H. Hwang et al.

: An Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Coupling Effects on Wireless Power Transfer by Coil Inductance and Placement 203

An Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Effects on Wireless Power Transfer by Coil
Inductance and Placement
Hyeonseok Hwang, Student Member, IEEE, Junil Moon, Bumsoo Lee,
Chan-Hui Jeong, Student Member, IEEE, and Soo-Won Kim, Member, IEEE

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of magnetic
resonance coupling effects that can be considered for
realizing a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. In this
study, numerical analysis is applied to investigate the power
transfer characteristics affected by coil inductance and
placement. The simulations and experiments, using various
coils and positions, are conducted to find the optimum power
transfer condition. The experiment shows that the frequency
bandwidth of the wireless power transfer at the optimum
coupling condition is enlarged to 0.73 MHz and the transfer
efficiency is maintained at over 80%1.
Index Terms Wireless power transfer, magnetic resonance,
mobile devices, coupling effect.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, many mobile devices, in particular mobile
phones, cannot be separated from our daily lives. Consumers
request longer operation times and reduced power
consumption for mobile devices, but increasing the battery
capacity of these devices cannot meet the demand of users. To
handle these battery issues, energy harvesting techniques have
emerged [1]. One of the energy harvesting techniques is using
ambient-radiation sources. By capturing and storing the
energy from radio waves, which are used for TV signal
transmissions and mobile phones, the mobile devices can be
charged without connection to a power source. However, it
can only be applied to low power applications below 1
W/cm2 [2].
Another solution for expanding the hours of battery use for
1
This work was supported by Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. and
Korea University.
H. Hwang is with the Central R&D, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.,
150, Maeyoung-Ro, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 443-743 Korea.
He is also with the school of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul
136-713, Korea.
J. Moon is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul 136-713, Korea.
B. Lee was with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul, 136-713, Korea. He is now with SK Hynix Co., Ltd., 2091,
Gyeongchung-daero, Bubal-eub, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
C.-H. Jeong is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul 136-713, Korea.
S.-W. Kim is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul 136-713, Korea (e-mail: swkim@korea.ac.kr ).
Contributed Paper
Manuscript received 04/01/14
Current version published 06/23/14
Electronic version published 06/23/14. 0098 3063/14/$20.00 2014 IEEE
mobile devices is a wireless power transfer (WPT). By
eliminating the wires from the mobile devices to the chargers,
people will be able to use mobile devices without interruption
in a confined area while the devices are charging. In addition,
the consumers will be relieved of the stress of having to plug
their devices into outlets.
There are two methods of WPT: magnetic induction and
magnetic resonance. The magnetic induction method can only
transfer energy in a contact range of less than one centimeter,
as the magnetic coupling decreases as the distance increases.
In spite of the short WPT distance, the magnetic induction
method has been studied as a convenient wireless charging
platform for multiple devices [3]. In contrast to magnetic
induction, the magnetic resonance method for WPT has less
power loss and a larger power delivery range at the resonant
frequency. It was first reported in 2007 [4]. From the
viewpoint of battery operation time, the magnetic resonance
method is attractive and can provide free mobile-device use
while the device is being charged.
Recently, the analysis of WPT using magnetic resonance
coupling has been conducted in many ways [5]-[7]. The
overall characteristic of WPT is related to the distance or the
angle between the transmitter and the receiver. To overcome
the restriction of the WPT range, extra coils can be added
between the transmitter and receiver. The extra coils between
the transmitter and the receiver are called repeaters. The
repeaters are used to maximize energy efficiency and increase
the overall energy transfer distance. A study on magnetic field
repeater [5] evaluates how the repeaters enhance the transfer
distance. Also, the study verifies the optimal number of
repeaters and the optimal position for achieving high
efficiency. To analyze the WPT system according to the
distance, a circuit modelbased analysis was introduced [6]. It
simplifies the four-coil model (power, repeater 1, 2 and load
coil) of WPT by using Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) with
mutual inductances. Also, the efficiency of the entire WPT
system was analyzed based on distance and frequency [7]. The
analysis showed that there is a frequency splitting
phenomenon according to distance between the coils. It also
suggested a frequency tracking technique that achieves high
efficiency when the frequency splitting occurs.
In this paper, we extend the prior analysis of coupled
magnetic resonance into a multi-coil environment to elucidate
204 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 2, May 2014

connected together via a magnetic field, which is

characterized by coupling coefficients. The coupling
coefficient kappa is determined by (2).

