2017 Tutorial Pushover Masonry House 1

Pushover Analysis of a Masonry House
Name: MasonryHouse/build
Path: /Tutorials/DianaIE/MasonryHouse/build
Keywords: analys: eigen geomet nonlin physic.
constr: suppor.
elemen: beam class2 curved interf l13be q20sh q24if rectan shell struct t15sh t18if.
load: pushov weight.
materi: coulom dampin elasti engmas fricti isotro orthot viscou.
option: arclen bfgs direct lagran newton nonsym normal regula secant select total units update.
post: binary ndiana.
pre: dianai.
result: cauchy crack crkwdt displa eigen force green princi reacti strain stress total tracti values.
Outline
1 Description
2 Finite Element Model
2.1 Units
2.2 Geometry Definition
2.3 Boundary Constraints
2.4 Properties
2.5 Loads
2.6 Meshing
3 Eigenvalue Analysis
3.1 Analysis commands
3.2 Results
4 Pushover analysis
4.2 Results
Pushover Analysis of a Masonry House | https://dianafea.com 2/54

1 Description
This example is an earthquake analysis of a masonry structure: a small house with a foundation on grade, masonry walls and a timber roof [Fig. 1].
The dimensions of the house are: 5.2 m length, 3.2 m width and 3 m high. There is a door of 1 m width and 2.3 m high located in one of the longer walls. The foundation is 0.5 m thick and
is supported by an interface that accounts for the behaviour of the soil. The timber beams of the roof are of rectangular shape with 0.2 m height and 0.05 m width. The timber roof plate is
0.018 m thick. The bricks of the walls are 0.1 m thick.
A Nonlinear Pushover Analysis is performed until failure to determine the resistance of the house.
In an earthquake analysis until failure, there is usually a large number of load or time steps. To economize in file size and to make the output analysis easier and less time consuming, the
results are usually not asked for all the steps but rather distanced by an interval. This can lead to the case that, near collapse, the very last converged step is not recorded for output. With the
Near Collapse Output tool the results are retrieved for the step immediately before divergence, even if it does not correspond to any of the steps initially asked for output. This example
also aims to illustrate the advantages of this tool.
Figure 1: Masonry house

The material properties used in the model are listed in [Table 1]. To model the masonry walls in DIANA we use the Engineering Masonry Model. In this material model the tensile strength,
compressive strength and fracture energies relate to the direction normal to the bed joints.
Table 1: Material properties

Concrete for the foundation
Youngs modulus E 1.0E+10 N/m2
Poissons ratio 0.15
Mass density 2.5E+3 kg/m3
Timber for roof beams Masonry bricks - Parameters for Engineering Masonry Model
2
Youngs modulus E 9.0E+10 N/m Young modulus Ex (bed joint direction) 3.0E+9 N/m2
Poissons ratio 0.3 Young modulus Ey (orthogonal to bed joint direction) 6.0E+9 N/m2
Mass density 6.0E+2 kg/m3 Shear modulus Gxy 1.875E+9 N/m2
Timber for roof plate Mass density 1.85E+3 kg/m3
Head-joint failure type - Diagonal stair-case cracks
Youngs modulus Ex 9.0E+10 N/m2 Bed-joint tensile strength ft 0.15E+6 N/m2
Youngs modulus Ey 9.0E+10 N/m2 Fracture energy in tension GF 1 35 N/m
Youngs modulus Ez 9.0E+10 N/m2 Compressive strength fc 8.0E+6 N/m2
Poissons ratio 0.3 Fracture energy in Compression Gc 5.0E+3 N/m
Shear modulus Gxy 4.0E+6 N/m2 Angle between diagonal stepped crack and bed joint 0.519 rad
Shear modulus Gyz 5.6E+8 N/m2 Factor to strain at compressive strength c,f ac 4
Shear modulus Gxz 5.6E+8 N/m2 Friction angle 0.64 rad
Mass density 3.0E+3 kg/m3 Cohesion C 0.4E+6
Fracture energy shear Gsh 20 N/m
Soil interface Unloading factor f ac, unload 0.8
Normal stiffness (z) 1.0E+8 N/m3
Shear stiffness (x and y) 1.0E+8 N/m3
Cohesion 1.0E+5 N/m2
Friction angle 0.52 rad
Dilatancy angle 0.10 rad

2 Finite Element Model
For the modeling session we start a new project. We will dominantly use linear hexagonal elements.
DianaIE
Main menu File New [Fig. 2]
Figure 2: New project Dialog

