2.6.1 Site Consideration

In order to determine the best option among the choices of location for the plant site,
each location has to be analysed from various aspects. The evaluation will be done based
on each factor which is closely related to the operation and profitability of the plant.

The factors that should be analysed and evaluated include:

Land Suitability
Raw material availability
Utilities
Transportation
Manpower availability
Climate
Facilities

22
2.6.2 Selection Criteria
Each of the factor listed are extremely important and it can affect the operation of the
plant both directly and indirectly.

i. Land Suitability
It is the first factor that should be considered in choosing the land for plant
location. In order to construct a plant, a considerable large amount of space is
needed for its operation unit as well as storage units. Apart from that, the price of
the land will determine the amount of capital needed to be invested into and also
its return on investment ROI value.

ii. Raw Material Availability

The surrounding of the location should be surveyed beforehand to determine the
raw material availability around it. Location with nearby material source will
significantly cut down the cost of transportation and also assure the production
will not affected by any material shortage. Apart from that, it will also affect the
amount of raw material storage needed in order to secure the continuation of the
production process.

iii. Utilities
Utilities are what keep the plant runs. They include electricity supply and water
supply. It is important to check for the rates charged by the supplier so that the
plant operation remains within the budget and profit is achieved to keeps the
business alive.

iv. Transportation
Transportation is what connects the plant to the outer world, both nationally and
internationally. It includes the road, public transport, highways, airport, and
seaport. A good transportation will keep the network physically maintained.
Besides, it also eases the visit of customers, maintenance service provider,
consultants, and also workers. Apart from that, it will reduce the difficulty in
transporting the goods out to the market and thus reduce the marketing cost.

23
 v. Manpower
Even with the machinery does most of the job, human labour should not be
neglected. Human labour is the one who keeps the machines under control and
carry its job efficiently. Recruiting local professionals will reduce the cost and
allowances while lowers the unemployment in the area.

vi. Climate
Climate affects the operating condition of the plant and the state of the material.
Location with stable and suitable climate will reduce the operating cost and
retains the production rate.

vii. Facilities
Facilities is platform that gives conveniences to residents who live nearby by
providing services such as education, trading, security, health care, hygiene
communication and etc. It is very important and essential to those who settle their
lives there and also to people who visit the area for short term as well.

24
 Table 8: Plant Site Comparison

Criteria Johor Perak Selangor

2 70500 120,000 190,000
Land Area (m )
(470m x 150m) (446m x 270m) (950m x 200m)
RM 39,000,000.00 RM 32,000,000.00 RM 139,000,000.00
Land Price
RM 555 / m2 RM 269 / m2 RM 733 / m2
Crude Glycerol
Carotino Sdn Bhd Carotech Berhad Kepong Oleomas
AM Biofuels Sdn Bhd Lereno Sdn bhd Man Jang Bio Sdn Bhd
YPJ Palm International Sime Darby Sdn Bhd
Malaysia Vegetable Oil Weschem Technologies
PGEO Bioproducts Sdn Bhd Future Prelude Sdn Bhd
Raw Material
Vance Bioenergy Sdn Bhd Innovans Bio Fuel Sdn Bhd
Availability
Hydrogen Chloride & Sodium Hydroxide
Binapuri Logistic Taiko Group Perennial Corporation
Linde Malaysia Sdn Bhd Linde Malaysia Sdn Bhd CCM Chemicals Sdn Bhd
Kong Long Huat (KLH) Chemicals Sdn. Vitec World Enterprise (VWE)
Berhad Linde Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Sigma-Aldrich (M) Sdn Bhd
0 35 m3: RM2.80/m3 0 10 m3: RM1.20/m3 0 35 m3: RM2.07/m3
Water Supply >35 m3: RM 3.30/m3 10 20 m3: RM1.40/m3 >35 m3: RM 2.28/m3
>20 m3: RM 1.61/m3
Seaport 6 km to Johor seaport 15 km to Lumut seaport 12 km to Klang seaport
Transportation Senai International Airport Sultan Azlan Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Airport
Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2
1167 schools 1095 schools 1251 schools
18 hospitals 15 hospitals 19 hospitals
Facilities 22 police stations 15 police stations 17 police stations
Moderate telecommunication service Moderate telecommunication Excellent railway transport
Bus public transport service Excellent telecommunication service

25
2.6.3 Location Evaluation
Table 9: Plant Site Comparison

10 is good, 1 is bad 5 is good, 1 is bad

Weight Factor Rating based on criteria (1-5)
No. Selection Criteria
(110) Johor Perak Selangor
1 Size of the available land 6 4 4 5
2 Land price per square meter 8 4 5 3
3 Raw Material Availability 9 5 2 4
4 Marketability 6 5 4 4
5 Transportation 8 5 3 4
6 Facilities 7 4 2 5
Total 199 144 181

As the weighted evaluation is done on several choice of location for the plant site as shown in
table 9, the outcome of the evaluation is more favourable for Pasir Gudang, Johor to be chosen as
the plant site. Several criteria that achieved and support Pasir Gudang as the strategic location for
the plant site includes:

i. The available land size is sufficient to construct the plant and its rectangular dimension is
ideal for plant building.
ii. The price per square meter of the land is fair and not overpriced unlike the land in Klang,
Selangor.
iii. The location is near to the Pasir Gudang Port, which makes the exportation of goods
easier and efficient.
iv. Transportation in Johor especially the international Airport welcomes the foreign
professionals to join in as the work force and the highway helps to maintain the business
network.
v. There are several plants and company nearby that can supply the raw material. Close
distance with raw material sources reduce the amount of time, labor, cost and storage
needed to obtain the raw material.
vi. Infrastructures in Johor state are plentiful and help to settle down the labours as well as
their family. They give convenience to them and keep their daily lives safe and
comfortable.

26
 3. PRELIMINARY HAZARDS ANALYSIS

3.1 Summary of previous accidents in Epichlorohydrin manufacturing plant

There are a few incidents involving epichlorohydrin and its health effects on human. Summary
of previous accidents occurred in epichlorohydrin plant is explained below.

3.1.1 Explosion of the co-existing system of Epichlorohydrin and dimethylsulfoxide in

epoxy resin manufacturing at the waste treating plant
LOCATION: JAPAN

DATE: JANUARY 1, 1985

On January 1 in 1985, an explosion occurred during distillation to treat wastewater generated in

an epoxy resin manufacturing process. This explosion resulted when the safety valve for heating
steam was adjusted during distillation to treat waste liquid generated in the epoxy resin
manufacturing process.

The cause of the incident is due to the rise of temperature in the distillation column.
Epichlorohydrin (ECH) in waste liquid was polymerized at the bottom of the distillation column,
and heat from ECH polymerization was removed by vaporization of ECH at the beginning of
distillation. The boiling point of the contents rose as ECH decreased. Decomposition of
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), etc. was caused by the temperature rising. When the bottom
temperature rose as distillation advanced, excessive steam was erroneously supplied, which
promoted concentration and caused the temperature rising excessively.

Based on the incidental discussion, the accident happened due to a lack of awareness of reaction
hazards in the waste liquid treatment process. The distillation facilities were destroyed in this
accident. One causality and one injury was reported.

From this accident, we should learn that understanding the mechanism of harmful chemical
substances used for distillation is very crucial. The operators must be well trained and highly
knowledgeable when handling the distillation column to avoid human error in operations.

27
3.1.2 Run-away reaction occurred during vacuum distillation of epichlorohydrin waste
liquid including dimethylsulfoxide.
LOCATION: WANOUCHI, GIFU, JAPAN

DATE: NOVEMBER 7, 1990

An explosion occurred in a waste oil recovery factory in Wanouchi, Japan in November 7, 1990.
This explosion occurred at the distillation facilities where vacuum distillation was done to
recover epichlorohydrin from epichlorohydrin waste oil. Epichlorohydrin waste oil consisted of
epichlorohydrin and dimethylsulfoxide. In the plant, rapid rise of temperature and pressure in the
distillation column caused an explosion and fire.

The cause of the incident was analyzed and it was found that a polymerization reaction of
epichlorohydrin occurred and the composition of the liquid at the bottom of the column became
heavy. This led to a temperature rise at the bottom of the column, which rapidly accelerates the
polymerization of epichlorohydrin in epichlorohydrin waste oil and decomposition of
dimethylsulfoxide. As the temperature and the pressure increased rapidly, the raw material blew
out and there was an explosion and fire in the plant. The ignition source of the fire was assumed
resulted from the impact spark generated when the lid of the manhole blew off.

Based on the incidental discussion, it was speculated that there was no sufficient recognition of
the reaction danger of epichlorohydrin. Adding to that, there was limited and insufficient
information and data collected from other chemical companies of the same kind. It was also
reported that reactor danger of epichlorohydrin coexisting with dimethylsulfoxide is much high
compared to epichlorohydrin alone.

Therefore, sufficient knowledge and understanding of the reaction is crucial in any reaction.
Control of the temperature and pressure is vital in industry as fluctuation often occur and need to
be carefully monitored to prevent any undesired incidents.

The physical damage includes distillation facilities such as distillation column, condensers and
pump due to the fire. The financial cost of the incident was estimated to be 37 million yen (Fire
and Disaster Management Agency). No causality reported.

28
3.2 Identification of material and chemical hazards in the process
The materials and chemicals used in EPC manufacturing plant may pose potential hazards to the
employees, as well as to the community. Manufacturing process of epichlorohydrin deals with
many chemicals. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the material safety sheet and the hazard of the
chemicals. In EPC manufacturing plant, the list of chemical handled are listed in the Table 10
and 11.

Table 10 List of chemicals handled in purification of crude glycerol

Purification of Crude Glycerol

Chemical Name Chemical Formula

1 Glycerol C3H5(OH)3

3. Methanol CH4O

4. Water H2O

5. Sodium Chloride NaCl

Table 11: List of chemical handled in manufacturing of epichlorohydrin

Manufacturing of Epichlorohydrin

Chemical Name Chemical Formula

1 Glycerol C3H5(OH)3

2. Hydrogen Chloride HCl

3. Adipic Acid (CH2)4(COOH)2

4. 1,3 Dichlorohydrin C3H5Cl2OH

5. Monochlorohydrin C3H5Cl(OH)2

5. Sodium Hydroxide Na(OH)2

6. Sodium Chloride NaCl

7. Epichlorohydrin C3H5C-1O

29
Table 12 summarizes the potential hazards posed by all the materials or chemicals used in this
EPC manufacturing. The MSDS of the chemicals handled are attached in Appendix.

30
 Table 12: Hazard identification of chemicals

Flammability Toxicity Exposure Standard

Chemicals Auto- Reactivity

ignition Flash LEL UEL Oral Inhalation Dermal
TWA
Temp C Point oC (%) (%)
o
(LD50) (LC50) (LD50)

3124 ppm/hour,
NA NA NA NA NA NA Stable 7 mg/m3, vapor
Hydrogen Chloride rat

1900
420.00 196.00 NA NA mg/kg, NA NA Stable 5 mg/m3, vapor
Adipic Acid
mouse

500 mg/kg,
NA NA NA NA NA NA Stable NA
Sodium Hydroxide rabbit

3000
> 10000
NA NA NA NA mg/kg, rat NA Stable NA
Sodium Chloride mg/kg, rabbit

Methanol 464.00 11.00 6.00 36.00 5628 64000 ppm/ 4 15800 Stable 200 ppm
mg/kg, rat hours, rat mg/kg, rabbit

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Stable NA
Water

31
 480.00 21.1 3.4 14.5 NA NA NA Stable. NA
Dichlorohydrin

220 mg/kg, 1000 ppm/4 NA

NA 52.00 NA NA NA Stable
Monochlorohydrin rat hour, rat

Glycerol 12600 5500mg / 24

370.00 160.00 0.90 NA NA Stable 10 mg/m3 , vapor
mg/kg, rat hours, rabbit

Epichlorohydrin 90 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg,

411.00 31.00 3.80 21.00 NA Stable NA
rat mouse

32
3.3 Inherent safety aspects and design guidelines
The chemicals and materials used in the design of epichlorohydrin manufacturing plant is very
hazardous, therefore identification of all the potential hazards and mitigating measures at
preliminary stages is very much needed in order to incorporate necessary process safeguard and
precautions into the design. Potential consequences of any accident can be reduced by taking into
consideration inherent safety aspects such as substitution of hazardous chemicals, reduce
inventories, lower pressure and temperature, sitting, safe location, plant layout, transportation,
and so on. Table 13 lists some important process safety aspects that require attention with their
potential hazards and mitigating measures.

33
 Table 13: Potential Hazard vs. Possible Mitigating Measures

Item Potential Hazards Possible Mitigating Measures

Reducing inventories

i) Reactor High-pressure release during the reaction can
cause over pressurization due to vaporization
of liquid.
High energy can be released because of the
exothermic reaction that generates heat faster
than cooling rate can remove it.
Temperature rise rate will be accelerated
once heat generation exceeds the available
cooling capacity.
Batch operation requires a large inventory
safety incentive, hence choosing continuous
or semi batch operation is better.
Continuous reactor such as plug flow design
requires smaller volumes for the same given
conversion, thus smaller reactor size is
needed for the reaction to occur. .
All reactors must be designed with
overpressure relief protection such as rupture
disk, pressure safety valve, or combination of
the two.
For reactor which runaway reaction can
occur, the set pressure of the safety valve or
rupture disk should be chosen as close to the
normal operating pressure as possible.

34
 ii) Distillation High pressure in the column can lead to
flooding.
Large inventories of boiling liquid,
sometimes can be under pressure, in the
distillation column both in the base and
held up.
iii) Heat Common safety problems include tube
Transfer rupture, leaking, fouling, tube vibration,
Operation polymerization, and solidification.
Failures in heat exchangers result in
pressure changes and contamination of
the heat transfer, fluid or process fluid.
Pressure and Problem of leaks much more serious with
temperature high pressure operation. When fluid is
flashing liquid, mass flow rate of liquid can
35
Choose the separation sequence with minimal
flow rate of non-key components.
Use dividing wall column, not only can
reduce the inventory but also number of items
of equipment therefore reducing the potential
for any leakage.
All columns must be provided relief system
in case of over-pressurization.
Substitute flammable material with non-
flammable medium such as water.
Operation process at higher pressure may
increase hazards in process equipment, but on
the other hand may allow use or less
hazardous refrigerant fluid.
For highly toxic material, double tube sheets
are recommended.
Overpressure relief is required for heat
exchangers to protect against tube rupture.
Appropriate design, operating, and maximum
pressure and temperature are needed to
ensure safe processes.
 increase which can leak out through a given Protection by instrument is important to
hole. maintain temperature and pressure to the
Low-pressure plant can lead to possible normal operating pressure.
ingress of air with the consequent formation
of flammable mixture.
High temperature can lead to possible rupture
of tubes carrying process fluids and
explosions.

Chemical reaction Chemical reaction with more hazardous
compound can lead to hazardous conditions
such as explosion, accident and so on.
Choose process route with less hazardous
chemical.
Isolate the process from the workers is
necessary if substitution of chemical is not
possible.

Chemical storage Storage tank may easily corrode since the To maintain pressure of storage tank,
chemicals being stored are mostly corrosive pressure safety valve should be installed at
Chemical leakage from storage tank can lead the top of it.
to vapor cloud and toxic cloud. Storage equipment needs to be at low
Failure of instrumentation leads to temperature, well-ventilated area, and far
possibilities of explosions of storage away from fire hazard.
equipment. Vent should be positioned so that the outlets
Chemical leaks can flow to electrical cause the least possible contamination to the

36
 component. working atmosphere or any neighboring
location.

Material of Usage of poor material may result in leakage, Stainless steel is recommended for process
construction corrosion, crack and explosions. stream to prevent corrosion.
Proper specification of the thickness of
High-pressure process within vessels and equipment is needed.
columns may cause cracking. Electrical equipment must be spark
resistance.
Suitable materials of construction in
epichlorohydrin plant are steel, stainless steel,
and aluminum 3003. Galvanized steel and
plastics should not be used.

Toxicology and health Most chemical s in a process plant has
hazard toxicity amount if ingested or inhaled.
Direct contact may cause corneal injuries,
severe eye irritation or burns to the eyes.
Excessive or prolonged exposure to certain
chemicals might also cause mutagenic effect
on human
Proper PPE should be used to avoid any
direct contact and inhalation of toxic
chemicals.
Supervision from the expert personnel is
important during handling chemicals.
Proper chemical handling procedure should
be understood well to avoid any accidents
and to ensure safe procedures of operations.

37
Environment impact The proper disposal of waste is crucial in a
plant. If all the waste from process plant is
not well treated, the stream might be
hazardous to the environment when releases
to river, hence affect the ecological system.
Flammability Overheated of chemicals in the reboiler or
heater may result in explosion at the
equipment upon auto ignition.
During maintenance activities, spark can be
produced from tools or vehicles that are being
used.
Explosive Limits Explosion in reactor can occur if the oxygen
content in the equipment is higher than the
maximum oxygen content.
Plant Layout Arrangement of plant location is one of the Safe operational sequence must be followed
most important aspect in plant design. Poor
arrangement of processing areas, storage
38
Proper wastewater treatment that complies
with the Malaysian Environmental law
should be adhered before the waste from the
process plant is being discharged to the
environment. This will ensure no discharge of
waste and toxic product to the environment.
Prohibited and eliminate usage of tools that
have possibilities in creating spark.
Prohibit all activities that can produce spark
and emphasis the use of hot work permit is
any flame of sparking equipment is used.
Lower explosive limit (LEL) of the are need
to be at safe level before any job is carried
out.
To ensure that explosion risk if low, total
oxygen in the reactor should always be less
than the maximum oxygen content.
in the layout based on the flow of materials,
unit operations, storage and future expansion.
 areas, and handling areas facilities may Separate process and non-process area.
trouble the plant operation, since more Flaring and storage area should be located far
damage and accidents will occur. from process area.
Assembly areas must be provided in case of
emergency at both process and non-process
area.
Consider the placement of raw water tank
near the high potential of flaming area.
Enough lighting and color coding for
recognition of hazardous and non hazardous
areas.

Transportation Spillage of toxic chemicals may cause serious Employees need to wear personnel protective
injuries when directly be in contact. equipment for protection from toxic and
Vapor may pass through the containers cap if hazardous chemicals.
it is not properly sealed. Containers must be sealed properly and
With improper road system, the occurrence of clearly labeled before being transported.
accidents is of high risk. Prohibit unauthorized vehicles from entering
process areas.

39
3.4 Local Safety Regulations
Accidents, safety issues or any environmental accidents can adversely affect the entire operation
of a plant. In order to ensure safe workplace and prevent accidents or any environmental
pollution, local safety and environmental regulations must be complied with and followed when
developing new plant.

3.4.1 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994

Occupational Safety and Health Act was implemented aiming to reduce work-related injuries,
illnesses, and death, and, incidentally, to cut resulting costs (lost wages and productivity, medical
expenses, disability compensation). The following is the related act of OSHA for the process
plant safety:
Factories and Machinery Act 1967
Occupational Safety and Health (The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards)
Regulations 1996
Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging, and Labeling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous
to Health) Regulations 2000

3.4.2 Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974

The Department of Environment (DOE) has outlined the Environmental Quality Act (EQA)1974
(amended 1985) aimed to control and prevent pollution and to protect the quality of the
environment in Malaysia and enhancing the environmental quality of Malaysia. The DOE is
responsible for coordinating and planning waste management activities. It teams up with state
and other federal agencies, local government, industry and the public to control and manage
hazardous waste.

40
Whereas for EQA 1974 Environment Quality Act 1974 has the objective for prevention,
abatement and control of pollution and enhancement of environment by restricting discharge of
waste which applies to the whole Malaysia. The act control pollution by licensing and approval
for existing operation, through prohibition of equipment and material, and Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) requirement. Before starting any industry, EIA report has to be prepared to
report the information about the industry itself and the consequences to the environment, where
it has to be submitted to the Department of Environment of the state to be approved before
license is given. The following are the related act regarding to process plant industry.
Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations, 1977
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) Regulations 1986
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order
1987
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Treatment and Disposal Facilities)
Order 1989
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposal
Facilities) Regulations 1989

3.4.3 Waste Export and Waste Import

Under the main act of EQA 1974, DOE has set up guidelines on the export, import and storage of
scheduled waste to the procedures base on the EQ (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989 for non
specific and specific waste as in First Schedule.

41
The procedures for transportation of chemicals such as the raw material, product and by-product
must comply with this act. The regulations that control the export and import of listed wastes are:

EQA (Scheduled Waste) 1989

Custom Order (Prohibition of Export) 1998
Custom Order (Prohibition of Import) 1998
Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and
Their Disposal, 1989

There are procedures that must be followed during import and export activities. The following
are the related procedures that complies with the act

Export Procedure
Fill in form AS15 and justify the needs for export
Provide info on handling collection, packaging, labeling, transport and route according to
international code stated in 7th Schedule (Regulation 11) of EQ (Scheduled Waste) 1989
Curriculum Vitae (CV) of staff or worker
Agreement letter between (i) producer and contractor (ii) producer and waste receiver
A copy of license or certificate to handle waste at imported country
Emergency response plans, transit list and bank guarantee (RM25 000)
All trip of transportation should be recorded in 6 consignment note in 6th Schedule (Reg 10),
and use container that following 3rd Schedule EQ (Schedule Waste) 1989 (Reg 8) and 4th
Schedule for potential incompatible of waste.

42
Import Procedure
Fill in AS14 form and AS14A
Justification of waste import
Information on the listed waste handling include collection, labeling and route stated in 7th
Schedule (Regulation 11) of EQ (Scheduled Waste) 1989
Curriculum Vitae (CV) of staff or worker
Emergency response plans
Agreement (contract) between exporter, importer and transport agent (land, sea or air) and
receiver with the responsible clean-up agent and exporter to receive back the waste
Documents of insured coverage and bank guarantee

3.4.4 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967

The FMA is an act to provide for the control of factories with respect to the matters relating to
the safety, health and welfare of persons and also the registration and inspections of machinery.
Some high risk machinery such as boilers, unfired pressure vessels, lifting equipment (i.e. mobile
cranes, tower cranes, gondolas, etc.) must be certified and inspected by DOSH. All factories and
general machinery need to be registered with DOSH before they can be installed and operated in
Malaysia. DOSH enforces 15 regulations under FMA 1967. They are:

a. Electric Passenger and Goods Lift Regulations, 1970

b. Fencing of Machinery and Safety Regulations, 1970

c. Notification, Certificate of Fitness and Inspection Regulations, 1970

d. Persons-In-Charge Regulations, 1970

e. Safety, Health and Welfare Regulations, 1970

f. Steam Boiler and Unfired Pressure Vessel Regulations, 1970

g. Competency-Examinations Regulations, 1970

h. Administration Regulations, 1970

43
i. Compounding of Offences Rules, 1978

j. Compoundable Offences Regulations, 1978

k. Lead Regulations, 1984

l. Asbestos Regulations, 1986

m. Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction (Safety) Regulations, 1986

n. Mineral Dust Regulations, 1989

o. Noise Exposure Regulations, 1989

44
 4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ANALYSIS

4.1 Preliminary Reactor Optimization

Chemical reactors are the most important equipment in any chemical industries. Without proper
reactor selections, the efficiency and the safety of a chemical plant will be affected. Chemical
reactors are the vessels that are designed to perform chemical reactions where the conversion of
raw material into a desired product is accomplished. Hence, it is highly essential to perform a
detailed and systematic study on reactor optimisation to ensure the reaction proceeds with
highest efficiency in the most economically feasible way and produce desired output with
highest yield of product.

The reactor selections are affected based on a few considerations such as the mode of operations,
the phase change and the amount of feed or products to be formed. The reactors are usually
classified into two as shown below:

Batch or Continuous depending on the mode of operation.

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous depending upon the phases present.
The reactors may also be classified as below:

Stirred Tank Reactor

Tubular Reactor
Packed Bed Reactor
Fluidized Bed Reactor

4.1.1 Batch Reactors

A simple batch reactor is where the reactor is charged through two holes in the top of the tanks.
When the reaction is being carried out in a batch reactor, no products or components are added or
removed until the reaction is completed. A batch reactor can be easily heated or cooled by a
jacket. These type of reactors are ideal for a smaller production scale and the same reactor can be
used to produce wide range of products. (S.Nanda,2008).

45
 Figure 4-1: Illustration of batch reactor

The batch process will be a single stage or multi stage process where certain amount of input
(reactants) are fed into the chemical reaction unit under optimum conditions of temperature and
pressure to obtain the desired reaction. In batch reactors, if the process has not undergone the full
series of actions, there is possibility of preparing further batch, where more batch reactors are
added in series. The quality of the end product can also be controlled by the addition of
appropriate separation stages between the various other stages as required. Reactants that do not
react and which are separated from the reaction mixture can be returned for a further reaction
Batch operation has the following characteristics:
Time variant conditions

Discontinuous production

Downtime for cleaning and filling

4.1.2 Continuous reactors

In continuous reaction process, the inputs are fed into the reactor at a constant rate and at the
same time, constant removal of outputs is done. This means, there is a continuous supply of feed
into the system and a continuous extraction of product. This process is characterized by a
constant process taking place in each section of the reactor. Thus, the concentration of reactants

46
and products at every location in the system is in a durable state and control of the process is
done by maintaining these concentrations (Kesner).
Continuous operation has the following characteristics:

Continuous rate of production

Steady state after start-up period (usually)

No variation of concentrations with time

Constant reaction rate

Ease of balancing to determine kinetics

No down-time for cleaning, filling, etc.

Figure 4-2 Cotinuous reactors

4.1.2.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

The continuous stirred tank reactor is commonly known as CSTR, which operates at a steady
state with reactants and products flowing continuously in and out if the reactors. The CSTR is
also assumed to be well mixed to ease the calculation and the feed assumes a uniform
composition throughout the reactor, where the exit stream has the same composition as in the
tank. Other than that, CSTR can carry out both homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction.