M xy
k xy , 0 k xy 1 (2)
Lx Ly

Fig. 1. Basic four-coil wireless power transfer system

Mxy is the mutual inductance between the coils and Lx, and
Ly is the inductance of the coil. Since the exact values of the
coupling coefficient are too difficult to be derived by
equations in this paper, we extracted the empirical values from
the following experiments. The coupling coefficient is decided
by the distance between coils, the relative orientation, and
their alignment [10]. The coefficients kPS, kSR, and kRL are the
dominant coupling factors, while kPR, kSL, and kPL are
negligible in the basic four-coil system.
By applying the circuit theory of KVL to this system, the
relationship between the currents in each coil and the voltage
applied to the power coil can be computed from the mutual
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of a basic WPT system that has four coils inductance (2), circuit impedance (3), and KVL matrix (4).
several concepts according to the coil inductance value and
1
R0 Rn j Ln jC ( n P , L )
coil position [8]. The quality factor and impedance matching
for optimal WPT have been analyzed and researched [5]-[7]. n (3)
However, there are no studies on the effects of the coil Zn
inductance with regard to WPT. We present various models R j L 1 (n S , R)
n n
jCn
for both inductively and magnetically coupled WPT
configurations in terms of passive circuit elements, and we
extract the coupling coefficients in Section II. Section III 1
iP Z1 jMPS jMPR jMPL VS
describes three types of coupling effects according to the i jM
S Z2 jMSR jMSL 0 (4)
inductance of the coil. Section IV analyzes and demonstrates SP

experimentally the coupling effects noted in Section III. iR jMRP jMRS Z3 jMRL 0
Among the three types of coupling effects, the optimum
coupled WPT system, which has the maximum power transfer iL jMLP jMLS jMLR Z4 0
with a wide bandwidth, is shown. The wide bandwidth
characteristic can be useful for controlling the WPT system. From the matrix (4), using the substitution method, the
current in the load coil can be derived, and the voltage across
II. BASIC SYSTEM AND CIRCUIT MODEL VERIFICATION the load is equal to (5). The magnitude of S21 from the S-
parameter stands for the ratio of the output power to the input
A. Mathematical model power (6) [11].
The basic WPT system, which has four coils, is shown in
Fig. 1. It consists of a power coil, a sending coil, a receiving VL iL R0 (5)
coil, and a load coil. To generate the resonant coupling, a
series of LC-connected coils with the same resonant frequency
VL RS (6)
are required. In this paper, we focused on the ISM band at S 21 2
6.78 MHz [9]. Among the coils, the sending and receiving VS RL
coils were repeaters, as they typically have more windings
than the power and load coils. We are interested in the power transfer ratio, so S21 can be
The resonant frequency of each coil was determined by (1). simplified to (7) by adopting 1 at VS.

1 S 21 2 iL R0 , (VS 1, RS RL R0 50) (7)

f resonant
2 LC
The equivalent circuit of the basic four-coil WPT system in
Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2. R0 is the characteristic impedance of
the testing instrument, which is normally 50 . All coils are
(1)
B. Experimental extraction of coupling coefficients
The matrix-based circuit model shown above offers a
convenient way to analyze a WPT system using a numerical
method. To verify the coupling characteristics affected by the
H. Hwang et al.: An Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Coupling Effects on Wireless Power Transfer by Coil Inductance and Placement 205

Fig. 3. Simulation and measurement of the inductive coupling system. Fig. 5. Simulation and measurement of the system with repeaters located
on the outside.

(a) (b)
Fig. 4. The repeaters are located outside the inductive coupling. (a)
Experimental setup. (b) Equivalent circuit for inductive coupling with
repeaters located outside the coupling. Fig. 6. The basic four-coil wireless power transfer system without
power and load capacitors and with 15 cm between the repeaters.

inductance and the position of the coil, unknown coupling

coefficients are extracted from some experiments. By
changing the repeaters position, we can find all the coupling
coefficients. Two types of coil are used in the experiments, as
shown in Table I. The diameter of the copper wire is 1 mm,
and the wire is wound on an acrylic panel with a diameter of
15 cm. The amount of winding of coils is 1 for power/load
coils and 8 for repeaters.
In the first experiment, the inductive coupling of two coils
without repeaters was conducted. The distance between the
power and load coils was 1 cm, and there existed only one
coupling coefficient, kPL. As shown in Fig. 3, the simulation
result was a curve fitted to the measured data by the optimum
kPL, which was 0.26. The measured S21 at 6.2 MHz was -13.1
dB. Fig. 7. Simulation and measurement of the basic four-coil wireless power
transfer system without the power and load capacitors.

