Post-Tensioned & Cable Stayed

TECHNICAL SESSION 4
Post-Tensioned & Cable Stayed

Bridges
Moderator
John Crigler
VSL
Hanover, MC
2004 PTI Technical Conference Session 4 Khaled Shawwaf - Provencher Bridge Cables
Provencher Bridge Cables: Design, Stressing and Construction
PTI Conference- May, 2004 Spans: 86 & 106 meters
Provencher Bridge:
Cables sizes varied
from 9 to 19-0.6 strands
Concrete Tower with steel skin
Top of tower 69 m above deck

Strands were waxed and
Tower surface zinc metallized PE sheathed
Plaza supported on post-tensioned

spline beams and cables Plaza will accommodate a
glass enclosed restaurant
Three types of cables:
2 Pylon Balance cables

6 Plaza cables
36 Bridge cables
Plaza Cables & Details
Having dinner next to a cable anchorage!
Plaza and Pylon Balance cables
Copyright - Post-Tensioning Institute 35 All rights reserved

Plaza and Pylon Balance Tower shaft is hollow

cables concrete section with
outer steel shell and
pinnacle
Back Stay cables installed
Cables are anchored by

Second pair of back span cables clevis-pin connector
plate
Section Plan
Tower Cable Anchorages:
Steel plate transmits the forces between opposite cables
Pin connection seems to provide high friction damping
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Cable Anchorage at the Pylon- Clevis Type
Shown with non-replaceable strands
2 million cycles 160 Mpa stress range

Cable Anchorage at the Deck- Standard DYNA-Grip System
PE pipe co-extruded white color
External Helix to supress rain-wind oscillations

Original Construction Method: Precast deck segments
Original Precast Construction Cycle (10 m deck length):
Two 3.75 meter typical segments plus one 2.5 m diaphragm segment
Erection frame supported by a temporary cable
Provencher Bridge, Winnipeg

Completed October 2003
Redesign Features
Cast-in-place segmental
Back span on false-work
Main span: cantilever method
Five day construction cycle
Cable PE pipe with external helix

Original Design: Deck layout and cross-section
Lightweight and mobile form-traveler
* Diaphragm extends beyond box section to support cables
Eliminate temporary cables
* Interior webs

Provencher Bridge
Cable Anchor Block
Cast-in-Place Box Girder:
* Eliminate internal webs
* Adjust dimensions to match weight and stiffness of original section
* Typical cantilever segment : 10 meters Precast Cable Anchorage Block:
* Five day construction cycle Eliminates forming during construction cycle

Complex and congested reinforcing steel
Alignment of cable recess pipe
Precast Cable Anchorage Blocks
* Roughened interface joint
* High strength and quality concrete
* Shear friction design approach
Provencher Bridge Form Traveler
Complex 3D
Computer
Model
5 Many load cases

& boundary
5
conditions
3
Very light truss

2 4
structures with
2
easy adjustment
Y
and advance
X
Z
Provencher Pedestrian Bridge Formtraveler

Construction Equipment is the key to successful segmental bridges!
Provencher Bridge
Provencher Bridge- Form Traveler

Provencher Provencher
Bridge Bridge
Formtraveler Formtraveler
Precast Block Bracket
Last Cable- Flat slope

First Cable- steep slope Position of floating cable anchorage moves to front of FT
Precast cable anchorage block- Fix in position and orientation No bracing for the top chords of the trusses
Temporary floating support for cable extension- Transmit cable force to FT
Design
Supply
Assemble
Rear Reaction Support Erect
Shown with roller during advancing
Operate
Form Traveler
Main Hanger Support

Four 32 mm Dywidag bars
Provencher Bridge
Design load transfer of precast cable block
3D geometry control for installation
Eliminate bolted cable extension pipe

Provencher Bridge *HRPHWU\&RQWURORI&DEOH$QFKRUDJH3UHFDVW%ORFN

Last Cable Hole in Floating Cable Anchorage
First Cable
Precast Block caddy
Adjustments in longitudinal
and vertical directions
Rotation of precast block

until it rests on bracket
Bracket position is the same

for all cables
Five day construction cycle
Fast and accurate procedure to set the location of the cable precast block
Precast block Caddy
During concreting the

wedges at the permanent
cable anchor are retracted
The cable strands are securely

anchored with clamped
wedges at the front of the
floating cable anchorage
Cable force transferred to the

permanent anchorage after
deck has reached required
strength and post-tensioned
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Provencher Bridge
Floating cable anchorages to support Form-Traveler