2.1 Units
We choose the default (SI) units: meter for the unit length and Newton for force.
DianaIE
Model Window Reference system Units [Fig. 3]

Property Panel [Fig. 4]
Figure 3: Model windows Figure 4: Property Panel - Units

2.2 Geometry Definition
First we create the walls by making lines and extrude them. The walls are defined separately in X and Y directions because the reference definition of the local x-axis - that is coincident to
the bed joint direction - differs with the direction of the walls. Then we create a sheet to be subtracted to one wall to make the gap for the door. After that we do the beams of the roof and
the roof plate and finally the sheet for the foundation.
Lets start with the lines.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 5] - [Fig. 8]
Figure 5: Geometry - Add Line 1 Figure 6: Geometry - Add Line 2
Figure 7: Geometry - Add Line 3 Figure 8: Geometry - Add Line 4

Figure 9: View of the model - Lines

We create the walls by extruding the lines 3 m in the Z-direction.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Modify Extrude shape [Fig. 10] [Fig. 11]
Figure 10: Geometry - Extrude lines Figure 11: View of the model - Walls

We create the rectangular sheet [Fig. 14] and subtract it from the wall to make the door gap [Fig. 15].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 14]
Main Menu Geometry Modify Subtract shapes [Fig. 15]
Figure 12: Geometry - Add Sheet Figure 13: Geometry - Subtract Sheet

Figure 14: Geometry - Target to subtract Figure 15: Geometry - Door

We create the 9 beams of the roof. We add a straight line [Fig. 16] and array-copy 8 lines with a distance of 0.6 m [Fig. 17].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 16]

Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 17]
Figure 16: Geometry - Add beam Figure 17: Geometry - Array copy beams

The connections between the beams and the walls are, in reality, hinged. For the sake of simplicity of the model we consider this connections as fixed.
Figure 18: View of model: Beams

We create one sheet for the roof [Fig. 19]. The roof slab is connected to the beams and deliberately not to the walls, to represent the manner how these type of houses are usually built. There
is a 5 cm gap (half of the brick thickness) between the roof sheet and the walls in all the perimeter [Fig. 20]. The roof prevents the rotations of the beams.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 19]
Figure 19: Geometry - Add sheet roof Figure 20: View of the model - Roof

To make the ring beam for the foundation we create two rectangular sheets correspondent to the outer [Fig. 21] and inner perimeter [Fig. 22].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 21] - [Fig. 22]
Figure 21: Geometry - Add sheet foundation Figure 22: Geometry - Add sheet foundation to subtract

We subtract the sheet foundation out from the sheet foundation to create the ring beam.
DianaIE
Geometry browser Shapes Hide <hide the walls, beams and roof >
Main Menu Geometry Modify Subtract shapes [Fig. 23]
Figure 24: Geometry - Target subtract foundation
Figure 23: Geometry - Subtract foundation Figure 25: Geometry - Foundation ring beam

The geometry of the house is complete [Fig. 26].
DianaIE
Geometry browser Shapes Show <show all the shapes>
Figure 26: View of model - House

2.3 Boundary Constraints
We add a boundary interface to the bottom face of the foundation sheet [Fig. 27]. The element class is Structural Interfaces and for the material definition we use the Coulomb Friction model
with the parameters defined in [Table 1]. The house can slide over the supports and the interface represents the contact between the foundation and the soil.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Connection property assignments [Fig. 27]

Connection property assignments Add new material [Fig. 28]
Figure 27: Assign interface properties Figure 28: Interface - Add new material Figure 29: Interface - Material properties

We do not need to add new data because we will use the default integration scheme and number of integration points. The element local x-axis corresponds to global X-axis.
DianaIE
Connection property assignments Add new geometry [Fig. 30] [Fig. 31]
Figure 30: Interface - Add new geometry Figure 31: Interface - Edit geometry

We fix all the translations at the bottom of the foundation.
DianaIE
Connection property assignments Add new support [Fig. 32] [Fig. 33]
Figure 32: Interface - Attach support Figure 33: View of model - Supports in the interface

2.4 Properties
We define the properties of the different materials present in the model as described in [Table 1].
For the concrete of the foundation we use a Linear Elastic Isotropic model with the parameters E = 1.0E+10 N/m2 , = 0.15 and = 2.5E3 kg/m3 . We use Regular Curved Shells and the
thickness is 0.5 m.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 34]

Shape assignment Add new material [Fig. 35] [Fig. 36]
Figure 34: Assign foundation properties Figure 35: Foundation - Add new material Figure 36: Foundation - Material properties