TABLE I
CIRCUIT VALUES USED TO EXTRACT THE COUPLING COEFFICIENT resonating repeaters, as shown in Fig. 5. It had a peak power
1 turn 8 turns transfer (-2.86 dB) at 6.16 MHz and a valley at 6.38 MHz.
Parameter
(Power, Load coil) (Sending, Receiving coil) The distance between the repeaters was 15 cm. By optimizing
L 0.7 uH 19.3 uH the coupling coefficients, the curve fitted simulation was well
C - 34 pF suited to the measured result. kPL should be equal to the
R 19 m 103 m inductive coupling experiment due to the identical dimensions
f0 - 6.21 MHz and positions of the power/load coils.
Finally, the repeaters were located between the power and
In the second experiment, the repeaters were located load coils, as shown in Fig. 6. Fixing the repeaters positions
outside the inductive coupling in experiment 1, as shown in to match the second experiment, we placed the power and
Fig. 4. In this case, the S21 characteristic was modified by the load coils outside the repeaters. Thus, kSR should be the same
206 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 2, May 2014

as in second experiment. The structure in the final experiment

was the same as the basic four-coil WPT system except for the
capacitors at the power and load coils. It showed slight kPS kSR kRL
(0.24) (10 0 ~ 10 -3) (0.24)
frequency splitting with two peaks: -1.83 dB at 6.22 MHz and 3 cm 0 ~ 30 cm 3 cm
-1.93 dB at 6.42 MHz.
Among the above three experiments, the basic four-coil
structure, in which the repeaters were located between the
power and load coils, was superior to the other structures in
terms of power transfer even though the distance was 14 times
Power Sending Receiving Load
longer than in the inductive coupling. From the second
VectorNetwork
experiment, we can see the characteristics for the peak and the Port1 Analyzer Port2
valley of the power transfer according to frequency. These
Fig. 8. The simulation setup for the numerical analysis. The
characteristics can be used in frequency selection for WPT. sending/receiving coil had eight turns and the power/load coils turn
The extracted coupling coefficients are shown in Table II. number was changed between 1, 3, and 8. kPS and kRL were fixed at 0.24 (3
By conducting three sequential experiments, we found the cm), which was extracted from Section II. kSR was changed from 100 to 10-
3
(approximately 0 cm ~ 30 cm) log scale instead of changing the distance.
cross-related coupling coefficients kPL (in experiments 1 and
2) and kSR (in experiments 2 and 3). Based on the coefficients
system transfer function of (7) was plotted in Fig. 9, and it
kPL and kSR, we can confirmatively use the other coupling
shows the S21 magnitude as functions of the frequency and
coefficients in the numerical analysis of WPT as functions of
coupling coefficient between repeaters. The distance related
frequency and distance. For the next section, we conducted
kappa, kSR, was changed from 100 to 10-3, while others (kPR,
numerical computing based on the extracted coupling
kSL, and kPL) were set to zero for simplicity.
coefficients with the measured circuit parameters.
TABLE III
TABLE II COIL PARAMETER AND CAPACITANCE USED TO CLASSIFY THE COUPLING
EXTRACTED COUPLING COEFFICIENTS EFFECTS
kPS kSR kRL Coil Parameter 1 turn 3 turns 8 turns
Coupling Coefficient
(Distance) LP, LL 0.7 uH 3.9 uH 19.3 uH
kPL kPR kSL
CP , CL 789 pF 140 pF 28.2 pF
Power/Load Coil
Experiment 1: 0 0 0 RP , RL 19 m 43 m 103 m
Inductive coupling without f0 6.77 MHz 6.81 MHz 6.82 MHz
0.26
repeaters 0 0
(1 cm) LS, LR - - 19.3 uH
0.115 0.05 0.115 Sending/ CS, CR - - 28.2 pF
Experiment 2: Receiving
(7 cm) (15 cm) (8 cm)
Repeaters located outside the Coil RS, RR - - 103 m
0.26 0.096 0.096
power and load coils f0 - - 6.82 MHz
(1 cm) (8 cm) (8 cm)
0.24 0.05 0.24
Experiment 3:
(3 cm) (15 cm) (3 cm)
Repeaters located inside the
0.008 0.02 0.02
We classified the coupling effects by the 3-D characteristic
power and load coils resulting from the coils selected for the power and load.
(21 cm) (18 cm) (18 cm)

