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dt
i==1,2 j=1,2 polynomials havinig eighth-degree
denominator and sixth-degree numer-
hi1', h12' =elenments of HI-', (H, 1 is an
hnlj, h22' approximation to H---')
Oij3=Kij Xf Udttu
i= 1 ' 2 j= 1,' 2 ator
e=error function vector
Uaij, Udj = low-pass-filter outputs
Uj=constants
These signals are used to position servo- XI x, = controlled variables n1ll, m,2 = elements of M
driven potentiometers which are used to XI, X2 = variables xi and x2 after passing M 2
synthesize B and T. through high-pass filter nil, n1, =elements of N
ni,, n12
P= Laplace transform vector of perturbing i
Psignals sinusoids of frequency Al11, Al9, absolute value of iv1l and M21 for
PI, P2=perturbing sinusoids of frequency
wO, and tW2
sll, l2 s=jw
i', l,= absolute value Of V12n anI1d n for
Appendix 11. List of Sym6ols 1 W2= frequency of perturbations A12,i,=Nu 2 S
a
Bil, B22 = elements of controller transfer "Vll N12 = value of nii, n12, n2, n22 for s = 0
X=plant output vector function matrix 1 =angles of complex number of 0
X0=system input vector Hil H a2 n21 =a d
F = plant input vector _s . 11 P . H21,, H2222 elements of plant transfer func- angle, =c s wl numbers of in,,
r offorcomplex
n n =~~~~~~~~~~~~~=angleS
B = controller transfer function matrix tion matrix 0229' 0 andMin for s =jCO
H =plant transfer function matrix S = Laplacian variable
D = diagonal matrix required to make y =filter parameter
tracking matrix T realizable Ka.= tracking-loop-gain constants
CT =trackinitialv
T =tracking matrix
matrix
Co =initial value matrix K, 1) = tracking-loop-gain constants
ai,bj=ln
bi3=plant
aamtr
C = optimized open-loop transfer function tIJ, parameters unknown func-
nnw uc
Reference
matrix tion of time
M = niatrix whose elements are ratio of
polynomials having sixth-degree de-
tijtracking
= parameters of tracking matrix,
a bs2, respectively 1. TRANSFER FUNCTIONs TRACKING AND ADAP-
nomination and fourth-degree numer- clj, d1; =parameters of optimized matrix C TIVE CONTROL SYSTEpMS, C. N. Weygandt, N. N.
ator hiip hI2
ator 7 = elements of inverse planit
~~~~~=elements plant matrix
matri Puri. Transactions, Professional Group on Auto-
matic Control, Institute of Radio Engineers,
n
N =matrix whose elements are ratio of h,,, hh,, H-1 New York, N. Y., VAC-8 N-2, May 1961.
3600 _I2fi9
many areas in Western Canada use 460 1) 0 I PS5G
volts. 5
' D
Fig. I is intended to represent a plant R SOS 3 IC 500 MCM
which was initially relatively small and | 7750
l
was served from a single utility line and KYA 9 9 M CENTER OLX
a 5-mva (megavolt-ampere) transformer. ' E C
XVhen expanded, a second utility line and )
a 10-mva transformer were added along T
with a dual-bus 4.16-kv distribution sys-
tem and 3,600-hp (horsepower) motor. OTHER 75 HP
The first utility line is reserved for stand- LOADS MAX
by use.
Further plant expansion would prob- Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of hypothetical plant
ably result in replacing the 5-mva trans-
former with a larger one and in hav-
in,gth the utilitv- operate off both lines the large compressors. Letter designa- mitted according to the motor operating
simultaneouslvr. Both 4.16-kv bus tie tions in Fig. 1 represent protective relays. instructions. In the meantime, relay 49
breakers breakers be operated
could could operated normallv
nType designations, settings, and other will have heated up somewhat during the
closed-if the utility permitted and the associated data for these relays are listed inrush condition and will not reset for a
ofaulthcapacityewouldnot6bexee.
fault capacity would not exceed te
of the 4.16-ky breakers. If oneatie
the rating in Table I.
rating while.
degree ofTherefore,
protectionrelay 49 provides
for repetitive some
starting
breaker would be operated normally PROTECTION OF 3,600-HP MOTOR conditions.
open, however, then
openhowever, then for continuity of
for continuity
service reasons, it should have automatic- A double-element phase thermal over- The prime function of relay 49, of
closing easontrol intheaeven
.t operate current relay-device 49/50-is included course, is to perform in accordance with
fclossng oftronelie operrtesondn ien-
to in relay protection in Fig. 1 to obtain over- motor heating for motor-overload condi-
lossupponelyntra comrer.onding
coming
in-
load and phase short-circuit protection. tions, tripping when needed to pro-
Theigsppl
arrangementfof thisplantA single long-time induction over- tect the motor against damaging tem-
purposelv chosent thiustrlatensoe
purposely i chosen ttoo illustrate some oof current locked
against
relav-device 51-protects peratures. In many processes, it is most
rotor or sustained starting important that relay 49 does not trip
t
co-mordinatfionrequirepents. Discussont inrush current conditions, associated with unnecessarily soon for overload conditions.