47
The application includes:

i) Homogeneous liquid-phase reactions

ii) Heterogeneous gas-liquid reactions
iii) Heterogeneous liquid-liquid reactions
iv) Heterogeneous solid-liquid reactions
v) Heterogeneous gas-solid-liquid reactions

Figure 4-3:Continuously Stirred Tank reactor (CSTR)

4.1.2.2 Plug Flow Reactor

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) or a tubular reactor is a continuous reactor which operates at steady
state. In a PFR, one or more fluid reagents are pumped through a pipe or tube. The chemical
reaction proceeds as the reagents travel through the PFR. In this type of reactor, the changing
reaction rate creates a gradient with respect to distance traversed; at the inlet to the PFR the rate
is very high, but as the concentrations of the reagents decrease and the concentration of the
product(s) increases the reaction rate slows. In ideal condition, the reaction time is the same at
any given tube cross-section. Other than that, turbulent flow of fluids are recommended in plug
flow reactors compared to laminar flow as turbulent flow improves mixing and the heat transfer
of the reaction.

48
 Figure 4-4 Schematic Diagram of a Plug Flow Reactor

4.1.3 Comparison between batch process and continuous process

Table 14: Comparison between batch and continuous process (Kenser)

Batch Process Continuous Process

Types of materials Can be used with all types of Easier for use with flowing materials
materials (with non-flow (today, almost any material can be
materials, it is easier to use the produced with the continuous process;
batch process). investment cost is the decisive factor).

Installation size Relatively large installations. Relatively small installations.

Very big investment in land and Significant savings in land and
installations. installations.

Reactor Changes occur in the At all locations, conditions are constant

concentrations of materials over over time (durable conditions).
time.

Feeding raw Raw materials are fed before the Constant feeding of raw materials
materials start of the reaction. during the entire reaction process.

Control of the set of Simple control. It is easier to Complex control. Automatic control
actions in the control reaction conditions (pH, must be used. Control of reactor
system pressure, temperature). Manual conditions is more difficult. Control
control can also be done. must be exercised over the rate of flow
of the materials.

Product(s) Extraction of materials only after Continuous extraction of products at all

all the actions are finished with times during the reaction.

49
 the conclusion of the reaction.

Trouble shooting A fault or dealing with a batch
requiring repair does not cause
problems in the other stages.
Appropriate tests are conducted
after each stage.
The installations are interconnected, so a
fault in one causes a stoppage in all the
others. Material that has been damaged
cannot be repaired under the same
working conditions. It must be isolated
and the process restarted.

Quantities produced Preferable when production of Preferable for large scale production.
small quantities of a specific
material are planned.

Variety of products Preferable when the plant Preferable for a central and permanent
in the plant produces a wide variety of product.
materials and when the product
is likely to be changed now and
again, while using the same
reactor.

Product Preferable when the process is Preferable after the conclusion of all the
development stage relatively new and still stages of grossing-up and economic
unfamiliar. In this case the feasibility tests.
initial investment is in a smaller
batch reactor, and thus the
economic risk is smaller.

Residence Time Higher residence time. Product Lower residence time. Product tends to
tends to stay longer in the reactor stay shorter in the reactor.

4.1.4 Justification of Reactor Selection

Production of epichlorohydrin from glycerol has a series of steps which involves reactive
processes. Based on the selected process route, there are four stages of reaction need. The first
stage is the reaction of glycerol with aqueous hydrogen chloride with the presense of adipic acid
as the catalyst. This reaction produces the intermediate product which is monochlorohydrin. The
second stage of reaction involves the conversion of monochlorohydrin to produce
dichlorohydrin. Subsequently, in the third stage, dichlorohydrin will be mixed with sodium
hydroxide for dehydrochlorination process to form ECH. In the fourth stage, the unreacted

50
dichlorohydrin is reacted to produce ECH. Hence, the next section analyses the justification of
reactor selection for each process stages.

4.1.4.1 Reaction of glycerol with hydrogen chloride

In the process route, two reaction stages use CSTR as the selected reactor. The process stages are
as below:

Conversion of glycerol to form monochlorohydrin in the presence of adipic acid as

catalyst
Conversion of monochlorohydrin to dichlorohydrin.
Two Phase reaction
The hydrochlorination of glycerol is a two phased reaction, where the reactants are in liquid and
gas state (gaseous hydrogen chloride, liquid glycerol and liquid adipic acid.). CSTR can carry
out homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction, hence making it a suitable selection for this
reaction to occur.

Provide well mixing

In this reaction process, well mixing of the reactants with catalyst is needed to enable efficient
reaction. Hence, the reactor vessel must be rather large as the need to be efficiently mixed. A
CSTR vessel can provide large volume as required in the reaction, thus providing better mixing
and conversion.

Maintaining optimum temperature

Adding to that, the reaction of glycerol to form monochlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin must be
maintained at optimum temperature of 120oC and 130oC respectively. At such temperature, water
can be removed continuously and the reactivity of the reactants are maintain high without
destroying the structure of the organic compound. Water must be removed continuously because
the accumulation of water will give negative effect to the kinetic constant. Since CSTR is well-
mixed, the concentrations, temperature, and rate of reaction are the same throughout the reactor
volume, including the exit point. Mechanical or hydraulic agitation are provided to achieve
uniform composition and temperature, permitting straightforward control over the temperature
and pH of the reaction and the supply or removal of gases.

51
Easily constructed, versatile and cheap

The CSTR is an easily constructed, versatile and cheap reactor, which allows simple catalyst
charging and replacement. The low driving force makes possible better control of rapid
exothermic and endothermic reactions. The reactors also lower in operating cost as using low
amount of electrical energy. A CSTR requires the largest volume of the reactor types to obtain
desired conversions. However, as this reactor can be larger in size it can store a lot of heat energy
so that have large in heat capacity

4.1.4.2 Reaction of dichlorohydrin with sodium hydroxide

Two reaction stages use PFR as the selected reactor. The process stages are as below:

Reaction of dichlorohydrin with sodium hydroxide to form epichlorohydrin

Reaction of unreacted dichlorohydrin with sodium hydroxide to form epichlorohydrin
A PFR has several advantages to be used in industrial process such as listed below:

Easily maintained since there are no moving parts.

High conversion rate per reactor volume.
Mechanically simple.
Unvarying product quality.
Good for studying rapid reactions.
Efficient use of reactor volume.
Good for large capacity processes.
Low pressure drops.
Tubes are easy to clean.
A justification as to why PFR is selected as the reactor in dehydrochlorination of dichlorohydrin
is explained is the following section.

Fast conversion of reactants into products

The reaction of dichlorohydrin with sodium hydroxide must be performed in a very short
residence time to avoid any undesired reaction paths, hence lowering the yields. Adding to that,
the advantage of a PFR reactor is the short contact time between the water and the

52
epichlorohydrin, minimizing the hydrolysis of the produced epichlorohydrin to glycerol, which
represents the major yield losses.

Lower reactor volume

Plug flow reactor is recommended in conversion of dichlorohydrin to epichlorohydrin to

minimize the usage of space or volume of the plant. High conversion can be achieved with lower
volume of the reactor, thus minimising the cost of the operating plant as well.

4.2 Process Screening

4.2.1 Introduction
The design of the plant to produce epichlorohydrin from crude glycerol is developed by applying
the concept of Onion Model. This approach is used whereby the plant is designed conceptually
layer by layer. The innermost layer of the model is reactor selection. This is where the raw
materials are converted into the desired products whether by using batch or continuous reactor.
Then, the products obtained must be separated from other by-products and all the unreacted raw
materials must be recycled back to optimize the system.

However, heating and cooling duties are required throughout the process of reaction and
separation in order to achieve the desired operating conditions. Hence, the heat exchanger
network will be designed after the mass and energy balance are completed. Those heating and
cooling duties that cannot be satisfied by heat integration need to be compensated by using
utilities such as steam and cooling water.

53
Figure 4-5: Onion Model
4.2.2 Process Development
The development of conceptual process plant design is carried out by making comparison
between several process routes in terms of several factors such as the type of reactants, phase of
reactants and the catalyst selection. Epichlorohydrin can be produced through two main reaction
processes which are hydrochlorination and dehydrochlorination. All the process routes that have
been obtained are having these two main steps in order to produce epichlorohydrin. However, the
best route must be selected amongst the three routes as shown below:

I.1) Route
Route 1:
1:

(l) (g) (l) (l) (l)

(l) (aq)
(l) (l) (l) (aq)

Figure 4-6: Route 1 of producing epichlorohydrin

Hydrochlorination process for this route requires gaseous hydrogen chloride to react with crude
glycerol with the presence of carboxylic acid as the catalyst in order to produce 1,3-
Dichlorohydrin and 2,3-Dichlorohydrin. The next step is dehydrochlorination process whereby
the dichlorohydrins will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form epichlorohydrin, sodium
chloride and water.

II. Route 2:
This route has the same hydrochlorination step with Route 1. However, aqueous calcium
hydroxide is used in the dehydrochlorination process instead of sodium hydroxide in order to
form epichlorohydrin, calcium chloride and water.

54
 1) Route 1:

(l) (g) (l) (l) (l)

(l) (l) (l) (l) (aq)

Figure 4-7: Route 2 of producing epichlorohydrin.

III. Route 3:

This alternative route is almost similar with Route 1 in terms of the reactants used and also the
selection of catalyst. However, hydrogen chloride used during hydrochlorination process is in
1) Route 1:

(aq)
(l) (g) (l) (l) (l)

(aq)
(l) (l) (l) (l) (aq)

Figure 4-8: Route 3 of producing epichlorohydrin.

liquid form. It is used in the form of concentrated hydrochloric acid.

55
 Table 15: Comparison of process alternatives

Route 1 Route 2 Route 3

Reactant for Hydrogen chloride gas
hydrochlorination process
Reactant for Sodium hydroxide solution
dehydrochlorination process
Advantages Good conversion in
hydrochlorination process
No hard water problem,
thus no lime scale form in
the pipeline and minimal
fouling take place in the
heat exchanging units
Good conversion in
dehydrochlorination
process
Disadvantages Cost of hydrogen chloride
gas is higher than
hydrochloric acid
Figure 4-9: Pipe
fouling due to
calcium scaling
Hydrogen chloride gas
Calcium hydroxide solution
Good conversion in
hydrochlorination process
Better conversion in
dehydrochlorination
process
Cost of hydrogen chloride
gas is higher than
hydrochloric acid
Very high maintenance
cost due to high tendency
of equipment
fouling with
the presence of
Ca+ ions rich
hard water.
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium hydroxide solution
Cheaper cost of reactant
for hydrochlorination
process
No hard water problem,
thus no lime scale form in
the pipeline and minimal
fouling take place in the
heat exchanging units
Good conversion in
dehydrochlorination
process
Poorer conversion in
hydrochlorination due to
more water introduced
into the system, causing
solvation effect and gives
negative effect to the
kinetic constant

56
From table 15 shown above, the comparison between each process alternatives has been
made. Each process route has its own advantages and disadvantages. Overall, route 1 has
good conversion in both main process and does not facing the hard water problem. However,
the cost of HCl gases is significantly higher compare with hydrochloric acid. Other than that,
the presence of water in hydrochloric acid may cause some disadvantages. This is due to its
effect towards the rate of reaction of hydrochlorination. Sergeevich and Nikolaevich (2011)
mentioned that there are numerous articles and patents which discussed about the process of
hydrochlorination of glycerol and all of them highlighted that in equilibrium, the presence of
water has negative effect on the process.

It is important to understand the role of water in this process which is related with other
mechanism such as the reaction rates of the process. Based on the analysis conducted by
Sergeevich and Nikolaevich, the increasing of water made the kinetic constant decreases with
the increase of molar ratio between water and hydrogen chloride. Phenomenon of hydration is
the possible reason behind this finding. It was obtained by using the second order equation of
reaction:

Both glycerol and chlorohydrins have polar organic compounds in the reaction mixture thus,
they may orientationaly interact and form hydrogen bonds between each other and also with
water itself. However, there are also presence of chlorine anions whereby the water
molecules may hydrate both chlorohydrins and glycerol as well as the chlorine anions.
Furthermore, Sergeevich and Nikolaevich also concluded that as the temperature of the
mixture is increased, the influence of the hydration towards rate of reaction is decreased.

In route 2, it has good conversion in hydrochlorination process. On top of that, it has a very
good conversion in dehydrochlorination process, which is even better than route 1 and route
3. However, the usage of calcium hydroxide will create hard water that can cause mineral
scaling in the pipeline. As a result, this phenomenon will increase the tendency of equipment
fouling and corrosion, thus increasing the maintenance cost tremendously.

As for route 3, it has cheaper cost of materials as it uses hydrochloric acid instead of
hydrogen chloride. Besides, it also has no hard water problem and has good conversion in
dehydrochlorination process. However, the usage of hydrochloric acid means introducing

57
more water into the system. Water can give negative effect to kinetic constant of
hydrochlorination process and thus slowing down the process remarkably. This will results
more reactors needed in order to reach the same production rate.

After the comparison has been done, we decided to choose route 1 as the process routes as it
is consider as the best route alternatives in term of cost wise and optimized efficiency.

4.2.3 Catalyst Alternatives

Originally, the reaction between glycerol and hydrogen chloride compound in

hydrochlorination process is very slow due to high activation energy. In order to accelerate
the organic chemical reactions, acid catalysis is performed carboxylic acid, preferably acetic
acid or other carboxylic acids having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and boiling point above 120C.
Carboxylic acids works as catalyst by dissolving into ions in the medium, and the H+ ions
protonate OH group of the glycerol, making it a good leaving group as H 2O+, and separating
from the glycerol as H2O.

I. Acetic acid

Through thorough research, it is found that acetic acid is among the most popular catalyst in
hydrochlorination of glycerol process. The main reasons that favor the usage of acetic acid as
catalyst are due to its high selectivity, high conversion, cheap price and availability.

Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks in the usage of acetic acid. Its boiling point is rather
low, which is at 117C. However, the reactor of hydrochlorination is set at the range of
120C-130C for continuous water removal. As a result, the rate loss of acetic acid in the
process is high. Apart from that, acetic acid is miscible in water, and forms azeotrope due to
similar boiling point. These properties become a huge setback in catalyst regeneration and
waste management.

II. Adipic Acid

In order to find better carboxylic acids to replace the role of acetic acid, several experiments
have been conducted by the researchers of Solvay Chemicals. Several experiments outcome
proved that adipic acid is a suitable replacement. This conclusion is further supported by the
results showing that adipic acid is better catalyst than acetic in several ways.

This dicarboxylic acid allows higher glycerol conversion rate and has higher
dichloropropanol selectivity. Apart from that, its boiling point is as high as 337.5C, which

58
means it can withstand the operating condition in the reactor. On top of that, its solubility in
water at room temperature is 24g/L, while 1600g/L at 100C. This unique property is
essential in catalyst regeneration process and it is what makes it an amazing catalyst.

Table 16: Comparison of catalysts

Catalyst Acetic Acid Adipic Acid

Boiling point 117C 337.5C

Price (RM / ton) 1615.00 4200.00

Glycerol Conversion rate 87.8 99.4

(%)

Monochloropropanediol 61.9 7.4

selectivity (%)

Dichloropropanol 29.7 82.3

selectivity (%)
Cheap Price Good glycerol
Advantages
Easily available in the conversion rate
market High boiling point,
Easy to handle low catalyst loss in
Good glycerol manufacturing process
conversion rate Catalyst regeneration
is easy
Low boiling point, high Price is more
Disadvantages
catalyst loss in expensive
manufacturing process
Form azeotrope with
water, difficult to
regenerate

From table 16, it shows that although acetic acid is cheap, however it has high catalyst loss
rate and it is difficult to regenerate since it form azeotrope in water. The drawback is too huge
that it gives negative effect to the income as process goes by. Oppositely, adipic acid is more

59
expensive compare to acetic acid. However, the rate of catalyst loss is very low and it is easy
to regenerate from the waste stream. Therefore, adipic acid is chosen over acetic acid as
catalyst for hydrochlorination process.

4.2.4 Separation Selection for glycerol purification

Membrane separation technology

Since the early 1990s membrane filtration has gained momentum and is now considered
mainstream technology in industry. Advances in material science and membrane
manufacturing technology have driven this trend

Membrane separation technology is the simple and energy efficient separation technique. The
driving force of the most commonly used isothermal membrane separation process involves
the difference in concentration or electrical potential and hydrostatic pressure. The commonly
employed membrane separation technology are used in food, chemical and biotechnology
industries.

There are many types if membrane separations such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration,

nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Hence, the selection of the type of
membrane techniques depends upon the nature of the compounds to be separated. Membrane
separation technology is recently being employed in biodiesel industries due to several
advantages. Those advantages includes, being environmentally friendly and lowering the cost
of operation. Further clarifications as to why membrane separation is a better and promising
separation in glycerol purification is explained in the next chapter.

Application of membrane separation technology in glycerol purification

The membrane separation technology in purification of glycerol is developed by EET

Corporation. The investigation on the usage of membrane technology in glycerol purification
started when Mah et al., 2005 investigated the ability of membrane GE PVDF 30 Kda to
remove palm oil and oleic acid from glycerol at different concentration and pH condition and
good results were obtained. Then, Jeromin et al. proposed the application of pressure driven
membrane technology such as ultrafiltration to remove unreacted oil or fat in glycerol rich
solution. Similarly, Lazarova tested different types of membrane to purify pre-treated crude
glycerol derived from biodiesel production.

60
4.2.4.1 Membrane Technology for the removal of sodium chloride Ions in crude
glycerol
In this design, membrane separation technology is used to remove 3% of sodium chloride salt
from crude glycerol. For the separation of salt impurities using membrane technologies, the
types of membrane separation technology that can be used are the nanofiltration and the
reverse osmosis technique (Myong et.al, 2008).

Nanofiltration is a pressure-driven membrane separation process that is located between

reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. The driving force of the separation process is the pressure
difference across the semi permeable nanofiltration membrane. In nanofiltration, monovalent
ions naturally pass partly or fully through the membrane, whereas more highly charged
divalent and multivalent ions and low molecular weight organics are rejected by the
nanofiltration membrane to a greater degree. This means, nanofiltration are more effective in
rejecting ions that have higher negative charges such as sulphate ions compared to rejecting
ions that have single charged such as the chloride ions. Therefore, purification of crude
glycerol composition that contain salt impurities comprising divalent and polyvalent ions can
be effectively achieved using nanofiltration (Myong et.al, 2008)

However, the impurities that we are removing is sodium chloride, which is monovalent ions.
Thus, reverse osmosis membrane separation technique is preferred in removing sodium
chloride ions. Similar to nanofiltration, reverse osmosis is a pressure-driven membrane
separation process. In contrast to nanofiltration, reverse osmosis is capable of removing
monovalent ions as well as removing divalent and multivalent ions from a solution.

A study carried out from Myong proves that 85% rejection of sodium chloride ion is possible
by using reverse osmosis membrane technology at ambient conditions. Many embodiments, a
yield of about 99% or greater can be achieved using nanofiltration followed by three stages of
reverse osmosis. The resulting purified glycerol may be technical or pharmaceutical grade
(Myong et. Al, 2008).

61
4.2.5 Mass Balance
A mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to
the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system,
mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure
without this technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends
on the context of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation for instance that
matter cannot disappear or be created spontaneously.

The mass that enters a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or
accumulate within the system. Mathematically the mass balance for a system without a
chemical reaction is as follows:

Input = Output +Accumulation

For this project, preliminary material balance has been done in order to estimate the amount
of purified epichlorohydrin after going through two steps of reactions and several separation
process. As for preliminary calculation, some estimation and assumptions has been made in
order to have the conceptual mass balance calculation before obtaining the real results by
using softwares such as iCON and HYSYS. Thus, the assumptions that has been made are:

1) Steady-state flow
2) No heat loss to the surrounding
3) Closed system

In addition, the preliminary material balance is made by using block diagram. Under this
subtopic, the material balance for purification of glycerol and also the main process route will
be included. The chemical reaction used for the main process of producing epichlorohydrin
from pure glycerol is Route 1:

62
 Figure 4-10: Chemical reaction of producing the epichlorohydrin

4.2.5.1 Purification of Crude Glycerol

4.2.5.1.1 Block Diagram

63
4.2.5.1.2 Calculation
Basis:

1) Feed flowrate: 4000 kg/hr

2) 90% separation of water and methyl oleate
3) 95% separation of methanol
4) 98% separation of sodium chloride
5) Feed composition as given below:

Components Mass fraction, wt%

Glycerol 53
Water 19
Sodium chloride 3
Methanol 17
Methyl Oleate (FAME) 8

Three-Phase Separator 1

Mass balance: F= D + B

Mol balance: F*x = D*y + B*x

64
 Stream 2
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.257027035 2120 0.53
WATER 42.18641065 0.471027224 760 0.19
SODIUM CHLORIDE 2.05338809 0.022926854 120 0.03
METHANOL 21.22347066 0.236968074 680 0.17
METHYL OLEATE 1.07930191 0.012050814 320 0.08
TOTAL 89.56257417 1 4000 1

Stream 3
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 37.96776958 0.653152004 684 0.514285714
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0
METHANOL 20.16229713 0.346847996 646 0.485714286
METHYL OLEATE 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 58.13006671 1 1330 1

Stream 4
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 0 0 0 0
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0
METHANOL 0 0 0 0
METHYL OLEATE 0.971371719 1 288 1
TOTAL 0.971371719 1 288 1

Stream 5
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.755717156 2120 0.890008396
WATER 4.218641065 0.138492573 76 0.031905961
SODIUM CHLORIDE 2.05338809 0.067410096 120 0.050377834
METHANOL 1.061173533 0.034836965 34 0.01427372
METHYL OLEATE 0.107930191 0.00354321 32 0.013434089
TOTAL 30.46113574 1 2382 1

65
Membrane

Stream 6
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.755717156 2120 0.890008396
WATER 4.218641065 0.138492573 76 0.031905961
SODIUM CHLORIDE 2.05338809 0.067410096 120 0.050377834
METHANOL 1.061173533 0.034836965 34 0.01427372
METHYL OLEATE 0.107930191 0.00354321 32 0.013434089
TOTAL 30.46113574 1 2382 1

Stream 7
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 0 0 0 0
SODIUM CHLORIDE 1.950718686 1 117.6 1
METHANOL 0 0 0 0
METHYL OLEATE 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 1.950718686 1 117.6 1

Stream 8
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.809172633 2120 0.936230348
WATER 4.218641065 0.148288813 76 0.033562975
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.041067762 0.001443567 2.4 0.001059883
METHANOL 1.061173533 0.03730115 34 0.015015015
METHYL OLEATE 0.107930191 0.003793838 32 0.014131779
TOTAL 28.44881541 1 2264.4 1

66
Three-phase Separator 2

Stream 9
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.809172633 2120 0.9362303
WATER 4.218641065 0.148288813 76 0.033563
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.041067762 0.001443567 2.4 0.0010599
METHANOL 1.061173533 0.03730115 34 0.015015
METHYL OLEATE 0.107930191 0.003793838 32 0.0141318
TOTAL 28.44881541 1 2264.4 1

Stream 10
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 3.796776958 0.799013107 68.4 0.6792453
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0
METHANOL 0.95505618 0.200986893 32.3 0.3207547
METHYL OLEATE 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 4.751833138 1 100.7 1

Stream 11
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 0 0 0 0
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0
METHANOL 0 0 0 0
METHYL OLEATE 0.097137172 1 28.8 1
TOTAL 0.097137172 1 28.8 1

67
 Stream 12
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.02000286 0.975430252 2120 0.9930208
WATER 0.421864106 0.017875715 7.6 0.0035599
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.041067762 0.001740171 2.4 0.0011242
METHANOL 0.106117353 0.004496528 1.7 0.0007963
METHYL OLEATE 0.010793019 0.000457334 3.2 0.0014989
TOTAL 23.5998451 1 2134.9 1

Distillation Column 1

Stream 13
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.020003 0.975430252 2120 0.99302075
WATER 0.4218641 0.017875715 7.6 0.003559886
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.0410678 0.001740171 2.4 0.001124174
METHANOL 0.1061174 0.004496528 1.7 0.00079629
METHYL OLEATE 0.010793 0.000457334 3.2 0.001498899
TOTAL 23.599845 1 2134.9 1

68
 Stream 14
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 0 0 0 0
WATER 0.3796777 0.790189895 6.84 0.808988764
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0 0 0 0
METHANOL 0.1008115 0.209810105 1.615 0.191011236
METHYL OLEATE 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 0.4804892 1 8.455 1

Stream 15
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow Mole Fraction Mass Flow Mass Fraction
GLYCEROL 23.020003 0.995702603 2120 0.99696912
WATER 0.0421864 0.001824723 0.76 0.000357404
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.0410678 0.001776337 2.4 0.001128644
METHANOL 0.0053059 0.000229499 0.085 3.99728E-05
METHYL OLEATE 0.010793 0.000466839 3.2 0.001504859
TOTAL 23.119356 1 2126.445 1

69
4.2.5.2 Process of Producing Epichlorohydrin

4.2.5.2.1 Block Diagram

70
4.2.5.2.2 Calculation

Basis:

1) Purity vapor at partial condenser (Hydrochlorination) = 96 %

2) Purity overhead of distillation column (Hydrochlorination) = 82 %
3) Purity vapor at partial condenser (Dehydrochlorination) = 96 %
4) Purity overhead of distillation column (Dehydrochlorination) = 99 %

Reactions involved Overall Conversion

Reaction 1: Glycerol (l) + HCl (g) ----> alpha-MCH (l) + H2O (l) 0.2193
Reaction 2: Glycerol (l) + HCl (g) ----> beta-MCH (l) + H2O (l) 0.0495
Reaction 3: Glycerol (l) + alpha-MCH (l) ----> 1,3-DCH (l) + H2O (l) 0.7223
Reaction 4: Glycerol (l) + alpha-MCH (l) ----> 2,3-DCH (l) + H2O (l) 0.0089
Total 1.0000

Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor 1

Inlet mass flowrate for each components:

