10th Class Biology Telugu Material PDF

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sDqd+j>jT sH&& eX
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f
^
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e]bT+~.
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sT>TT+~.
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sT>TT+~. s+&T #s\ eT< ee~ dH yje+T +f e>
+T+~.
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|j+#T+ nH kbH\ sT>TT+~. #s e]> >C
|+&|<s+> esTT+~.
yTT\T $$< s\ |]d T \ d + eT JejT \qT s]+#>\ T>TsTT.
n me +, y&>, b&> +& yesD+q &, eT +& e
+ *q yesD+q yTT\T eT $<T\qT sT|+{sTT. +
eT]jTT s s\ eX yTT yTT ysTysT> +{sTT.

] _
|sbw\ bwD ( )
dJe ||+#+ Je\ $_q |]dT d+ dsTuT #dT+
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$_q |< T Vs d]ksTT. ds+ deT+ Vs j sT#dT H
y{ djT+bw\T n+{sT. n k++ > Vs j sT#dT y{
|sbw\T n+{s eTq \TdT
Je\T eT Vs m b+<>\T>TsTT?
Je\ \ueTjT Vs| s+, < n+<TuTqT { n$ Vs+
b+< $<q+, $j+#Te&+ nH s\ |< T \qT nqTd]ksTT.
= dt\T, >=&T>T\T ( ), s=f E\T (
) e+{ Je\T Vs Xs+ y\T|\ qq nDTe\T> $&>={ $T<b<+
XwksTT. M{ |PVsT\T n+{sT. += s\ Je\T n<jT
Vs+
J$| <s|& < #+|+& |sq Jeq $<q+ Vs
d]ksTT. <VsD dT, |qT, \>, <|sT>T yTT<q Je\T
|sq bwDqT b{ksTT. eT]= Je\T Vs+ yTT rdT
(n+s>VD+) Xs+|\ d |<s\T> $&>=&sTT. Vs+
rdTe&+, Js+#dTe&+ yTT<q n+X\ J$ sD+, |#d
$<q+| <s|& +{sTT.
Vs+ s+ n~ \_+# $<q+ &\T +&+ e\q $$< s\
Je\ Jse ed\ T L& ysT ysT > +{sTT. @ DJ$ nsTTq nMTu
Vs+ Xs+ |]\+ qT+& d]+#&TT+~. yT| Je\ |+`9:
d+w |]>=\~ $$< s\ u>\T | $<T\qT sV+#& nMTu bwD
nqTe> esT #+<TsTT. <VsD nMTu Vs dsD =s
Xs |]\+ qT+& yfifl e+{ $T<b<\qT @sT #dT +T+~.
$T<b<\qT Vs+#T y|+|Cd Vs| ]> esTdT+~. Vs ]
Vs ] d+w Vs |<s\T dsfi|<s\T> $&>=&q
sTy D<e+ y|q+ #+<TsTT. Js+ |<s+ D+
|] #] n& qT+& y\T|* |+|&TT+~. DeTTK+
@D J$ nsTTq bsMTwjT+ ]wyTq s+ +T+~. Vs ]