c-ofhislatont arrangement offersin-
thisplantar gemt shouldapets
an unsuccessful starting acceleration. Ground-fault protection can be ob-
sgtitsoeof broald o- The pickup current for this relay is set tained, using a residually connected short-
overcurrent co-ordination. While thisI about 250%7
motor rating so that the time induction overcurrent relav-device
hvpovhericurren co-ordinat.
ant Wlem thsn will relatively fast operating time of the relay 51N. The theoretical pickup of the relay
not result in unnecessary motor trip- would be for 60 primary amperes using
resemble those most frequentlv encoun-
tered, it represents a typical it rersntping
tered,modern for overload conditions. the 0.5-ampere tap with 600-5 CT's. The
The operating time of relay 51 is then relatively high-relav burden, however, re-
determined to be just slow enough to quires about 10 secondary volts to produce
permit a successful acceleration under the 0).5 relay ampere. Each of the three
Paper 61-1047, recommended bytheAJEE Indus- codtospeitbe
trial and Commercial Power Systems Committee seeetirs codtospeitb. CTshnrques04-m rexiig
and approved by the AWEE Technical Operations The relay then trips to provide protection current. The actual primary pickup is,
Department for presentation at the AIEE Fall
General Meeting, Detroit, Mich., October 15-20, to the motor rotor and stator and to pre- therefore, 0.62 by 600/5 = 74.5 amperes.
1961. Manuscript submitted July 7, 1961l; made vent unnecessary heating. If the relay W'ith 2,000O-ampere maximum ground-
available for printing August 24, 1962.
D. . FWCET i wih Cnadan estnghuse trips during an unsuccessful start, the fault current available, the 51 N relay can
Company, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. motor can be restarted as soon as per- detect a ground fault in the motor wind-
M\AY 1963 Fawcett Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 95
Table 1. Protective Devices and Their Settings
Protection
Apparatus
Primary
Device Letter Available Name- Primary Pickup
Designation Device Adjustments, CT plate, Pickup/ Nameplate,
in Fig. 1 Type Amperes Device Settings Ratio Type Amperes Amperes Amperes
Phase Devices
D DB-25 400-Ampere Coil 400-Ampere and 20-Second Long Delay (LD) Cable 380 400 1.05
2,000-Ampere and 6-cycle Short Delay (SD)
E DB-50 1,000-Ampere Coil 1,000-Ampere 12-Second LD, 5,000-Ampere
14-Cycle SD
F DB-50 1,000-Ampere Coil 1,600-Ampere 20-Second LD, 7,500-Ampere
30-Cycle SD Transformer 720 1,600 2.22
G CO-9 4-12, 20-80-IT
(Instantaneous
Trip) 6-Ampere 2.5-Time Dial (TD), 40-IT 400-5 Transformer 104 480 4.62
J CO-9 4-12-Ampere 12-Ampere, 2-TD 1,000-5 Cable
R Co-II 4-12, 40-160 5-Ampere, 11-TD, 56-IT 150-5 Transformer 104 150 1.45
T CO-i 4-12, 40-160 5-Ampere, 4-TD, 105-IT 400-5 Line
U CO-6 0.5-2.5 0.5-Ampere, 0.5-TD 600-5 Motor 444
V BL-1 2.5-5, 6-50 3.7-Ampere, 30-Ampere 600-5 Motor 444 532 1.20
V CO-5 4-12, 20-80 10-Ampere, 2-TD, 30-Ampere 600-5 Motor 444 1,200 2.70
W CO-i 4-12 4-Ampere, 9-TD 2,000-5
X CO-ii 4-12 4-Ampere, 11-TD 2,000-5 Transformer 690 1,600 2.32
Y CO-i1 4-12 4-Ampere, 6-TD 2,000-5
Z CO-9 4-12 7-Ampere, 6-TD 2,000-5 Transformer 1,380 2,800 2.03
Ground Devices
G CO-9 0.5-2.5-Ampere 1 0-Ampere, 1 0-TD 400-5 80
J CO-9 0.5-2.5-Ampere 0.5-Ampere, 4-TD 1,000-5 100
P SC-1 0.5-2-Ampere 0.5-Ampere Type BYZ CT 100-5 17
R CO-9 0.5-2.5 0.5-Ampere, 1.0-TD 150-5
T CO-9 0. 5-2.5 0. 5-Ampere 400-5
V CO-2 0.5-2.5 0. 5-Ampere, 0.5-TD 600-5 74.5
W, X, Y, Z, Q*
* It is not believed necessary to consider these ground relays since their application is simple use of the same principles as for phase relays.