Cable Forces and Reactions on the Form Traveler
Location and angle vary for each cable
Transfer cable loads to bridge by releasing force in Dywidag bars

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Reaction Brackets against diaphragm to resist Longitudinal force of cable
Cable Reaction bracket and

Precast Block bracket must
be removed before advancing
the form traveler
Form Traveler Advancing:

Removed Precast Block
to allow advance of FT
Are small bridges more trouble than
large structures?
Launching beam supported by four

outrigger brackets cantilevering
beyond the sides of the deck
Outrigger beams stressed down to deck

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Very tight clearances!
Advance in one hour!

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Outer side forms of box girder- Removed before advancing FT Side forms in place to cast next segment- Precast block fixed in place
Provencher Bridge
Cable Fabrication
& Installation
Critical path activity
Top Slab Reinforcement and Post-Tensioning Tendons
36 mm Dywidag bars stressed at every segment and extended into next

Tower Clevis Anchorage:

Clevis anchor assembly was
screwed on the threaded
Strands were cut to length
anchor head
laid out and arranged in a
parallel pattern
Threaded anchor head was

placed and the wedges
securely seated
Clevis was then prepared

Cable is now ready for lifting
for installation over anchor
and installation
head
Note hand hole for strand

exchange
The clevis anchorage is

Cable with large sag
fixed to the tower plates
with 120 mm pins
Ready for pulling into
the deck anchorage

Cable is being pulled into deck anchorage

Anchored at tower only Fully stressed cable
Cable stay pipe with

external helix suppressed
all rain-wind vibrations
Develop new Clevis cable anchorage
Vacuum injection of anchorages with

Dyna-Shield anti corrosion filler
Tower Post-Tensioning:
12 and 19-0.6 tendons
Dead anchors at the bottom in a block-out

or buried in the shaft section
Stressing anchors at different lifts
Treat tendons as Rock Anchors:

Cast duct in each lift
Cast tendon anchorage in upper lift
Pre-assemble tendons
Place spacers between strands in Bond Length
Insert tendon into duct cavity
Grout the Bond Length
Stress tendon and grout remainder of tendon
Dead end anchored by BOND
Bond Length

Provencher Pedestrian Cable Stayed Bridge

Provencher Bridge
Cable Designation: CW18
100
Cable Stressing 90 1st stage

80 2nd stage
Deviation of individual
strand forces within 70
Stressing Force (kN)

each cable
60
50
How much force deviation
may be allowed between 40
the strands within a cable? 30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of Strands
14
CABLE LENGTH = 107m
14
Provencher Bridge
12
Cables were
10 CW18N CW18S
stressed to length!
Tolerance, mm
100 100
8 90 90
di Accuracy of jacking 80 80
6 equipment and 70 70
operations not a 60
4 60
contributing factor! 50 50
2 40 40
30 30
3.421 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 20
20 Li 200 10 10
Cable Length, meters 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Cable Length Allowable Tolerance:
5 mm for L= 25 meters Cable 18: Individual strand forces, kn L= 107 meters

10 mm for L= 125 meters
CABLE LENGTH = 107m CABLE LENGTH = 107m
Strand force in kN
Strand CW18N CW18S CW18
Force Off from Ave Diff, kN Force Off from Ave Diff, kN 4.0
1 96.1 -0.3% -0.3 96.4 -0.7% -0.7
North
2 96.1 -0.3% -0.3 97.9 0.8% 0.7 3.0
3 96.3 -0.1% -0.1 96.1 -1.1% -1.0 South
2.0
4 94.3 -2.1% -2.0 98.7 1.7% 1.6
Tolerance (kN)
5 97.5 1.2% 1.2 97.5 0.4% 0.4 1.0