| kq+ qT+& Vs+ >V +#&T +~. Xs+ n+ y|+ @s&&+
q X*\ <* e\q Vs+ | kH #sT+T+~. $ds
s+<+
n& qT+& Xs+ |* yfi + ~. u> DeTTK+ ( )
n+{sT. bsMTwjT+ DeTTU >T]+#+&.
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dT{ |sqJe bwD
+>sT r> dT ( ) |C #+~q \T +& r>\T>
#TT+ |]> |sV |sqJe yTT. ~ H\Td +T+u
#+~q~. |C <<| 170 s\ r> yTT\ CT\T || + #
y|+ > deTow, we T+&\ b+ y|+ HsTT. #
CT\T y{ n<j T yTT\ dV = b+ |y +#sTT.
+>sT r> < &&sY n |\Te& yTT |V ]+
+&<T. dT{ ]| # e yTT+ |V]+
+T+~. ~ #w\T ( ) <s Vs
|+`10: dT{ Vk]j\T d]dT+ ~. Vk]j\T yfifl e~]> +& n<s TT DC\+
#=#T=bsTT. =k] n<sTT #+|ksTT L&. &&sY +&+ dq>
b&e> H]+, >T_, |dT| < ><TeT s+>T> +T+~. &&sY
|c\T u&|\T s|+ >T+|\T >T+|\T> +{sTT. |dT| < \T|
s+>T s |\T +& yT\T >+ s+ (d+jTT s |\T)
+{sTT. |\T dq{ b\TdT\ e~]> D+ +{sTT.
&&sY $q+ yTT\q|&T n+TysT ( ) @s&TT+~.
sT y dq{ b&yq +&+ d]s+ m<T>T n<s TT yTTqT #s es
|sT>TT+~. sTy n<sTT +& |qydT= Vk]j\qT +&+
#=|dT+~. Vk]j\T n<sTT <sTe qT+& { eT]jTT bw DC\+
qT+& bw|<s\qT d]ksTT. &&sY +&+ n<sTT +&+ d++<+
@ss#T>H &&sY yTT ysT [flbsTT. &&sY yTT |]> =\B qq
V k ] j \T n< j T y T T d + +< *
|+#T+{sTT. +&+ r> n<jT yTT #T
yT*\T ]q sTy |qTq eTs= +&
#T{ |qydT = be&+ e\q n<j T yTT| yTT+
e\ e~]> $T+ Cs+> q&T+~.
MT |]ds\ +& |sq Je yTT\qT
|]o*+#+&. \D\T sjT+&.
eqe Jseed
eqe Jse ed # d+w y T q ~. +<T $$<
s\ nejTy\T, Jssk\T eT]jTT b+CeTT\
dVjT+ $$< $<T\qT sVdT+{sTT. eqe
Jse ed ueTqT |]o*+#+&. u>\ |sT sjT+&.
|+`11: eqe Jseed eqe VsHfi+ ( )
] d
b&yq >=+e+{ sD+. ~ H{qT+& bjTTe es y|+ +T+~.
VsHfi+ $$< s\ u>\qT >eT+#e#T. Vs Hfi+ = b++
= |yTq | s]+#& M\T> sb+~+|& +T+~.
^
eTq+ q Vs+ Xs+|* y[flq sTy @eTeT+~?