F = Molar flowrate * MW

FGlycerol = (23.0200 kmol/hr) (92.09 kg/kmol = 2120 kg/hr

71
 STREAM 1
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 23.02000286 0.995702603 2120 0.99692927
Water 0.042186411 0.001824723 0.76 0.00035739
Methanol 0.005305868 0.000229499 0.17 7.99424E-05
Methyl Oleate 0.010793019 0.000466839 3.2 0.001504799
HCL 0 0 0 0
Adipic acid 0 0 0 0
alpha-MCH 0 0 0 0
beta-MCH 0 0 0 0
1,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
2,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
Acetates 0 0 0 0
Sodium Hydroxide 0 0 0 0
Sodium Chloride 0.041067762 0.001776337 2.4 0.001128599
Epichlorohydrin 0 0 0 0
Total 23.11935592 1 2126.53 1

STREAM 2
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0 0 0 0
Water 0 0 0 0
Methanol 0 0 0 0
Methyl Oleate 0 0 0 0
HCL 0 0 0 0
Adipic acid 0.725325918 1 106 1
alpha-MCH 0 0 0 0
beta-MCH 0 0 0 0
1,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
2,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
Acetates 0 0 0 0
Sodium Hydroxide 0 0 0 0
Sodium Chloride 0 0 0 0
Epichlorohydrin 0 0 0 0
Total 0.725325918 1 106 1

72
 STREAM 3
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0 0 0 0
Water 0 0 0 0
Methanol 0 0 0 0
Methyl Oleate 0 0 0 0
HCL 46.04000572 1 1678.618609 1
Adipic acid 0 0 0 0
alpha-MCH 0 0 0 0
beta-MCH 0 0 0 0
1,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
2,3-DCH 0 0 0 0
Acetates 0 0 0 0
Sodium Hydroxide 0 0 0 0
Sodium Chloride 0 0 0 0
Epichlorohydrin 0 0 0 0
Total 46.04000572 1 1678.618609 1

STREAM 4
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 1.083091009 0.015507621 99.7459884 0.025325029
Water 43.55373901 0.62359936 784.6328034 0.199214512
Methanol 0.005305868 7.5969E-05 0.17 4.31622E-05
Methyl Oleate 0.010793019 0.000154534 3.2 0.000812465
HCL 2.48626671 0.035598191 90.64928425 0.023015419
Adipic acid 0.725325918 0.010385165 106 0.026912892
alpha-MCH 0.26368556 0.003775431 52.37971253 0.013298958
beta-MCH 0.056290813 0.000805968 11.18186603 0.002839022
1,3-DCH 21.61357047 0.309461576 2787.829412 0.707816539
2,3-DCH 0.003256696 4.66291E-05 0.420065327 0.000106653
Acetates 0.00010832 1.55092E-06 0.023635827 6.00102E-06
Sodium Hydroxide 0 0 0 0
Sodium Chloride 0.041067762 0.000588005 2.4 0.000609349
Epichlorohydrin 0 0 0 0
Total 69.84250115 1 3938.632768 1

73
Stoichiometric Table:

Conversion X
Species Inlet (kmol/hr) ,Theta Change Remaining (kmol/hr)
A FAo A = FAo/ FAo - FAoX FA = FAo (1-X)
B FBo B = FBo / FAo - FAo(b/a)(X) FB = FAo (B (b/a)(X))
C FCo C = FCo / FAo FAo(c/a)(X) FB = FAo (C + (c/a)(X))
D FDo D = FDo / FAo FAo (d/a)(X) FB = FAo (D (d/a)(X))
I FIo I = FIo / FAo - FI = FIo
Total FTo - - FT = FTo + (d/a+c/a-b/a-1) FAoX
FT = FTo + FAoX

R1
X 0.950500
Species Inlet (kmol/hr) Theta Remaining (kmol/hr)
Glycerol 23.020003 NA 1.139490
HCL 46.040006 2.000000 24.159493
alpha-MCH 0.000000 0.000000 21.880513
H2O 0.000000 0.000000 21.880513
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.031509 0.725326

R2
X 0.049500
Species Inlet (kmol/hr) Theta Remaining (kmol/hr)
Glycerol 1.139490 NA 1.083085
HCL 24.159493 21.202020 24.103088
beta-MCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.056405
H2O 21.880513 19.202020 21.936917
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.636535 0.725326

R3
X 0.987800
Species Inlet (kmol/hr) Theta Remaining (kmol/hr)
alpha-MCH 21.880513 NA 0.266942
HCL 24.103088 1.101578 2.489518
1,3-DCH 0.000000 0.000000 21.613570
H2O 21.936917 1.002578 43.550488
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.033149 0.725326

74
 R4
X 0.012200
Species Inlet (kmol/hr) Theta Remaining (kmol/hr)
alpha-MCH 0.266942 NA 0.263686
HCL 2.489518 9.326054 2.486261
2,3-DCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.003257
H2O 43.550488 163.145726 43.553745
Adipic acid 0.725326 2.717164 0.725326

Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor 2

STREAM 4
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 1.083091009 0.015507621 99.7459884 0.025325029
Water 43.55373901 0.62359936 784.6328034 0.199214512
Methanol 0.005305868 7.5969E-05 0.17 4.31622E-05
Methyl Oleate 0.010793019 0.000154534 3.2 0.000812465
HCL 2.48626671 0.035598191 90.64928425 0.023015419
Adipic acid 0.725325918 0.010385165 106 0.026912892
alpha-MCH 0.26368556 0.003775431 52.37971253 0.013298958
beta-MCH 0.056290813 0.000805968 11.18186603 0.002839022
1,3-DCH 21.61357047 0.309461576 2787.829412 0.707816539
2,3-DCH 0.003256696 4.66291E-05 0.420065327 0.000106653
Acetates 0.00010832 1.55092E-06 0.023635827 6.00102E-06
Sodium Hydroxide 0 0 0 0
Sodium Chloride 0.041067762 0.000588005 2.4 0.000609349
Epichlorohydrin 0 0 0 0
Total 69.84250115 1 3938.632768 1

75
 STREAM 5
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.050959 0.000730 4.693048 0.001198
Water 45.863450 0.656670 826.242894 0.210937
Methanol 0.005306 0.000076 0.170000 0.000043
Methyl Oleate 0.010793 0.000155 3.200000 0.000817
HCL 0.176556 0.002528 6.437220 0.001643
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.010385 106.000000 0.027061
alpha-MCH 0.015584 0.000223 3.095701 0.000790
beta-MCH 0.058939 0.000844 11.707973 0.002989
1,3-DCH 22.890957 0.327751 2952.593349 0.753788
2,3-DCH 0.003449 0.000049 0.444892 0.000114
Acetates 0.000113 0.000002 0.024748 0.000006
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.041068 0.000588 2.400000 0.000613
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 69.842501 1.000000 3917.009826 1.000000

Stoichiometric tables:

R1
X 0.950500
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
Glycerol 1.083085 NA 0.053613
HCL 2.486261 2.295536 1.456788
alpha-MCH 0.263686 0.243458 1.293158
H2O 43.553745 40.212660 44.583217
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.669685 0.725326

R2
X 0.049500
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
Glycerol 0.053613 NA 0.050959
HCL 1.456788 27.172437 1.454135
beta-MCH 0.056405 1.052078 0.059059
H2O 44.583217 831.579000 44.585871
Adipic acid 0.725326 13.528988 0.725326

76
 R4
X 0.987800
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
alpha-MCH 1.293158 NA 0.015777
HCL 1.454135 1.124483 0.176753
1,3-DCH 21.613570 16.713787 22.890952
H2O 44.585871 34.478280 45.863253
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.560895 0.725326

R5
X 0.012200
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
alpha-MCH 0.015777 NA 0.015584
HCL 0.176753 11.203535 0.176560
2,3-DCH 0.003257 0.206427 0.003449
H2O 45.863253 2907.055749 45.863445
Adipic acid 0.725326 45.974996 0.725326

Distillation Column 1

77
Mass balance: F= D + B

Mol balance: F*x = D*y + B*x

Assume 82 % purity overhead, 82 % of lighter components will be separated at top of the

column while 82 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the column:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.82*D*y + 0.18*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.16*D*y + 0.82*B*x

STREAM 5
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.050959 0.000730 4.693048 0.001198
Water 45.863450 0.656670 826.242894 0.210937
Methanol 0.005306 0.000076 0.170000 0.000043
Methyl Oleate 0.010793 0.000155 3.200000 0.000817
HCL 0.176556 0.002528 6.437220 0.001643
Adipic acid 0.725326 0.010385 106.000000 0.027061
alpha-MCH 0.015584 0.000223 3.095701 0.000790
beta-MCH 0.058939 0.000844 11.707973 0.002989
1,3-DCH 22.890957 0.327751 2952.593349 0.753788
2,3-DCH 0.003449 0.000049 0.444892 0.000114
Acetates 0.000113 0.000002 0.024748 0.000006
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.041068 0.000588 2.400000 0.000613
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 69.842501 1.000000 3917.009826 1.000000

78
 STREAM 6
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.041815 0.003189 3.850928 0.004894
Water 8.229737 0.627681 148.261025 0.188404
Methanol 0.000952 0.000073 0.030505 0.000039
Methyl Oleate 0.008856 0.000675 2.625792 0.003337
HCL 0.031681 0.002416 1.155095 0.001468
Adipic acid 0.595173 0.045394 86.979360 0.110530
alpha-MCH 0.012788 0.000975 2.540209 0.003228
beta-MCH 0.048363 0.003689 9.607094 0.012208
1,3-DCH 4.107553 0.313283 529.813351 0.673264
2,3-DCH 0.000619 0.000047 0.079831 0.000101
Acetates 0.000093 0.000007 0.020307 0.000026
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.033699 0.002570 1.969344 0.002503
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 13.111331 1.000000 786.932840 1.000000

STREAM 7
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.009144 0.000161 0.842121 0.000269
Water 37.633713 0.663369 677.981869 0.216602
Methanol 0.004354 0.000077 0.139495 0.000045
Methyl Oleate 0.001937 0.000034 0.574208 0.000183
HCL 0.144875 0.002554 5.282125 0.001688
Adipic acid 0.130152 0.002294 19.020640 0.006077
alpha-MCH 0.002796 0.000049 0.555493 0.000177
beta-MCH 0.010576 0.000186 2.100879 0.000671
1,3-DCH 18.783404 0.331095 2422.779999 0.774032
2,3-DCH 0.002830 0.000050 0.365060 0.000117
Acetates 0.000020 0.000000 0.004441 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.007369 0.000130 0.430656 0.000138
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 56.731171 1.000000 3130.076986 1.000000

79
Assume 96 % purity at the vapor stream of the reflux drum, 96 % of lighter components will
be separated at the top while 96 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the reflux
drum:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.96*D*y + 0.04*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.04*D*y + 0.96*B

STREAM 8
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000366 0.000161 0.033685 0.000269
Water 1.505349 0.662200 27.119275 0.216381
Methanol 0.004180 0.001839 0.133915 0.001068
Methyl Oleate 0.000077 0.000034 0.022968 0.000183
HCL 0.005795 0.002549 0.211285 0.001686
Adipic acid 0.005206 0.002290 0.760826 0.006071
alpha-MCH 0.000112 0.000049 0.022220 0.000177
beta-MCH 0.000423 0.000186 0.084035 0.000671
1,3-DCH 0.751336 0.330512 96.911200 0.773239
2,3-DCH 0.000113 0.000050 0.014602 0.000117
Acetates 0.000001 0.000000 0.000178 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.000295 0.000130 0.017226 0.000137
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 2.273252 1.000000 125.331415 1.000000

STREAM 9
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008778 0.000161 0.808436 0.000269
Water 36.128364 0.663418 650.862595 0.216612
Methanol 0.000174 0.000003 0.005580 0.000002
Methyl Oleate 0.001859 0.000034 0.551240 0.000183
HCL 0.139080 0.002554 5.070840 0.001688
Adipic acid 0.124946 0.002294 18.259814 0.006077
alpha-MCH 0.002685 0.000049 0.533273 0.000177
beta-MCH 0.010153 0.000186 2.016843 0.000671
1,3-DCH 18.032068 0.331119 2325.868799 0.774065
2,3-DCH 0.002717 0.000050 0.350458 0.000117
Acetates 0.000020 0.000000 0.004263 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.007074 0.000130 0.413430 0.000138
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 54.457918 1.000000 3004.745571 1.000000

80
Plug Flow Reactor 1

Assumption for the conversion has been made. The conversion rate of 1,3-dichlorohydrin to
epichlorohydrin is 0.90 while 0.10 conversion from 2,3-dichlorohydrin. It is based on the
work of Krzyzanowska, Milchert and Bartkowiak (2014) whereby the conversion of
epichlorohydrin can be achieved up to 90% from 1,3-dichlorohydrin. Stoichiometrically, 1
mol of 1,3-dichlorohydrin will produce 1 mol of epichlorohydrin with the presence of 1 mol
of sodium hydroxide. Thus, molar flowrate of sodium hydroxide is the same with 1,3-
dichlorohydrin molar flowrate in the inlet streams

STREAM 9
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008778 0.000161 0.808436 0.000269
Water 36.128364 0.663418 650.862595 0.216612
Methanol 0.000174 0.000003 0.005580 0.000002
Methyl Oleate 0.001859 0.000034 0.551240 0.000183
HCL 0.139080 0.002554 5.070840 0.001688
Adipic acid 0.124946 0.002294 18.259814 0.006077
alpha-MCH 0.002685 0.000049 0.533273 0.000177
beta-MCH 0.010153 0.000186 2.016843 0.000671
1,3-DCH 18.032068 0.331119 2325.868799 0.774065
2,3-DCH 0.002717 0.000050 0.350458 0.000117
Acetates 0.000020 0.000000 0.004263 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.007074 0.000130 0.413430 0.000138
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 54.457918 1.000000 3004.745571 1.000000

81
 STREAM 10
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Water 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Methanol 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
HCL 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Adipic acid 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
alpha-MCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
beta-MCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
1,3-DCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
2,3-DCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 18.032068 1.000000 721.228619 1.000000
Sodium Chloride 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Epichlorohydrin 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Total 18.032068 1.000000 721.228619 1.000000

STREAM 11
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008778 0.000099 0.808436 0.000217
Water 52.357497 0.590149 943.234966 0.253159
Methanol 0.000174 0.000002 0.005580 0.000001
Methyl Oleate 0.001859 0.000021 0.551240 0.000148
HCL 0.139080 0.001568 5.070840 0.001361
Adipic acid 0.124946 0.001408 18.259814 0.004901
alpha-MCH 0.002685 0.000030 0.533273 0.000143
beta-MCH 0.010153 0.000114 2.016843 0.000541
1,3-DCH 1.803207 0.020325 232.586880 0.062425
2,3-DCH 0.002445 0.000028 0.315412 0.000085
Acetates 0.000020 0.000000 0.004263 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 1.802935 0.020322 72.111995 0.019354
Sodium Chloride 16.236207 0.183007 948.843950 0.254664
Epichlorohydrin 16.229133 0.182927 1501.519365 0.402999
Total 88.719119 1.000000 3725.862857 1.000000

82
Reactions involved Overall Conversion
Reaction 1: 1,3-DCH (l) + NaOH (aq) ---> ECH (l) + NaCl (s) + H2O (l) 0.90
Reaction 2: 2,3-DCH (l) + NaOH (aq) ---> ECH (l) + NaCl (s) + H2O (l) 0.10
Total 1.0000

Stoichiometric tables:

R1
X 0.900000
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
1,3-DCH 18.032064 NA 1.803206
NaOH 18.032064 1.000000 1.803206
ECH 0.000000 0.000000 16.228857
NaCl 0.007074 0.000392 16.235932
H2O 36.128360 2.003562 52.357218

R2
X 0.100000
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
2,3-DCH 0.002717 NA 0.002445
NaOH 1.803206 663.665681 1.802935
ECH 16.228857 5972.991131 16.229129
NaCl 16.235932 5975.594858 16.236203
H2O 52.357218 19269.945519 52.357489

Distillation Column

83
Assume 99 % purity overhead, 99 % of lighter components will be separated at top of the
column while 99 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the column:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.99*D*y + 0.01*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.01*D*y + 0.99*B*x

STREAM 11
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008778 0.000099 0.808436 0.000217
Water 52.357497 0.590149 943.234966 0.253159
Methanol 0.000174 0.000002 0.005580 0.000001
Methyl Oleate 0.001859 0.000021 0.551240 0.000148
HCL 0.139080 0.001568 5.070840 0.001361
Adipic acid 0.124946 0.001408 18.259814 0.004901
alpha-MCH 0.002685 0.000030 0.533273 0.000143
beta-MCH 0.010153 0.000114 2.016843 0.000541
1,3-DCH 1.803207 0.020325 232.586880 0.062425
2,3-DCH 0.002445 0.000028 0.315412 0.000085
Acetates 0.000020 0.000000 0.004263 0.000001
Sodium Hydroxide 1.802935 0.020322 72.111995 0.019354
Sodium Chloride 16.236207 0.183007 948.843950 0.254664
Epichlorohydrin 16.229133 0.182927 1501.519365 0.402999
Total 88.719119 1.000000 3725.862857 1.000000

STREAM 12
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008692 0.000424622 92.093820 0.054634
Water 0.513103 0.025065121 18.015280 0.010687
Methanol 0.000002 8.33715E-08 32.040000 0.019007
Methyl Oleate 0.001841 0.000090 296.487940 0.175888
HCL 0.001363 6.65816E-05 36.460000 0.021630
Adipic acid 0.123722 0.006043819 146.141200 0.086697
alpha-MCH 0.002658 0.000129856 198.644600 0.117844
beta-MCH 0.010054 0.000491115 198.644600 0.117844
1,3-DCH 1.785535 0.08722346 128.985140 0.076519
2,3-DCH 0.002421 0.000118284 128.985140 0.076519
Acetates 0.000019 9.45048E-07 218.203860 0.129447
Sodium Hydroxide 1.785266 0.087210317 39.997000 0.023728
Sodium Chloride 16.077092 0.785366484 58.440000 0.034669
Epichlorohydrin 0.159046 0.007769378 92.520000 0.054887
Total 20.470816 1.000000 1685.658580 1.000000

84
 STREAM 13
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000086 0.000001 0.007923 0.000003
Water 51.844393 0.759644 933.991263 0.383046
Methanol 0.000172 0.000003 0.005525 0.000002
Methyl Oleate 0.000018 0.000000 0.005402 0.000002
HCL 0.137717 0.002018 5.021146 0.002059
Adipic acid 0.001224 0.000018 0.178946 0.000073
alpha-MCH 0.000026 0.000000 0.005226 0.000002
beta-MCH 0.000099 0.000001 0.019765 0.000008
1,3-DCH 0.017671 0.000259 2.279351 0.000935
2,3-DCH 0.000024 0.000000 0.003091 0.000001
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000042 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.017669 0.000259 0.706698 0.000290
Sodium Chloride 0.159115 0.002331 9.298671 0.003814
Epichlorohydrin 16.070087 0.235465 1486.804476 0.609764
Total 68.248303 1.000000 2438.327525 1.000000

Assume 96 % purity at the vapor stream of the reflux drum, 96 % of lighter components will
be separated at the top while 96 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the reflux
drum:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.96*D*y + 0.04*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.04*D*y + 0.96*B*x

85
 STREAM 14
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000003 0.000000 0.000317 0.000000
Water 49.770618 0.984511 896.631613 0.932602
Methanol 0.000166 0.000003 0.005304 0.000006
Methyl Oleate 0.000001 0.000000 0.000216 0.000000
HCL 0.132208 0.002615 4.820300 0.005014
Adipic acid 0.000049 0.000001 0.007158 0.000007
alpha-MCH 0.000001 0.000000 0.000209 0.000000
beta-MCH 0.000004 0.000000 0.000791 0.000001
1,3-DCH 0.000707 0.000014 0.091174 0.000095
2,3-DCH 0.000001 0.000000 0.000124 0.000000
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000002 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000707 0.000014 0.028268 0.000029
Sodium Chloride 0.006365 0.000126 0.371947 0.000387
Epichlorohydrin 0.642803 0.012715 59.472179 0.061858
Total 50.553632 1.000000 961.429601 1.000000

STREAM 15
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000083 0.000005 0.007606 0.000005
Water 2.073776 0.117198 37.359651 0.025296
Methanol 0.000007 0.000000 0.000221 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000017 0.000001 0.005186 0.000004
HCL 0.005509 0.000311 0.200846 0.000136
Adipic acid 0.001175 0.000066 0.171788 0.000116
alpha-MCH 0.000025 0.000001 0.005017 0.000003
beta-MCH 0.000096 0.000005 0.018974 0.000013
1,3-DCH 0.016965 0.000959 2.188177 0.001482
2,3-DCH 0.000023 0.000001 0.002967 0.000002
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000040 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.016962 0.000959 0.678430 0.000459
Sodium Chloride 0.152750 0.008633 8.926724 0.006044
Epichlorohydrin 15.427284 0.871860 1427.332297 0.966439
Total 17.694671 1.000000 1476.897924 1.000000

86
Plug Flow Reactor 2

The same assumption has been made for the second PFR.

STREAM 12
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008692 0.000424622 92.093820 0.054634
Water 0.513103 0.025065121 18.015280 0.010687
Methanol 0.000002 8.33715E-08 32.040000 0.019007
Methyl Oleate 0.001841 0.000090 296.487940 0.175888
HCL 0.001363 6.65816E-05 36.460000 0.021630
Adipic acid 0.123722 0.006043819 146.141200 0.086697
alpha-MCH 0.002658 0.000129856 198.644600 0.117844
beta-MCH 0.010054 0.000491115 198.644600 0.117844
1,3-DCH 1.785535 0.08722346 128.985140 0.076519
2,3-DCH 0.002421 0.000118284 128.985140 0.076519
Acetates 0.000019 9.45048E-07 218.203860 0.129447
Sodium Hydroxide 1.785266 0.087210317 39.997000 0.023728
Sodium Chloride 16.077092 0.785366484 58.440000 0.034669
Epichlorohydrin 0.159046 0.007769378 92.520000 0.054887
Total 20.470816 1.000000 1685.658580 1.000000

87
 STREAM 16
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008692 0.000394 0.800513 0.000622
Water 2.120085 0.096028 38.193930 0.029665
Methanol 0.000002 0.000000 0.000055 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.001841 0.000083 0.545838 0.000424
HCL 0.001363 0.000062 0.049694 0.000039
Adipic acid 0.123722 0.005604 18.080868 0.014043
alpha-MCH 0.002658 0.000120 0.528047 0.000410
beta-MCH 0.010054 0.000455 1.997078 0.001551
1,3-DCH 0.178554 0.008087 23.030753 0.017888
2,3-DCH 0.002179 0.000099 0.281089 0.000218
Acetates 0.000019 0.000001 0.004221 0.000003
Sodium Hydroxide 0.178284 0.008075 7.130845 0.005538
Sodium Chloride 17.684316 0.801000 1033.471447 0.802692
Epichlorohydrin 1.766027 0.079991 163.392848 0.126906
Total 22.077797 1.000000 1287.507227 1.000000

Stoichiometric tables:

R1
X 0.900000
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
1,3-DCH 1.785535 NA 0.178553
NaOH 1.785266 0.999849 0.178284
ECH 0.159045 0.089074 1.766027
NaCl 16.077089 9.004074 17.684070
H2O 0.513103 0.287367 2.120085

R2
X 0.100000
Species Inlet (mol/hr) Theta Remaining (mol/hr)
2,3-DCH 0.002421 NA 0.002179
NaOH 0.178284 73.629520 0.178284
ECH 1.766027 729.349710 1.766027
NaCl 17.684070 7303.326635 17.684312
H2O 2.120085 875.571745 2.120085

88
Distillation Column 3

Assume 99 % purity overhead, 99 % of lighter components will be separated at top of the

column while 99 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the column:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.99*D*y + 0.01*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.01*D*y + 0.99*B*x

89
 STREAM 16
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008692 0.000394 0.800513 0.000622
Water 2.120085 0.096028 38.193930 0.029665
Methanol 0.000002 0.000000 0.000055 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.001841 0.000083 0.545838 0.000424
HCL 0.001363 0.000062 0.049694 0.000039
Adipic acid 0.123722 0.005604 18.080868 0.014043
alpha-MCH 0.002658 0.000120 0.528047 0.000410
beta-MCH 0.010054 0.000455 1.997078 0.001551
1,3-DCH 0.178554 0.008087 23.030753 0.017888
2,3-DCH 0.002179 0.000099 0.281089 0.000218
Acetates 0.000019 0.000001 0.004221 0.000003
Sodium Hydroxide 0.178284 0.008075 7.130845 0.005538
Sodium Chloride 17.684316 0.801000 1033.471447 0.802692
Epichlorohydrin 1.766027 0.079991 163.392848 0.126906
Total 22.077797 1.000000 1287.507227 1.000000

STREAM 17
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.008607 0.000476848 0.792668 0.000736
Water 0.020777 0.001151062 0.374301 0.000347
Methanol 0.000000 9.26612E-10 0.000001 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.001823 0.000101 0.540488 0.000502
HCL 0.000013 7.40005E-07 0.000487 0.000000
Adipic acid 0.122509 0.006787169 17.903676 0.016620
alpha-MCH 0.002632 0.000145827 0.522872 0.000485
beta-MCH 0.009955 0.000551519 1.977507 0.001836
1,3-DCH 0.176804 0.009795137 22.805051 0.021171
2,3-DCH 0.002158 0.000119549 0.278334 0.000258
Acetates 0.000019 1.06128E-06 0.004180 0.000004
Sodium Hydroxide 0.176537 0.009780378 7.060963 0.006555
Sodium Chloride 17.511010 0.970130883 1023.343427 0.949999
Epichlorohydrin 0.017307 0.000958832 1.601250 0.001486
Total 18.050152 1.000000 1077.205205 1.000000

