VOWELS

Primary Vowels

Low central
unrounded High front unrounded High back rounded Syllabic vibrant

Short Initial a i u

Long Initial

Secondary Vowels

Front unrounded Back rounded

Short Initial e o

Long Initial

Diphthongs
Initial ai au

Anusvra Visarga

am/an ah
 Consonants

Occlusives

Stops Nasals

Voiceless stops Voiceless stops Voiced stops Voiced stops

Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated Nasals

Velar k kh g gh

Palatal c ch j jh

Retroflex h h

Dental t th d dh n

Labial p ph b bh m
 Sonorants and Sibilants

Palatal Alveolar Retroflex Dental Labial

Oral
sonorants y r l v

Voiceless
sibilants sh s

Miscellaneous

Glottal fricative Retroflex lateral