Vs Hfi+ Vs+ JseTjT $<q+ >T]+ #]<+. eTq+ nH s\
Vs|< s\T q|{ ne JsH fi+ <s |+|&sTT. eTq+ Vs
rdTH $<H n+s>VD+ ( ) n+{sT. eTq+ rdTH Vs+
eTq Xs+ >V+#&,|j+#Te& M\T> qq nDTe\T>
es&TT+~. deTjT+ nH s\ #s\T sT>TsTT. n$ m
sT>Tj |]o*<+.
VsHfi+ >T+& Vs+ yfifl $<q+
eTq+ rdTq Vs+ H{ <+\ <s eTT\T> #jT& H{
\+ \TdT+~. |*+> Vs+ &>, yT> CsT&T duy
b+<TT+~. BH eTT<> #jT&+ ( ) \Hfi+
n+{+. Te+{ yT> CsT&T due+ *Zq
V s + V s y V ( ) > T +& =+&H\T
JsXjT+ yfifl& nqTe> +T+~. n+* \
dVs+ +& 3 \ \ >+<T \ <s H\T >+<T\T
\+ d$+#&TT+~. s+&T \ \ |V
>+<T\T <e&\ |q eT]jTT H\T +< neT] (m|>{dt)
+{sTT. >+<T \T n+* neT] +{sTT. |+`12: dVs+
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sV&{\qT dsfiyTq |<s\T> esTdT+~. b+CyT\ dVjT+ d+w
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$<H JsjT ( ) n+{sT. H\T Vs $TXeT+> #jT&
VsHfi+ sy u>+ H& |j>|&TT+~. |
sV+#& +~ <e& (+_) L& &&TT+~.
\+ jTT skjT duy \TdTe& *dt | |
#<+.
+`4
*dt + |
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|u y *| |j >+ (`7) #jT +&. |* \ >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.
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n> >+ L& #jT+&. @$T >eT+#sT.
yT{ Vs+ \+ *dq sTy VsyV |+|&TT+~.
Vs+ Vs yV >T+& |jDdTq|&T n\\T < s+>\ e~]>
+& #\H >eTk+. BH |]k* #\q+ ( ) n+{sT.
JsXjT+ Vs+ ss sd+ eT]jTT V&] eT+ ( ) *d
*qeT+~. <X Vs+ ns|Tq s|+ > +T+~. &
Vs+ b{H\T ||H nH b+CyT dVjT+ q q nDTe\T>
$&>=&sTT.
Vs+ +& b{qT eT]jTT sV&{ nDTe\T qq eTT\T>
$&>=& yT> { s|+ esTT+~. BH yT ( ) n+{sT.
JsXjT+ es +& e\js d+e]D +&s\T ( )
y#+ #+<+ e\q Vs+ JsXjT+ qT+& q |>T |+|&TT+~.
+&s\T yT yTT+ k]> +& qq yTT\T> Vs |<s
JsXjT+ qT+& q |>T e#$<+> jT+ksTT.
|]k* n\ VsyV VsHfi+ n b&yq u>+ q|>T (
). +<T sV&{, b{qT eT]jTT =e\
JsjT |PseT+~. #s jT+, eT >+<T\
JsXjT+ qT+& y\Te& Jssk\T |j>|&sTT. >+<T\
dy\T q |>T sd *+#& <V<|& sTT.
jT+ <s $&T<\jT |sd+ =e |<s\qT
u\dt Js+#d qq sDTe\T ( )> esTdT+~.
$<H meTsD+ ( ) n+{sT.
|+-13: |]k* #\q+ eTsd+ +& {|H nH b+CyT b{qqT Js+
#jT& n< $<+> |C nH b+CyT =e\qT Js+ #jT&
|j>|&TT+~.
q |>T\ >&\T +sk ( ) d$ksTT. ky\T
b{qT eT]jTT =e\qT eT]+ q q nDTe\T>, Xw+#& M\T>
esT #+~ksTT. sV&{ H{ =+es eyT JseTsTT.
JsXjT+ esT\T #+<+& q |>T #]q sTy n& sd
* +&+ e\q |P]> JseTesTT.
+`5
m+CyT\ |{ |]o*<+.
Jseed |#d b+CyT\ |{qT |]o*+#+&. $$< s\ Jssk\T
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|{`1: Jsj m+CeTT\T
.d+. b+CyT / |<s+ >+~ d$+# |<X+ Jssk\T y{|q #s @s&
sT|T+~ q+/|<s+
1. jT*H \ dVs+ \+ sV&{ eC
(\ nyTC) >+<T\T
2. ||H ss>+<T\T JsXj
T + sssd+ b{H |bH
3. |sd+ jT+ +eT\+ |sd+ =e\T =e\ beTsD
(b+CyT +&e) m n o p q r s o t u
(=e\qT q q
sDTe\T> esT)
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JsyTq n+|<s\T |>T qT+& s+ (q|>T >&\ <s) syD
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+& sD\T q&sTT. M{ d#w\T ( ) n+{sT. $ q
|>T\ |]\ yX |+#TsTT. n+<Te\ XwD keTs+ |sT>TT+~.
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@s&sTT.
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jT{ H&TsTT. bjTTe VsyV jTT e] u>+, bjTTe <s
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+{sTT. Jseed d++~+q eT] $es\qT JejT\ deTqjT+
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u<|&&+> #dT+{+.
JsXjT+ qT+& nedsyTq |<s\qT VsyTq |<s\qT
=\+#Te& eTq Xs+ b{+# |jTjT y+ ( ). y+ e#
deTjT+ JsXjT+ eT]jTT VsyV |]k* #\q+ s>eTq+
yq s> + e\q Vs+ H{qT+& jT H &TT+~. y+T\T s>&
nH sD\T q|{ eTTKyTq sD+ n> q+. q Vs+
=eX+ be> q|&T, Js+ q|&T, $wT \yTq Vs rdTq|&T
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# s<\T Vs+ rdTq sTy >&< +&+ #dT+{+.
Vs+ rdTH $wjT+ +Te\ qT+& eTq+ # $wj\T HsTy*
+T+~.
JsXjT+, +eT\+ @s&q |+&T ( ) nJ] |<q sD+.
|]d be> b\|&T , +<fiq +& y] #k+. $X+
+& |#jT &+, V&$&> uq+ #jT &+ nJ] sD\T. eT< \+
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>T]+ MTsT 9e s> #~ysT <!
s>+> +&\+f eT\< + +& |sE eTq JsHfi U#j *.
Js+ Vs+ |<|>T # sE\ es n> \ +f n+<T |]>
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$s#H\ u<|&T +{sT.
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u<|&TT+& |\\T u$wT &j_{dt, >T+& d++~ deTd\T, Js
|+`14(d): d\jT+ d++~ deTd\ =+<s> >TsjT |e<+ +~. d\jT <]
rdTq s +| & , nHs>s Vs n\y >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.
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eTq Xs+ $$TqT\qT b+<& s+&T s\ eqsT\qT * +~.
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>* sH & &q T |j + uVX qyT q ds+ deT+ n~ X *q d+w
sq |<s\T jsesTT.
^
sDqd+j>jT $<q+ |V]+ *q |# yTT\T >C eT]jTT |+&|<s+