ing between the line terminals and about high-speed differential-type relays are here. Extremely inverse relays such as
74.5/2,000 by 100 = 3.7% from the wind- available. R in Table I usually give the best in-
ing neutral. Time versus current curves for the dividual transformer primary protection
Use of a zero-sequence window-type relay settings listed in Table I are shown when standard 575-volt secondary switch-
CT permits lower ground-fault pickup in Fig. 2 for the 3,600-hp motor relays gear is involved. It is usually necessary
currents to be obtained. Relay P, for V 49, 50, 51, 51iN, and U 87. to permit the overcurrent characteristic of
example, picks up at about 17 primary Other forms of motor protection such these relays to cut through the knee of
amperes, although its theoretical pickup as current unbalance, negative-sequence the secondary breaker trip unit charac-
would be 10 amperes. current, undervoltage, and phase-reversal teristic band. This is acceptable pro-
Conventional differential protection of protection are not discussed here. viding relays R do not intersect the knee
motors makes use of induction overcurrent of the largest 575-volt feeder breaker
relays with restraint windings to obtain PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS trip unit band D. See Fig. 2.
a percentage differential current charac- Phase overcurrent relays G protect The second point to note is that the
teristic. This characteristic is desirable three 750-kva transformers. The settings source total XIR ratio is low-less than 3,
for transformers and generators to insure for these relays are conventional and were in this case-when a long 3-conductor
against false tripping for high-magnitude discussed in a paper presented at cable is involved. Therefore, there will
and duration fault currents supplied to the AIEE Fall General Meeting, Chicago, not be much asymmetry in the trans-
external faults. Squirrel-cage induction Ill., October 11-16, 1959, under the title, former contribution to a secondary fault.
motors, however, will not contribute more "Overcurrent Protection for Industrial The instantaneous trip in relay R, in this
than about 700% of their rating in sym- Power Systems. case, can be set only 23% above the maxi-
metrical current to an external fault. Relays R provide individual protection mum symmetrical contribution to a sec-
This contribution decreases from its for a 750-kva transformer. The over- ondary fault. This means that 12% is to
initial magnitude to zero in about 6 cycles current characteristics for phase relays match the maximum asymmetry factor
or less. R, transformer secondary breaker direct for X/R=3, and 10% is for the conven-
Bearing this in mind, it will be seen overcurrent trip units E, and the largest tional additional relay setting tolerance.
that plain induction overcurrent relays 575-volt feeder breaker trip units D are Relays G are very inverse. This charac-
can serve as differential protection- shown in Fig. 2. The pickup of relays R teristic is desirable, in general, for use
device 87-of this motor. The relays is at 145%o of transformer rating. This on a feeder serving two or more trans-
chosen- U in Table I-are faster than relatively low pickup is desirable since formers. The higher relay pickup re-
the same manufacturer's equivalent per- this transformer is supplied by a 3- quired permits use of the very inverse
centage restraint differential relays up to conductor cable, 1/2 mile long, and the instead of the extremely inverse character-
high-current values where their operating maximum fault capacity is only about 50 istic. This is apparent in Fig. 2 since the
time becomes the same, about 0.13 second mva on the transformer primary ter- transformers protected by relays C and R
or 8 cycles. The two types havre the same minals. have the same ratings and secondary
burden. As an alternative, of course, There are two important points to note switchgear tripping characteristics.
96 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics MAY 1963
PROTECTION OF FEEDERS Fi g. 2. Overcurrent co- 1000 5r _
10 _ 50r 100*
1. . ** 500 1000 5000
ordination
. . I
tII
Feeders using cable usually do not
III
o00 1111 II
ment in relays T. 4
An extremely inverse characteristic
for relays T is given in Fig. 2 to illustrate E
one potential limitation of this character-
istic. Relays T must co-ordinate with .08
relays R at the pickup current of the 51
instantaneous elements in R. A co-
ordination interval of 0.45 second isshown.
This is quite satisfactory. At higher fault
currents, the operating time of' relavsv
T .01
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
500lOO50lO lOOO 5000
becomes so fast that they do not co- MULTIPLY BY 10 TO OBTAIN CURRENT IN AMPERES AT 4.16 KV
ordinate with the instantaneous elements
in relays R.