6 97.9 1.6% 1.5 97.9 0.8% 0.7
7 97.9 1.6% 1.5 96.3 -0.9% -0.9 0.0
8 95.2 -1.2% -1.2 99.6 2.6% 2.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-1.0
9 95.7 -0.6% -0.6 97.5 0.4% 0.4
10 97.9 1.6% 1.5 96.1 -1.1% -1.0 -2.0
11 95.2 -1.2% -1.2 96.1 -1.1% -1.0
12 94.7 -1.8% -1.7 97.5 0.4% 0.4 -3.0
13 98.2 1.9% 1.9 96.1 -1.1% -1.0 -4.0
14 96.1 -0.3% -0.3 96.1 -1.1% -1.0
Strand Number
Total F 1349 1360
Average 96.3 Range 3.9 97.1 Range 3.6
Computed Range 7.6 7.6 Force Deviation due to Allowable Length Tolerance (9 mm), kN
Force Deviation due to Allowable Length Tolerance 1.25% Force

CABLE LENGTH = 37m

CABLE LENGTH = 37m
Strand force in kN
Strand # CW9N Diff, kN CW9S Diff, kN
1 121 2.8% 3.3 92 0.8% 0.8
CW9N CW9S 2 118 0.4% 0.5 94 2.4% 2.2
100 3 112 -4.4% -5.1 91 -0.2% -0.2
120
80
4 121 2.8% 3.3 87 -5.5% -5.0
100
80
5 120 1.8% 2.1 91 -0.2% -0.2
60
60
6 119 1.1% 1.2 91 -0.9% -0.8
40 7 117 -0.3% -0.3 92 0.0% 0.0
40
20 20 8 117 -0.3% -0.3 92 0.8% 0.8
0 0 9 118 0.4% 0.5 93 1.1% 1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 112 -4.4% -5.1 93 1.6% 1.5
Tot F 1176 917
Average 117.6 8.4 91.7 7.2

Computed Range 10.9 10.9
Cable 9: Individual strand forces, kn L= 37 meters
Forces in 9N & 9S cables were not the same due to plaza! New PTI allowable strand force deviation is 2.5% MUTS= 6.5 kN
CABLE LENGTH = 37m (5.5 mm)
CW9 Provencher Pedestrian

Bridge
6.0
4.0 A new feature in the

Winnipeg skyline
Tolerance (kN)
2.0
A bridge between the French
0.0 Ville and Downtown
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-2.0
North
-4.0
South
-6.0
Strand Number
Provencher Bridge, Canada
Owner: City of Winnipeg
Engineer: Wardrop Ltd.
Contractor: M.D. Steele, Ltd.
CIP Proposal: DSI
Post-Tensioning: DSI
Cables: DSI
Form-Traveler: DSI
Const. Engin.: Buckland- Taylor

2004 PTI Technical Conference Session 4 J. Crigler, H. Ganz - Stay Cable Enhancements
Stay Cable Enhancements

Stay Cable X PTI Recommendations
Enhancements X 100 Design Year Life
X Monostrand Stressing
X Vibration Control
John Crigler X Monitoring
&
Hans Ganz
4.1 Corrosion Protection

X Performance
X 2 Nested
Barriers
X Free Length
X Anchorage
Length
4.1.2 Corrosion Protection 4.1.2.1 Barriers
X 2 Nested Barriers X Anchorage -

X Internal Barrier - Free Length
Full Length Interface
X External Barrier - X Performance
Free Length

Internal Barrier - Tightly Extruded Monostrand::

Climate
Kemijoki Bridge, Finland
Standard Galvanized
Wadi Leban Bridge, Saudi Arabia
Batam Tonton Bridge, Indonesia
Strand Qualification Test - External Barrier - HDPE Stay Pipe

Static leak tightness test of strand (1m water head)
m
2
h=1000 mm
20 mm
3 4
1m
Black Co-
Co-Extruded
HDPE Stay Pipe

Accelerated Ageing Tests in Weatherometer (7 months) Tensile and Bending Tests
Colored Stay Pipe Samples
Weatherometer