e+{ |<s\qT #jT& dss (+) deT+ sH&& eT]jTT {
$j+#T+{sTT. sDqd+j>jT H es|<s+> $&T<\ neT+~.
^
sD qd+j>jT qT
+

{ x
|V]+
x { z
w
nH dMTsD s|+ #|+#e#T.

x z

]+ ^
sDqd+j>jT s>& +, sH&&, sT, |V]+ neds+.

^
sDqd+j>jT |<q+> sbdt\ sT>TT+~.

^
sbdt >H + #s, ke c+ #s sT>TT+~.

^
sDqd+j>jT >C, sT eT]jTT H\T n+|<s\T> @s&sTT.

^
sbdt sDqd+j>jT ]>|&T +~ #s\T sT>TsTT.

+X skjT X> es+
{ nDTe $ #+<&+
sH&& sV&{> jTsD+ #+<+
^
s Je\T jsT#dq d+w |<s\qT Vs|<s\T> rdTe&yT |sbwD.

^
bwD\ |<T\T Vs|<s\ \u| eT]jTT Vs+ b+< $<q+| <s|& +{sTT.
^
= @ DJe\ Xs |]\+ qT+& Vs+ d]+q|{ J$ d+w |]>=\~ $$\T | $<T\T sV+#& M\T> sb+<sTT.
^
d+w sV &T, b{qT, *|&T dsfi nDTe\T> b+Cy T dV jT+ $&>=& Xs+ XwD
nqTe> es |jTqT JsjT n+{sT.
_ _
^
eqe Vs+ q sTy n~ $$< <X JsXjT >+<T\ <s d$+#&q b+CyT\#
$&>=&TT+~. JsyTq Vs+ q|>T Xw+#& n& qT+& | D |+|&TT+~.
^
Jseed VsHfi+bT> nH nqT+< nejTy\T Jssd>+<T\T +{sTT. eqe

Jseed +~ $<T\qT sVdT+~.
n+s >V D+ : Vs+ rdTe&+
JsjT : d+w |<s\T b+CyT\ dVjT+ dsfi |<s\T> essTT. y{ Xs+
|j +#T+T+~.
XwD : Jsy T q Vs+ Vs Hfi+ >T+& |< q+> q |>T\ >T+& |j D+#|&T
|dsD eed Vs+ #s& XwD n+{sT.
eT\$dsq : Js+ Vs+ bjTTe <s jT{ |+|&+.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~y eT< u<\T sjT+&.( ) |
(m) djT+ bwD ` |sbwD (_) n+s >VD+ ` JsjT

(d) + #s ` c+ #s (&) |V]+ ` V]sDTe
2. +~y sD\T #|+&.( ) |
(m) dJe ||+# sDqd+j>jT X eT<seT b #|>\e?

