Contents

Forewordix 2.6 Diet, obesity, and physical activity 124

Prefacex Challenges of measuring diet in cancer
Introductionxii epidemiological studies and new perspectives
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms relevant to
Perspectives meat consumption and cancer risk
Elizabeth H. Blackburn Diet and the gut microbiome
Reconciling stress and cancer: insights 2.7 Occupation 134
from telomeres 77 Evaluating carcinogens: dioxins and dioxin-like
Cesar G. Victora substances
Early-life exposures, birth cohorts, and Preventing occupational cancer: successes and
noncommunicable diseases (with special failures
reference to cancer) 177 2.8 Radiation: ionizing, ultraviolet, and
electromagnetic143
Harald zur Hausen
An IARC announcement that made waves
Prenatal infections with subsequent immune
tolerance could explain the epidemiology 2.9 Pollution of air, water, and soil  151
of common childhood cancers 261 Bisphenol A and cancer
Mel Greaves Pesticides and cancer
An evolutionary foundation for cancer control 337 2.10 Pharmaceutical drugs 161
Walter C. Willett Breast implants and cancer
Diet, nutrition, and cancer: where next for 2.11 Naturally occurring chemical carcinogens  169
public health? 432
3 Cancer biology
Barnett S. Kramer
3.1 Genomics 184
Controversies in cancer screening and their
TP53 mutations and human cancer
resolution: a view from the United States
battleground522 3.2 Genome-wide association studies 193
Geneenvironment interactions and breast cancer
Richard Peto
The full hazards of smoking and the benefits of DNA repair polymorphisms and human cancer
stopping: cancer mortality and overall mortality 586 3.3 Gene expression 203
Therapeutic implications of dysregulated DNA
1 Cancer worldwide damage signalling
1.1 The global and regional burden of cancer 16 3.4 Epigenetics 214
1.2 Transitions in human development and the The non-coding RNA revolution in medical
research
global cancer burden 54
Causes and consequences of microRNA
1.3 Childhood cancer 69 dysregulation in cancer

2 Cancer etiology 3.5 Metabolic change and metabolomics 222

3.6 Stem cells and cancer stem cells 228
2.1 The global tobacco epidemic 82
Stem cells in cancer: determinants of clinical
2.2 Tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use 88 outcome?
Genetic susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers 3.7 Tumour microenvironment 236
2.3 Alcohol consumption 96 3.8 Signal transduction and targeted therapy 244
2.4 Infections 105 3.9 Immunology and immunotherapy 253
Inflammation and cancer Role of the innate and acquired immune systems
in mammary development and breast cancer
Do infections play a role in breast cancer?
Premortem autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum
2.5 Reproductive and hormonal factors 115 stress as immunogenic signals in cancer therapy
4 Cancer prevention
4.1 Changing behaviours tobacco control
Australias plain packaging of tobacco products
Tobacco and China
4.2 Changing behaviours physical activity and
weight control 281
Energy restriction, age, and cancer risk
EPIC as a model study vehicle
4.3 Designing and evaluating population-wide
campaigns290
4.4 Prevention strategies common to
noncommunicable diseases
The global economics of chronic and
noncommunicable diseases
4.5 Legislative and regulatory initiatives
Environmental pollution: old and new
Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: the Brazilian
case
4.6 Vaccination
Early implementation and monitoring of HPV
vaccination in Bhutan
Introduction and monitoring of a national HPV
vaccination programme in Rwanda
4.7 Screening principles
4.8 Screening implementation
5 Cancer by organ site
A guide to the epidemiology data in
World Cancer Report348
5.1 Lung cancer
Earliest molecular evidence of tobacco-induced
injury in the airway
Biomarkers of air pollution
5.2 Breast cancer
Biological mechanisms mediating reduced
breast cancer risk through physical activity
Treatment determined by BRCA1/2 mutation
5.3 Oesophageal cancer
Risk of malignant progression in Barrett
oesophagus patients
5.4 Stomach cancer
Gastric cancer prevention
5.5 Colorectal cancer
Lgr5 stem cells in self-renewal and intestinal
cancer
Tumour-elicited inflammation and malignant
progression in colorectal cancer
5.6 Liver cancer
Treating chronic hepatitis with antiviral drugs
to prevent liver cancer
5.7 Pancreatic cancer
5.8 Head and neck cancers
5.9 Kidney cancer
5.10 Bladder cancer
5.11 Cancers of the male reproductive organs 453
268 5.12 Cancers of the female reproductive organs 465
5.13 Haematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies 482
Molecular detection of minimal residual disease
in childhood leukaemia
De novo DNA methyltransferases in normal
and malignant haematopoiesis
5.14 Skin cancer 495
Evaluating sunscreen as a measure to reduce
the risk of melanoma
5.15 Thyroid cancer 503
298 5.16 Tumours of the nervous system 511
Glioma genomics and its implications in
neuro-oncology
305 6 Cancer control
6.1 National cancer control plans 529
6.2 Current global national cancer control
capacity538
314 Cervical cancer prevention in six African
countries
Traditional household cooking: risks and
prevention
6.3 Health systems strengthening for cancer
322 control547
Towards understanding the economics of cancer:
330 priority areas for research
6.4 Research infrastructure biobanks, cohorts,
registries, and data linkage 554
6.5 Advocacy for cancer control 562
350 6.6 Law in cancer control 569
6.7 The global economic burden of cancer 576
Cancer control experiences
Cancer control in Africa: options for a
362
vulnerable continent528
Cancer control in Canada: challenges and
strategies in a high-income country537
Cancer control in China: preventive policies
374 and accessible health care546
Cancer control in France: towards
patient-centred precision medicine 553
383 Cancer control in India: cancer care
through a four-tier system561
392 Cancer control in Jordan: goals for
low- and middle-income countries568
Cancer control in Morocco: action in harmony
with the socioeconomic and cultural context 575
Cancer control in Peru: El Plan
403 Esperanza the Hope Plan584
Cancer control in Turkey: an encouraging
national cancer control plan for the future585
413 Contributors596
422 Disclosures of interests 606
436 Sources608
444 Subject index 619