HDPE Stay Pipe Colorimetric Tests Stay Cable Anchorage
STRESSING END
PROTECTION CAP TRANSITION LENGTH DEVIATOR STAY FREE LENGTH
WITH ADJUSTABLE ANCHORAGE
15.2 or15.7 mm dia. Guide pipe

Guide pipe 15.2 or 15.7 mm dia.
high tensile
7-wire steel strand high tensile HDPE
Colorimtrie b* Colorimtrie L* Transition pipe 7-wire steel strand stay pipe
High performance
Protective filler mortar Bundle of
Tightly extruded
50 100 (grease or wax) Bundle of Bundle of strands HDPE coating
parallel strands
Protective filler
parallel strands
(grease or wax)
40 80 Individual protection tube
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
Avant 1500 h de 2814 h de 5000 h de Vieillissement Avant 1500 h de 2814 h de 5000 h de Vieillissement
vieillissement WOM WOM WOM thermique vieillissement WOM WOM WOM thermique
Tube gris C2 Tube rouge A Tube blanc B * Tube gris C2 Tube rouge A Tube blanc B *
Stay Cable Anchorages Guide Deviator

STRESSING END
PROTECTION CAP
WITH ADJUSTABLE ANCHORAGE
TRANSITION LENGTH DEVIATOR STAY FREE LENGTH
Shape
Adapter
Dead End
Stressing End
Centering
Device
Stay Cable Design Life Design Life Example
Aggressiveness of the environment : C5 (ISO 12944-2) (1)
Accessibility or Durability of the Design life of Period between

Design life of replaceability of corrosion the initial subsequent
the stay cable the components protection system corrosion maintenance
system protection operations
system
Replaceable 25 years (2) 25 years (2) 25 years (2)

Not replaceable With maintenance
(1)
100 years Easy access = 100 years (1) 25 years (2)
15 years (2)
Not replaceable
No access 100 years (1) No maintenance
(1)
Only indicative (to be specified by the Engineer)
(2)
Only indicative (to be defined by the stay cable system supplier)

Design Life Example Design Life Example
Design Life Example Monostrand Stressing
Automatic Monostrand Stressing

Strand by Strand Initial Stressing to Force
Subsequent Stressing to Elongation
Installation Automatic Lift-
Lift-Off
Electronic Record

kN
kN
BASIC THEORY
60 Equal Load in All Strands
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strand No. 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strand No.
Pylon Deflection
Stran Software
Factors That Influence Stay STRAND PROPERTIES Strand
1
t' (kN)
110.7
t (kN)
110.1
T (kN)
110.1
wD (m)
0.018
uP (m)
0.000
sag (m)
4.686
E = 193900 MPa
Installation Forces A = 152.30 mm2
q = 1.300 kgf/m
2
3
4
5
93.2
87.3
84.1
81.9
92.6
86.6
83.4
81.1
185.2
259.9
333.5
405.7
0.033
0.048
0.063
0.078
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.176
2.556
2.222
2.017
6 80.1 79.4 476.6 0.092 0.000 1.880
7 78.7 78.0 545.9 0.105 0.000 1.784
JAW DRAW-IN 8 77.4 76.7 613.8 0.119 0.000 1.713
g = 0.006 m 9 76.3 75.6 680.2 0.132 0.000 1.661
10 75.2 74.5 745.2 0.145 0.000 1.621
11 74.3 73.5 808.8 0.158 0.000 1.590
DUCT LINEAR WEIGHT 12 73.3 72.6 871.1 0.170 0.000 1.566
q = 7.000 kgf/m 13 72.4 71.7 932.1 0.182 0.000 1.547
14 71.6 70.8 991.8 0.194 0.000 1.533
15 70.8 70.0 1050.3 0.205 0.000 1.522
ANCHORAGE COORDINATES 16 70.0 69.2 1107.6 0.217 0.000 1.514
17 69.2 68.5 1163.8 0.228 0.000 1.508
x y z 18 68.5 67.7 1218.9 0.238 0.000 1.504
DECK 193.248 13.394 52.408 19 67.7 67.0 1273.0 0.249 0.000 1.502
20 67.0 66.3 1326.0 0.259 0.000 1.501
PYLON 1.702 4.412 161.497 21 66.4 65.6 1378.0 0.269 0.000 1.501
22 65.7 65.0 1429.0 0.279 0.000 1.502
23 65.0 64.3 1479.2 0.289 0.000 1.504
ANCHORAGE DISPLACEMENT DUE TO CHORD FORCE 24 64.4 63.7 1528.4 0.299 0.000 1.507
F = 2498.0 kN 25 63.8 63.1 1576.7 0.308 0.000 1.511
26 63.2 62.5 1624.2 0.317 0.000 1.515
27 62.6 61.9 1670.9 0.326 0.000 1.520
Deck Deflection DECK
u
0.000000
v
0.000000
w
0.525000
28
29
30
62.0
61.5
60.9
61.3
60.8
60.2
1716.7
1761.8
1806.2
0.335
0.344
0.352
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.525
1.530
1.536
Cable Sag PYLON 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 31