(_) c+ #sqT + d++<+ +& ]> #s n |\e&+ deTT+.
(d) sDqd+j>jT sV+# |j>\ eTT+<T yTT |+&|<s+ =\+#\+{sT
b+<T #|+&?
(&) |# { yTT\qT dss|{ XdjT d++~+q |j >\T sV+#e TT b+<T?
3. +~ y <VsD*e+&.( ) |
(m) JsjT m+CyT\T (_) |sbwDqT b{+# Je\T

(d) $$TqT\T (&) bw Vs|+ e\q *> y<T\T
4. sDqd+j>jT y*q eTT&|<s\T yTT\T b& qT+& >VksTT?( ) |
5. djT+ bwD s>& e\dq |]d T \ >T]+ $e]+#+&. #s @s& H\T @$?( ) |
6. skjTq dMTsD+ dVjT+ sDqd+j>jT ]> $<H $e]+#+&.( ) |
7. sDq d+j>jT @s& @yH eT&T n+ H\ |sT sjT+&.( ) |
8. +#s, c+ #s\ eT< d++< |<s+> | #d~ @~?( ) |
9. # s\ \ |u>+ +~u>+ +f yTsTdT+T+~ b+<T?( ) |
10. T|+ dVjT+ sbdt sD+ >T]+ $e]+#+&.( ) |
11. JsXjT+ eT+ b @$T{?( ) |
12. Vs+ Js+ #jT&+ Jsj m+CyT\ b >T]+ sjT+&.( ) |
13. Vs+ Xw+#& q|>T sD+ b esT#+~ +T+~?( ) |
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

_ a
14. =e\T b JseTesTT? b& JseTesTT?( ) |
15. Vs+ Js+ e&+ \+ b @$T{?( ) |
16. Js eed q |>T\T eT+> eTjTT+> e] b{qT Js+ e+| m+{ |ue+
#|T+~?( ) |
17. JsHfi+ |#T|<s\ b@$T{?( ) |
18. bwVs |+ n+f @$T{? @yH = bwVs |+ e\ *> y<T\ >T]+ sjT+&.( ) |
19. |+>, u]j\ e+{ Je\ bwD m sT>TT+~?( ) |
20. >* sH&& |]eD+ eT+> |sT>T bT+f n~ sDqd+j>jT MT< m+{
|uy #|T+~?( ) |
21. sDqd+j>j sT+f Xdj sT by @eTeT+~?( ) |
22. |+& |<s\T JsXjT+ Js+e m #|>\e?( ) |
23. \ |+& |<s |]o*+#& MTsT MT bsX\ |j>X\ nqTd]+q $<H

\|+&.( ) |
24. |# yTTqT ds+ +q|&T HqT $&T<\ #ksTT nq& e m+{ |j >+
#ke?( )
|
25. &sYqT n& +~ $wj\ >T]+ \TdT+&. #sTqT jsT#d MT s> |<]+#+&.( ) |
m) @ |]dT\ s >E nedseTeT+~?

_) b|{ es >C n+~ksT?
d) >C s b \THT #dT+~?
26. u$T|q |#{ yTT\T b u$T|q Jes eTqT>& weTeT+<? B b
deT]ksT?( ) |
27. MTsT |]o*+q |s+<+ |+ ^jT+&. sDqd+j>jT B bqT \|+&.( ) |
28. eqe Jseed |+^ u>\T >T]+#+&. @ @ u>\ |]k* #\q+ +T+< C_
sjT+&.( ) |
29. VsHfi+ $$< nejTy\ >T+& Vs+ |jD+# $<H |<]+#+<T sVyT
qeTHqT jsT#X&T. < |]o*+#+&. nejTy\ |sT sjT+&.( ) |
30. +~ |{ |]o*+#+&. +, c+ #s\ >T]+ MTs$T ns+ #dTHs sjT+&.( |

)
+
*H
e\jT+
V]s DTe
+skjT #s ws k jT #s

_ d
31. <<| Je ||+#eT+ Vs+d+ yTT\MT<H <s|&T+~ <! |# yTT\T Vs+
jsT#d $<H e m n_q+~ke?( ) |