90
 STREAM 18
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000085 0.000021 0.007845 0.000037
Water 2.099308 0.521225 37.819630 0.179835
Methanol 0.000002 0.000000 0.000054 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000018 0.000004 0.005349 0.000025
HCL 0.001350 0.000335 0.049207 0.000234
Adipic acid 0.001212 0.000301 0.177193 0.000843
alpha-MCH 0.000026 0.000006 0.005175 0.000025
beta-MCH 0.000099 0.000024 0.019571 0.000093
1,3-DCH 0.001750 0.000434 0.225701 0.001073
2,3-DCH 0.000021 0.000005 0.002755 0.000013
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000041 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.001747 0.000434 0.069882 0.000332
Sodium Chloride 0.173306 0.043029 10.128020 0.048159
Epichlorohydrin 1.748720 0.434179 161.791598 0.769330
Total 4.027645 1.000000 210.302022 1.000000

Assume 96 % purity at the vapor stream of the reflux drum, 96 % of lighter components will
be separated at the top while 96 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the reflux
drum:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.96*D*y + 0.04*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.04*D*y + 0.96*B*x

91
 STREAM 18
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000085 0.000021 0.007845 0.000037
Water 2.099308 0.521225 37.819630 0.179835
Methanol 0.000002 0.000000 0.000054 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000018 0.000004 0.005349 0.000025
HCL 0.001350 0.000335 0.049207 0.000234
Adipic acid 0.001212 0.000301 0.177193 0.000843
alpha-MCH 0.000026 0.000006 0.005175 0.000025
beta-MCH 0.000099 0.000024 0.019571 0.000093
1,3-DCH 0.001750 0.000434 0.225701 0.001073
2,3-DCH 0.000021 0.000005 0.002755 0.000013
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000041 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.001747 0.000434 0.069882 0.000332
Sodium Chloride 0.173306 0.043029 10.128020 0.048159
Epichlorohydrin 1.748720 0.434179 161.791598 0.769330
Total 4.027645 1.000000 210.302022 1.000000

STREAM 19
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000003 0.000002 0.000314 0.000007
Water 2.015336 0.962566 36.306844 0.839436
Methanol 0.000002 0.000001 0.000052 0.000001
Methyl Oleate 0.000001 0.000000 0.000214 0.000005
HCL 0.001296 0.000619 0.047239 0.001092
Adipic acid 0.000048 0.000023 0.007088 0.000164
alpha-MCH 0.000001 0.000000 0.000207 0.000005
beta-MCH 0.000004 0.000002 0.000783 0.000018
1,3-DCH 0.000070 0.000033 0.009028 0.000209
2,3-DCH 0.000001 0.000000 0.000110 0.000003
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000002 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000070 0.000033 0.002795 0.000065
Sodium Chloride 0.006932 0.003311 0.405121 0.009367
Epichlorohydrin 0.069949 0.033409 6.471664 0.149629
Total 2.093713 1.000000 43.251461 1.000000

92
 STREAM 20
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000082 0.000042 0.007531 0.000045
Water 0.083972 0.043421 1.512785 0.009056
Methanol 0.000000 0.000000 0.000002 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000017 0.000009 0.005135 0.000031
HCL 0.000054 0.000028 0.001968 0.000012
Adipic acid 0.001164 0.000602 0.170105 0.001018
alpha-MCH 0.000025 0.000013 0.004968 0.000030
beta-MCH 0.000095 0.000049 0.018789 0.000112
1,3-DCH 0.001680 0.000869 0.216673 0.001297
2,3-DCH 0.000021 0.000011 0.002644 0.000016
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000040 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.001677 0.000867 0.067087 0.000402
Sodium Chloride 0.166374 0.086029 9.722899 0.058203
Epichlorohydrin 1.678771 0.868061 155.319934 0.929778
Total 1.933932 1.000000 167.050562 1.000000

Epichlorohydrin Temporary Tank

93
 STREAM 15
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000083 0.000005 0.007606 0.000005
Water 2.073776 0.117198 37.359651 0.025296
Methanol 0.000007 0.000000 0.000221 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000017 0.000001 0.005186 0.000004
HCL 0.005509 0.000311 0.200846 0.000136
Adipic acid 0.001175 0.000066 0.171788 0.000116
alpha-MCH 0.000025 0.000001 0.005017 0.000003
beta-MCH 0.000096 0.000005 0.018974 0.000013
1,3-DCH 0.016965 0.000959 2.188177 0.001482
2,3-DCH 0.000023 0.000001 0.002967 0.000002
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000040 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.016962 0.000959 0.678430 0.000459
Sodium Chloride 0.152750 0.008633 8.926724 0.006044
Epichlorohydrin 15.427284 0.871860 1427.332297 0.966439
Total 17.694671 1.000000 1476.897924 1.000000

STREAM 20
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000082 0.000042 0.007531 0.000045
Water 0.083972 0.043421 1.512785 0.009056
Methanol 0.000000 0.000000 0.000002 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000017 0.000009 0.005135 0.000031
HCL 0.000054 0.000028 0.001968 0.000012
Adipic acid 0.001164 0.000602 0.170105 0.001018
alpha-MCH 0.000025 0.000013 0.004968 0.000030
beta-MCH 0.000095 0.000049 0.018789 0.000112
1,3-DCH 0.001680 0.000869 0.216673 0.001297
2,3-DCH 0.000021 0.000011 0.002644 0.000016
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000040 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.001677 0.000867 0.067087 0.000402
Sodium Chloride 0.166374 0.086029 9.722899 0.058203
Epichlorohydrin 1.678771 0.868061 155.319934 0.929778
Total 1.933932 1.000000 167.050562 1.000000

94
 STREAM 21
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000164 0.000008 0.015137 0.000009
Water 2.157748 0.109929 38.872436 0.023646
Methanol 0.000007 0.000000 0.000223 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000035 0.000002 0.010321 0.000006
HCL 0.005563 0.000283 0.202814 0.000123
Adipic acid 0.002339 0.000119 0.341893 0.000208
alpha-MCH 0.000050 0.000003 0.009985 0.000006
beta-MCH 0.000190 0.000010 0.037763 0.000023
1,3-DCH 0.018644 0.000950 2.404851 0.001463
2,3-DCH 0.000044 0.000002 0.005612 0.000003
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000080 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.018639 0.000950 0.745517 0.000453
Sodium Chloride 0.319124 0.016258 18.649623 0.011344
Epichlorohydrin 17.106055 0.871486 1582.652231 0.962714
Total 19.628604 1.000000 1643.948486 1.000000

Distillation Column 4

Assume 99 % purity overhead, 99 % of lighter components will be separated at top of the

column while 99 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the column:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.99*D*y + 0.01*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.01*D*y + 0.99*B*x

95
 STREAM 21
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000164 0.000008 0.015137 0.000009
Water 2.157748 0.109929 38.872436 0.023646
Methanol 0.000007 0.000000 0.000223 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000035 0.000002 0.010321 0.000006
HCL 0.005563 0.000283 0.202814 0.000123
Adipic acid 0.002339 0.000119 0.341893 0.000208
alpha-MCH 0.000050 0.000003 0.009985 0.000006
beta-MCH 0.000190 0.000010 0.037763 0.000023
1,3-DCH 0.018644 0.000950 2.404851 0.001463
2,3-DCH 0.000044 0.000002 0.005612 0.000003
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000080 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.018639 0.000950 0.745517 0.000453
Sodium Chloride 0.319124 0.016258 18.649623 0.011344
Epichlorohydrin 17.106055 0.871486 1582.652231 0.962714
Total 19.628604 1.000000 1643.948486 1.000000

Assume 96 % purity at the vapor stream of the reflux drum, 96 % of lighter components will
be separated at the top while 96 % of heavier components will be at the bottom of the reflux
drum:

Lighter components: F*x = 0.96*D*y + 0.04*B*x

Heavier components: F*x = 0.04*D*y + 0.96*B*x

96
 STREAM 22
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000163 0.000298878 0.014989 0.000396
Water 0.021146 0.038831942 0.380950 0.010053
Methanol 0.000000 1.25353E-07 0.000002 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000034 0.000063 0.010220 0.000270
HCL 0.000055 0.000100108 0.001988 0.000052
Adipic acid 0.002317 0.004254053 0.338543 0.008933
alpha-MCH 0.000050 9.14012E-05 0.009887 0.000261
beta-MCH 0.000188 0.00034568 0.037393 0.000987
1,3-DCH 0.018462 0.033902651 2.381283 0.062838
2,3-DCH 0.000043 7.91141E-05 0.005557 0.000147
Acetates 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.018457 0.0338934 0.738211 0.019480
Sodium Chloride 0.315997 0.58028999 18.466857 0.487305
Epichlorohydrin 0.167639 0.307849354 15.509992 0.409279
Total 0.544550 1.000000 37.895870 1.000000

STREAM 23
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000002 0.000000 0.000148 0.000000
Water 2.136602 0.111957 38.491486 0.023967
Methanol 0.000007 0.000000 0.000221 0.000000
Methyl Oleate 0.000000 0.000000 0.000101 0.000000
HCL 0.005508 0.000289 0.200827 0.000125
Adipic acid 0.000023 0.000001 0.003351 0.000002
alpha-MCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000098 0.000000
beta-MCH 0.000002 0.000000 0.000370 0.000000
1,3-DCH 0.000183 0.000010 0.023568 0.000015
2,3-DCH 0.000000 0.000000 0.000055 0.000000
Acetates 0.000000 0.000000 0.000080 0.000000
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000183 0.000010 0.007306 0.000005
Sodium Chloride 0.003127 0.000164 0.182766 0.000114
Epichlorohydrin 16.938416 0.887569 1567.142239 0.975773
Total 19.084054 1.000000 1606.052615 1.000000

97
 STREAM 24
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 0.000000 2.35656E-08 5.9337E-06 5.94325E-08
Water 2.051138 0.750203207 36.95182641 0.370113276
Methanol 0.000007 2.42172E-06 0.000212144 2.12486E-06
Methyl Oleate 0.000000 4.99111E-09 4.04595E-06 4.05247E-08
HCL 0.005288 0.001934015 0.192793497 0.001931039
Adipic acid 0.000001 3.35419E-07 0.000134022 1.34238E-06
alpha-MCH 0.000000 7.20671E-09 3.91408E-06 3.92038E-08
beta-MCH 0.000000 2.72558E-08 1.48031E-05 1.48269E-07
1,3-DCH 0.000007 2.67312E-06 0.000942701 9.44219E-06
2,3-DCH 0.000000 6.23791E-09 2.19986E-06 2.2034E-08
Acetates 0.000000 5.35186E-09 3.19288E-06 3.19802E-08
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000007 2.67239E-06 0.000292243 2.92713E-06
Sodium Chloride 0.000125 4.57541E-05 0.007310652 7.32242E-05
Epichlorohydrin 0.677537 0.247808847 62.68568957 0.627866283
Total 2.734110 1 99.83923533 1

STREAM 25
COMPONENTS
Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mole Fraction Mass Flow (kg/hr) Mass Fraction
Glycerol 1.54634E-06 9.4578E-08 0.000142409 9.45476E-08
Water 0.085464086 0.005227179 1.539659434 0.001022205
Methanol 2.75885E-07 1.68738E-08 8.83935E-06 5.86859E-09
Methyl Oleate 3.2751E-07 2.00313E-08 9.71028E-05 6.44682E-08
HCL 0.000220325 1.34756E-05 0.008033062 5.33328E-06
Adipic acid 2.20097E-05 1.34617E-06 0.003216531 2.13551E-06
alpha-MCH 4.72894E-07 2.89233E-08 9.39379E-05 6.23669E-08
beta-MCH 1.78849E-06 1.09388E-07 0.000355274 2.35872E-07
1,3-DCH 0.000175407 1.07283E-05 0.022624835 1.5021E-05
2,3-DCH 4.09323E-07 2.50351E-08 5.27966E-05 3.50525E-08
Acetates 3.51181E-07 2.14791E-08 7.66291E-05 5.08754E-08
Sodium Hydroxide 0.000175359 1.07253E-05 0.00701382 4.65659E-06
Sodium Chloride 0.003002321 0.000183629 0.175455656 0.000116488
Epichlorohydrin 16.26087926 0.9945526 1504.45655 0.998833611
Total 16.34994394 1 1506.21338 1

As the results, the purity of the epichlorohydrin obtained is 99.46 mol % and 99.88 wt%. This
material balance will be further checked by using iCON simulation.

98
4.2.6 Separation Sequencing
Complex distillation columns have been shown to result in substantial savings in both
operating and capital costs in various cases examined in the literature. Thus, estimation of the
vapor rates in distillation column is essential in order to do sizing, costing and also to
compare the various design alternatives. There are two methods that can be used to determine
the sequence of the separation in which are heuristic approach and minimum vapor flow
determination. The separation sequence for the epichlorohydrin plant is investigated by using
both minimum vapor flow approach and also Heuristic approach. The formulas that need to
be used for the calculation are based on the Underwood equations which are:

NC i , j xi , F
i 1 i, j
1 q

NC i , j xi , D
Vmin D( Rmin 1) D i 1 i, j

In order to compute the Underwood calculation, the relative volatility need to be determined
in the first place. Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the
components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large
industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using
distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a
mixture. By convention, relative volatility is usually denoted as . It is calculated by using
the formula as follow:

where:
= the relative volatility of the more volatile component to the less volatile
component
= the vaporliquid equilibrium concentration of component in the vapor phase
= the vaporliquid equilibrium concentration of component in the liquid phase
= the vaporliquid equilibrium concentration of component in the vapor phase
= the vaporliquid equilibrium concentration of component in the liquid phase
= Henry's law constant (also called the K value or vapor-liquid distribution ratio) of
a component

99
K value or vapor-liquid distribution is required to be determined before attempting to find the
relative volatility. Based on Raoults Law, some assumptions have to be made which are the
vapor phase behaves as an ideal gas and the liquid phase is an ideal solution. Under these
conditions, the vapor-liquid distribution ratio can be expressed as follow:

The saturation pressure of a component is represented by PiSat while P represents the pressure
of the system. In order to determine the saturated pressure, this is where Antoine equation
plays the role. The Antoine equation to find the saturated pressure of each component:

log10(Psat[mmHg])=A-B/(T[oC]+C)

Calculation

Below is the composition of the targeted stream which is Stream 46 (taken from VISIO PFD)
to be analysed:

Inlet Mole Inlet Boiling

Pressure
Components MW Flow Mole Temperature
(mmHg)
(kmol/hr) Frac (C)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, A 58.440 0.816 0.001 1390 760.000
WATER, B 18.020 702.131 0.736 100.000 760.000
alpha-EPICHLOROHYDRIN,
760.000
C 92.520 103.943 0.109 116.11
SODIUM CHLORIDE, D 58.440 147.720 0.155 1465 760.000
Total 954.610 1.000

Psat relative
Components A B C K
(mmHg) volatility
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE, A 7.465 7606.44 280.16 814.108 1.071195 1.148741
WATER, B 8.055 1723.64 233.076 758.726 0.998324 1.070594
alpha-
EPICHLOROHYDRIN,
C 7.078 1408.87 217.15 708.696 0.932495 1.000000
SODIUM CHLORIDE,
D 7.963 8432.24 194.07 759.433 0.999254 1.071592

100
The possible separation sequences are:

C/D
B/CD

A/BCD

BC/D B/C

AB/CD A/B
ABCD C/D

AB/C A/B

ABC/D

A/BC B/C

The total amount of column separation that need to be calculated is 10 which are A/BCD,
AB/CD, ABC/D, B/CD, BC/D, A/B, AB/C, A/BC, C/D and B/C.

A/BCD

Underwood
1
i.Xif/(i-
)
Fi Xfi i i.Xif i- = 200.000
A 0.816 0.001 1.149 0.001 -198.851 0.000
B 702.131 0.736 1.071 0.787 -198.929 -0.004
C 103.943 0.109 1.000 0.109 -199.000 -0.001
D 147.720 0.155 1.072 0.166 -198.928 -0.001
Total 954.610 1.000 -0.005

101
 Underwood
2
i.XiD/(i-)
Di Xid i i.XiD i- = 200.000
A 0.816 1 1.149 1.15 -198.85 -0.005776
B 0 0 1.071 0.00 -198.93 0
C 0 0 1.000 0.00 -199.00 0
D 0 0 1.072 0.00 -198.93 0
Total 0.816 1 -0.005776
Sum of
Underwood 2 -0.00577
Minimum
Vapour Flow -0.00471

Other calculations will be included in the Appendices. As the results, below is the summary
of the calculated minimum vapor flow for all possible separation columns.

Min Vapor
Flow (kmol/hr)
B/CD C/D -6.006
A/BCD
BC/D B/C -11.580
AB/CD A/B C/D -4.744
A/BC B/C -3.109
ABC/D
AB/C A/B -8.483

Therefore, based on the results obtained, the total minimum vapor flow for each sequence are
in negative values. This is due to large values that has been assumed for each calculation.
value is important to predict the outcome of Underwood 1 to be zero value or nearly to zero.
This can be obtained by applying trial and error method. Moreover, theoretically, the value
can be predicted by taking an average value of relative volatility between the light key (LK)
and heavy key (HK) for each separation column. For example:

of A/BCD = (A + B)/2

= (1.149 + 1.071)/2

= 1.11

However, the final iterated values are very large thus resulting in negative minimum vapor
flow at the end of the calculations. The selected separation sequence is based on the lowest

102
minimum vapor flow obtained. Based on the calculations above, the most economical
separation sequence is ABCD A/BCD BC/D B/C with total minimum vapor flow of
-11.580 kmol/hr. This can be illustrated as follow:

However, the separation sequence seems quite wrong as the sodium hydroxide can be
separated at the top of the first distillation column. It is because sodium hydroxide has very
high boiling temperature which is 1390 C (decompose). Therefore, it needs to be corrected
by using another approach which is Heuristic approach. The heuristic rules are as follow:

Heuristic 1: Separations in which the relative volatility of the key components is close to
unity or which exhibit azeotropic behaviour should be performed in the absence of non-key
components. In other words, do the most difficult separations last.

Heuristic 2: Sequences that remove the lightest components alone one by one in column
overheads should be favoured. In other words favour the direct sequence.

Heuristic 3: A component composing a large fraction of the feed should be removed first.

Heuristic 4: Favour near-equimolar splits between top and bottom products in individual
columns.

103
Volatility describes how easily a substance will vaporize (turn into a gas or vapor). A volatile
substance can be defined as a substance that evaporates readily at normal temperatures and/or
one that has a measurable vapor pressure. The term volatile usually applies to liquids.
However, some solid materials can change directly from solid to vapor without ever
becoming liquid, a process called sublimation. The rate at which a substance vaporizes
(volatilizes) under a fixed set of conditions is called the evaporation rate.

As the temperature is raised, substances become more volatile (vaporize more easily). This
behavior can be exploited to purify materials by distillation. Apart of the previous calculation
of finding the relative volatility, it is assumed that there are no data available for the
parameter. By looking at the boiling point of each components at the atmospheric pressure,
the relative volatility should be in the order of; B > C > A > D. It is because the greater the
boiling point of the components, the higher the volatility at the top of the column. However,
the boiling points of B and C as well as A and D are quite near which are 100 C : 117 C and
1390 C : 1465 C respectively. Thus, it makes the gap even larger between these two groups
which are AD and BC.

By following the heuristic 1 rule, both groups AD and BC are considered to have close
relative volatility and thus, will be separated at the last stage of separation. Heuristic 2 favors
the separation of lightest components one by one at the top of the distillation column.
Component C which is epichlorohydrin will an azeotrope with component B which is water
at about 250 g of epichlorohydrin/kg content of water. Therefore, it is assumed that both
components B and C will be the lightest component amongst the other components. This
assumption leads to the separation of components B and C at the top of the column
simultaneaouly based on heuristic 2 while components A and D will be separated at the
bottom.

In this project, in order to obtain 99% purity of epichlorohydrin, the correct operating
conditions and also the sequencing of separation must be well monitored. Since there will be
epichlorohydrin azeotrope formed, the components can be separated further by using reflux at
the top of the column before getting the pure components separately. The relative volatility of
both epichlorohydrin and water are assumed to be quite near based on the boiling
temperature. Thus, this will be the last separation for the separation sequencing.

Based on heuristic 1, with the absence of non-key components which are component A and
D, component B and C can be separated by applying the optimum temperature between the

104
boiling point of B and C. By having the suitable temperature, the vapor phase will be the
component B which is water and it will be leaving the column from the top. While,
component C will be in the form of liquid and separated at the bottom of the column.

The same concept is applied for component A and D whereby the least boiling point will be
at the overhead of the column while the component that has highest boiling point will be
separated at the bottom. Hence, component A will be at the top while component D is at the
bottom. However, due to high boiling temperatures, these two components will not be
separated further as it may require a lot of heating thus, energy consumption will be very high
at this particular separation stage. Thus, the new separation sequence can be illustrated as
follow:

105
4.3 Economics Evaluation

In order to evaluate the economics for the manufacturing of ECH, the amount of the raw
material required must be traced back to the chemical equation of the main reaction.

Main reaction:

Step 1: Hydrochlorination of Glycerol

C3H8O3 + 2 HCl C3H6Cl2O + 2 H2O

Step 2: Dehydrochlorination of Dichlorohydrin

C3H6Cl2O + NaOH C3H5ClO + H2O + NaOH

From the chemical equation, we knows that in order to produce 1 mol of ECH, a total of 1
mol of glycerol, 2 mol of HCl and 1 mol of NaOH are required in the process. In order to
determine the mass of raw material needed to achieve the target annual production of 100
kilo tonnes of ECH (approximately 1,081,314.9 kmol) per year, estimation is carried out as
shown in table 17:

Table 17: Weight of material needed per year

Material Molar No. of mol of Weight of

Weight material required material
(kg/kmol) per year required per
year
(tonnes/year)
Glycerol 92.09 1,081,314.9 99,578.3
Hydrogen 36.46 2,162,629.8 78,849.5
Chloride
Sodium 40.00 1,081,314.9 43,252.6
Hydroxide

However, glycerol does not comes in 100% purity, it is extracted from crude glycerol which
contains 53 wt% of it. Therefore, 187,883 tonnes of crude glycerol are needed for yearly
production.

106
To calculate the economic potential of ECH manufacturing, the following formula is used:

EP 1 = Revenue Cost of Raw Materials

Table 18: EP 1 (currency rate of 1USD = RM 4.30)

Product Production Price per Revenue (RM /

amount ton (RM / year)

(tonnes / ton)

year)

Epichlorohydrin 100,000.00 6665* 666,500,000.00

Revenue: 666,500,000.00

Raw Materials Consumption Price per Cost of Material

amount ton (RM / (RM / year)

(tonnes / ton)

year)

Crude Glycerol 99,578.30 86** 8,563,733.80

Hydrogen 78,849.50 568*** 44,786,516.00

Chloride

Sodium 43,252.60 1398**** 60,467,134.80

Hydroxide

Cost of 113,817,384.60

Raw

Materials:

Income: 552,682,615.40

107
Therefore, the plant is estimated to be able to generate a total income of RM 552 million
annually.

Price reference:

* - Epichlorohydrin. (2013, November 1). Retrieved from

http://www.orbichem.com/userfiles/CNF%20Samples/ech_13_11.pdf

** - Nanda MR, Yuan Z, Qin W, Poirier MA and Chunbao X. (2014) Purification of Crude Glycerol using
Acidification: Effects of Acid Types and Product Characterization.

*** - Clarke, R. (2010, January 22). Europe hydrochloric acid prices rise around 5/tonne for 2010. Retrieved
from http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2010/01/22/9328261/europe-hydrochloric-acid-prices-rise-around-5-
tonne-for-2010/

**** - Caustic Soda. (2013, November 1). Retrieved from http://www.orbichem.com/userfiles/CNF

Samples/cas_13_11.pdf

108
Cost of Utilities

The energy consumption rate obtained through iCON simulation program is 1455.98 kW. To
calculate the annual consumption, the estimation of the energy consumption is calculated as
below:

1455.98kW x 24 hours/day x 365 days per year = 12,754,384.80 kWh

The electric supplier is Tenaga Nasional Berhad throughout the west peninsular of Malaysia.
Assuming the manufacturing of ECH falls under the category of medium voltage general
industry, the tariff rate will be 33.70sen/kWh. The annual cost of utilities will then be:

12,754,384.80 kWh x RM 0.337/kWh = RM 4,298,227.68

EP 2 = Revenue Cost of materials Utilities cost

= RM 666,500,000.00 RM 113,817,384.60 - RM 4,298,227.68

= RM 548,384,387.70

Labor Cost

Assuming that we have 350 workers employed in the industry, with an average monthly
salary of RM 3500, the labor cost of the factory is estimated to be:

RM 3500.00 per month x 12 months x 350 pax = RM 14,700,000.00

In order to have a more precise and realistic economic analysis, labor cost is deducted from
EP 2 to enhance the accuracy of it.

EP 2 labor cost = RM 548,384,387.70 RM 14,700,000.00

= RM 533,684,387.70

109
4.4 Process Flowsheeting

A round of simulation is performed using iCON simulation software to simulate the

epichlorohydrin manufacturing process. The plant is designed as shown in the PFD printed in
A1 sized paper. The information of each stream such as total flow rate, flow rate of each
chemical species, temperature and pressure are presented in the material stream table on the
PFD drawing.

In pump P1 and heater HX1, the pressure is set at 15kPa and temperature is set at 100C .
The main purpose is to simulate flash drum that operated at low pressure to separate out
majority of the methanol and water. The same goes to pump P2 and heater HX3, it is used to
remove remaining of the methanol at low pressure and high temperature in order to increase
the purity of the glycerol in the stream.

As for distillation column, the input is determined by using the short-cut distillation column
in the iCON software to calculate the number of stages needed and from which stage the feed
will be channelled into. The calculation of short-cut distillation column are carried out using
Hengstebeck method, and thus, it saves the time from drawing out the graph manually. Using
Hengstebeck method, we found that a total of 9 stages are needed in the distillation column
and the feed is channelled from stage 8 in order to get 99% purity glycerol.