DianaIE
Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 37] [Fig. 38]
Figure 37: Foundation - Add new geometry Figure 38: Foundation - Edit geometry

For the masonry of the walls we use the Engineering Masonry Model with the parameters defined in [Table 1]. We use Regular Curved Shells and thickness is 0.1 m. The walls are defined
separately in X and Y directions to set the correspondent x-local-axis in the direction of the bed joints. The material is the same and we need to define two different geometries.
First we define the material properties for the masonry.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Material Add new material [Fig. 39] [Fig. 40]
Figure 39: Masonry walls - Add new material Figure 40: Masonry walls - Material properties

We now define the two element geometries. The thickness is the same (0.1m) and the definition of the local axes differs.
For the walls defined in the X direction the x-local-axis corresponds to the global X-axis [1 0 0].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Element geometries Add element geometry [Fig. 41] [Fig. 42]
Figure 41: Add new geometry Figure 42: Edit new geometry

For the walls defined in the Y direction the x-local-axis corresponds to the global Y-axis [0 1 0].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Element geometries Add element geometry [Fig. 43] [Fig. 44]
Figure 43: Add new geometry Figure 44: Edit new geometry

In order to better capture the nonlinear response of the masonry walls we increase the number of integration points.
For that we first need to define an element data set for the walls [Fig. 45] and then increase the default integration points through the thickness to 5 [Fig. 46]-[Fig. 48].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Element data Add element data [Fig. 45]
Geometry browser Element data clay-data [Fig. 46]
Properties Panel Description Drop-down list (THINTE Number of integration points) 5 [Fig. 47]
Properties Panel Value 5 [Fig. 48]
Figure 47: Properties panel
Figure 45: Add new data Figure 46: Element data Figure 48: Set integration scheme

We now assign the properties defined previously to the walls in X and Y direction separately.
We start by the walls in the X direction [Fig. 49].
DianaIE
Figure 49: Assign properties to walls in X direction Figure 50: Selection of the walls in X direction

And now to the walls in the Y direction [Fig. 52].
DianaIE
Figure 51: Assign properties to walls in Y direction Figure 52: Selection of the walls in Y direction

The beams of the roof are made of timber with the properties defined in [Table 1].
We model this material as Linear Elastic Isotropic (we can choose class type of steel) with the parameters E = 9.0E+10 N/m2 , = 0.3 and = 6.0E2 kg/m3 . We use elements Class-II
Beams 3D with cross section of rectangular shape with 0.2 m height and 0.05 m width.
DianaIE

Figure 53: Assign properties to roof beams Figure 54: Roof beams - Add new material Figure 55: Roof beams - Material properties

We need to define the local element axes. This is a crucial step to correctly model the cross-section geometry of the beams. In [Fig. 57] we need to define where is the element z-axis in relation
to the global axes: in this case it is defined in [0 -1 0]. We can verify the correct definition of the local axis by displaying the element local axes [Fig. 58]. The same color code of the global
axes applies to the local axes: x is red, y is green and z is blue.
DianaIE
Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 56] [Fig. 57]

Mesh browser Element sets Hide <Hide the walls, roof plate and foundation>
Mesh Mesh Local element axes [Fig. 58]
Figure 56: Beams - Add new geometry Figure 57: Beams - Edit geometry Figure 58: Beams - Element local axes
Tip: It is also possible to assign the properties to Beam1 before you applying the array copy. The array copy function copies the shape including the assigned properties.

The roof plate is also made of timber, but as it is a spacial element we define it as a Linear Elastic Orthotropic with varying shear modulus in the different directions as defined in [Table 1].
DianaIE
Figure 59: Assign properties to roof plate Figure 60: Roof - Add new material Figure 61: Roof - Material properties

We use Regular Curved Shells and thickness is 0.018 m.
DianaIE
Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 63]
Figure 62: Roof - Add new geometry Figure 63: Roof - Edit geometry

2.5 Loads
We set the self-weight [Fig. 64] and the pushover load to all the elements of the model [Fig. 65]. In this example only mode 1 will be checked.
Usually, we would need to perform an eigen value analysis to see which is the adequate eigen mode for the pushover. In this case, mode 1 will be the sway mode of the house and the one
considered for the pushover.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Global load [Fig. 64]
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Attach load [Fig. 65]
Figure 64: Load - Self weight
Figure 65: Load - Pushover

2.6 Meshing
We set an element size of 0.6 m to the roof plate [Fig. 66] and beams [Fig. 67] and 0.3 m to the walls and foundation [Fig. 68].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Set mesh properties [Fig. 66] - [Fig. 68]
Figure 66: Mesh properties - roof plate Figure 67: Mesh properties - beams Figure 68: Mesh properties - walls and foundation