For example the operating time of re-
lays T is only 0.2 second at fault current T. The extremely inverse characteristic relays Z because of their relatively high
just below the pickup of the instantaneous in phase relays Y is required to override pickup. If the 10-mva transformer were
elements in T. Minimum time difference the 3,600-hp motor inrush and still sup- larger and the remainder of the system
probably would not be less than 0.25 ply backup protection to this inrush unchanged, even less inverse character-
second. The best solution in this cir- condition. istics might be used-perhaps moderate
cumstance would be to use the verv Phase relays W have the same pickup inverse relays. The dashed line to the
inverse characteristic for relays T. as phase relays Y. Relays TV must be right of curve Z in Fig. 2 indicates the
set somewhat slower, however, in order slower time that would be obtained if re-
to co-ordinate with phase relays J. Fig. lavs Z were extremely inverse.
PROTECTION ON 4.16-Ky BUS INCOMING 2 shows that the curve for relavs W Phase relays X have 1,600-ampere
crosses the curve for relays J at low cur- primary pickup--232% of the 5-mva
The partial differential bus relays Y rents. This is considered acceptable in transformer rating. These relays are
must co-ordinate with relays U, V, G, and order to use the much lower 1,600- extremely inverse. The curve is shown
T. Fault currents supplied from the nor- ampere pickup of relays W. Relays J for the slowest setting possible. This is
mal line through both tie breakers to the pickup is 2,400 amperes, based on other not necessary, however. Phase relays X
4.16-kv bus on the right in Fig. 1 are not considerations noted by the author in the and W could have the same time, pro-
seen by relays Y. Relays Y will have 1959 paper mentioned previously. Also viding adequate co-ordination with relays
sufficient time delay to override motor note references 1 through la if added Y is obtained.
contribution currents that flow through data are desired.
them for this condition. The pickup of Phase relays Z on the normal line in- GROUND RELAYS
phase relays Y is chosen at 1,600 amperes, coming breaker have a 2,800-ampere Most considerations so far have been
which is about 65% of the starting inrush primary pickup, which is 203% of the made for phase relays only. Turning to
on the 3,600-hp motor. This relatively, 10-mva transformer rating. The time ground relays as shown in Table I, the
low pickup is chosen purposely to insure delay is sufficient to obtain the required WPiestinghouse type CO-9 very inverse
that relays VYwill provide backup protec- co-ordination with relays W, the co- relay is frequently used. It is relatively
tion to relay V 51 on the 3,600-hp motor. ordination time being 0.55 second at fast at high currents, and usually not too
However, relays V must not trip un- the 15,800-ampere symmetrical maximum slow at low currents. In some cases,
necessarily and so their time delay is current presently available from the 10- however, other relay characteristics are
chosen to be about 25 seconds at the mva transformer. Phase relays Z do not better suited. The extremely inverse
3,600-hp motor starting inrush current. have to co-ordinate with relays V since relay type CO-li has about the same
As seen in Fig. 2, phase relays V co-or- they trip the same incoming breaker. operating time at low currents as the
dinate as required with relays U, V, C, and Very inverse relays are satisfactory for CO-9 but becomes faster at high currents.
MAY 1963 Fawcett--Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 97
WESTINGHOUSE CO RELAYS Table 1i
UPPER CURVES ARE 11 TIME DIAL SETTING __________________________________________
LOWER CURVES ARE 1/2 TIME DIAL SETTING
Relay Type Designations for Various Characteristics
2 4 6 8 10 20 30 4050 Short Definite More Very Extreme Long
Soo I I ~~~~~Relay Manufacturer Time Time Inverse Inverse Inverse Inverse Time
CO 11- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table
IIl
Co- 9 CO-5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Applicahle
Westinghouse Relays
20
Case
~~~~~~~~~~~~Equipment to Be Protected
Relays
hy Overcurrent
Type
Tap Range, Instantaneous
Amperes Range, Amperes
0
z 6
- ~~~~~~~~1
Individual Transformer with Low-Voltage
Switchgear
CO-Il Phase
CO-9 Ground
4 to 12
0. 5 to 2. 5
40 to 160
Note 1
0 CO- I.I --I ~~~~~~2~~~~~~~~~~~~~Breaker)
Transformer Primary (or Switchgear Incoming
Serving All or Major Portion of a
CO-9 Ground 0.5 to 2.5 Notes 1, 2
Phase Relays Depend npon Relative Size of
3
2 ~~~~~~~CO-6 Plaut Largest Plant Feeder Compared with Plant
a c a co-a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Supply
L'%.1 1 IIQ_
Co.