32. >{> +& Vs |<s\T d+ JsjT yT >TE> e]bsTT. n> m& @ syTq
m+CyT nedsy | |<X+H m+CyT $&T<\eT+~. Xs+ *+# n+X\qT
dd sTHqT ^jT+&.( ) |
33. bs+ #~$q sTy e Vs| n\y @ @ esT\T #dT+{e?( ) |
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. yTT\T jsT#dTH Vs|<s+ ......................... s|+ \#jT&TT+~.
2. sDqd+j>jT ]> |<X+> |s=q<q~ .....................................
3. eTsd+ +& m+CyT\T ......................, ...................\qT Js+ #jT& &&sTT.
4. q |>T\ |]\ yX\+ |+#& yfifle+{ sD\T q&sTT. M{ ...............
n+{sT.
5. ss sd+ ......................... eT+ +T+~.
6. |>T\ +& u]j .................. $$THqT d+XwdT+~.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&

1. +~y |sqJ$ ( )
(m) dt (_) |>=&T>T (d) dT (&) \>
2. sDqd+j>jT sT +~ y{ |u$+ <T. ( )
b) +re _) s d) c> &) sH&& >&
3. yTTqT 48 >+\bT N{ +q sTy sDqd+j>jT d++~+q |j>+
#ksT b+<T+f ( )
b) s|qT =\+#T d) sDqd+j>jT sT>TqT s|+#T
_) |+&|<s =\+#T &) |+&|<s+ nsTTbT+< \dTe&
4. +~y m+CyT Jssd+ ( )
(m) u (_) sssd+ (d) |sd+ (&) \+
5. @D Je\ Vs dsD |<. ( )
(m) Xs |]\+ <s (_) H{<s (d) <+\ <s (&) ] <s
6. sDqd+j>jT ]>|&T yTT @ u>+ >* qT+& sH&&qT >VdT+~.
(m) eT\X\T (_) |s+<+ (d) H (&) s|\T ( )
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

_
e
bs+
2
XdjT ` X < eed
Je\T @D ]\T < VQD ]\T e#T. Je\T @yq|{
n$ dJe+> +&& eT\sD+ n$ eTT rdTH Vs+ <s nH
JejT\qT sV+#&yT. eTq+ q Vs+ qT+& Xs+ bw\qT m
b+<TT+<H $wj\qT bwD bs+ #]+#+ <! b+~q bw\
qT+& X q+ #jT&+ XdjT |<q b bwdT+~. n+f XdjT
Vs+ jTT n+eT |j> <] rdT+<qe. Vs XdjT
d++<+ +<+f Xs+> n|dT+~ <! eTq+ <q+~q se\T
sV+#Te& e\dq X Vs+ <Vq+ #+<&+ e\H neT+~.
H n+<TuT q|&T k<sD+> XdjT sT>TT+< MT \TdT.
J$ Xs+ D\ Vs+ qT+& \_+# X |j+#T= JejT\
s+sjT+> ]> #ksTT. B d+ D\ q+ >*, Vs+ s
skjTH\T nedseTesTT.
XdjT nH |<+ nH {H |<+ qT+& @s&+~.
sdsTTsY n+f |\&+ n ns+. nsTT ~ e\+ #d, Xd\H +&
D\ H $j+|&&+ es +& n <X\qT *| ddT+~.
eTT+<T> eTq+ yjTTe\, Xdj $<H >\ d++< #<+.
XdjT, yjTTe\ $wsD
|\&+> |\Te&T edTq JejT 14e X+ sy XdjT
nH |sT y&T e+~. >* nH yjTTe\ $TXeT+ n *jT&
|PsyT XdjT ueq >T]+ Xdy\T +#sT. Je\ Xs+ |\
|+-1: ysTTsY n+sZ+> ]> nH Jeq jT\ >T]+ y] <<|> *jT<T. nsTT
10e s> XdjT ` X < eed