III. CLASSIFICATION OF COUPLING EFFECTS BY COIL
INDUCTANCE
This section describes the classification of the coupling
effects caused by the different inductor values (LP and LL) of
the power and load coils in the basic four-coil system shown
in Fig. 2. We categorize the magnetic resonance coupling
effects in WPT by plotting the power transfer ratio based on
equation-based numerical methods. With the aid of computing,
we can easily get the 3-D characteristics of WPT at different
power/load coil values.
The simulation setup is shown in Fig. 8. Three types of
coils were configured for the power/load coil, and the eight-
turn coils were used for repeaters, as detailed in Table III. The
inductance and resistance of the coil was extracted from an
impedance measurement instrument. The power/load coil was
3 cm from the closely located repeater (kPS = kRL = 0.24). The
A. Under coupling
Fig. 9 (a) represents S21 of the four-coil WPT system, which
adopts one-turn coils for the power and load. When the
repeaters are located close to each other (kSR > 0.07), there
exists the frequency splitting phenomenon. As the repeaters
move closer to each other, the space between the peaks of
frequency splitting grows longer. When the repeaters are
located far away (kSR < 0.07), the separated frequencies are
joined at the resonant frequency, 6.78 MHz.
B. Over coupling
Eight-turn coils were used as the power and load for the
WPT simulation. When the distance between the repeaters
was less than 7 cm (kSR > 0.115), the frequency splitting of
four peaks arises, as shown in Fig. 9 (b). As the repeaters
approach each other, the two power transfer peaks near the
resonant frequency are joined at 6.78 MHz, while the distance
from the resonant frequency widens for the others. However,
H. Hwang et al.: An Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Coupling Effects on Wireless Power Transfer by Coil Inductance and Placement 207

aks
2 Pe

ak
1 Pe
0

-20

-40

S21 [dB]
-60

-80
-100

-120
10
Fre 8 100
qu
en 6 10-1
cy
[M 4 10-2
H z] k SR
2 10-3

(a) (b)
S21 [dB]

(c)
Fig. 9. Magnitude of S21 as functions of frequency and kSR. (a) Under coupling: one-turn (0.7 uH) coil at power/load. (b) Over coupling: eight-turn
(19.3 uH) coil at power/load. (c) Optimum coupling: three-turn (3.9 uH) coil at power/load.