We generate the mesh.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Generate mesh [Fig. 69]
Figure 69: View of the mesh

3 Eigenvalue Analysis
According to the usual procedure for earthquake simulations, we first perform an eigenvalue analysis to learn about the behaviour of the house. In this case we make with calculation of 5
modes.
DianaIE
Main Menu Analysis New Analysis [Fig. 70]

Analysis browser Analysis1 Add command Structural eigenvalue [Fig. 71] [Fig. 72]
Figure 70: Analysis window Figure 71: Add command Figure 72: Analysis tree

We keep the characteristics of the analysis as default and set the number of calculation modes to 5.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural eigenvalue Execute eigenvalue analysis Edit properties [Fig. 73]
Figure 73: Edit number of eingenfrequencies

3.2 Results
Here are some results from the Eigenvalue analysis: total displacements DtXYZ for the first mode and the 5 determined Eigenfrequencies.
We create a contour plot for the transversal displacement of Mode 1 [Fig. 75]. We confirm that Mode 1 is the sway mode, so the one to be considered in the Pushover Load.
DianaIE
Main menu Viewer View points Isometric view 1

Main menu Viewer Fit all
Result browser Output Nodal results Total displacements DtXYZ [Fig. 74] [Fig. 75]
Figure 74: Results window - Eigenvalue Analysis Figure 75: Transversal displacement DtXYZ - Mode 1

In the output file or in the Message box we can see the 5 Eigenvalues determined in the analysis [Fig. 76].
We can see that the frequencies are high, that is because the structure is a small and relatively stiff house.
Figure 76: Messages window - Eigenvalue Analysis

4 Pushover analysis
We now add a structural nonlinear analysis until failure to the current Analysis1. This includes the Self Weight (SW) and the Pushover Load (PO).
We start to add a Structural nonlinear analysis to Analysis1.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Add command Structural nonlinear [Fig. 77] [Fig. 78] [Fig. 79]
Figure 77: Analysis window Figure 78: Add command Figure 79: Analysis tree

We rename the new execute block as Self Weight. We add a new execute block with Load steps and rename it as Pushover. We set up the characteristics of the nonlinear analysis, the load
steps, convergence criteria and solution method.
In this case the geometrically nonlinear effects are important because we are applying out-of-plane loads to the walls [Fig. 82].
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename SW

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Add Execute steps - Load steps [Fig. 80]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear new execute block1 Rename PO
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 82]
Figure 80: New execute load block Figure 81: Analysis tree Figure 82: Analysis properties

The Self Weight (SW) load is applied in two steps [Fig. 83] and the equilibrium iteration properties are kept as default [Fig. 84].
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Self Weight Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 83]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Self Weight Equilibrium iterations Edit properties [Fig. 84]
Figure 83: Self Weight - Load steps Figure 84: Self Weight - Iteration properties

The Pushover Load (PO) is applied incrementally until failure. As we are doing a nonlinear analysis throughout the path until failure we need to set some specific properties in order to ensure
convergence until failure. If we use default settings we will find problems of convergence from early load steps.
Load P0 is applied in 100 increments with a factor of 0.5. We activate the Arc length control to follow the path of response until failure with automatic scale of load steps. We use the Updated
normal plane method with regular control.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Pushover Load steps User specified sizes [Fig. 85]
Properties - LOAD Arc length control Settings [Fig. 85]
Arc length setting Control type - Regular Settings [Fig. 86]
Figure 85: Pushover - Load steps settings Figure 86: Pushover - Arc length settings

In the control type settings we consider the translations in the X-direction, because it is main direction of loading. To control de Arc Length we choose all the nodes of the structure except
the ones that are supported in the interface. For that we deactivate the Geometry connection 1 from the Mesh Browser and select all the nodes of the structure that remain visible. The
movement followed is X-direction Translation, because it is the dominant movement of the structure.
DianaIE
Regular arc length control settings Control sets Add new [Fig. 87]
Mesh browser Deselect Geometry connection 1 [Fig. 88]
Regular arc length control settings DOF selection <select nodes> [Fig. 89]
Figure 87: Arc length control settings Figure 88: De-selecting the supported parts of the mesh Figure 89: Arc length control settings