XdjTqT yjTT |ks esZ+>, c #d |jT>, y< |]uc
|<+> |j+#ysT.
18e X+ ysTTsY, Cd|t |d nqT Xdy\T yjTT <s\T, yjTT
$eTjT+, XdjT >T]+ #dq deT> |]X<q\ <s+> eTq Xs+
]> yjTTe\ e]& >T]+ = $wj\T \TdT>*>sT. Cd|t |d
#dq |j>\ >T]+ 7e s> #]+#+ (7e s> bs|d+ bwD,
Je\ XdjT bs+X\ |]o*+#+&). eTs=k] | $wj \qT |qXsD
#dT+<+.
yjTT d+|Tq+ >T]+ eT] $wj\T \TdTe& |d |j>\T
|j>|&jT #|e#? m?
ysTTsY L& yjTTe\ <s\T ns+ #dTe& nH |j>\T
sV+#&T. jTq q b<$T |j> dTq| sTq |fifl+ +q
u>TZb& eT+&+q|&T >+C& y\Te&q yjTTe\qT dsyTq yjTTe
( ) (\+ sH & & yjTTeqT ds y T q yjTTe T|Z \TdT
yjTTe n |*#ysT.) n >T]+#&T. sy |j>\ >+C&
bdsdtqT + eT+&+#&T. | |j>\ |*\qT { eT+&+q|&T >*
q |<s+ @< bdsdt \Tk+<, n~ { $]B bdsdtB e+ <
>T]+#&T. bdsdt \TdTq~ >* nsTTH e#T < >* =+
|]eD+ + k>X *q +<H e#T, n~ eTq+ | >* +{~
nsTT +T+~ n q |j>\ >T]+ *jTCX&T. |<syT eTq+ |
>*q eTq #T q >*q + edTe\qT eT+&+#&
<V<|&TT+< *b&T.
ysTTsY |s+ edTe\T <Vq+ #+~q|&T y\Te&~ @$T{?
>* >T]+ q |j>+ <s ysTTsY @$T \TdTH&T?
ysTTsY |j>\ <s+> eTq+ @ ssD se#T? |+-2: |d
|<s+ < V+ <V q+ #+~q|&T y\Te& yjTTe\L, XdjT
eTq+ |>* # dwyTq & +T+< jTq >eT+#&T. eTq+
$&#>* dTq|| |uy #|q+> edTe\T eT+&&+ e\ y\Te&
yjTTe\T |ue+ #|e L& >T]+#&T.
ysTTsY q |j>\ <s XdjT s+&T |jT\T +{jT
>T]+q|{ |jT >T]+ eyT \TdT>*>&T. $&# >*
u>TZ|\TdT yjTTe +T+< \TdT>*>&T. sy #dq nH |j>\
<s >* dsyTq yjTTe TZ|\TdT yjTTe (sH & &) 1/6e
e+T |]eD+ +T+< >T]+#&T. \+ HyjTTeqT KsjT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

yjTTe ( ) n u$+#ysT. eeT\T >* ] j sT #j \+f
eT+&&, |\& |j+#&TTq KsjT >* *|q+ eq
d]b<T. < +& dsyTq yjTTeqT =\+#\ u$+#&T.
sy XdjT >T]+ ]+> + sj e#&T. | >*
< KsjT>* ( ) }|]T\ y[fl dsyTq >* ( )> esTT+~

< e]& sT>TT+< u$+#sT. e]& m+ |]eD+ >\ KsjT

>* }|]T\ #]+< n<+ |\T& n+ |]eD+ dsyTq >*
}|]T\ qT+& >* $&T<\eT+< }V+#&T.
}|]T\ #]q >* s+ \e&+ e\ < msT| s+>T edT+ <
u$+#&T. (nsTT sy \+ Vy>_H es<+ e\ s msT| s+>T
edT+< Xdy\T >T]+#sT.)
ysTTsY $wsD\T sy \+ eT] |]X<q\ <]rXsTT.
ysTTsY nqTq u>TZ|\TdT yjTTe @$T{?
n |]X<q\ |s+ |& |e# >* @$T{?
q |j >\ <s XdjT $<q+ @jT kbH\T +{jT ysTTsY
|s=HsT?
19e X+ eT< #+~q |U skjTq Xdy CH &|sY
sdq eqe Xs <sXd+ >+<+ XdjT >T]+ |s=HsT. Je\T
>V+# |<s\ <Vq+ #+<& Mq$, sT, H |<q+>
+{sTT. e <| { <s|& ]| #s\ e\ u+> JejT\T
sT>TsTT. Xs+ qT+& $&T<\jT $d]\ sT, sH jTT &\T,
bdsdt, d\sY, = s |<s\T +{sTT.
| <s\+{ <s 19e X+ eT<\+ H{ XdjT bZH
|<qyTq |<s\ b >T]+ *d+~. XdjT ]> $<q+ >T]+
n+> dw s<T . nsTT Xs+ njT c, XdjT d++<+
+< Xdy\T >T]+#sT.
eTq#T q >* b*q|&T $&#>* y&> +&& MTsT >eT+#
+{sT. XdjT B sDeTeT+< MTsT nqT+THs?
$wj\ >T]+ n<jTq+ #jT& eqe\ XdjT\ bZH
$$< <X\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
XdjT $$< <X\ T
XdjT $$< <X\ eT< dwyTq $uq sK\T +&e. XdjT
nH Je, skjTq, u #s \ d+w |jT . nsTT eTq+ d\ +> ne>Vq
#dTe&+ d+ Xdj $<H $$< o]\ +< n<jTq+ #<+.