when the repeaters were located more than 7 cm apart, the
four power transfer peaks were combined in two peaks at 7.75
MHz and 6.09 MHz.
C. Optimum coupling
For the simulation, three-turn coils were used for the power
and load. Contrary to the above two coupling effects, the
simulation showed an enlarged flat bandwidth (S21 > -1) over
1.5 MHz at a coupling coefficient around 0.2 (the approximate
distance between the repeaters was 35 cm), as shown in Fig.
9 (c). When the repeaters were located far away from each
other, the flat bandwidth narrowed and the center frequency of
the bandwidth moved to the resonant frequency from a higher
frequency.
IV. ANALYSIS AND DEMONSTRATION OF COUPLING
EFFECTS BY COIL INDUCTANCE
Three coupling effects, according to the value of the
inductors (LP and LS), are shown in Fig. 9. When one-turn
coils were used (under coupling), frequency splitting was the
main phenomena. This matches results from other studies [6].
If the repeaters are located close to each other (kSR > 0.07),
two peaks exist, and frequency tracking or tuning is required
to increase the overall efficiency. As the distance between the
repeaters was increased, the WPT system operated at the
target frequency, 6.78 MHz. Compared to a one-turn coil, the
WPT system using an eight-turn coil generated four peaks
(over coupling) when located close together (kSR > 0.115). The
resonant frequency was only matched when the repeaters were
in contact (kSR = 1). Over coupling can be helpful when two
WPT systems share one set of coils. One device can use a
high frequency while the other uses a low frequency through
the same WPT coil system.
Contrary to the under coupling and over coupling effects,
the three-turn coil system (optimum coupling) showed a flat
bandwidth with a high power transfer ratio (S21 > -1). The
maximum -1 dB bandwidth for under coupling was 370 kHz
when kSR was 0.06, while the optimum coupling shows a four
times larger bandwidth when kSR is 0.2. The wide bandwidth
of the optimum coupling can be used as the less complicated
impedance matching system. However, at the same distance
(kSR = 0.06) as under coupling, S21 is degraded below -2 dB.
This phenomenon means that an optimum distance exists and
is determined by the applied coil inductance, and even the
208
Fig. 10. Measurement of S21 as a function of frequency. The experimental
setup is the same as in Fig. 8. Under coupling used the one-turn coil,
optimum coupling used the three-turn coil, and over coupling used the
eight-turn coil at the power and load sides. The repeaters used eight-turn
coils, and the distance between the repeaters was fixed at 5 cm.
S21 [dB]
Fig. 11. The coupling effects according to the power/load inductance
value in the basic four-coil WPT system with 5 cm between the repeaters.
power transfer varies as a function of the distance along the
transmission axis. In the case of inductive coupling, the
charging devices should be sufficiently close to the charger
for high efficiency. However, in the WPT system using
magnetic resonance coupling, the charging range is
determined by the coils inductance. It may be that devices
cannot be charged even when close to the charger if the coils
are not optimized for the close range.
To demonstrate the coupling effects, the S21 parameter was
measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and
examined by changing the power/load coils turn number
(one-turn, three-turn, and eight-turn). On the other hand, the
sending/receiving coils turn number was fixed as an eight-
turn. The experimental condition was same as the simulation
setup in Fig. 8. The distance between the sending and
receiving coils was fixed at 5 cm, while the distance between
the power or load coil and the closely located repeater was 3
cm. The experimental results are shown in Fig. 10, and they
indicate there is better performance when using a three-turn
coil at the power/load. In fact, the maximum S21 of the
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 2, May 2014
optimum coupling was -0.43 dB at 6.48 MHz, and the -1 dB
bandwidth was from 6.08 to 6.81 MHz, which is enlarged to
0.73 MHz at over 80% of power transfer efficiency. Even
though the over coupling had more mutual inductance, it
showed only a -3.03 dB maximum S21 at 5.81 MHz. The under
coupling had a -1.53 dB maximum S21 at 5.59 MHz. At the
resonant frequency, 6.78 MHz, only the optimum coupling
could deliver power with an efficiency over 80%, as the others
required frequency tuning.
Fig. 11 summarizes the coupling effect according to the coil
inductance of the power and load at a fixed distance. When
the value of the inductors, LP and LL, are changed, the power
transfer ratio is critically changed at the resonant frequency.
To overcome this problem, the optimum coupling provides the
best solution.
V. CONCLUSION
The optimum coupling for improving the efficiency and
bandwidth of the resonance-based WPT system is presented
with the numerical analysis and experiments. In order to
accurately characterize the effects of the coil inductance and
position on the wireless power system, some measurements
were implemented using a VNA for the circuit parameter and
coupling coefficient extraction. Optimizing the inductance of
the power and load coil can improve the system performance
at certain distance ranges. One of the significant results is the
existence of an optimum coupling, where the power transfer
ratio remains nearly constant over the bandwidth. This
analysis will be useful in implementing a highly efficient
wireless charging system for mobile devices.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Hyeonseok Hwang was born in Seoul, Korea, in 1976.
He received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 2002, and an M.S.
degree in electrical and computer engineering from Seoul
National University, Seoul, Korea, in 2004. In 2004, he
joined the Central Research and Development
Laboratory, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Suwon, Korea.
He is currently working toward a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at
Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
His research interests include the design of CMOS RF, analog IC, and
wireless power transfer systems using resonant coupling.
Junil Moon was born in Seoul, Korea, in 1987. He
\ received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea, in 2013. He has
been working toward a Ph.D. degree in nano-semiconductor
engineering at Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
His research interests are in the field of analog integrated
circuits and power electronics. He has been working on
wireless power transfer systems.
209
Bumsoo Lee was born in Bucheon, Korea, in 1987. He
received an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 2014. Since 2014, he
has been with the SK Hynix High Speed Interface Team in
Icheon, Korea.
His research interests include the design of DRAM
controllers and on-chip bus techniques.
Chan-Hui Jeong received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from Korea University, Korea, in
2008 and 2010, respectively. And since then, he is
working toward Ph.D. degree in Korea University, Korea.
His current research interests focus on high-speed
CMOS transceiver, charge-pump PLL and all-digital PLL
circuits.
Soo-Won Kim received a B.S degree in electronics
engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 1974,
and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
Texas A&M University in 1983 and 1987, respectively.
He joined the Department of Electronics Engineering at
Korea University as an assistant professor in 1987. Since
1989, he has been a Professor in the Department of
Electronics Engineering at Korea University, Korea.
His research interests include sigma-delta modulators, digital signal
processing, and low-power/high-speed systems.