Next, reactors CSTR 1 and CSTR 2 are given input of temperature at 120C and 130C. This
is because the range of 100-130C are considered as the optimum temperature for
hydrochlorination process. At such temperature, water can be removed continuously and the
reactivity of the reactants are maintain high without destroying the structure of the organic
compound. Water must be removed continuously because the accumulation of water will give
negative effect to the kinetic constant. The reaction kinetics for formation of
monochlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin are referred from the experimental results performed
using acetic acid as catalyst Russian researchers named Georgy Dmitriev Sergeevich and
Leonid Zanaveskin Nikolaevi because there is no source available showing the exact kinetic
constant using adipic acid.

In distillation column DC2, number of stages is set at 10 and feed is connected from stage 5.
Similar to DC1, theses inputs are also referred by estimation of short-cut distillation column
operated using Hengstebeck method. Meanwhile, part of the bottom product is sent back to

110
CSTR directly, while the rest of it will be heated to extract out the vaporised
monochlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin at 300C.

In reactor PFR 1 and PFR 2, the reaction kinectics is referred from experiments results
conducted by J.S. Zhang, Y.C. Lu, Q.R. Jin, K. Wang, and G.S. Luo. Thre value of reaction
kinetics are considered valid eventhough it is conducted in lab scale by those researcher.
Subsequently, the distillation column DC3 and DC4 are set at stage number of 18, with the
feed connected at stage 17 in both cases in order to extract the water and epichlorohydrin.

Lastly, the final distillation column is also set at 18 stages and the feed comes in from stage
16. All of the input are tested with short-cut distillation column beforehand in order to get an
accurate estimation of number of stages through Hengstebeck method conducted by the
computer.

111
 5. HEAT INTEGRATION

5.1 Energy Optimization through Pinch Analysis

Energy is the life essence that keeps the plants run. It can be in many kind of form, such as
heat, kinetic, and etc. It also can change from one form to another form, depends on the
equipment used. Without energy supply, pumps stop adjusting pressure; cooler stops
withdrawing heat, heater and distillation column stop generating heat. However, energy does
not come free. Money has to be paid based on the energy consumed according to the tariff
rate set by the energy supplier.

In order to minimize the expenses on energy, heat energy, the form of energy that cost the
most normally in the plant, must be recovered as much as possible. Else, the energy will just
dissipate to the surrounding and gone waste.

Before performing heat integration, information of the stream such as temperature, heat
capacity and duty are extracted from the iCON simulation software. Cooler and heater are
given focus as majority of the heat are involved in these operation units. The temperature
difference can be calculated by subtracting the target temperature with the supply
temperature. Duty of the equipment can be calculated by using the equations:

q = m x Cp x T

Given that,

q = heat energy,

m = mass flow of the stream,

Cp = specific heat of the components in the stream,

T = Target temperature supply temperature

112
Interval temperature for Tmin is set at 10C to ensure heat can be transferred from one stream to
another stream.

Interval temperature for hot stream is:

Interval temperature for cold stream is:

Equipment Ts (oC) Tt (oC) Tsint (oC) Ttint (oC) (oC) H (kW)

HX 1 24.97 100.00 29.97 105.00 75.03 5,734,526
HX2 100.00 25.00 95.00 20.00 75.00 843,563
HX3 24.97 80.00 29.97 85.00 55.03 818,697
HX4 289.25 27.00 284.25 22.00 262.25 3,044,538
HX6 291.14 30.00 286.14 25.00 261.14 1,693,630

pinch

Figure 5-1: Composite Curve

113
 Figure 5-2: Grand Composite Curve

5.2 Heat Exchanger Network

HX2

HX4

HX6

HX3

HX1

Figure 5-3: Heat Exchanger Network diagram

114
The heat exchanger network is designed using HINT software and pairing is done so that hot
stream is designed to be able to carry the heat over to cold stream. No heat is allowed to
transfer across pinch temperature so that heat will not be wasted.

Overall, there are 3 heat exchanger, 2 heat utilities and 3 cold utilities. A total of 5344.773
kW of heat is recovered. One of the heat exchanger is designed in between HX 2 and HX 3 so
that 731kW of heat can cross to the cold stream. On top of that, cold stream of HX 1 is split
into two streams so that both hot stream from HX4 and HX 6 can exchange the heat with it
while maintaining at least 10 oC of the temperature gap. After recovering the heat through
heat exchanger, the total cold utilities are 236.955kW and to be carried out by cooler, while
the total hot utilities carried out by heater are 1209.0939 kW.

115
 6. PROCESS FLOWSHEET

Initially, crude glycerol is pumped into two streams and heated in different heat exchanger,
which are HX 8 and HX 9. The stream heated by HX 9 will be heated again by heater HX 1.
Eventually, both streams will reach 100C and join back into one stream before it enters the
three phase separator SP-1. Majority of the methanol will come out from SP-1 as vapour
while most of the FAME will come out as light liquid and the rest of them will come out as
heavy liquid. Heavy liquid that came out from SP-1 will then be cooled at heat exchanger
HX7 and further cooled down by cooler HX 2 until 25C.

After cooling down, the glycerol stream will be channeled to membrane separator in order to
remove NaC L salt. Next, the outlet from the membrane will be heated up by heat
exchanger HX 7 and heater HX3 until 80C before entering 3 phase separator SP2. And
again, the remaining methanol will come out from the separator as vapour, the remaining
FAME will come out as light liquid and the rest will exit as heavy liquid.

The heavy liquid will be pumped into distillation column DC1 to begin the separation.
99wt% purity glycerol exits DC1 as bottom product. The heat energy from the bottom
product will then be recovered in heat exchanger HX8 and further cooled down by cooler
HX4 until 25C.

The glycerol, together with hydrogen chloride gases and dissolved adipic acid, are added into
reactor CSTR1. Subsequently, the outlet of CSTR1 will then channeled together with fresh
hydrogen chloride into reactor CSTR2. The outlet of CSTR2 will be passing into distillation
column DC2 to extract dichlorohydrin. Part of the water will come out as vapor while
remaining of them will come out together with majority of the dichlorohydrin as condensate.
The unreacted glycerol and monochlorohydrin will be recycled back to CSTR1 after passing
the excess heat to another cold stream through HX9 and further cooled down using cooler
HX6.

As for dichlorihydrin, it will be send to reactor PFR-1 together with sodium hydroxide
solution. Then, the outlet of PFR1 will be sent to distillation column DC3 to extract water and
epichlorohydrin out as overhead product. Meanwhile, the bottom product is mostly consisting
of unreacted dichlorohydrin and it will be connected to reactor PFR 2 together with another
stream of sodium hydroxide solution. Similarly, the outlet of the PFR 2 will be sent to
distillation column DC4 to extract the water and epichlorohydrin out. At the same time, the

116
bottom product are mostly unreacted dichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide and it will be
send to drain or tank to and waiting to be treated into harmless waste. Finally, the water and
epichlorohydrin retrieved from DC3 and DC4 will be connected to distillation column DC5
in order to purify the epichlorohydrin to 99% purity. At the end of the manufacturing process,
the 99% purity epiclorohydrin will be coming out from DC5 as bottom product.

117
 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTION

The aim of this project is to design a plant that is capable of producing epichlorohydrin (EPC)
from crude glycerol. Hence, the conceptual design of the most feasible process has to be
carried out. First, preliminary studies on plant location and the market analysis is carried out
to determine the market demand of EPC, availability of the raw material and potential plant
location. Then, several process routes to produce EPC is studied and analyzed in detailed to
determine the most feasible process route.

.Next, the preliminary hazard analysis is carried out to determine safety-related aspects that
influence the design. This analysis includes summary of previous accidents on similar type of
plants and identification of material and chemical hazards in the process such as feed,
intermediates, products and by-products, flammability data, toxicity data, chemical
interactions. All material safety data sheets of the chemicals used are attached in the appendix
of the report. Adding to that, discussion on the possibility to reduce potential consequences of
an accident by considering inherent safety aspects is also performed.

Afterwards mass balancing, heat integration, process simulation and an evaluation of the
economic potential are done. The production of epichlorohydrin from crude glycerol can be
divided into four steps, which are firstly the purification of crude glycerol. Secondly, the
chlorination of glycerol to produce monochlorohydrin (in intermediate) and then forming
dichlorohydrin. Thirdly, the dehydrochlorination of dichlorohydrin is performed to produce
the final product, epichlorohydrin. Finally, the epichlorohydrin is purified to obtain 99%
purity as stated in the objective. The catalyst used in the process is Adipic acid.

In addition, the information from the manual material balance calculation was verified using
iCON Simulation software. It can be concluded that, the material balance obtained manually
is quite accurate to the value obtained through simulation.

Preliminary reactor optimization is carried out and continuous stirred tank reactor and plug
flow reactor are used. The energy requirement is reduced by the use of heat integration and
pinch analysis. Hence, the utility consumption is minimized by the use of grand composite
curve technique and stream matching. The total hot utility consumption is 1209.0939 kW
while the total cold utility consumption is 236.955kW.

118
Economic evaluation carried out proves conceptually that the setting up of a epichlorohydrin
plant in Malaysia is economically feasible and vital in order to meet the high market demand
of epichlorohydrin in the Asian region. From the weightage analysis considering all selection
criteria of plant location, Pasir Gudang area at Johor state is identified to be the best location
for an epichlorohydrin production plant. This is due to the combination of attractive existing
facilities and features, incentives and raw materials availability.

As this project only covers the conceptual design, the detailed process design will be done in
plant design project II. The design studies were conducted within the given time frame, so the
project objectives of the plant design project I (PDPI) were met. According to our opinion,
this project has been highly helpful to enhance the knowledge in process engineering and
especially to turn the theoretical knowledge into practice. This course also has been useful in
nurturing and enhancing the skills and knowledge at hand. As final year students, the
experience gained throughout the process of this project has given the opportunity to actually
design a real processing plant and this has increase our understanding in the field of chemical
engineering.

Recommendation

However, we find that there few areas that needs improvements and perhaps a new approach
in solving some of the problems faced. The following recommendations can be given at that
point..

More advanced trainings and hands on should be provided on the iCON and HINT
software as learning in the class few years back only cover some basics skills in
designing.
It is also recommended that there is one external supervisor from the industry related
to process plant design to be assigned to each group to ensure that students have a
general view and a better understanding on how to design critical elements such as the
in use of softwares such as ICON and HYSYS.

119
 8. REFERENCES

Asymmetric Catalysis on Industrial Scale: Challenges, Approaches and Solutions. (2007).

John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com/books?id=nsrc9K80P6gC&pgis=1

Biobased ECH growing rapidly | Green Chemicals Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18,
2015, from http://greenchemicalsblog.com/2012/09/14/biobased-ech-growing-rapidly/

Biodiesel Magazine - The Latest News and Data About Biodiesel Production. (n.d.).
Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/8137/clearing-the-way-for-byproduct-
quality

Biofuels Annual_Kuala Lumpur_Malaysia_9-9-2015.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18,

2015, from http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent GAIN Publications/Biofuels Annual_Kuala
Lumpur_Malaysia_9-9-2015.pdf

ech_13_11.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from

http://www.orbichem.com/userfiles/CNF Samples/ech_13_11.pdf

EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Epichlorohydrin (CASRN 106-89-8)". Retrieved

2013-05-07.

Epichlorohydrin (ECH) Market estimated 1,926 kilo tons by 2017. (n.d.). Retrieved
December 18, 2015, from
http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/epichlorohydrin.asp

Epichlorohydrin (ECH) Market, By Applications (Epoxy Resins, Synthetic Glycerin, Water

Treatment Chemicals,... -- NEW YORK, Aug. 7, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --. (n.d.).
Retrieved December 18, 2015, from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-
releases/epichlorohydrin-ech-market-by-applications-epoxy-resins-synthetic-glycerin-
water-treatment-chemicals-pharmaceuticals--feedstock-propylene-glycerin---global-
market-trends--forecast-to-2017-218727951.html

Epichlorohydrin | Prices, News & Market Analysis | ICIS.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December
18, 2015, from http://www.icis.com/chemicals/epichlorohydrin/?tab=tbc-tab5

Epichlorohydrin Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and
Forecast 2012 - 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/epichlorohydrin-market.html

Formamide - ExecSum_V4_epichlorohydrin-from-allyl-chloride_106-89-8_2010-10-
03_2010-10-04_15-17.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://cratel.wichita.edu/gtglci/wp-
content/uploads/2010/10/ExecSum_V4_epichlorohydrin-from-allyl-chloride_106-89-
8_2010-10-03_2010-10-04_15-17.pdf

ie900650x. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ie900650x
120
Kesner, M. Batch Process or Continous Process.

Knothe, G. "Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels" (PDF). INFORM,

Vol. 12(11), p. 1103-1107 (2001). Retrieved 2007-07-11.

Leoneti, A. B., Arago-Leoneti, V., & de Oliveira, S. V. W. B. (2012). Glycerol as a by-

product of biodiesel production in Brazil: Alternatives for the use of unrefined glycerol.
Renewable Energy, 45, 138145. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.02.032

Lim, S., & Teong, L. K. (2010). Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in
Malaysia: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 938954.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.027

Malaysian Biodiesel Association - Factsheet. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://www.mybiodiesel.org.my/index.php/biodiesel-industry/2015-02-17-18-21-
42#august-2015

Ma, F.R., & Milford, A. H. (1999, October). Biodiesel Production: A Review. Retrieved
October 23, 2015, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852499000255.

Myong, K Ko, and Harapanahalli S Muralidhara. Process for the Purification of Crude
Glycerol Compositions. Patent WO2008156612 A1. 28 Dec. 2008. Print.

Pagliaro, M. (2013). Glycerol: The Platform Biochemical of the Chemical Industry (2013).
Mario Pagliaro. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com/books?id=zu7jAgAAQBAJ&pgis=1

Pagliaro, M., & Rossi, M. (2010). The Future of Glycerol. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=TnU8SVNfFzkC&pgis=1

Preparation of Epoxides. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch16prepareeepoxides.html

Process for producing dichloropropanol from glycerol, the glycerol coming eventually from
the conversion of animal fats in the manufacture of biodiesel. (2005, June 16). Retrieved
from
https://www.google.com/patents/WO2005054167A1?cl=en&dq=solvay+adipic+acid+gl
ycerol&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMIqJy01On0yAIVTx-
OCh0jSwKC

Process for producing organic compounds from glycerol , the glycerol coming from
renewable raw material. (2010, October 20). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/patents/EP1772446B1?cl=en&dq=solvay+adipic+acid+glycero
l&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIqJy01On0yAIVTx-OCh0jSwKC

Q. Jing, H. Lou, L. Mo, and X. Zheng, Comparative study between fluidized bed and fixed
bed reactors in methane reforming with CO2 and O2 to produce syngas, Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 47, pp. 459469, 2006.

121
Production Statistics - Biodiesel.org. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://biodiesel.org/production/production-statistics

Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2015, from
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch15reactionalcoholshydrog
en.html

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1992). Epichlorohydrin (1-Chloro-2,3

Epoxypropane). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/epichlor.html.

122
 9. APPENDICES

9.1 APPENDIX 1: PFD of glycerol purification before heat integration

9.2 APPENDIX 2: PFD of the main process before heat integration
9.3 APPENDIX 3: Stream Table
9.4 APPENDIX 4: PFD of glycerol purification after heat integration
9.5 APPENDIX 5: PFD of the main process after heat integration
9.6 APPENDIX 6: PFD of icon simulation before heat integration
9.7 APPENDIX 7: PFD of icon simulation after heat integration
9.8 APPENDIX 8: Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

123
 Equipment tag T-1 Equipment tag P1 Equipment tag HX1 Equipment tag SP1 Equipment tag HX2 Equipment tag MEM-1 Equipment tag P2 NOTES
Equipment name Storage Tank Equipment name Pump Equipment name Heater Equipment name Separator LLV Equipment name Cooler Equipment name Membrane Equipment name Pump
Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 24.9 C Design temperature 100 C Design temperature 100 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 24.9 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 100 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 5 KPa STREAM NUMBER

Equipment tag HX3 Equipment tag SP2 Equipment tag P3 Equipment tag DC1 Equipment tag HX4
Equipment name Heater Equipment name Separator LLV Equipment name Pump Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name cooler
Design temperature 80 C Design temperature 80 C Design temperature 150 C Design temperature 269.5 C Design temperature 300 C
Design pressure 5 KPa Design pressure 5 KPa Design pressure 100 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

T-1 Drain
Drain

4
12

5 Drain 13 Drain

2 3 11
10

6 7 9 14 16 Drain
HX1 HX3
P1
SP1 HX2 P2 P3
SP2
MEM-1
8

Drain
15

Drain

DC-1

17 18 To sheet 02

HX4

CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11

SUPERVISOR
Dr. Oh Pei Ching
GROUP MEMBERS
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol
Purification Unit (without Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc.
Doc.No:
No:ECH-G-11-01
ECH-G-11 01 A

124
 Equipment tag M1 Equipment tag M2 Equipment tag P4 Equipment tag CSTR-1 Equipment tag M3 Equipment tag P5 Equipment tag CSTR-23 Equipment tag DC-2 NOTES
Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Pump Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Pump Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Distillation column
Design temperature 45 C Design temperature 45 C Design temperature 45.1 C Design temperature 120 C Design temperature 120 C Design temperature 116.7 C Design temperature 130 C Design temperature 191 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa STREAM NUMBER

Equipment tag SP-1 Equipment tag HX5 Equipment tag SP3 Equipment tag T-2 Equipment tag M4 Equipment tag HX6 Equipment tag M5 Equipment tag PFR-1
Equipment name Splitter Equipment name Heater Equipment name Separator Equipment name Storage Tank Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Cooler Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Reactor
Design temperature 291.0 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 110 C Design temperature 86.7 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

Equipment tag DC-3 Equipment tag M6 Equipment tag PFR-2 Equipment tag DC-4 Equipment tag M7 Equipment tag DC-5 Equipment tag T-3
Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Storage Tank
Design temperature 108 C Design temperature 126 C Design temperature 91.9 C Design temperature 102 C Design temperature 101.5 C Design temperature 135 C Design temperature 25 C

Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 200 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

29 Drain

SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
+ H20

39

ADIPIC ACID
+ H2O

30
20 40

24 27 28
From sheet 01 18 23 PFR-1
26
HYDROGEN 22
19 21 M5
CHLORIDE
25
P5
P4
CSTR-2
CSTR-1
HYDROGEN M3
38 M1 M2 CHLORIDE

32
37 DC-2
35

HX6

M4
31
34 33

36 HX5
SP-1

T-2 SP3
36

Drain

Drain

42

Drain
50 Drain

DC-3 47 49 CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11
M7
43
45 DC-5
46
SUPERVISOR
PFR-2 Dr. Oh Pei Ching
44

M6
51 GROUP MEMBERS
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
+ H20
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
DC-4 LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
T-3 THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

48 Drain Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Main process (without Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc. No: ECH-G-11-02 02 A

125
 NOTES

STREAM NUMBER

STREAM TABLES

Stream Table for Purification of Glycerol (Doc. No: ECH-G-11-01)

STREAM NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
STREAM PROPERTIES
TEMPERATURE C 25.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 27.00
PRESSURE (KPa) 100.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 100.00 100.00 101.33
MOLE FLOW (Kgmole/h) 600.00 600.00 600.00 389.00 6.51 204.00 204.00 13.48 191.00 191.00 191.00 32.19 0.71 158.00 158.00 3.20 154.48 152.45

GLYCEROL 154.21 154.21 154.21 0.00 0.00 154.21 154.21 0.00 154.21 154.21 154.21 0.00 0.00 154.21 154.21 0.00 154.21 152.24
WATER 282.61 282.61 282.61 254.35 0.00 28.26 28.26 0.00 28.27 28.27 28.27 25.44 0.00 2.82 2.82 2.82 0.00 0.00
SODIUM CHLORIDE 13.75 13.75 13.75 0.00 0.00 13.75 13.75 13.48 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.27 0.15
METHANOL 142.18 142.18 142.18 135.07 0.00 7.11 7.11 0.00 7.11 7.11 7.11 6.75 0.00 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.00 0.02
METHYL OLEATE 7.23 7.23 7.23 0.00 6.51 0.72 0.72 0.00 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.00 0.71 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

Stream Table for production of EPICHLOROHYDRIN (Doc. No: ECH-G-11-02)

STREAM NUMBER 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
STREAM PROPERTIES
TEMPERATURE C 27.00 27.00 45.20 44.45 44.56 120.00 27.00 116.96 117.14 130.00 110.80 110.80 290.12 290.12 290.12 300.00 300.00 300.00
PRESSURE (KPa) 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 506.50 101.33 101.33 506.50 506.50 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33
MOLAR FLOW (Kgmole/h) 200.00 50.00 448.34 498.34 498.34 498.34 100.00 598.34 598.34 598.34 53.43 438.88 106.03 95.43 10.60 10.60 0.46 10.14

SODIUM HYDROXIDE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WATER 0.00 42.50 0.04 42.54 42.54 42.54 0.00 242.54 242.54 242.54 51.38 291.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
GLYCEROL 0.00 0.00 173.96 173.96 173.96 173.96 0.00 73.96 73.96 73.96 0.00 0.00 23.96 21.57 2.39 2.39 0.15 2.24
COMPONENTS
alpha-EPICHLOROHYDRIN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MOLE FLOWS
2,3-DICHLORO-1-PROPANOL 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(kgmole/h)
1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL 0.00 0.00 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 0.00 103.82 103.82 103.82 2.05 147.65 4.11 3.69 0.41 0.41 0.18 0.24
ADIPIC ACID 0.00 7.50 68.75 76.25 76.25 76.25 0.00 76.25 76.25 76.25 0.00 0.00 76.25 68.63 7.62 7.62 0.13 7.49
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3-CHLORO-1,2-PROPANEDIOL 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.00 0.00 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 0.00 1.49 1.49 1.49 0.00 0.00 1.49 1.35 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.15
METHYL OLEATE 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.02
METHANOL 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Stream Table for production of EPICHLOROHYDRIN (Doc. No: ECH-G-11-02)

STREAM NUMBER 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
STREAM PROPERTIES
TEMPERATURE C 290.32 30.00 27.00 72.40 86.75 100.90 126.20 27.00 73.00 92.00 120.50 294.16 101.30 120.30 139.95
PRESSURE (KPa) 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 101.33 190.00 190.00 101.33 200.00 200.00
MOLAR FLOW (Kgmole/h) 95.89 95.89 454.45 893.33 966.86 550.00 416.86 463.56 880.42 954.61 763.10 191.51 1313.10 1162.06 151.05

SODIUM HYDROXIDE 0.00 0.00 73.53 73.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 75.01 75.01 0.82 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
WATER 0.00 0.00 380.92 672.08 745.61 506.22 239.39 388.56 627.94 702.13 660.19 41.94 1166.42 1160.57 5.84
COMPONENTS GLYCEROL 21.72 21.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MOLE FLOWS alpha-EPICHLOROHYDRIN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.53 43.78 29.75 0.00 29.75 103.94 102.91 1.04 146.68 1.49 145.21
(kgmole/h) 2,3-DICHLORO-1-PROPANOL 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL 3.87 3.87 0.00 147.65 74.16 0.00 74.16 0.00 74.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ADIPIC ACID 68.75 68.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I
3-CHLORO-1,2-PROPANEDIOL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SEPTEMBER 2015
SODIUM CHLORIDE 1.35 1.35 0.00 0.00 73.53 0.00 73.53 0.00 73.53 147.72 0.00 147.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
METHYL OLEATE 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 GROUP 11
METHANOL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SUPERVISOR
Dr. Oh Pei Ching
GROUP MEMBERS
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol
Stream Tables (without Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc.
Doc.No:
No:ECH-G-11-03
ECH-G-11 03 A

126
 Equipment tag T-1 Equipment tag P1 Equipment tag SP-2 Equipment tag M-1 Equipment tag HX1 Equipment tag HX9 Equipment tag HX2 NOTES
Equipment name Storage Tank Equipment name Pump Equipment name Splitter Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Heater Equipment name Heat Exchanger Equipment name Cooler
Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 24.9 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 100 C Design temperature 100 C Design temperature - Design temperature 25 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure - Design pressure 15 KPa STREAM NUMBER

Equipment tag HX7 Equipment tag SP1 Equipment tag MEM-1 Equipment tag P2 Equipment tag HX3 Equipment tag SP2 Equipment tag P3
Equipment name Heat Exchanger Equipment name Separator LLV Equipment name Membrane Equipment name Pump Equipment name Heater Equipment name Separator LLV Equipment name Pump
Design temperature - Design temperature 100 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 24.9 C Design temperature 80 C Design temperature 80 C Design temperature 150 C
Design pressure - Design pressure 15 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 5 KPa Design pressure 5 KPa Design pressure 5 KPa Design pressure 100 KPa

Equipment tag HX8 Equipment tag DC1 Equipment tag HX4

Equipment name Heat Exchanger Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name cooler
Design temperature - Design temperature 269.5 C Design temperature 300 C
Design pressure - Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

From M4
S37 - (sheet 05)

37

To HX6
59
S59 - (sheet 05)
T-1 Drain
Drain
HX9
58

4
52 12
60
1
5 Drain
2
13 Drain

57 3

6 7 11 9 14
P1 HX1 HX3
M-1
SP-2
SP1 HX7 HX2 P2 P3
SP2
MEM-1
8

Drain

10

15

16 Drain

56 55

Drain

CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11

DC-1
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Oh Pei Ching
GROUP MEMBERS
18 To sheet 04 HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
17
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
HX4
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

53 Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol
Purification Unit (with Heat Integration)
HX8

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc.
Doc.No:
No:ECH-G-11-04
ECH-G-11 04 A

127
 Equipment tag M1 Equipment tag M2 Equipment tag P4 Equipment tag CSTR-1 Equipment tag M3 Equipment tag P5 Equipment tag CSTR-2 Equipment tag DC-2 NOTES
Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Pump Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Pump Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Distillation column
Design temperature 45 C Design temperature 45 C Design temperature 45.1 C Design temperature 120 C Design temperature 120 C Design temperature 116.7 C Design temperature 130 C Design temperature 191 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 506.5 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa STREAM NUMBER