j7- 1 CO-9 co-9a Relatively Small Plant Feeders CO-7 Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
.8 'k I ~~~~~~~~b
Medium Plant Feeders CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
.6 _CO-7 c ~~~~~~~~Relatively Large Plant Feeders CO-1l Phase 4 to 12 Notes 2, 3
-CO-6 ~~~~~~~~3
Feeder Serving Two or More Transformers CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
Which Have Individual Primary Fuses CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2.5 Note 4
Co-II 4 Feeder Serving Two or More Transformers CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 40 to 160
.2 ~~~~~~~~~~~Which
Do Not Have Individual Primary Pro- CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2.5 Note 1
CO-2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~tection
.1III 11%1%:'%~ z CO-7C06 5 Feeder to Single-Fused Medium-Voltage Motor CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
fill Is. IIIStarter
I~ CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5 Note 5
.08 -4- ~~~~~~6
Feeder to Several Individually Fused Medium- Phase and Ground Relays Usually Selected
,06 ~~~~~~~c08 Voltage Motor Starters Same as Case 5. When Feeder Supplied
.04 Co- 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Several
Motors, All Relatively Small, It May
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Be
Possihle to Use CO-7 Phase Relays
7 Listed helow Individual Motor, Protected hy Several Alternatives Are Availahle Below
.02 ~~~~~~~Co-II Relays
a Two Relays for Overload and Short-Circuit CO-5 Phase 2 to 6 20 to 80
.0 I One Relay for Locked Rotor CO-S Phase 4 to 12 20 to 80 or
2. 4 6 810 20 30 4050 None
MULTIPLES OF TAP VALUE CURRENT b Thermal Overcurrent Relay for Overload BL-1 Phase 2. 5 to 5 6 to 50
and Short-Circuit
One RelaforLoced RotorCO-5 Phase 4 to 12 20 to 80 or
Fig. 3. Relay time versus current charac- OeRlyfrLce oo None
teristics cTwo or Three Relays for Overload Alarm, CO,11-5 Phase 2 to 6 4 to 16 and
Locked Rotor, and Short Circuit 20 to 80
d Overload Alarm, Backup Overload Trip- COM-5 Phase 2 to 6 4 to 16 and
ping, Locked Rotor, and Short Circuit 20 to 80
The CO-li also has a much lower burden. BL-1 Phase 2. 5to 5 6 to 50
The CO-6 and CO-7--definite minimum e Residual Ground Relay CO-2 Ground 0.5 to 2.5 Notes 6, 7
f Zero Sequence Window Type CT When SC or Instantaneous 0. 5 to 2
and moderate inverse relays, respec- Motor Does Not Have Arresters ITFI Ground Instantanleous 0. 25 to 1
tively--are quite fast at low currents and g Zero Sequence Window Type CT When
Motor Has Surge Arresters
CO-li Ground
0. 5 to 2.5 None
tend -to level out at hig,her currents. 8 Feeder Serving Relatively Large Motor, Con- CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5 None
They are applicable to some incominig trolled from Its Own Breaker and Relays
a Motor Without Differential Relays CO-li Phase 4 to 12 None
supply circuits. The short-time CO-2 b Motor With Differential Relays CO-9 Phase 4 to 12 None
9 Transfrtner ScondaryBreakerPhase and Ground Relays Selected Same as
relay is a very fast relay, well suited to CarasoresScodryBeae
motor ground-fault protection. Its rela- 10 Individual Motor, Protected hy Phase Power Comments f and g of Case 7 Apply
Fuses on Grounded System
tively high burden must be considered 11 Feeder Serving Long-Line With Open Con- CO-1l Phase 4 to 12 40 to 160
in a few special applications, uising very 1212 doctors
Feeder Serving Long 3-Conductor Cable or
CO-9 Ground 0. 5 to 2. 5
See Comments for Any of Cases 1 Through 10
Note 1
poor CT's and high-burden equipment Closely Spaced 1-Conductor Cahles Which Are Otherwise Applicahle
in the CT secondary phases.
Available Relay Types and General Guide for Selecting ADVISORY NOTES
Characteristics Overcurrent Relays The following notes are referred to in
The above-noted characteristics of Many overcurrent relay applications Table III:
1. Use 10- to 40-ampere instantaneous
WetXTa+1r1iingosetp
Cneay r in- require spdcianl s-iitudy, but Tabkle TIT may rnefo oil gonexyses7o
omnit the instantaneous element, or supply use CO-il relay rated 0.5 to 2.5 amperes. F. P. Brightman. Ibid., pt. 1l1-A (Power Appa-
the switchgear with it disconnected from ratus and Systems), vol. 73, Apr. 1954, pp.
the trip circuit. 8. The thermal capacity of all relays 397-406.
selected should be specifically checked, or 6. SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS,
3. Use 10- to 40-ampere instantaneous otherwise known to be adequate for the AIEE Committee Report. Ibid., vol. 67, 1948.
range on supply transformers with imped- maximum relay-current magilitudes and pp. 1433-35.
ance above 12%. Use 20- to 80-ampere durations which can occur on the specific 7. THE TIE BETWEEN A UTILITY AND AN INDUS-
range on supply transformers with 7% to system involved. TRIAL WcHEN TtBIbidU ptR I (A pplicaons an1d
12% Z. Use 40- to 160-ampere range if 9 Occasionally, standardization on rela- Industry), vol. 77, July 1958, pp. 136-43.
supply transformers have impedance below tively large ratios may be desired for feeder- 8. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN LOW-VOLTAGE
7. current transformers. If initial plant-fault SYSTEms, NEMA Committee Report. Ibid., vol.