32
33
60.4
59.9
59.4
59.7
59.1
58.6
1849.8
1892.7
1935.0
0.361
0.369
0.377
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.542
1.549
1.556
FLEXIBILITY FACTORS 34 58.9 58.1 1976.5 0.385 0.000 1.563
35 58.4 57.6 2017.4 0.393 0.000 1.570
fx fy fz 36 57.9 57.2 2057.7 0.401 0.000 1.577
DECK 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 4.2503e-04 37 57.4 56.7 2097.4 0.408 0.000 1.585
38 56.9 56.2 2136.5 0.415 0.000 1.593
PYLON 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 39 56.5 55.8 2175.0 0.423 0.000 1.601
40 56.0 55.3 2212.9 0.430 0.000 1.609
41 55.6 54.9 2250.3 0.437 0.000 1.617
TENSIONING OPERATION 42 55.2 54.5 2287.2 0.444 0.000 1.625
n = 48 43 54.7 54.0 2323.6 0.451 0.000 1.634
44 54.3 53.6 2359.4 0.458 0.000 1.642
T = 2498.0 kN 45 53.9 53.2 2394.8 0.464 0.000 1.651
46 53.5 52.8 2429.6 0.471 0.000 1.660
Stay tensioning end: PYLON 47 53.1 52.4 2464.0 0.477 0.000 1.669
48 52.7 52.0 2498.0 0.484 0.000 1.677
Cable Force Checking Controlling Vibrations

Import Data
Trace
8000
Lift-Off
7000
Lift-Off
6000
5000
Force
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45
Elongation

Friction Damper
ADJUSTABILITY
Friction Damper
Friction Damper Friction Damper Testing - 216m Cable

Tongji University, China

FRICTION DAMPER PERFORMANCE FRICTION DAMPER PERFORMANCE

TONGJI UNIVERSITY TEST FEBRUARY 2004 TONGJI UNIVERSITY TEST FEBRUARY 2004
1st Mode Test 2 First Mode 1st Mode Test 2 First Mode
100 200 100 200

80 150 80 150
60 60
100 100
40 40
Displacement
Displacement
20 50 20 50
0 CH002 0 0 CH002 0
1
178
355
532
709
886
1063
1240
1417
1594
1771
1948
2125
2302
2479
2656
2833
3010
3187
3364
1
178
355
532
709
886
1063
1240
1417
1594
1771
1948
2125
2302
2479
2656
2833
3010
3187
3364
-20 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor -20 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor
-40
-50 -40
-50
-60 -100 -60 -100
-80 -80
-150 -150
-100 -100
-200 -200
Mode 2 Test 1 Mode 2 Test 1

