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Chapter Seven
Construction of cables
In the fig (7.1)below, shows the general construction of
(3-condctor) cable
1- Core or conductor
A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending
upon the type of service for which it is intended.
For instance, the 3- conductor cable shown in the fig. (7.1) is used for
service.
The conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminum an are usually
stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
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2- insulation
Each core or conductor is provide with a suitable thickness of insulator,
the thickness of layer depending upon the voltage
To be with stood by the cable. The commonly used materials for
insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral
compound.
3- Metallic sheath.
In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging
liquids (acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of
lead or aluminum is provided over the insulation as shown in the fig.
(7.1)
4- Bedding
Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of
a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to
protect the metallic a against corrosion of bedding is to protect the
metallic against corrosion and from mechanical in jury due to
armoring.
5- Armouring :
Over the bedding armaouring is provide which consists of one or two
layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the
cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of
handling . Armouring may not be done in the case of some cable.
6- Serving :.
In order to protect armouring from atmospheric condition. Layer of
fibrous material (like jute) similar to bedding is providing over the
armouring. This is known as serving. It may not be out of place to
mention here that bedding, armouring and serving are only applied to
the cable for protection of conductor insulation and to protect the
metallic sheath from mechanical in jury.
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R
The fig. (7.2) represent a cross- section
For a single core cable where
r is the radius of the conductor
R is the radius of the cable or
( the inside radius of the sheath)
r
(q) represent the charge on the
Surface of the conductor for
Each on mater from the length
Of the cable.
Fig . (7-2)
Coulomb/
(1)
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The electric field intensity or voltage gradient or electric stress at the same
distance X is
Volt / meter
(2)
Where o is the relative permittivity of free space
( o= and is the relative permittivit of insulator.
V is the voltage difference between the conductor and sheath.
Volt
(3)
The capacity for each meter of the length of single core cable is
( one meter of length of conductor )
F/m
(4)
MF/m
(5)
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As shown in eq.(2) at a distance x
v/cm at a distance X
(6)
v/cm
(7)
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The minimum electric stress will at the inside surface of the sheath of the
cable (at X= R )
V/cm
(8)
Also
* In the case of the stranded conductor. The electric stress will be increase
by 15 %, 25% from the value of the smooth conductor.
*If the value of the voltage V and the inside radius of the sheath R are
constant and r is variable where ( r is the radius of the conductor of the
cable )
1-Capacitive grading :.
By using a different insulator layers have a different relative permittivity.
Capacitive grading
Where is the maximum electric stress of the cable of the first layer
is the minimum electric stress of the first layer
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Ex1) single core cable covered by the lead and design for 66 kv. If the
radius of the conductor is 0.5 cm and the insulator consists of three layers
have a relative permittivity of 5,4,3 respectively and the electric stresses
on these layers are 40,30,20 kv/cm respectively. Find inside of the sheath
of the cable.
So1)
Also
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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNIVERSITY\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING /ELECTRICAL DEP.
Ex2) 66 kv single core cable covered by the lead the radius of it's
conductor is 0.5cm. The insulating materials consists of two layers the
thickness of each layers is 1.5cm . The relative permittivity of inside
layers is 3 and for the outside layer is 2.5 calculate the electric stress at the
surface of the conductor.
So1)
R
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Supply
Transformer
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Ex3) A single core cable covered by the lead and design for 100 kv. The
radius of it's conductor is 1 cm the inside radius of the outside sheath is 4
cm. If an metallic inter sheath is placed at a radius 2.5 cm and connected
to supply transformer through an switch. The relative permittivity of the
insulator is 3.5. Find :.
1-The maximum electric stress of the cable and the voltage of the
inter sheath to the surface of the conductor when this inter sheath is
not connected to supply transformer ( the switch is open )
2-When the switch is closed, find the electric stress on the surface of
the conductor and on the two sides of the inter sheath when the
voltage of the inter sheath to the conductor surface is 44 kv. Also
find the voltage of the transformer.
3-Compare the cable in (2) which is a grading cable with section (1)
which is not grading cable.
So1)
Supply
Transformer
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Where
3) Comparing
The using of inter sheath grading cause a reduction in the maximum
electric stress by
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Ex4) A single core cable covered by the lead and design for 120 kv and 50
HZ. The radius of it's conductor is 1cm and the inside radius of the outside
sheath is 4.2cm. An metallic inter sheath of radius 2 cm is used for
grading the cable. The relative permittivity of the insulator is 3.8. the
length of the cable is 6.4 km. find :.
1-The capacity of each of the two layers that have the same insulator
materials.
2-The overall efficiency
3-The maximum electric stress when the inter sheath is not connected
to the supply to the supply transformer.
4-The voltage of the inter sheath to the surface of the conductor in
order to keep the electric stress on the surface of the conductor at 55
kv/cm (the inter sheath is connected to supply transformer)
5-The charging current.
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So1)
r
R
2)
OR
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3)
Not grading
4)
grading
5)
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If we have a cable having a two metallic inter sheath as shown in the fig.
below:.