76, Nov. 1955, pp. 276-86.
4. No instantaneous relays are required in capacity is also relatively low, the 4- to 12-
solidly grounded systems.so.InI resistance-
eitne ampere relay range may be somewhat high.
range TUREGENERAL PRINCIPLLES
LiMITs ARE BASIED INUPON RATINGTEMPERA-
THE, WHICH oF ELEC-
Onnteohrhn,te2 TRIC MACHINES AND APPARATUS. AIEE Standard
o6apr
grounded systems, comments in Note 1 the otherhand, the 2- to 6-ampere range
apply. may be restrictive for the future. Relays No. 1, Oct. 1952.
commonly used in Canada now have a 2.5- 10. INDUCTION MOTOR TEMPERATURE CHARAC-
5. No instantaneous relays are required to 10-ampere range, which provides con- TERISTICS, J. F. Heidbreder. AIEE Transactions,
in solidly grounded systems. In resistance- siderable flexibility for both initial and future pt. III (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol.
grounded systems, comments in Note 1 conditions. 77, Oct. 1958, pp. 800-04.
apply if motor starter does not have its own 11. GUIDE FOR LOADING OIL-IMMERSED DlIs-
ground relay. For solidly grounded system, TRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS. ASA
motor should have single-phasing protection References Standard C57.92, American Standards Association,
New York, N. Y., Jan. 1956.
unless an extremely fast-latching ground
1. ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR INDUS- REGULATING
12. DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND OTHER
relay is used. TRIAL PLANTS. AIEE Publication No. 952, Oct. TRANSFORMERS, AND REACTORS THAN
I, luS2300v
03C04 200 X ta1 l i 2 - f - --
L32
2400^,W 5.5%X 80
so t =$
1600~~~~~~~~~~~1
4I0 X 460V600~~~~~~~~~~~0i
is lUS1600 AMPe 0/
60w0
MAIN SETTINS X
SD *ec06
CYCLES
**2300V. L32 SETTINGS.,0 Ii -
IIT 26.
TIMER i SECOND
AMPS 5 7. 10 30 5070 100 300 500 1000
2300V CURRENT IN AMPERES x 10
5000
source relays, such as might be provided by which are based solely on a general guide. R. F. Karlicek (Westinghouse Electric
the power company. Relay manufacturers frequently write Corporation, Chicago, 1ll.): The author is
Many times, industrial power system papers covering one particular overcurrent to be commended for his well-written paper.
engineers realize when they sit down with relay model or characteristic of a relay or The subject of relaying, as related to system
power company relay engineers that they application. Seldom does a power systems and apparatus protection, is complex and
cannot possibly co-ordinate their relays engineer have paraded before him the com- tempered by individual preference. In
with power company relays, using the models plete range of overcurrent relay models general, there are a number of different re-
they have selected, although already in- which a given manufacturer may have to lays which can be employed in a specific
stalled. There are times, too, when a new offer. The variety of these models is much application. The final selection depends on
addition to the power system distribution like different tools in a carpenter's box which the degree of protection desired, the cost of
switchgear must be made to co-ordinate with are available to a carpenter. The power relaying relative to the investment it is to
an existing plant switchgear relay, either systems engineer has available many models protect, and on system characteristics. In
above or below it in the system. Or, when as tools which can be used to accomplish this regard, system grounding practices have
plotting out co-ordination curves, there co-ordination in a specific location. Fig. an important bearing on relaying. I would
may come to light certain improper selections 3 of the paper shows the wide family of over- like to restrict my comments to system
of relays or protective devices, chosen at current models which are offered by one re- grounding of industrial power systems and
the time of an earlier expansion, lay manufacturer, the Westinghouse Coin- its influence on protective relaying.