Equipment tag SP-1 Equipment tag HX5 Equipment tag SP3 Equipment tag T-2 Equipment tag M4 Equipment tag HX6 Equipment tag M5 Equipment tag PFR-1
Equipment name Splitter Equipment name Heater Equipment name Separator Equipment name Storage Tank Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Cooler Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Reactor
Design temperature 291.0 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 25 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 300 C Design temperature 110 C Design temperature 86.7 C
Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

Equipment tag DC-3 Equipment tag M6 Equipment tag PFR-2 Equipment tag DC-4 Equipment tag M7 Equipment tag DC-5 Equipment tag T-3
Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Reactor Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Mixer Equipment name Distillation column Equipment name Storage Tank
Design temperature 108 C Design temperature 126 C Design temperature 91.9 C Design temperature 102 C Design temperature 101.5 C Design temperature 135 C Design temperature 25 C

Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa Design pressure 200 KPa Design pressure 101.3 KPa

29 Drain

SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
+ H20

39

ADIPIC ACID
+ H2O

30
20 40

24 27 28
From sheet 04 18 23 PFR-1
26
HYDROGEN 22
19 21 M5
CHLORIDE
25
P5
P4
CSTR-2
CSTR-1
HYDROGEN M3
38 M1 M2 CHLORIDE

32
To HX9 DC-2
37
S37 - (sheet 04)
HX6 35

59 M4
31
34 33

From HX9
36 HX5
S59 - (sheet 04) SP-1
T-2
SP3
36

Drain

Drain

42

Drain
50 Drain

DC-3 47 49 CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11
M7
43
45 DC-5
46
SUPERVISOR
PFR-2 Dr. Oh Pei Ching
44

M6
51 GROUP MEMBERS
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
+ H20 MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
DC-4 LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
T-3 THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

48 Drain Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Main process (with Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc. No: ECH-G-11-05 05 A

128
 NOTES

S11
S10 S12 S16
S3 S4
P2

S9 HX3 S13
SP2
S1 S2 S5
HX1 S14 S15
P1 SP1
S8 P3
S6 S7
HX2
MEM-1 S17
HX4
DC1
S18

S29
S20
S22 S24 S39
S19 S23 S26 S40
S21 S27 M5 PFR-1
M2 P4 CSTR-1 S25 M3 P5 S28 S30
~S38 ~M1
CSTR-2
S37
S33
DC2 S31

HX6
SP-1
S35 S32
S34
M4
HX5 SP3 S41
S36

S42

S50
S43 S45
S44
M6 PFR-2
S46 S47 S49
M7
DC3

S48 S51
DC4 DC5

CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I

SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11

SUPERVISOR
Dr. Oh Pei Ching
GROUP MEMBERS
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol
Icon Simulation (without Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc.
Doc.No:
No:ECH-G-11-07
ECH-G-11 07 A

129
 NOTES

S55

S56

S52
S54
HX3
S4 S7
HX2
S12 S16
SP-2
S2 P2
S10 S13 S17
S6 HX7
S9 SP2 HX8
S1 S5 S11 S53
S14 S15
P1 SP1
P3

S3 S8
S18 HX4
DC1
MEM-1

M-1 S58
S29

S57 S20
S22 S24 S39
S19 S23 S26 S40
S21 S27 M5 PFR-1
M2 P4 CSTR-1 S25 M3 P5 S28 S30
~S38 ~M1
CSTR-2
S60
HX1
S33
S59 DC2 S31
S37
HX6
HX9
SP-1
S35 S32
S34
M4
HX5 SP3 S41
S36

S42

S50
S43 S45
S44
M6 PFR-2
S46 S47 S49
M7
DC3

S48 S51
DC4 DC5
CCB 4013 PLANT DESIGN PROJECT I
SEPTEMBER 2015
GROUP 11

SUPERVISOR
Dr. Oh Pei Ching
GROUP MEMBERS
HAIRUL NAZRI BIN SAMSURI 16247
MOHAMMED TAHER ALFATESH 15700
LOUIS CHANG HOU WEI 16648
THAMARAI A/P THENNARASU 16175

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol

Production of Epichlorohydrin from Glycerol
Icon Simulation (with Heat Integration)

Drawn by: M.Alfatesh SHT REV

Doc.
Doc.No:
No:ECH-G-11-08
ECH-G-11 08 A

130
 He a lt h 2
1 1
Fire
2 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l E
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Adipic acid MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Adipic acid Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLA3658 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 124-04-9 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: AU8400000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Adipic acid
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Hexanedioic acid; 1,4-Butane Dicarboxylic 1-800-424-9300
Acid
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Adipic Acid
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: HOOC(CH2)4COOH

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Adipic acid 124-04-9 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Adipic acid: ORAL (LD50): Acute: >11000 mg/kg [Rat]. 1900 mg/kg [Mouse].
>11000 mg/kg [Rabbit].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may
be toxic to the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
organs damage.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:

p. 1
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: 420C (788F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 196C (384.8F).
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of open
flames and sparks, of heat.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Dust generation can form an explosive mixture if dispersed in a sufficient quantity
of air.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Be careful that the product is not present at a
concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

p. 2
Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a
fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. In
case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 25C (77F).

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
TWA: 5 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] Inhalation Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (crystalline powder.)

Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tart
Molecular Weight: 146.14 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 337.5C (639.5F)
Melting Point: 152C (305.6F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.36 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: 5.04 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is equally soluble in oil and water; log(oil/water) = 0.1
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol, acetone.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in methanol. Soluble in hot water, acetone. Partially soluble in cold water. Insoluble in Acetic acid, Petroleum
Benzin, Benzene, Petroleum Ether. Slightly soluble in Cyclohexane. Freely soluble in Ethanol.

p. 3
 Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Excess heat, excess dust generation, ignition sources, incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Aqueous solutions of Adipic acid are corrosive
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1900 mg/kg [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause damage to the following organs: the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: May cause skin irritation. Eyes: May cause eye irritation. Inhalation: Expected to be a low
hazard for ususal industrial handling. May cause respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, sneezing, and blood-
tinged mucous. Ingestion: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard if small amounts (less than a mouthful) are ingested.
Ingestion of large amounts may cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with hypermotility, and diarrhea. May also affect behavior
(somnolence, convulsions), and metabolism, and may cause hemorrhaging. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Inhalation:
Repeated or prolonged contact by inhalation may cause asthma.

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

p. 4
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: : Adipic Acid UNNA: NA9077 PG: III
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:

Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Adipic acid Illinois chemical safety act: Adipic acid New York release reporting list:
Adipic acid Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Adipic acid Pennsylvania RTK: Adipic acid Massachusetts RTK: Adipic
acid Massachusetts spill list: Adipic acid New Jersey: Adipic acid New Jersey spill list: Adipic acid Louisiana spill reporting:
Adipic acid TSCA 8(b) inventory: Adipic acid CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Adipic acid: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
R36/38- Irritating to eyes and skin. S2- Keep out of the reach of children. S46- If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately
and show this container or label.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/11/2005 11:13 AM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for

p. 5
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

sc-230810
Material Safety Data Sheet

Hazard Alert Code

EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW
Key:

Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

PRODUCT NAME
2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE

CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200.

NFPA

1
FLAMMABILITY

2
HEALTH HAZARD
0
INSTABILITY

SUPPLIER
Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.
2145 Delaware Avenue
Santa Cruz, California 95060
800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800
EMERGENCY
ChemWatch
Within the US & Canada: 877-715-9305
Outside the US & Canada: +800 2436 2255
(1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112

SYNONYMS
C3-H6-Cl2-O, "2, 3-dichloropropanol", "1-propanol, 2, 3-dichloro-", "2, 3-dichloropropyl alcohol", "n-2, 3-dichloropropanol", "1,
2-dichloropropanol-3", "1, 2-dichloro-3-propanol", "alpha, beta-dichlorohydrin", "beta, gamma-dichloro propyl alcohol", "glycerol alpha,
beta-dichlorohydrin", "glycerol 1, 2-dichlorohydrin", "asym-glycerol dichlorohydrin", "allyl alcohol dichloride", DCIP, DCH

Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS

Min Max

Flammability: 1

Toxicity: 3

Body Contact: 3 Min/Nil=0

Low=1
Reactivity: 1 Moderate=2
High=3
Chronic: 2 Extreme=4

CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS

1 of 8
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
RISK
Irritating to eyes.
Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Inhalation may produce serious health damage*.
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect*.
Exposure may produce irreversible effects*.
* (limited evidence).

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS

SWALLOWED
! Accidental ingestion of the material may be seriously damaging to the health of the individual; animal experiments indicate that ingestion
of less than 40 gram may be fatal.
! Limited evidence exists that this substance may cause irreversible mutations (though not lethal) even following a single exposure.
EYE
! There is evidence that material may produce eye irritation in some persons and produce eye damage 24 hours or more after instillation.
Severe inflammation may be expected with pain.
SKIN
! Skin contact with the material may produce toxic effects; systemic effects may result following absorption.
! The material is not thought to be a skin irritant (as classified by EC Directives using animal models).
Temporary discomfort, however, may result from prolonged dermal exposures.
! Skin contact with the material may damage the health of the individual; systemic effects may result following absorption.
! Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material.
! Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects.
Examine the skin prior to the use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.
INHALED
! The material is not thought to produce respiratory irritation (as classified by EC Directives using animal models).
Nevertheless inhalation of vapours, fumes or aerosols, especially for prolonged periods, may produce respiratory discomfort and
occasionally, distress.
! Inhalation of aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material during the course of normal handling, may produce serious damage to the
health of the individual.
! Inhalation hazard is increased at higher temperatures.

CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

! There has been some concern that this material can cause cancer or mutations but there is not enough data to make an assessment.
Based on laboratory and animal testing, exposure to the material may result in irreversible effects and mutations in humans.
The substance, in a manner similar to its analogue epichlorohydrin, may cause body-weight losses, kidney alterations and hypotension
following occupational exposures.

Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

NAME CAS RN %
2,3-dichloro-1-propanol 616-23-9 >98

Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES

SWALLOWED
IF SWALLOWED, REFER FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION, WHERE POSSIBLE, WITHOUT DELAY.
For advice, contact a Poisons Information Centre or a doctor.
Urgent hospital treatment is likely to be needed.
In the mean time, qualified first-aid personnel should treat the patient following observation and employing supportive measures as
indicated by the patient's condition.
EYE
If this product comes in contact with the eyes:
Immediately hold eyelids apart and flush the eye continuously with running water.
Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from eye and moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the
upper and lower lids.
Continue flushing until advised to stop by the Poisons Information Centre or a doctor, or for at least 15 minutes.

2 of 8
 Transport to hospital or doctor without delay.
SKIN
If skin contact occurs:
Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear.
Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available).
Seek medical attention in event of irritation.
INHALED
If fumes or combustion products are inhaled remove from contaminated area.
Lay patient down. Keep warm and rested.
Prostheses such as false teeth, which may block airway, should be removed, where possible, prior to initiating first aid procedures.
Apply artificial respiration if not breathing, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve mask device, or pocket mask as
trained. Perform CPR if necessary.

NOTES TO PHYSICIAN
! Treat symptomatically.
for poisons (where specific treatment regime is absent):
--------------------------------------------------------------
BASIC TREATMENT
--------------------------------------------------------------
Establish a patent airway with suction where necessary.
Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation as necessary.
Administer oxygen by non-rebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min.
Monitor and treat, where necessary, for pulmonary oedema .

Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Vapour Pressure (mmHG): Not available

Upper Explosive Limit (%): Not available
Specific Gravity (water=1): 1.3607
Lower Explosive Limit (%): Not available

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Water spray or fog.
Foam.
Dry chemical powder.
BCF (where regulations permit).
FIRE FIGHTING
Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
Wear full body protective clothing with breathing apparatus.
Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course.
Use fire fighting procedures suitable for surrounding area.
When any large container (including road and rail tankers) is involved in a fire,
consider evacuation by 800 metres in all directions.
GENERAL FIRE HAZARDS/HAZARDOUS COMBUSTIBLE PRODUCTS
Combustible.
Slight fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of containers.
On combustion, may emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (CO).
Combustion products include: carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen chloride, phosgene, other pyrolysis products typical of burning organic
material.
May emit poisonous fumes.
FIRE INCOMPATIBILITY
Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids, chlorine bleaches, pool chlorine etc. as ignition may result

Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

MINOR SPILLS
Remove all ignition sources.
Clean up all spills immediately.
Avoid breathing vapours and contact with skin and eyes.
Control personal contact by using protective equipment.
MAJOR SPILLS
Clear area of personnel and move upwind.
Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
Wear full body protective clothing with breathing apparatus.
Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course.

3 of 8
 Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE

PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING

Avoid all personal contact, including inhalation.
Wear protective clothing when risk of exposure occurs.
Use in a well-ventilated area.
Prevent concentration in hollows and sumps.

RECOMMENDED STORAGE METHODS

Lined metal can, lined metal pail/ can.
Plastic pail.
Polyliner drum.
Packing as recommended by manufacturer.
For low viscosity materials
Drums and jerricans must be of the non-removable head type.
Where a can is to be used as an inner package, the can must have a screwed enclosure.
<. All inner and sole packagings for substances that have been assigned to Packaging Groups I or II on the basis of inhalation toxicity
criteria, must be hermetically sealed.
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
Store in original containers.
Keep containers securely sealed.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Store away from incompatible materials and foodstuff containers.

Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION

EXPOSURE CONTROLS
The following materials had no OELs on our records
2,3-dichloro-1-propanol: CAS:616-23-9

PERSONAL PROTECTION

RESPIRATOR
Type A Filter of sufficient capacity. (AS/NZS 1716 & 1715, EN 143:2000 & 149:2001, ANSI Z88 or national equivalent)
EYE
Safety glasses with side shields.
Chemical goggles.
Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and concentrate irritants. A written policy document,
describing the wearing of lens or restrictions on use, should be created for each workplace or task. This should include a review of lens
absorption and adsorption for the class of chemicals in use and an account of injury experience. Medical and first-aid personnel should
be trained in their removal and suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of chemical exposure, begin eye irrigation
immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens should be removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens
should be removed in a clean environment only after workers have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin
59], [AS/NZS 1336 or national equivalent]
HANDS/FEET
Wear chemical protective gloves, eg. PVC.
Wear safety footwear or safety gumboots, eg. Rubber
Suitability and durability of glove type is dependent on usage. Important factors in the selection of gloves include:
frequency and duration of contact,
chemical resistance of glove material,
glove thickness and
dexterity
OTHER
Overalls.
Eyewash unit.
Barrier cream.
Skin cleansing cream.

4 of 8
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
! Engineering controls are used to remove a hazard or place a barrier between the worker and the hazard. Well-designed engineering
controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions to provide this high level of
protection.
The basic types of engineering controls are:
Process controls which involve changing the way a job activity or process is done to reduce the risk.
Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source which keeps a selected hazard "physically" away from the worker and ventilation that
strategically "adds" and "removes" air in the work environment.

Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid.
Mixes with water.
Toxic or noxious vapours/gas.
State Liquid Molecular Weight 128.99
Melting Range (F) Not available Viscosity Not Available
Boiling Range (F) 361- 370 Solubility in water (g/L) Miscible
Flash Point (F) >199 pH (1% solution) Not available
Decomposition Temp (F) Not Available pH (as supplied) Not applicable
Autoignition Temp (F) Not available Vapour Pressure (mmHG) Not available
Upper Explosive Limit (%) Not available Specific Gravity (water=1) 1.3607
Lower Explosive Limit (%) Not available Relative Vapour Density (air=1) Not available
Volatile Component (%vol) Not available Evaporation Rate Not available

APPEARANCE
Viscous liquid with ethereal odour; mixes with water, alcohol, benzene.

Section 10 - CHEMICAL STABILITY

CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY

Presence of incompatible materials.
Product is considered stable.
Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.

STORAGE INCOMPATIBILITY
Avoid strong acids, bases.
Avoid reaction with oxidising agents
For incompatible materials - refer to Section 7 - Handling and Storage.

Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

2,3-dichloro-1-propanol

TOXICITY AND IRRITATION

! The material may produce severe irritation to the eye causing pronounced inflammation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to irritants may
produce conjunctivitis.
NOTE: Substance has been shown to be mutagenic in at least one assay, or belongs to a family of chemicals producing damage or change
to cellular DNA.

Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

Ecotoxicity
Ingredient Persistence: Water/Soil Persistence: Air Bioaccumulation Mobility
2,3-dichloro-1-propanol HIGH No Data Available LOW HIGH

GESAMP/EHS COMPOSITE LIST - GESAMP Hazard Profiles

5 of 8
Name / EHS TRN A1a A1b A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3
Cas No
/
RTECS
No
_______ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
__
Alcohol 293 85 0 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D 1
ic
beverag
es /
CAS:616
- 23- 9
/
Legend: EHS=EHS Number (EHS=GESAMP Working Group on the Evaluation of the Hazards of Harmful Substances Carried by Ships)
NRT=Net Register Tonnage, A1a=Bioaccumulation log Pow, A1b=Bioaccumulation BCF, A1=Bioaccumulation, A2=Biodegradation,
B1=Acuteaquatic toxicity LC/ECIC50 (mg/l), B2=Chronic aquatic toxicity NOEC (mg/l), C1=Acute mammalian oral toxicity LD50 (mg/kg),
C2=Acutemammalian dermal toxicity LD50 (mg/kg), C3=Acute mammalian inhalation toxicity LC50 (mg/kg), D1=Skin irritation & corrosion,
D2=Eye irritation& corrosion, D3=Long-term health effects, E1=Tainting, E2=Physical effects on wildlife & benthic habitats, E3=Interference
with coastal amenities, For column A2: R=Readily biodegradable, NR=Not readily biodegradable. For column D3: C=Carcinogen,
M=Mutagenic, R=Reprotoxic, S=Sensitising, A=Aspiration hazard, T=Target organ systemic toxicity, L=Lunginjury, N=Neurotoxic,
I=Immunotoxic. For column E1: NT=Not tainting (tested), T=Tainting test positive. For column E2: Fp=Persistent floater, F=Floater,
S=Sinking substances. The numerical scales start from 0 (no hazard), while higher numbers reflect increasing hazard. (GESAMP/EHS
Composite List of Hazard Profiles - Hazard evaluation of substances transported by ships)

Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Disposal Instructions
All waste must be handled in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.
Legislation addressing waste disposal requirements may differ by country, state and/ or territory. Each user must refer to laws operating in
their area. In some areas, certain wastes must be tracked.
A Hierarchy of Controls seems to be common - the user should investigate:
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Disposal (if all else fails)
This material may be recycled if unused, or if it has not been contaminated so as to make it unsuitable for its intended use. If it has been
contaminated, it may be possible to reclaim the product by filtration, distillation or some other means. Shelf life considerations should also
be applied in making decisions of this type. Note that properties of a material may change in use, and recycling or reuse may not always be
appropriate.
DO NOT allow wash water from cleaning or process equipment to enter drains.
It may be necessary to collect all wash water for treatment before disposal.
In all cases disposal to sewer may be subject to local laws and regulations and these should be considered first.
Where in doubt contact the responsible authority.
Recycle wherever possible or consult manufacturer for recycling options.
Consult State Land Waste Authority for disposal.
Bury or incinerate residue at an approved site.
Recycle containers if possible, or dispose of in an authorised landfill.

Section 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

DOT:
Symbols: None Hazard class or Division: 6.1
Identification Numbers: UN2810 PG: II
Label Codes: 6.1 Special provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27
Packaging: Exceptions: 153 Packaging: Non-bulk: 202
Quantity limitations:
Packaging: Exceptions: 153 5L
Passenger aircraft/rail:
Quantity Limitations: Cargo
60 L Vessel stowage: Location: B
aircraft only:
Vessel stowage: Other: 40
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping names:
Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s.
Air Transport IATA:

6 of 8
ICAO/IATA Class: 6.1 ICAO/IATA Subrisk: None
UN/ID Number: 2810 Packing Group: II
Special provisions: A3
Cargo Only
Packing Instructions: 662 Maximum Qty/Pack: 60 L
Passenger and Cargo Passenger and Cargo
Packing Instructions: 654 Maximum Qty/Pack: 5L
Passenger and Cargo Passenger and Cargo
Limited Quantity Limited Quantity
Packing Instructions: Y641 Maximum Qty/Pack: 1L
Shipping name:TOXIC LIQUID, ORGANIC, N.O.S.(contains 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol)
Maritime Transport IMDG:
IMDG Class: 6.1 IMDG Subrisk: None
UN Number: 2810 Packing Group: II
EMS Number: F-A,S-A Special provisions: 274
Limited Quantities: 100 ml
Shipping name:TOXIC LIQUID, ORGANIC, N.O.S.(contains 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol)

Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (CAS: 616-23-9) is found on the following regulatory lists;

"Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL)","Canada List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients (The Cosmetic Ingredient
""Hotlist"")","GESAMP/EHS Composite List - GESAMP Hazard Profiles","IMO IBC Code Chapter 17: Summary of minimum
requirements","US - Washington Dangerous waste constituents list","US DOE Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs)","US EPA
High Production Volume Program Chemical List","US RCRA (Resource Conservation & Recovery Act) - Hazardous Constituents - Appendix
VIII to 40 CFR 261","US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) - Chemical Substance Inventory","US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -
Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Chemicals","US TSCA Section 5(a)(2) - Significant New Use Rules (SNURs)","US TSCA Section 8 (d) -
Health and Safety Data Reporting","US USDA National Organic Program - Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production"

Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION

LIMITED EVIDENCE
! Inhalation may produce serious health damage*.
! Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect*.
! Exposure may produce irreversible effects*.
* (limited evidence).

Denmark Advisory list for selfclassification of dangerous substances

Substance CAS Suggested codes
2, 3- dichloro- 1- propanol 616- 23- 9 Carc3; R40 T;
R25 Xi; R38
! Classification of the preparation and its individual components has drawn on official and authoritative sources as well as independent
review by the Chemwatch Classification committee using available literature references.
A list of reference resources used to assist the committee may be found at:
www.chemwatch.net/references.
! The (M)SDS is a Hazard Communication tool and should be used to assist in the Risk Assessment. Many factors determine whether the
reported Hazards are Risks in the workplace or other settings.
! For detailed advice on Personal Protective Equipment, refer to the following U.S. Regulations and Standards:
OSHA Standards - 29 CFR:
1910.132 - Personal Protective Equipment - General requirements
1910.133 - Eye and face protection
1910.134 - Respiratory Protection
1910.136 - Occupational foot protection

7 of 8
1910.138 - Hand Protection
Eye and face protection - ANSI Z87.1
Foot protection - ANSI Z41
Respirators must be NIOSH approved.

This document is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, review or
criticism, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written
permission from CHEMWATCH. TEL (+61 3) 9572 4700.
www.Chemwatch.net

Issue Date: May-8-2008

Print Date:Mar-20-2012

8 of 8
 He a lt h 3
3 3
Fire
3 2
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l H
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Epichlorohyrin MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Epichlorohyrin Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLE1588 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 160-89-8 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: TX4900000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Epichlorohyrin
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: (Chloromethyl)ethylene oxide 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Epichlorohyrin International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: C3-H5-C10 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Epichlorohyrin 160-89-8 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Epichlorohyrin: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 90 mg/kg [Rat]. 195 mg/kg [Mouse]. 345 mg/kg
[Rabbit]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 250 mg/kg [Mouse].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects:

Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant). Corrosive to skin
and eyes on contact. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth
and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory
tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can result in death.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified + (PROVEN) by OSHA+ (PROVEN) by NIOSH. Classified A3 (Proven for animal.)
by ACGIH. Classified 2A (Probable for human.) by IARC, 2 (Reasonably anticipated.) by NTP. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Classified POSSIBLE for human. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified
Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male, Development toxin [POSSIBLE]. The substance is toxic
to kidneys, lungs, liver, skin. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated
or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial infection. Repeated

p. 1
exposure to an highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human
organs.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids
open. Cold water may be used. Do not use an eye ointment. Seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
If the chemical got onto the clothed portion of the body, remove the contaminated clothes as quickly as possible, protecting
your own hands and body. Place the victim under a deluge shower. If the chemical got on the victim's exposed skin, such
as the hands : Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly
careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing
before reusing.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation: Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting. Examine the lips and mouth to ascertain whether the tissues are damaged, a possible indication that
the toxic material was ingested; the absence of such signs, however, is not conclusive. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: 411C (771.8F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 31C (87.8F).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 3.8% UPPER: 21%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Flammable in presence of shocks, of heat.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam,
water spray or fog. Cool containing vessels with water jet in order to prevent pressure build-up, autoignition or explosion.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

p. 2
Small Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.
Large Spill:
Flammable liquid. Corrosive liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb
with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use
water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Eliminate all
ignition sources. Call for assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV.
Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep locked up Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment
containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapour/spray. Never add water to this product Wear suitable
protective clothing In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes Keep away from incompatibles such as
acids, alkalis.
Storage:
Flammable materials should be stored in a separate safety storage cabinet or room. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Keep container tightly closed. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place. Ground all equipment containing
material. A refrigerated room would be preferable for materials with a flash point lower than 37.8C (100F).

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
United States: TWA: 0.5 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) SKIN United States: TWA: 0.5 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) Denmark: TWA: 0.5
(ppm) SKIN Hungary: STEL: 1 (mg/m3) SKIN Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.

Odor: Irritanting Chloroform-like
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 92.48 g/mole
Color: Clear Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 115C (239F)
Melting Point: -48C (-54.4F)

p. 3
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: 13 mm of Hg (@ 20C)
Vapor Density: 3.29 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in oil; log(oil/water) = 0.3
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties:
Dispersed in methanol, diethyl ether. Partially dispersed in n-octanol. Very slightly dispersed in cold water, hot water. See
solubility in methanol, diethyl ether, n-octanol.
Solubility:
Soluble in methanol, diethyl ether. Partially soluble in n-octanol. Very slightly soluble in cold water, hot water.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with acids, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Expolsive reactions with aniline, trichlorochloroethylene, potassium tert-butoxide, sulfuric
acid or isopropylamine
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Yes.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals:
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 90 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 250 mg/kg [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified + (PROVEN) by OSHA+ (PROVEN) by NIOSH. Classified A3 (Proven for animal.)
by ACGIH. Classified 2A (Probable for human.) by IARC, 2 (Reasonably anticipated.) by NTP. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Classified POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive
system/toxin/male, Development toxin [POSSIBLE]. The substance is toxic to kidneys, lungs, liver, skin.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.