And in order to get the
Optimal or best location
Of the inter sheath, we
Must put
R r
O V
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Kv/cm
For 3 layer
2 metallic inter sheath
Also
Kv/cm
For 3 layers
2 metallic inter sheath
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As before
For the same distance of grading cable, we have un grading cable has the
same distance of grading cable
un
Or
..........
We see that if the voltage across the cable is constant and the volume
(distance (r,R)) is constant the grading cable by the inter sheath grading
cause a reduction in the value of maximum electric stress by
.........
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We see that if the voltage across the cable is constant and the volume
(distance (r,R) ) is constant. The grading cable by the inter sheath grading
cause a reduction in the value of maximum electric stress by
*Note
When there is one metallic inter sheath
R r
Kv/ cm
Also
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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNIVERSITY\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING /ELECTRICAL DEP.
Ex5) 33kv single core cable has a conductor diameter of 2.5cm and the
diameter of the inside sheath of the cable is 6 cm. It is design to reduce
the maximum electric stress by using a two metallic inter sheath.
Determine the best position of the inter sheath and the reduction in electric
stress.
The reduction is
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Ex6) single core cable of 66kv has a radius of conductor of 1cm. The
radius of the cable is 6 cm. The insulator consists of one layer. If a two
metallic inter sheath is placed into the insulator and connected to supply
transformers through an switches. If the radius of first metallic inter
sheath is 2.5cm, and the radius of second metallic inter sheath is 4 cm.
1-When the switches are open. Find the voltage between the first and
second metallic inter sheath.
2- When the switches are closed and the voltage of first transformer
is 30kv and the voltage of second transformer is 20 kv. Find the
electric stress at the inside surface of second metallic inter sheath,
also find the min. electric stress of cable.
So1)
1)
V
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Or in other way
(1)
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Ex7) find the most economical conductor diameter of single core cable to
be used on 132 kv, also, find the overall diameter of insulator if the
permissible stress is not to exceed.
So1)
For most economical conductor diameter
Resistance of cable :.
r
Where is the resistivity of insulator
Ex8) single core cable of 33kv, consist of two layers of insulators, each of
its have a relative permittivity of 5,3 respectively. If a metallic inter sheath
is placed between the layers and connected to supply transformer through
an switch.
If the ratio of electric stress at the outside surface of metallic inter sheath
to the electric tress at the inside surface of sheath of cable is .
The radius of the conductor is 1.5 cm and the radius of the cable is 7cm.
when the switch is open
1-Find the voltage between metallic inter sheath and the sheath of
cable.
2-The electric stress at the inside surface of metallic inter sheath
3-Min electric stress of cable of cable
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So1)
R
r
1)
2)
3)
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EX9) single core cable of 80kv has a radius of conductor of 1cm and the
radius of cable is 7cm. his insulator consists of one material.
If a two metallic inter sheath is placed into the insulator and connected to
the supply transformer through an switches. The radius of first and second
metallic inter sheath are 3,5cm respectively and the voltage of
transformers are 4 cm
1-When the switches are open find the voltage between the first
metallic inter sheath and sheath of cable
2-When the first switch that connected to first transformer is closed
and the second switch remain open.
Find the voltage between second metallic inter sheath and sheath of
cable.
So1)
R
r
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2)
OR
15.73=
OR
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-The voltage between metallic inter sheath and the sheath of cable
also find. The electric stress at the outside surface of metallic inter
sheath.
So1)
r
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1)
OR
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3) Earth fault:.
when the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth it is called
earth fault or ground fault. To indentify this fault, one terminal of the
mugger is connected to the conductor and the other terminal connected
to earth. If the mugger indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is
earthed. The same procedure is requited for other conductor of the cable.
\
Fig . (7.3)
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Fig.(7.3) shows the circuit diagram for locating the earth fault by
Murray loop test. Here AB is the sound cable and CD is the fault cable;
the earth fault occurring at point F. The foe and D of the faulty cable is
joined to the for end B of the sound cable through a low resistance link.
The variable resistance P and Q are joined to ends A and C respectively
and serve as the ratio arms of the Wheatstone bridge. Let R= resistance
of the conductor loop up to the fault from the test end
X= resistance of the other length of the loop
Note that P,Q,R and X are the four arms of the Wheatstone bridge. The
resistances P and Q are varied till the galvanometer indicates zero
deflection. In the balanced position of the bridge, we have
Thus the position of the fault is located. Note that resistance of the fault is
in the battery circuit and not in the bridge circuit . therefore, fault
resistance does not a fact the balancing of the bridge However. If the fault
resistance is height, the sensitivity of the bridge is reduced.
fig. (7.4)
Shows the circuitP diagram for locating the short circuit fault by Murray
loop test. A gain P,Q, R and X are the arms circuit and not in the bridge
circuit. The bridge in balanced by adjusting the resistance P and Q .
In the balanced position of the bridge
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNIVERSITY\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING /ELECTRICAL DEP.
fig (7.5)
Fig (7.6)