Assuming that the tap range on a given puny. An examination of this figure will There has been a definite trend during
relay may be correct, it is well to emphasize help the engineer to keep in mind a bench the past few years toward resistance
the importance of the characteristic of a mark as to time range and characteristics of grounding of station service and industrial
relay being compatible with that of the all available models, power systems. In the majority of these
relays which are before and after it. This This paper presents a good survey Of systems, the single-line-to-ground fault cur-
calls for detailed knowledge of the differ- what tools are available to the power system rent is limited by a grounding resistor to a
ence in characteristics between inverse, very planner, and gies a god guide to their value in the order of the maximum load cur-
inverse, and extremely inverse types of P l o grent, which may range from several hundred
curves on various models and to relative proper selection. Power system engineers amperes to 1,000 or 2,000 amperes. More
time ranges of definite-time, short-time, and would do well to file it away against the day recently, several applications of high-resist-
long-time models of the relay. An en- in which they are faced with providing de- ance grounding have come to our attention,
gineer needs to be alert to conditions that tailed overcurrent relay ordering informa- where the ground-fault current was limited
might cause him to override those selections tion on their next expansion. to a relatively low value, in the order of 100
MAY 1963 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Characteristics 101
amperes. Limiting ground-fault currents mind that large feeders create co-ordination Now, let's consider the possibilities and
to low values has the advantage of reducing problems. benefits of using CO-7 relays at other points
damage and iron burning; however, the pro- The next question is: How sensitive on the system. It appears that the timne-
tective relaying for detection of these low- should the setting of a transformer primary current characteristics and setting of relay Z
fault currents requires special consideration. relay be for over-all optimum performiance? in the incoming line fromn the 10-mvna trans-
Two ground overcurrent relay schemes It is quite common practice to strive for max- former are determined by those of relay W,
are in common use today: (1) the neutral- imum sensitivity, as was done in this case. and it, in turn, is controlled by relay J.
relay scheme and (2) the zero-sequence CT However, when this is done, is there not Curve J-1 in Fig. 5 shows a CO-7 with
relay scheme. In the neutral-relay scheme, considerable chance of losing more than is the same current setting and operating timne
the possibility of false neutral transient cur- gained? at maximum current as shown for the CO-9
rents imposes limitations on both the sensi- The purpose of the transformer primary in the paper's Fig. 2. This setting causes
tivity and speed of the scheme. Thus, the relay is (1) to minimize low-voltage system the relay's time-current curve to cross the
neutral-relay scheme is applicable where the damage and general system disturbance by total clearing-time curve of the fuse at
system ground-fault current is sufficiently backing up the low-voltage circuit breakers, approximately 0.65 second; hence, it is
large to ensure positive and reliable relay and (2) to minimize damage and system theoretically wrong. From a practical
performance. The zero-sequence CT relay disturbance in case of a transformer failure. standpoint, however, it seems to be a justi-
scheme does not have the preceding limita- Since transformer failures are rare, can we fiable compromise on the grounds that:
tions and, hence in general, it can be set more not say that the principal function of the
sensitive and faster; however, its applica- primary relay is to back up the low voltage 1. It permits great improvement in the
tion is restricted to cable circuits since all circuit breakers? performance of relays Wand Z.
phase leads must pass through the window Granting that the latter is correct, which 2. The chance of false operation is very
of the CT. transformer-primary relay setting affords small.
In recent years, it has been possible to the best over-all protection?
realize the advantages of high-resistance In support of the second statemnent, false
grounding (low ground-fault current and 1. A low-current setting and the relatively operation is unlikely, first, because most
reduced damage or burning) by using the slow timne setting that would be needed to faults in the motor circuit will involve
sensitive zero-sequence CT relay scheme. permrt co-ordviating the relay's time- ground, and the ground relay, 50G, operates
Moreover, with limited ground-fault cur- current curve with that of the feeder circuit instantaneously at only 17-ampere primary
rents, the need for differential relays on breaker. current, and second, because an exclusive
large motors beconmes questionable. For ex- 2. Somewhat less sensitivity, and very phase-to-phase fault can reasonably be
ainple, in the typical system illustrated by much faster operation on relatively high expected to involve sufficient current to
the author, if the grounding resistors had short-circuit currents at 575 volts. enable the fuse to melt a-nd clear the
been selected to limit the ground-fault cur- fault well ahead of 0.65 second.
rent to 100 amperes, a zero-sequence CT To meet condition 1, it is necessary to Curve W-1 indicates that a CO-7 cannot
relay scheme would provide more sensitive use an extremely inverse relay, CO-11, on be substituted for the CO-11 in Fig. 2 with
and faster protection for the 3,600-hp motor its maximum time-dial setting, as shown by the same degree of sensitivity and still
than the differential relays. Also, another curve R in the author's Fig. 2. It will work have an acceptable operating time, because
advantage of the high-resistance grounded and afford substantial protection. How- of the 3,600-hp motor's starting current de-
system and the zero-sequence CT relay ever, it seems to me that the moderate in- mand of 2,500 amperes for 10 seconds, repre-
scheme is that ground faults on motor cir- verse, CO-7 relay, set at 360-ampere pri- sented by the dot. A CO-7 relay can be
cuits, fed from high-voltage motor starters, mary current with one time dial would give used, however, if a higher current setting is
or fused contactors, can be detected and the better protection. Such a relay and setting acceptable. Such a decrease in sensitivity
contactor safely tripped by the relay, thus represented by curve R-1 in Fig. 5 of this seems justified as explained below.