Section 12: Ecological Information

p. 4
Ecotoxicity: Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 11104 ppm 96 hour(s) [Goldfish].
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification:
CLASS 6.1: Poisonous material. Marine pollutant
Identification: : Epichlorohydrin : UN2023 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:

California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer,
birth defects or other reproductive harm, which would require a warning under the statute: Epichlorohyrin California prop.
65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause birth defects which
would require a warning under the statute: Epichlorohyrin California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients
for which the State of California has found to cause cancer which would require a warning under the statute: Epichlorohyrin
Pennsylvania RTK: Epichlorohyrin Florida: Epichlorohyrin Minnesota: Epichlorohyrin Massachusetts RTK: Epichlorohyrin New
Jersey: Epichlorohyrin TSCA 8(b) inventory: Epichlorohyrin TSCA 12(b) one time export: Epichlorohyrin TSCA 12(b) annual
export notification: Epichlorohyrin
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS B-3: Combustible liquid with a flash point between 37.8C (100F) and 93.3C (200F). CLASS D-1A: Material causing
immediate and serious toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R10- Flammable. R23/24/25- Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R34- Causes burns. R43- May cause
sensitization by skin contact. R45- May cause cancer.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 3
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: h
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):

p. 5
 Health: 3
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 2
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:26 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 He a lt h 1
1 1
Fire
1 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l G
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Glycerin MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Glycerin Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLG1171, SLG1894, SLG1111, SLG1615 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 56-81-5 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: MA8050000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Glycerin
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glycerol 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Glycerin International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: C3H5(OH)3 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Glycerin 56-81-5 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Glycerin: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 12600 mg/kg [Rat]. 4090 mg/kg [Mouse]. DERMAL
(LD50): Acute: 10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. MIST(LC50): Acute: &gt;570 mg/m 1 hours [Rat].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of
ingestion, of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the
substance can produce target organs damage.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention if irritation occurs.

p. 1
Skin Contact:
Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Cold water
may be used.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.

Auto-Ignition Temperature:
370C (698F)(NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., 2002; NIOSH ICSC, 2001; CHRIS, 2001) 392 C
(739 F) (Lewis, 1997)
Flash Points:
CLOSED CUP: 160C (320F). (Chemical Hazard Response Information System, 2001; Lewis, 1997). OPEN CUP: 177C
(350.6F) (Budavari, 2000; Chemical Response Information System, 2001; NIOSH ICSC, 2001) OPEN CUP: 199 C(390 F)
(National Fire Protection Association, Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13 ed., 2002)
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 0.9%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), irritating and toxic fumes.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat, of oxidizing materials. Non-flammable in
presence of shocks.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available. Explosive in presence of oxidizing materials.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Glycerin is incompatible with strong oxidizers such as chromium trioxide, potassium chlorate, or potassium permanganate and
may explode on contact with these compounds. Explosive glyceryl nitrate is formed from a mixture of glycerin and nitric and
sulfuric acids. Perchloric acid , lead oxide + glycerin form perchloric esters which may be explosive. Glycerin and chlorine may
explode if heated and confined.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority
requirements.
Large Spill:

p. 2
Stop leak if without risk. If the product is in its solid form: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal
container. If the product is in its liquid form: Do not get water inside container. Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled
material in an appropriate waste disposal. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into
sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Eliminate all ignition sources. Call for assistance on disposal. Finish
cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system. Be careful that
the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not
breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Hygroscopic

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Safety glasses. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
TWA: 10 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] Inhalation Total. TWA: 15 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United
States] Inhalation Total. TWA: 10 STEL: 20 (mg/m3) [Canada] TWA: 5 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] Inhalation
Respirable.Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Viscous (Syrupy) liquid.)

Odor: Mild
Taste: Sweet.
Molecular Weight: 92.09 g/mole
Color: Clear Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 290C (554F)
Melting Point: 19C (66.2F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.2636 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 0 kPa (@ 20C)
Vapor Density: 3.17 (Air = 1)

p. 3
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -1.8
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, acetone.
Solubility:
Miscible in cold water, hot water and alcohol. Partially soluble in acetone. Very slightly soluble in diethyl ether (ethyl ether).
Limited solubility in ethyl acetate. Insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ethers, and oils

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Avoid contact with incompatible materials, excess heat and ignition, sources, moisture.
Incompatibility with various substances: Highly reactive with oxidizing agents.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Glycerin is incompatible with strong oxidizers such as chromium trioxide, potassium chlorate, or potassium
permanganate. Glycerin may react violently with acetic anhydride, aniline and nitrobenzene, chromic oxide, lead oxide and
fluorine, phosphorous triiodide, ethylene oxide and heat, silver perchlorate, sodium peroxide, sodium hydride.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact.

Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 4090 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the mist (LC50):
>570 mg/m3 1 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause damage to the following organs: kidneys.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals:
TDL (rat) - Route: Oral; Dose: 100 mg/kg 1 day prior to mating. TDL (human) - Route: Oral; Dose: 1428 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:
Glycerin is transferred across the plancenta in small amounts. May cause adverse reproductive effects based on animal
data (Paternal Effects (Rat): Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count), Testes,
epididymis, sperm duct). May affect genetic material.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Low hazard for normal industrial handling or normal workplace conditions. Skin: May cause
skin irritation. May be absorbed through skin Eyes: May cause eye irritation with stinging, redness, burning sensation,
and tearing, but no eye injury. Ingestion: Low hazard. Low toxicity except with very large doses. When large doses are
ingested, it can cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with thirst (dehydration), nausea or vomiting diarrhea. It may also
affect behavior/central nervous system/nervous system (central nervous system depression, general anesthetic, headache,
dizziness, confusion, insomnia, toxic psychosis, muscle weakness, paralysisconvulsions), urinary system/kidneys(renal failure,

p. 4
hemoglobinuria), cardiovascular system (cardiac arrhythmias), liver. It may also cause elevated blood sugar. Inhalation:
Due to low vapor pressure, inhalation of the vapors at room temperature is unlikely. Inhalation of mist may cause respiratory
tract irritation. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Ingestion: Prolonged or repeated ingestion may affect the blood(hemolysis,
changes in white blood cell count), endocrine system (changes in adrenal weight), respiratory system, and may cause kidney
injury.

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 58.5 ppm 96 hours [Trout].

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:

Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Glycerin Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Glycerin Pennsylvania
RTK: Glycerin Minnesota: Glycerin Massachusetts RTK: Glycerin Tennessee - Hazardous Right to Know: Glycerin TSCA 8(b)
inventory: Glycerin
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
Not available S24/25- Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 1
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: g

p. 5
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 1
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Safety glasses.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/10/2005 08:38 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 SAFETY DATA SHEET
Section 1. Identification
GHS product identifier
Chemical name
Other means of
identification
Product use
Synonym
SDS #
Supplier's details
Emergency telephone
number (with hours of
operation)
Section 2. Hazards identification
OSHA/HCS status
Classification of the
substance or mixture
GHS label elements
Hazard pictograms
Signal word
Hazard statements
Precautionary statements
General
Prevention
Date of issue/Date of revision
Hydrogen Chloride
: Hydrogen Chloride
: Hydrogen chloride
:
: Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
:
: 001028
: Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
: 1-866-734-3438
: This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
(29 CFR 1910.1200).
: GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas
ACUTE TOXICITY (inhalation) - Category 3
SKIN CORROSION/IRRITATION - Category 1
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 1
SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE) (Respiratory tract
irritation) - Category 3
:
: Danger
: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Toxic if inhaled.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Causes serious eye damage.
May cause respiratory irritation.
: Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDSS) before use. Read label before use.
Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or
label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use.
Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible
materials of construction.
: Wear protective gloves. Wear eye or face protection. Wear protective clothing. Use
only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Avoid breathing gas. Wash hands thoroughly
after handling. Use and store only outdoors or in a well ventilated place.
: 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 1/13
Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 2. Hazards identification

Response : IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for
breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. IF SWALLOWED:
Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce
vomiting. IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse
skin with water or shower. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Immediately call
a POISON CENTER or physician. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician.
Storage : Store locked up. Protect from sunlight. Protect from sunlight when ambient
temperature exceeds 52C/125F. Store in a well-ventilated place.
Disposal : Dispose of contents and container in accordance with all local, regional, national and
international regulations.
Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace
classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation.

Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients

Substance/mixture : Substance
Chemical name : Hydrogen chloride
Other means of :
identification

CAS number/other identifiers

CAS number : 7647-01-0
Product code : 001028
Ingredient name % CAS number
hydrogen chloride 100 7647-01-0
There are no additional ingredients present which, within the current knowledge of the supplier and in the
concentrations applicable, are classified as hazardous to health or the environment and hence require reporting
in this section.
Occupational exposure limits, if available, are listed in Section 8.

Section 4. First aid measures

Description of necessary first aid measures
Eye contact : Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician. Immediately flush
eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Check for and
remove any contact lenses. Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes. Chemical burns
must be treated promptly by a physician.
Inhalation : Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician. Remove victim to
fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. If it is suspected that
fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained
breathing apparatus. If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest
occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel. It may be
dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If
unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately. Maintain
an open airway. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
Skin contact : Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician. Flush
contaminated skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes. Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a
physician. Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.
Ingestion : As this product is a gas, refer to the inhalation section.

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 2/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 4. First aid measures

Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact : Causes serious eye damage. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or
frostbite.
Inhalation : Toxic if inhaled. May cause respiratory irritation.
Skin contact : Causes severe burns. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Frostbite : Try to warm up the frozen tissues and seek medical attention.
Ingestion : May cause burns to mouth, throat and stomach. As this product is a gas, refer to the
inhalation section.
Over-exposure signs/symptoms
Eye contact : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain
watering
redness
Inhalation : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
respiratory tract irritation
coughing
Skin contact : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain or irritation
redness
blistering may occur
Ingestion : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
stomach pains

Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary

Notes to physician
Specific treatments
Protection of first-aiders
: Treat symptomatically. Contact poison treatment specialist immediately if large
quantities have been ingested or inhaled.
: No specific treatment.
: No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. If it is
suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or
self-contained breathing apparatus. It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to
give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water
before removing it, or wear gloves.

See toxicological information (Section 11)

Section 5. Fire-fighting measures

Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing : Use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire.
media
Unsuitable extinguishing : None known.
media

Specific hazards arising : Contains gas under pressure. In a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and
from the chemical the container may burst or explode.
Hazardous thermal : Decomposition products may include the following materials:
decomposition products halogenated compounds

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 3/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 5. Fire-fighting measures

Special protective actions
for fire-fighters
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
: Promptly isolate the scene by removing all persons from the vicinity of the incident if
there is a fire. No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable
training. Contact supplier immediately for specialist advice. Move containers from fire
area if this can be done without risk. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers
cool.
: Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.

Section 6. Accidental release measures

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
For non-emergency : No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.
personnel Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from
entering. Do not breathe gas. Provide adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate
respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Put on appropriate personal protective
equipment.
For emergency responders : If specialised clothing is required to deal with the spillage, take note of any information
in Section 8 on suitable and unsuitable materials. See also the information in "For non-
emergency personnel".

Environmental precautions : Ensure emergency procedures to deal with accidental gas releases are in place to avoid
contamination of the environment. Inform the relevant authorities if the product has
caused environmental pollution (sewers, waterways, soil or air).

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up

Small spill : Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop leak if without risk.
Large spill : Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop leak if without risk. Note: see Section
1 for emergency contact information and Section 13 for waste disposal.

Section 7. Handling and storage

Precautions for safe handling
Protective measures
: Put on appropriate personal protective equipment (see Section 8). Contains gas under
pressure. Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing. Do not breathe gas. Use only with
adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate.
Empty containers retain product residue and can be hazardous. Do not puncture or
incinerate container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each
use and when empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or
drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.

Advice on general
occupational hygiene
: Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is
handled, stored and processed. Workers should wash hands and face before eating,
drinking and smoking. Remove contaminated clothing and protective equipment before
entering eating areas. See also Section 8 for additional information on hygiene
measures.

Conditions for safe storage,
including any
incompatibilities
: Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in a segregated and approved area.
Store away from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from
incompatible materials (see Section 10). Store locked up. Keep container tightly closed
and sealed until ready for use. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection
cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder
temperatures should not exceed 52 C (125 F).

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 4/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride
Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection
Control parameters
Occupational exposure limits
Ingredient name
hydrogen chloride
Appropriate engineering
controls
Environmental exposure
controls
Individual protection measures
Hygiene measures
Eye/face protection
Skin protection
Hand protection
Body protection
Other skin protection
Respiratory protection
Date of issue/Date of revision
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2012).
C: 2 ppm
NIOSH REL (United States, 1/2013).
CEIL: 7 mg/m
CEIL: 5 ppm
OSHA PEL (United States, 6/2010).
CEIL: 7 mg/m
CEIL: 5 ppm
OSHA PEL 1989 (United States, 3/1989).
CEIL: 7 mg/m
CEIL: 5 ppm
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits.
: Emissions from ventilation or work process equipment should be checked to ensure
they comply with the requirements of environmental protection legislation. In some
cases, fume scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to the process equipment
will be necessary to reduce emissions to acceptable levels.
: Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling chemical products, before
eating, smoking and using the lavatory and at the end of the working period.
Appropriate techniques should be used to remove potentially contaminated clothing.
Wash contaminated clothing before reusing. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety
showers are close to the workstation location.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists,
gases or dusts. If contact is possible, the following protection should be worn, unless
the assessment indicates a higher degree of protection: chemical splash goggles and/
or face shield. If inhalation hazards exist, a full-face respirator may be required instead.
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary. Considering the parameters specified by the glove manufacturer, check
during use that the gloves are still retaining their protective properties. It should be
noted that the time to breakthrough for any glove material may be different for different
glove manufacturers. In the case of mixtures, consisting of several substances, the
protection time of the gloves cannot be accurately estimated.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before
handling this product.
: Appropriate footwear and any additional skin protection measures should be selected
based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a
specialist before handling this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
: 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 5/13
Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 9. Physical and chemical properties

Appearance
Physical state
Color
Molecular weight
Molecular formula
Boiling/condensation point
Melting/freezing point
Critical temperature
: Gas. [Liquefied compressed gas.]
: Colorless. Yellowish.
: 36.46 g/mole
: Cl-H
: -85C (-121F)
: -114C (-173.2F)
: 51.45C (124.6F)

Odor : Pungent.
Odor threshold : Not available.
pH : Not available.
Flash point : [Product does not sustain combustion.]
Burning time : Not applicable.
Burning rate : Not applicable.
Evaporation rate : Not available.
Flammability (solid, gas) : Not available.
Lower and upper explosive : Not available.
(flammable) limits
Vapor pressure : 613 (psig)
Vapor density : 1.3 (Air = 1)
Specific Volume (ft /lb) 3
: 10.5263
Gas Density (lb/ft 3) : 0.095
Relative density : Not applicable.
Solubility : Soluble in the following materials: cold water.
Solubility in water : Not available.
Partition coefficient: n- : 0.25
octanol/water
Auto-ignition temperature : Not available.
Decomposition temperature : Not available.
SADT : Not available.
Viscosity : Not applicable.

Section 10. Stability and reactivity

Reactivity : No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.

Chemical stability : The product is stable.

Possibility of hazardous : Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous reactions will not occur.
reactions

Conditions to avoid : No specific data.

Incompatibility with various : Extremely reactive or incompatible with the following materials: alkalis and moisture.
substances Highly reactive or incompatible with the following materials: metals.

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 6/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 10. Stability and reactivity

Hazardous decomposition : Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should
products not be produced.

Hazardous polymerization : Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous polymerization will not occur.

Section 11. Toxicological information

Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
Product/ingredient name Result Species Dose Exposure
hydrogen chloride LC50 Inhalation Gas. Rat 3124 ppm 1 hours
LC50 Inhalation Gas. Rat 1562 ppm 4 hours
Irritation/Corrosion
Product/ingredient name Result Species Score Exposure Observation
hydrogen chloride Eyes - Mild irritant Rabbit - 0.5 minutes 5 -
milligrams
Skin - Mild irritant Human - 24 hours 4 -
Percent
Sensitization
Not available.

Mutagenicity
Not available.

Carcinogenicity
Not available.
Classification
Product/ingredient name OSHA IARC NTP
hydrogen chloride - 3 -

Reproductive toxicity
Not available.
Teratogenicity
Not available.
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)
Name Category Route of Target organs
exposure
hydrogen chloride Category 3 Not applicable. Respiratory tract
irritation
Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)
Not available.
Aspiration hazard
Not available.

Information on the likely : Not available.

routes of exposure

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 7/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 11. Toxicological information

Potential acute health effects
Eye contact : Causes serious eye damage. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or
frostbite.
Inhalation : Toxic if inhaled. May cause respiratory irritation.
Skin contact : Causes severe burns. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Ingestion : May cause burns to mouth, throat and stomach. As this product is a gas, refer to the
inhalation section.

Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics

Eye contact : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain
watering
redness
Inhalation : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
respiratory tract irritation
coughing
Skin contact : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain or irritation
redness
blistering may occur
Ingestion : Adverse symptoms may include the following:
stomach pains

Delayed and immediate effects and also chronic effects from short and long term exposure
Short term exposure
Potential immediate : Not available.
effects
Potential delayed effects : Not available.
Long term exposure
Potential immediate : Not available.
effects
Potential delayed effects : Not available.
Potential chronic health effects
Not available.
General : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Carcinogenicity : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Mutagenicity : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Teratogenicity : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Developmental effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Fertility effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Numerical measures of toxicity

Acute toxicity estimates
Not available.

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 8/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 12. Ecological information

Toxicity
Product/ingredient name Result Species Exposure
hydrogen chloride Acute LC50 240000 g/l Marine water Crustaceans - Carcinus maenas - 48 hours
Adult
Acute LC50 282 ppm Fresh water Fish - Gambusia affinis - Adult 96 hours

Persistence and degradability

Not available.

Bioaccumulative potential
Product/ingredient name LogPow BCF Potential
hydrogen chloride 0.25 - low

Mobility in soil
Soil/water partition : Not available.
coefficient (KOC)

Other adverse effects : No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Section 13. Disposal considerations

Disposal methods : The generation of waste should be avoided or minimized wherever possible. Disposal
of this product, solutions and any by-products should at all times comply with the
requirements of environmental protection and waste disposal legislation and any
regional local authority requirements. Dispose of surplus and non-recyclable products
via a licensed waste disposal contractor. Waste should not be disposed of untreated to
the sewer unless fully compliant with the requirements of all authorities with jurisdiction.
Empty Airgas-owned pressure vessels should be returned to Airgas. Waste packaging
should be recycled. Incineration or landfill should only be considered when recycling is
not feasible. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Empty
containers or liners may retain some product residues. Do not puncture or incinerate
container.

Section 14. Transport information

DOT TDG Mexico IMDG IATA
UN number UN1050 UN1050 UN1050 UN1050 UN1050
UN proper HYDROGEN HYDROGEN HYDROGEN HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE, CHLORIDE, CHLORIDE, CHLORIDE, CHLORIDE,
shipping name ANHYDROUS ANHYDROUS ANHYDROUS ANHYDROUS ANHYDROUS

Transport 2.3 (8) 2.3 (8) 2.3 (8) 2.3 (8) 2.3 (8)
hazard class(es)

Packing group - - - - -
Environment No. No. No. No. No.

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 9/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 14. Transport information

Additional Inhalation hazard zone Explosive Limit and - - Passenger and Cargo
C Limited Quantity Index AircraftQuantity
information
0 limitation: 0 Forbidden
Reportable quantity Cargo Aircraft Only
5000 lbs / 2270 kg ERAP Index Quantity limitation: 0
Package sizes shipped 25 Forbidden
in quantities less than
the product reportable Passenger Carrying
quantity are not subject Ship Index
to the RQ (reportable Forbidden
quantity) transportation
requirements. Passenger Carrying
Road or Rail Index
Limited quantity Forbidden
Yes.
Special provisions
Packaging instruction 38
Passenger aircraft
Quantity limitation:
Forbidden.

Cargo aircraft
Quantity limitation:
Forbidden.

Special provisions
3

Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.

Special precautions for user : Transport within users premises: always transport in closed containers that are
upright and secure. Ensure that persons transporting the product know what to do in the
event of an accident or spillage.

Transport in bulk according : Not available.

to Annex II of MARPOL
73/78 and the IBC Code

Section 15. Regulatory information

U.S. Federal regulations : TSCA 8(a) CDR Exempt/Partial exemption: Not determined
United States inventory (TSCA 8b): This material is listed or exempted.
Clean Water Act (CWA) 311: Hydrogen chloride
Clean Air Act (CAA) 112 regulated flammable substances: Hydrogen chloride
Clean Air Act (CAA) 112 regulated toxic substances: Hydrogen chloride
Clean Air Act Section 112 : Listed
(b) Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs)
Clean Air Act Section 602 : Not listed
Class I Substances
Clean Air Act Section 602 : Not listed
Class II Substances
DEA List I Chemicals : Not listed
(Precursor Chemicals)
DEA List II Chemicals : Listed
(Essential Chemicals)
SARA 302/304

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 10/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 15. Regulatory information

Composition/information on ingredients
SARA 302 TPQ SARA 304 RQ
Name % EHS (lbs) (gallons) (lbs) (gallons)
hydrogen chloride 100 Yes. - - - -
SARA 304 RQ : Not applicable.
SARA 311/312
Classification : Sudden release of pressure
Immediate (acute) health hazard
Composition/information on ingredients
Name % Fire Sudden Reactive Immediate Delayed
hazard release of (acute) (chronic)
pressure health health
hazard hazard
hydrogen chloride 100 No. Yes. No. Yes. No.
SARA 313
Product name CAS number %
Form R - Reporting Hydrogen chloride 7647-01-0 100
requirements
Supplier notification Hydrogen chloride 7647-01-0 100

SARA 313 notifications must not be detached from the SDS and any copying and redistribution of the SDS shall include
copying and redistribution of the notice attached to copies of the SDS subsequently redistributed.
State regulations
Massachusetts
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Canada inventory
International regulations
International lists
Chemical Weapons
Convention List Schedule
I Chemicals
Chemical Weapons
Convention List Schedule
II Chemicals
Chemical Weapons
Convention List Schedule
III Chemicals
: This material is listed.
: This material is listed.
: This material is listed.
: This material is listed.
: This material is listed or exempted.
: Australia inventory (AICS): This material is listed or exempted.
China inventory (IECSC): This material is listed or exempted.
Japan inventory: This material is listed or exempted.
Korea inventory: This material is listed or exempted.
Malaysia Inventory (EHS Register): Not determined.
New Zealand Inventory of Chemicals (NZIoC): This material is listed or exempted.
Philippines inventory (PICCS): This material is listed or exempted.
Taiwan inventory (CSNN): Not determined.
: Not listed
: Not listed
: Not listed

Canada
Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 11/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 15. Regulatory information

WHMIS (Canada) : Class A: Compressed gas.
Class D-1A: Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects (Very toxic).
Class E: Corrosive material
CEPA Toxic substances: This material is not listed.
Canadian ARET: This material is not listed.
Canadian NPRI: This material is listed.
Alberta Designated Substances: This material is not listed.
Ontario Designated Substances: This material is not listed.
Quebec Designated Substances: This material is not listed.

Section 16. Other information

Canada Label requirements : Class A: Compressed gas.
Class D-1A: Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects (Very
toxic).
Class E: Corrosive material
Hazardous Material Information System (U.S.A.)
Health * 3

Flammability 0
Physical hazards 3

Caution: HMIS ratings are based on a 0-4 rating scale, with 0 representing minimal hazards or risks, and 4
representing significant hazards or risks Although HMIS ratings are not required on SDSs under 29 CFR 1910.
1200, the preparer may choose to provide them. HMIS ratings are to be used with a fully implemented HMIS
program. HMIS is a registered mark of the National Paint & Coatings Association (NPCA). HMIS materials
may be purchased exclusively from J. J. Keller (800) 327-6868.
The customer is responsible for determining the PPE code for this material.
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.)

0 Flammability
Health 3 0 Instability/Reactivity
Special

Reprinted with permission from NFPA 704-2001, Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
Response Copyright 1997, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269. This reprinted material is
not the complete and official position of the National Fire Protection Association, on the referenced subject
which is represented only by the standard in its entirety.
Copyright 2001, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269. This warning system is intended to
be interpreted and applied only by properly trained individuals to identify fire, health and reactivity hazards of
chemicals. The user is referred to certain limited number of chemicals with recommended classifications in
NFPA 49 and NFPA 325, which would be used as a guideline only. Whether the chemicals are classified by NFPA
or not, anyone using the 704 systems to classify chemicals does so at their own risk.
History
Date of printing : 5/19/2015.
Date of issue/Date of : 5/19/2015.
revision
Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014.
Version : 0.03

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 12/13

Powered by IHS
Hydrogen Chloride

Section 16. Other information

Key to abbreviations : ATE = Acute Toxicity Estimate
BCF = Bioconcentration Factor
GHS = Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
IATA = International Air Transport Association
IBC = Intermediate Bulk Container
IMDG = International Maritime Dangerous Goods
LogPow = logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient
MARPOL 73/78 = International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships,
1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978. ("Marpol" = marine pollution)
UN = United NationsACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association
CAS Chemical Abstract Services
CEPA Canadian Environmental Protection Act
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(EPA)
CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations
CPR Controlled Products Regulations
DSL Domestic Substances List
GWP Global Warming Potential
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
Inh Inhalation
LC Lethal concentration
LD Lethal dosage
NDSL Non-Domestic Substances List
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
TDG Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and Regulations
TLV Threshold Limit Value
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
WEEL Workplace Environmental Exposure Level
WHMIS Canadian Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
References : Not available.
Indicates information that has changed from previously issued version.
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.