Second Mode Second Mode
100 100 100 100

80 80 80 80
60 60 60 60
40 40 40 40
Displacement
Displacement
20 20
20 20
0 0
0 CH002 -20 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor 0 CH002 -20 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor
1
164
327
490
653
816
979
1142
1305
1468
1631
1794
1957
2120
2283
2446
2609
2772
2935
3098
1
164
327
490
653
816
979
1142
1305
1468
1631
1794
1957
2120
2283
2446
2609
2772
2935
3098
-20 -40 -20 -40
-40 -60 -40 -60
-60 -80 -60 -80
-100 -100
-80 -80
-100 -100
Mode 3 Test 2 Third Mode Mode 3 Test 2 Third Mode
80 80
80 80
60 60
60 60
40 40
40 40
20 20
Displacement
Displacement
20 0 20 0
0 CH002 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor 0 CH002 Anchor Ch2 Ch3 Anchor
-20 -20
1
1
206
411
616
821
1026
1231
1436
1641
1846
2051
2256
2461
2666
2871
3076
3281
3486
3691
3896
206
411
616
821
1026
1231
1436
1641
1846
2051
2256
2461
2666
2871
3076
3281
3486
3691
3896
-20 -40 -20 -40
-60 -60
-40 -40
-80 -80
-60
-80
60 Seconds -60
-80
60 Seconds
MAXIMUM DAMPING MEASURED > 7% @ Ld = 0.023 L MAXIMUM DAMPING MEASURED > 5% @ Ld = 0.016 L
Monitoring Remote Monitoring
Detailed Vibration Assessment

Load Cells
Multistrand Split-Load Cell

Single Strand Load Cell


2004 PTI Technical Conference Session 4 Man-Chung Tang - Bridges of China
Wuting Bridge
MAJOR BRIDGES
IN MAINLAND
CHINA
By Man-Chung Tang
Presented By Tom Ho
Zhouzhou Bridge CHINA
In 1979, there were a total of TWO

bridges across the Yangtze River:
Wuhan
Nanjing
Now, there are more than FORTY!
Up to 1978, there were only 1st Yangtzu River Bridge,

THREE large bridges in all of Nanjing
China
Yellow
River Yangtze
River
Pearl
River

In the City of Chongqing,

the first major bridge was The City of Chongqing
built in 1980
Today, there are 26 major bridges
(among a total of 4,300):
5 Suspension
8 Cable-stayed
3 Arched
7 Concrete Girder
3 Steel Trusses
Nanpu Bridge, Shanghai Nanpu Bridge
The first major long span bridge in China.
423-meter span
Completed in 1991
Yangpu Bridge
Xupu Bridge
602-meter span
590-meter span
Completed in 1994
Completed in 1997

Wuhan Bridge Tungling Bridge
400-meter span 432-meter span
Completed in 1995 Completed in 1995
Dongting Lake Bridge at

Hedong Bridge
Yueyang
360-meter span Two 310 meter spans
Nanjing Second Yangtze River Nanjing Second Yangtze River

Bridge Bridge
628-meter span
Completed in 2001

Nanjing Third Yangtze River Sutong Yangtze River Bridge

Bridge
Under construction Under construction
Hangzhou Bay Bridge:

Cable-stayed Bridges 36 km long across the
Hangzhou Bay
3000
2500 ?
SPAN LENGTH (M)
2000
Tatara
1500
Yangpu
Annacis
Stromsund
1000
Knie
500 Sutong
0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
YEAR
Northern Approach, Nanjing

Humen Bridge
2nd Yangtze Bridge

Luzhou Second Yangtze River

Jiangjin Yangtze River Bridge Bridge
Chongqing, China:
December 28, 2003
A historic moment!
Groundbreaking for two world record

span bridges on the same day, in the
same city.
And,designed by the same US consultant
Caiyuanba Bridge Site Caiyuanba Bridge,

Chongqing, China.
420-meter span

Caiyuanba Bridge Shibanpe Bridge Site
The advantages of both steel &

concrete combined to create a world
Chongqing Shibanpe Bridge record span.
330-meter span
Steel
Qingchuan Bridge Changfeng Bridge

Meixihe River Bridge Wanxian Yangtze River Bridge
288-meter span
420 meter span
Completed in 2000
Completed in 1997
Yajisha Bridge Yajisha Bridge
360-meter span
Completed in 2000
A sampling of our current

Lupu Bridge
projects
550-meter span
Completed in 2003

Wujiang Bridge, China

Wujiang Bridge
POC in Chongqing POC in Chongqing
Fulin, China
Fulin, China

Dagu Bridge, Tianjin, China Dagu Bridge
Dagu Bridge Dagu Bridge
Dagu Bridge

Post-Tensioned &amp; Cable Stayed

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TECHNICAL SESSION 4