preventing the blowing of a fuse and elim- discussion would operate in only 0.52 second The current settings for relays Y and W
inating the danger of single phasing. on an 8,000-ampere fault at 575 volts, com- in Fig. 2 were determined by the require-
pared with 2.0 seconds for relay R, CO-1i. ment that these relays be set so that they
F. P. Brightman (General Electric Company, Such a difference in time would mean much could serve as backup to relay V if necessary.
Schenectady, N.Y.): Mr. Fawcett's dis- less damage. Elimination of that requirement would make
cussion of various overcurrent relay time- To be sure, the CO-7 relay could not pick it possible to use the CO-7 relay instead of
current characteristics and the merits of up until the fault current reached 2,620 the CO-11 and obtain much faster operationi
the different characteristics should prove amperes on the 575-volt system, whereas as illustrated by the difference between
helpful to anyone concerned with their ap- the CO-11 setting corresponds to 1,083 curves W and }X-2 in Fig. 5. Such elim-
plication. amperes at 575 volts. However, that does ination seems justified on the grounds that
In most cases, several tvpes of over- not seem a serious problem when the maxi- there is likely to be an operator in attend-
current relays can be used successfully, but mum available 3-phase symmetrical current ance when a 3,600-hp motor is started, and
the requirements may be such that only one at 575 volts is 10,900 amperes. There also he would have ample time to trip the circuit
type of relay characteristic seems suit- seems to be sufficient margin to insure opera- breaker manually in the event that the
able. The principal objective of this dis- tion of the CO-7 primary relay on secondary motor stalled and relay V failed to trip it.
cussion is to show that a little alteration Of line-to-ground faults. Under this condition, Granting the acceptability of this com-
requirements will often make possible the the current in the transformer-primary CT's promise in the current setting of relay W, a
use of other relays that can be set to provide corresponds to 58%o of the secondary CO-7 can be used as shown by curve W-2,
better over-all system protection. ground-fault current. The 360-ampere Fig. 5. This, in turn, permits using a CO-7
In the hypothetical case discussed and primary setting may seem high in terms of at Z on the biggest of the incoming lines.
illustrated with relay time-current curves in transformer full-load current of 104 amperes, The current setting and the operating time
Fig. 2, the extremely inverse-time relays but this ratio is permissible when there is a at maximum current would be the same as
are the only ones that could be used satis- transformer secondary circuit breaker. for the CO-9. See curves Z and Z-1, Fig. 5.
factorilv at R under the assumed conditions Incidentally, the "tail" of the feeder cir- A comparison of the W and Z curves re-
of: <cuit breaker's curve D was cut off in Fig. 5 veals the great improvement in system pro-
so that it showed only the current that came tection made possible by using the CO-7
1. A 400-ampere feeder which is rather from the 4,160-volt system with which the relay with its flatter time-current curve.
large in proportion to the capacity of the latter's relays have to co-ordinate. In Fig. The maximum gain is at lower but still
750-kva (753 amperes at 575 volts) sub- 2, motor feedbDack to a 575-volt fault was very substantial current magnitudes. For
station. apparently included, which accounts for its example, curve Z shows that the CO-9 takes
2. The desire for maximum sensitivity on extending over relay R's instantaneous about 12.5 seconds to operate for a 5,000-
the transformer primary relay. unit curve, ampere fault, and 25 seconds at 4,000 am-
Curve R-2 showed improvement in the peres, compared with 3.8 and 6 seconds,
Circumstances may dictate such a big performance of the transformer-primary re- respectively, for the CO-7 relay. To be sure,
feeder, in which case the relay engineer has lay that would be possible if the largest 575- these current values are far less than the
to make the best of the situation. How- volt feeder had been rated 250 instead of maximum fault current on the system but,
ever, the system planner should bear in 400 amperes. nevertheless, a short circuit of 4,000 am-
102 Fawcett-Overcurrent Relay Gharacteristics MAY 1963
peres at 4,160 volts can do a lot of damiage Fig. 5. Alternative relay TcIc
100
0
in 25 seconds. curves
Generally speaking, I believe that better
performance usually can be obtained on in- u
a
dustrial power systems from relays with
CO-7 characteristics instead of the CO-9 re-20
lays, if the user is willing to compromise a L