We set the properties of the iterative procedure in order to ensure a stable and efficient analysis that converges throughout the nonlinear path of the structural response until failure.
For the equilibrium iteration procedure we use the Secant (Quasi-Newton) method because it has less chance of underestimating the stiffness, with a maximum of 50 iterations. We use
displacement convergence with default tolerances because we want to follow the displacement pattern. We choose to continue the analysis even if convergence is not achieved within the
maximum number of iterations. The analysis stops when divergence occurs.
DianaIE
Analysis window Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Pushover Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 90]
Properties - ITERAT Displacement - Settings No convergence - continue [Fig. 91]
Figure 90: Pushover load - Equilibrium iteration settings Figure 91: Displacement convergence norm

We ask for results to be output each 5 load steps (5-100(5)). We use the user selection for output results of displacements, support reactions, crack strains and openings, total strains and
stresses. Finally we run the analysis.
DianaIE
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties Steps 5-100(5) [Fig. 92]
Properties - OUTPUT Result - User selection Modify [Fig. 93] [Fig. 94]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Run analysis

Figure 92: Output steps Figure 93: Selection of results Figure 94: Output for Nonlinear Analysis

4.2 Results
We will create a graph with the total base shear force versus displacement in X direction in the middle top part of the wall with the door gap. The node considered to plot the displacements
is located at the coordinates (3.2, 2.6, 3) m.
DianaIE
Model Nodal selection <Select the node located at (3.2, 2.6, 3) m> [Fig. 95]
Result browser Output Nodal results Total Displacements TDtX Show table <Copy the data to Excel> [Fig. 96] [Fig. 97]
Figure 95: Selected node for displacements Figure 96: Show table Figure 97: Table of total displacements

We need the reactions in all the nodes of the foundation. By summing all the reactions we have the total base shear force for each load step. We de-select the node and ask for the table of
reactions in X-direction in all the nodes.
DianaIE
Model Esc [Fig. 98]

Result browser Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table <Copy the data to Excel> [Fig. 99] [Fig. 100]
Figure 98: De-select nodes Figure 99: Show table Figure 100: Table of force reactions

We make the graph in Excel.
Figure 101: Base shear force vs. Displacements

The analysis diverges in load step 23 and the peak load factor is reached in load step 22. According to the interval of steps asked for output the last result corresponds to step number 20.
With the Near Collapse Output functionality, the load step immediately before divergence is also outputted (step number 22), so we can see the results immediately before collapse.
Here we present the color maps of total displacements in X-direction for failure (last load step, immediately before divergence).
DianaIE
Result browser Output Nodal results Total displacements DtX [Fig. 102]
Result browser Case Load-step 138 [Fig. 103]
Figure 102: Results window for Pushover Analysis Figure 103: Transversal displacement DtX - Failure

We represent the crack width in layers 1 (front) [Fig. 106] and 5 (back) [Fig. 107] of the walls at failure state (i.e. last load step before divergence). We can see the position of the layers through
the element local axis. The limits of the colour maps correspondent to the peak load were set as [0, 0.003] m in order to see the parts of the house that are with inadmissible crack openings.
DianaIE
Output Element results Crack-widths Ecw1 [Fig. 104]

Result browser result view setting Properties Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values [Fig. 105]
Figure 104: Results window Figure 105: Contour plot settings

Figure 106: Crack widths at peak load (layer 1)
Figure 107: Crack widths at peak load (layer 5)
The functionality of Near Collapse Output is very advantageous for large earthquake computations (specially for time history analysis) involving many load or time steps, in which the results
are usually asked in intervals of 50, 100 or even more steps.

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Figure 1: Masonry house

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Table 1: Material properties

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Main menu File New [Fig. 2]

Figure 2: New project Dialog

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Model Window Reference system Units [Fig. 3]

Figure 3: Model windows Figure 4: Property Panel - Units

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Figure 5: Geometry - Add Line 1 Figure 6: Geometry - Add Line 2

Figure 7: Geometry - Add Line 3 Figure 8: Geometry - Add Line 4

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Main Menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 16]

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Figure 18: View of model: Beams

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Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 19]

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Figure 24: Geometry - Target subtract foundation

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Geometry browser Shapes Show <show all the shapes>

Figure 26: View of model - House

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Main Menu Geometry Analysis Connection property assignments [Fig. 27]

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Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 34]

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Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 37] [Fig. 38]

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Figure 47: Properties panel

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Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 51]

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Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 53]

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Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 56] [Fig. 57]

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Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 63]

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Figure 64: Load - Self weight

Figure 65: Load - Pushover

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Main Menu Geometry Analysis Generate mesh [Fig. 69]

Figure 69: View of the mesh

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Main Menu Analysis New Analysis [Fig. 70]

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Figure 73: Edit number of eingenfrequencies