Date of issue/Date of revision : 5/19/2015. Date of previous issue : 10/15/2014. Version : 0.03 13/13

Powered by IHS
 He a lt h 2
3 3
Fire
1 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l H
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Methyl alcohol MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Methyl alcohol Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLM3064, SLM3952 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 67-56-1 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: PC1400000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcohol
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not applicable.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Wood alcohol, Methanol; Methylol; Wood 1-800-424-9300
Spirit; Carbinol
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Methanol
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: CH3OH

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Methyl alcohol 67-56-1 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Methyl alcohol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5628 mg/kg [Rat]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 15800
mg/kg [Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 64000 ppm 4 hours [Rat].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects:

Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of
skin contact (permeator). Severe over-exposure can result in death.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified
POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to eyes. The substance may be
toxic to blood, kidneys, liver, brain, peripheral nervous system, upper respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system (CNS),
optic nerve. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated exposure to a
highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

p. 1
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids
open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: 464C (867.2F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 12C (53.6F). OPEN CUP: 16C (60.8F).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 6% UPPER: 36.5%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Highly flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Explosive in presence of open flames and
sparks, of heat.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam,
water spray or fog.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition
and flash back. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. CAUTION: MAY BURN WITH NEAR
INVISIBLE FLAME
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Forms an explosive mixture with air due to its low flash point. Explosive when mixed with Choroform + sodium methoxide and
diethyl zinc. It boils violently and explodes.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

p. 2
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Flammable liquid. Poisonous liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk.
Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled
material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call
for assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the
MSDS and with local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do
not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, metals, acids.
Storage:
Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and
sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
TWA: 200 from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] STEL: 250
from NIOSH [United States] TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm) from NIOSH SKIN TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm) [Canada] Consult
local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.

Odor: Alcohol like. Pungent when crude.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 32.04 g/mole
Color: Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 64.5C (148.1F)
Melting Point: -97.8C (-144F)
Critical Temperature: 240C (464F)

p. 3
Specific Gravity: 0.7915 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 12.3 kPa (@ 20C)
Vapor Density: 1.11 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: 100 ppm
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -0.8
Ionicity (in Water): Non-ionic.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Heat, ingnition sources, incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, metals, acids.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Can react vigorously with oxidizers. Violent reaction with alkyl aluminum salts, acetyl bromide, chloroform + sodium methoxide,
chromic anhydride, cyanuirc chlorite, lead perchlorate, phosphorous trioxide, nitric acid. Exothermic reaction with sodium
hydroxide + chloroform. Incompatible with beryllium dihydride, metals (potassium and magnesium), oxidants (barium
perchlorate, bromine, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide), potassium tert-butoxide, carbon tetrachloride, alkali
metals, metals (aluminum, potassium magnesium, zinc), and dichlormethane. Rapid autocatalytic dissolution of aluminum,
magnesium or zinc in 9:1 methanol + carbon tetrachloride - sufficiently vigorous to be rated as potentially hazardous. May
attack some plastics, rubber, and coatings.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 5628 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 15800 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50):
64000 4 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. Causes damage to the following organs: eyes. May cause damage to the
following organs: blood, kidneys, liver, brain, peripheral nervous system, upper respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system
(CNS), optic nerve.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:

p. 4
Passes through the placental barrier. May affect genetic material. May cause birth defects and adverse reproductive
effects(paternal and maternal effects and fetotoxicity ) based on animal studies.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 29400 mg/l 96 hours [Fathead Minnow].

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation:
Methanol in water is rapidly biodegraded and volatilized. Aquatic hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, adsorption to sediment, and
bioconcentration are not significant fate processes. The half-life of methanol in surfact water ranges from 24 hrs. to 168 hrs.
Based on its vapor pressure, methanol exists almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. It is degraded by
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and has an estimated half-life of 17.8 days. Methanol is physically
removed from air by rain due to its solubility. Methanol can react with NO2 in pollulted to form methyl nitrate. The half-life of
methanol in air ranges from 71 hrs. (3 days) to 713 hrs. (29.7 days) based on photooxidation half-life in air.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid.

Identification: : Methyl alcohol UNNA: 1230 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:

Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Methyl alcohol Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Methyl alcohol
Illinois chemical safety act: Methyl alcohol New York release reporting list: Methyl alcohol Rhode Island RTK hazardous
substances: Methyl alcohol Pennsylvania RTK: Methyl alcohol Minnesota: Methyl alcohol Massachusetts RTK: Methyl
alcohol Massachusetts spill list: Methyl alcohol New Jersey: Methyl alcohol New Jersey spill list: Methyl alcohol Louisiana
spill reporting: Methyl alcohol California Directors List of Hazardous Substances (8CCR 339): Methyl alcohol Tennesse
Hazardous Right to Know : Methyl alcohol TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcohol SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and
release reporting: Methyl alcohol CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Methyl alcohol: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS B-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8C (100F). CLASS D-1B: Material causing immediate and
serious toxic effects (TOXIC). CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). Class D-2B: Material causing
other toxic effects (TOXIC).

p. 5
DSCL (EEC):
R11- Highly flammable. R23/24/25- Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R39- Danger of very serious
irreversible effects. R39/23/24/25- Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and
if swallowed. S7- Keep container tightly closed. S16- Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. S36/37- Wear suitable
protective clothing and gloves. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label
where possible).
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 3
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: h
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 1
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.

Section 16: Other Information

References:
-SAX, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Indutrial Materials. Toronto, Van Nostrand Reinold, 6e ed. 1984. -Material safety
data sheet emitted by: la Commission de la Sant et de la Scurit du Travail du Qubec. -Hawley, G.G.. The
Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11e ed., New York N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. LOLI, HSDB, RTECS, HAZARDTEXT,
REPROTOX databases
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/10/2005 08:23 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 Page 1 of 7
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

MATHESON TRI-GAS, INC. Emergency Contact:

150 Allen Road Suite 302 CHEMTREC 1-800-424-9300
Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920 Calls Originating Outside the US:
Information: 1-800-416-2505 703-527-3887 (Collect Calls Accepted)

SUBSTANCE: 1-CHLORO-2-PROPANOL

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
2-PROPANOL, 1-CHLORO-; 1-CHLOROISOPROPYL ALCOHOL; SEC-PROPYLENE
CHLOROHYDRIN; ALPHA-PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN; PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN; 1-
CHLOROPROPAN-2-OL; UN 2611; C3H7ClO; MAT04855; RTECS UA8942000

CHEMICAL FAMILY: hydroxyls, aliphatic, halogens

CREATION DATE: Mar 30 1989

REVISION DATE: Dec 11 2008

2. COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

COMPONENT: 1-CHLORO-2-PROPANOL
CAS NUMBER: 127-00-4
PERCENTAGE: 100.0

3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

NFPA RATINGS (SCALE 0-4): HEALTH=2 FIRE=2 REACTIVITY=0

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:
COLOR: colorless
PHYSICAL FORM: liquid
ODOR: faint odor
MAJOR HEALTH HAZARDS: harmful if inhaled or swallowed, central nervous system depression
PHYSICAL HAZARDS: Combustible liquid and vapor.

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS:

INHALATION:
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE: same as effects reported in short term ingestion, irritation, symptoms of
 Page 2 of 7
drunkenness, kidney damage, liver damage
LONG TERM EXPOSURE: no information is available
SKIN CONTACT:
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE: irritation
LONG TERM EXPOSURE: same as effects reported in short term exposure
EYE CONTACT:
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE: irritation
LONG TERM EXPOSURE: same as effects reported in short term exposure
INGESTION:
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE: vomiting, digestive disorders, headache, symptoms of drunkenness, kidney
damage, liver damage
LONG TERM EXPOSURE: no information is available

4. FIRST AID MEASURES

INHALATION: If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial respiration if not
breathing. Get immediate medical attention.

SKIN CONTACT: Wash skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated
clothing and shoes. Get medical attention, if needed. Thoroughly clean and dry contaminated clothing and
shoes before reuse.

EYE CONTACT: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Then get immediate medical
attention.

INGESTION: If vomiting occurs, keep head lower than hips to help prevent aspiration. If person is
unconscious, turn head to side. Get medical attention immediately.

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: For ingestion, consider gastric lavage. Consider oxygen.

5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Moderate fire hazard. The vapor is heavier than air. Vapors or
gases may ignite at distant ignition sources and flash back. Vapor/air mixtures are explosive above flash
point.

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: regular dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water, regular foam, alcohol-resistant
foam

Large fires: Use regular foam or flood with fine water spray.

FIRE FIGHTING: Move container from fire area if it can be done without risk. Cool containers with water
spray until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of tanks. For fires in cargo or storage area: Cool
containers with water from unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles until well after fire is out. If this is
 Page 3 of 7
impossible then take the following precautions: Keep unnecessary people away, isolate hazard area and deny
entry. Let the fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any
discoloration of tanks due to fire. For tank, rail car or tank truck: Evacuation radius: 800 meters (1/2 mile).
Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of material can be stopped first. Flood with fine water spray.
Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. Cool containers with water spray until well
after the fire is out. Apply water from a protected location or from a safe distance. Avoid inhalation of
material or combustion by-products. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas.

FLASH POINT: 126 F (52 C) (OC)

FLAMMABILITY CLASS (OSHA): II

6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

OCCUPATIONAL RELEASE:
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Stop leak if possible without personal risk. Reduce
vapors with water spray. Small spills: Absorb with sand or other non-combustible material. Collect spilled
material in appropriate container for disposal. Large spills: Dike for later disposal. Remove sources of
ignition. Keep unnecessary people away, isolate hazard area and deny entry.

7. HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE: Store and handle in accordance with all current regulations and standards. Subject to storage
regulations: U.S. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106. Grounding and bonding required. Keep separated from
incompatible substances.

8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION

EXPOSURE LIMITS:
1-CHLORO-2-PROPANOL:
1 ppm ACGIH TWA (skin)

VENTILATION: Provide local exhaust or process enclosure ventilation system. Ensure compliance with
applicable exposure limits.

EYE PROTECTION: Wear splash resistant safety goggles. Provide an emergency eye wash fountain and
quick drench shower in the immediate work area.

CLOTHING: Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing.

GLOVES: Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves.

RESPIRATOR: Under conditions of frequent use or heavy exposure, respiratory protection may be needed.
Respiratory protection is ranked in order from minimum to maximum. Consider warning properties before
 Page 4 of 7
use.
Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece that is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-
pressure mode.
Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure mode.
For Unknown Concentrations or Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health -
Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece that is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-
pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-
demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure mode.

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL STATE: liquid

COLOR: colorless
ODOR: faint odor
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 94.54
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C-H3-C-H-(O-H)-C-H2-Cl
BOILING POINT: 259-261 F (126-127 C) @ 750 mmHg
FREEZING POINT: Not available
VAPOR PRESSURE: 4.9 mmHg @ 20 C
VAPOR DENSITY (air=1): 3.26
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (water=1): 1.115
WATER SOLUBILITY: soluble
PH: Not available
VOLATILITY: Not available
ODOR THRESHOLD: Not available
EVAPORATION RATE: Not available
COEFFICIENT OF WATER/OIL DISTRIBUTION: Not available
SOLVENT SOLUBILITY:
Soluble: alcohol, ether

10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

REACTIVITY: Stable at normal temperatures and pressure.

CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Containers may
rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Keep out of water supplies and sewers.

INCOMPATIBILITIES: oxidizing materials

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION:
Thermal decomposition products: halogenated compounds, oxides of carbon
 Page 5 of 7

POLYMERIZATION: Will not polymerize.

11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

1-CHLORO-2-PROPANOL:
TOXICITY DATA: 1000 ppm/4 hour(s) inhalation-rat LC50; 430 mg/kg skin-rabbit LD50; 220 mg/kg
oral-rat LD50 (BDH Chemicals Canada Ltd.)
CARCINOGEN STATUS: ACGIH: A4 -Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
ACUTE TOXICITY LEVEL:
Toxic: inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion
TARGET ORGANS: central nervous system
MUTAGENIC DATA: Available.
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA: Available.

12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

ECOTOXICITY DATA:
FISH TOXICITY: 245000 ug/L 96 hour(s) LC50 (Mortality) Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY: Harmful to aquatic life.

13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Subject to disposal regulations: U.S. EPA 40 CFR 262. Hazardous Waste Number(s): D001. Dispose in
accordance with all applicable regulations.

14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION

U.S. DOT 49 CFR 172.101:

PROPER SHIPPING NAME: Propylene chlorohydrin
ID NUMBER: UN2611
HAZARD CLASS OR DIVISION: 6.1
PACKING GROUP: II
LABELING REQUIREMENTS: 6.1; 3

CANADIAN TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS:

SHIPPING NAME: Propylene chlorohydrin
UN NUMBER: UN2611
CLASS: 6.1; 3
PACKING GROUP/CATEGORY: II
 Page 6 of 7

15. REGULATORY INFORMATION

U.S. REGULATIONS:
CERCLA SECTIONS 102a/103 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (40 CFR 302.4): Not regulated.

SARA TITLE III SECTION 302 EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (40 CFR 355 Subpart
B): Not regulated.

SARA TITLE III SECTION 304 EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (40 CFR 355 Subpart
C): Not regulated.

SARA TITLE III SARA SECTIONS 311/312 HAZARDOUS CATEGORIES (40 CFR 370 Subparts B
and C):
ACUTE: Yes
CHRONIC: No
FIRE: Yes
REACTIVE: No
SUDDEN RELEASE: No

SARA TITLE III SECTION 313 (40 CFR 372.65): Not regulated.

OSHA PROCESS SAFETY (29 CFR 1910.119): Not regulated.

STATE REGULATIONS:
California Proposition 65: Not regulated.

CANADIAN REGULATIONS:
WHMIS CLASSIFICATION: Not determined.

NATIONAL INVENTORY STATUS:

U.S. INVENTORY (TSCA): Listed on inventory.

TSCA 12(b) EXPORT NOTIFICATION: Not listed.

CANADA INVENTORY (DSL/NDSL): Not determined.

16. OTHER INFORMATION

RTECS is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by
and through Symyx Software, Inc. Portions Copyright 2001, U.S. Government. All rights reserved.

Copyright 1984-2009 ChemADVISOR, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Page 7 of 7
MATHESON TRI-GAS, INC. MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
GUARANTEES OR REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING THE PRODUCT OR THE
INFORMATION HEREIN, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY
OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR USE. MATHESON TRI-GAS, INC. SHALL NOT BE
LIABLE FOR ANY PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY OR OTHER DAMAGES OF ANY NATURE,
WHETHER COMPENSATORY, CONSEQUENTIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHERWISE,
RESULTING FROM ANY PUBLICATION, USE OR RELIANCE UPON THE INFORMATION
HEREIN.
 He a lt h 1
0 0
Fire
1 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l E
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Sodium chloride MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Sodium chloride Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLS3262, SLS1045, SLS3889, SLS1669, Sciencelab.com, Inc.
SLS3091 14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
CAS#: 7647-14-5
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
RTECS: VZ4725000 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400

TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chloride Order Online: ScienceLab.com

CI#: Not applicable. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:

1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Salt; Sea Salt
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Sodium chloride
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: NaCl

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium chloride: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3000 mg/kg [Rat.]. 4000 mg/kg [Mouse].
DERMAL (LD50): Acute: &gt;10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. DUST (LC50): Acute: &gt;42000 mg/m 1 hours [Rat].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of
inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for
bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or
prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:

p. 1
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Cold water
may be used.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Electrolysis of sodium chloride in presence of nitrogenous compounds to produce chlorine may lead to formation of explosive
nitrogen trichloride. Potentially explosive reaction with dichloromaleic anhydride + urea.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the
contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Avoid contact with eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested,
seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents, acids.

p. 2
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Hygroscopic

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid crystalline powder.)

Odor: Slight.
Taste: Saline.
Molecular Weight: 58.44 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 1413C (2575.4F)
Melting Point: 801C (1473.8F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 2.165 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in glycerol, and ammonia. Very slightly soluble in alcohol. Insoluble in
Hydrochloric Acid.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

p. 3
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, high temperatures.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, metals, acids.
Corrosivity: Not considered to be corrosive for metals and glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Reacts with most nonnoble metals such as iron or steel, building materials (such as cement) Sodium chloride is
rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride. Violent reaction with lithium.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 3000 mg/kg [Rat.]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): >10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the dust (LC50):
>42000 mg/m3 1 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/
or yeast.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Lowest Published Lethal Dose (LDL) [Man] - Route: Oral; Dose: 1000 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:
Causes adverse reproductive effects in humans (fetotoxicity, abortion, ) by intraplacental route. High intake of sodium chloride,
whether from occupational exposure or in the diet, may increase risk of TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY in susceptible women
(Bishop, 1978). Hypertonic sodium chloride solutions have been used to induce abortion in late pregnancy by direct infusion
into the uterus (Brown et al, 1972), but this route of administration is not relevant to occupational exposures. May cause
adverse reproductive effects and birth defects in animals, particularly rats and mice (fetotoxicity, abortion, musculoskeletal
abnormalities, and maternal effects (effects on ovaries, fallopian tubes) by oral, intraperitoneal, intraplacental, intrauterine,
parenteral, and subcutaneous routes. While sodium chloride has been used as a negative control n some reproductive
studies, it has also been used as an example that almost any chemical can cause birth defects in experimental animals
if studied under the right conditions (Nishimura & Miyamoto, 1969). In experimental animals, sodium chloride has caused
delayed effects on newborns, has been fetotoxic, and has caused birth defects and abortions in rats and mice (RTECS, 1997).
May affect genetic material (mutagenic)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irritation. Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Ingestion: Ingestion of large
quantities can irritate the stomach (as in overuse of salt tablets) with nausea and vomiting. May affect behavior (muscle
spasicity/contraction, somnolence), sense organs, metabolism, and cardiovascular system. Continued exposure may
produce dehydration, internal organ congestion, and coma. Inhalation: Material is irritating to mucous membranes and upper
respiratory tract.

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.

p. 4
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chloride

Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
R40- Possible risks of irreversible effects. S24/25- Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 1
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 1
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.

Section 16: Other Information

References:
-Hawley, G.G.. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11e ed., New York N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. -SAX, N.I.
Dangerous Properties of Indutrial Materials. Toronto, Van Nostrand Reinold, 6e ed. 1984. -The Sigma-Aldrich Library of
Chemical Safety Data, Edition II.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/11/2005 12:33 PM

p. 5
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 He a lt h 3
0 0
Fire
3 1
Re a c t iv it y 2
P e rs o n a l J
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Sodium hydroxide MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Sodium hydroxide Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLS3298, SLS1081, SLS2503, SLS3925, Sciencelab.com, Inc.
SLS1705 14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
CAS#: 1310-73-2
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
RTECS: WB4900000 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400

TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium hydroxide Order Online: ScienceLab.com

CI#: Not available. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:

1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Caustic Soda
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Sodium Hydroxide
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: NaOH

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium hydroxide LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects:

Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion,
of inhalation. The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or
blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or
respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking,
unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is
characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to
mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
organs damage. Repeated exposure of the eyes to a low level of dust can produce eye irritation. Repeated skin exposure can
produce local skin destruction, or dermatitis. Repeated inhalation of dust can produce varying degree of respiratory irritation or
lung damage.

p. 1
 Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: metals
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of heat.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not available
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
sodium hydroxide + zinc metal dust causes ignition of the latter. Under proper conditions of temperature, pressure and state
of division, it can ignite or react violently with acetaldehyde, ally alcohol, allyl chloride, benzene-1,4-diol, chlorine trifluoride,
1,2 dichlorethylene, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, cinnamaldehyde, 2,2-dichloro-3,3-dimethylbutane.
Sodium hydroxide in contact with water may generate enough heat to ignite adjacent combustible materials. Phosphorous
boiled with NaOH yields mixed phosphines which may ignite spontanously in air. sodium hydroxide and cinnamaldehyde +
heat may cause ignition. Reaction with certain metals releases flammable and explosive hydrogen gas.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Sodium hydroxide reacts to form explosive products with ammonia + silver nitrate. Benzene extract of allyl benzenesulfonate
prepared from allyl alcohol, and benzene sulfonyl chloride in presence of aquesous sodium hydroxide, under vacuum
distillation, residue darkened and exploded. Sodium Hydroxde + impure tetrahydrofuran, which can contain peroxides, can

p. 2
cause serious explosions. Dry mixtures of sodium hydroxide and sodium tetrahydroborate liberate hydrogen explosively at
230-270 deg. C. Sodium Hydroxide reacts with sodium salt of trichlorophenol + methyl alcohol + trichlorobenzene + heat to
cause an explosion.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with
a dilute solution of acetic acid.
Large Spill:
Corrosive solid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray
to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal.
Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level
above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep container dry. Do not breathe dust. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. If you feel unwell, seek medical attention and show the label when possible. Avoid contact with skin
and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metals, acids, alkalis, moisture.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Hygroscopic. Deliquescent.

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Synthetic apron. Vapor and dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.
Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor and dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling
this product.
Exposure Limits:
STEL: 2 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 2 CEIL: 2 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] CEIL: 2 (mg/
m3) from NIOSHConsult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Deliquescent solid.)

Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 40 g/mole
Color: White.

p. 3
pH (1% soln/water): 13.5 [Basic.]
Boiling Point: 1388C (2530.4F)
Melting Point: 323C (613.4F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 2.13 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, moisture, moist air
Incompatibility with various substances:
Highly reactive with metals. Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis, moisture.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Much heat is evolved when solid material is dissolved in water. Therefore cold water and caution must be used
for this process. Sodium hydroxide solution and octanol + diborane during a work-up of a reaction mixture of oxime and
diborane in tetrahyrofuran is very exothermic, a mild explosion being noted on one occassion. Reactive with water, acids
(mineral, non-oxidizing, e.g. hydrochloric, hydrofluoric acid, muriatic acid, phosphoric), acids (mineral, oxidizing e.g. chromic
acid, hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid), acids (organic e.g. acetic acid, benzoic acid, formic acid, methanoic acid,
oxalic acid), aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde, acrolein, chloral hydrate, foraldehyde), carbamates (e.g. carbanolate, carbofuran),
esters (e.g. butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl formate), halogenated organics (dibromoethane, hexachlorobenzene, methyl
chloride, trichloroethylene), isocyanates (e.g. methyl isocyanate), ketones (acetone, acetophenone, MEK, MIBK), acid
chlorides, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, flammable liquids, powdered metals and metals (i.e
aluminum, tin, zinc, hafnium, raney nickel), metals (alkali and alkaline e.g. cesium, potassium, sodium), metal compounds
(toxic e.g. berylium, lead acetate, nickel carbonyl, tetraethyl lead), mitrides (e.g. potassium nitride, sodium nitride), nitriles
(e.g. acetonitrile, methyl cyanide), nitro compounds (organic e.g. nitrobenzene, nitromethane), acetic anhydride, chlorohydrin,
chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene cyanohydrin, glyoxal, hydrosulfuric acid, oleum, propiolactone, acylonitrile, phorosous pentoxide,
chloroethanol, chloroform-methanol, tetrahydroborate, cyanogen azide, 1,2,4,5 tetrachlorobenzene, cinnamaldehyde. Reacts
with formaldehyde hydroxide to yield formic acid, and hydrogen.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Very caustic to aluminum and other metals in presence of moisture.
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.

p. 4
Toxicity to Animals:
LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans:
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. May cause damage to the following organs: mucous
membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive). Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant,
permeator), of eye contact (corrosive), of ingestion, .
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals:
Lowest Published Lethal Dose: LDL [Rabbit] - Route: Oral; Dose: 500 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material. Investigation as a mutagen (cytogenetic
analysis)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: Class 8: Corrosive material

Identification: : Sodium hydroxide, solid UNNA: 1823 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:

Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Sodium hydroxide Illinois chemical safety act: Sodium hydroxide New
York release reporting list: Sodium hydroxide Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Sodium hydroxide Pennsylvania
RTK: Sodium hydroxide Minnesota: Sodium hydroxide Massachusetts RTK: Sodium hydroxide New Jersey: Sodium hydroxide
Louisiana spill reporting: Sodium hydroxide California Director's List of Hazardous Substances: Sodium hydroxide TSCA 8(b)
inventory: Sodium hydroxide CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Sodium hydroxide: 1000 lbs. (453.6 kg)
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.

p. 5
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS E: Corrosive solid.
DSCL (EEC):
R35- Causes severe burns. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S37/39- Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice
immediately (show the label where possible).
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 2
Personal Protection: j
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 1
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Synthetic apron. Vapor and dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear
appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 06:32 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 6
 He a lt h 0
0 0
Fire
0 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l A
P ro t e c t io n

Material Safety Data Sheet

Water MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Water Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLW1063 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 7732-18-5 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: ZC0110000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Dihydrogen oxide 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Water International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: H2O For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Water 7732-18-5 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects:

Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes. Non-
hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-
corrosive to the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes.
Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Not applicable.

p. 1
Skin Contact: Not applicable.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation: Not applicable.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion: Not Applicable
Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not Applicable
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill: Mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions: No specific safety phrase has been found applicable for this product.
Storage: Not applicable.

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Not Applicable

Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Not Applicable
Exposure Limits: Not available.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.

p. 2
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/mole
Color: Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 100C (212F)
Melting Point: Not available.
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 2.3 kPa (@ 20C)
Vapor Density: 0.62 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not applicable
Solubility: Not Applicable

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact.

Toxicity to Animals:
LD50: [Rat] - Route: oral; Dose: > 90 ml/kg LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-hazardous in case of
ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-corrosive to the eyes. Non-
corrosive for lungs.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.

p. 3
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water

Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not applicable.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 0
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: a
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 0
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:

p. 4
Protective Equipment:
Not applicable. Lab coat. Not applicable. Safety glasses.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/10/2005 08:33 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 5