n$ #d Xk\T, }|]T yjTT e]&, s+ <s yjTTsyD,
DC yjTT e]& eT]jTT DXdjT.
#d }|]T\ s+ <s DC\ D XdjT
Xk\T yjTT e]& yjTT syD yjTTe]&
}|]T\ yjTT>DT\T s+ yjTT>DT\ H s+ qT+& DC\T < D\T
jT ]> eT< yjTTe]& >&\ s DC\, HqT
yjTT d+#s+. sT>TT+~. XH[ sH & & $j+#T=,
s+ H, DC\\ qT+& >CqT <V+
s+ sH & s+ y|q+ sH & &, sT,
& yjTT>D <s e]& X $&T<\ #ksTT.
y|q+ <s sT>TT+~. X JejT\
e]& sT>TT+~. $j+#T&TT+~.
#d Xk\T
eTq+ $&T<\ #d >* @ yjTTe\T +{j \TdT=H
|j>\T +eTT+<T s>T\ #XsT<!
dTq| >* y>+> }~q|&T, n~ s> b\e
\> es& eTq+ >eT+#+. n< dTq| eeT\T
>* ds+ <s>, |] <s> |+|q|&T # me
deTjT+ |&TT+~. dTq| # e \T|<q+
|dT+< >T]+#+ <!.
|+`3 #|q$<+ > |]s\qT neT] eTs=k] |j >+
#jT+&. @+ sT>TT+< >eT+#+&. dTq|
|j>+ @+ *jTCdT+~? sT
|+-3:
@ yjTTe dTq|qT b\e \> esTdT+~?
eTq#T q >* b*q|&T eTq+ jT e~ >* @ yjTTe
me |]eD+ q~?
n<+| Xd e~*q|&T { $] n<+| @s&& >eT+# +{sT.
eTq+ $&# >* { $] m& qT+& e+~?
eTq+ $&# >* = n+ou\T me>qT eT]= e>qT
+&{ >\ sD\qT \TdTe& eTq+ Xdeed yjTT |ks+
]> esZ+ >T]+ #d Xd\T ]> j $<q+ >T]+ n<jTq+
#j*.
keq ns+ Xdeed n+f jT{ qT+& }|]T\ n+
d sDq yjTT>DT\ ( ), (yjTT>DT\ eT]jTT sHD\
eT< yjTT$qeTjT+ sT>TT+~. n&qT+& jT >* |d]+# esZ+
n #|e#T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

yjTT |ksesZ+
H s+<\ qT+& yjTT>DT\ es yjTT|ks esZ |]o*<+.
HVs+
Hd
> d

m|>{dt
ds|{
yjTTHfi+

eT]jTT
XdHfi\T
XdH[\T
}|]T\ T yjTT>DT\T
|+-4: eqe Xd eed
Hs+<\T k<sD+> yjTTe Xs+ |y+# esZ+.
HVs+ yjTTe e&bjT&TT+~. H Vs+ eT> +& bs, se\T
>* +& <TeTT<[D\qT # es |ksTT. n++& yjTTe
HVs+ <s |jD+# deTjT+ >* c>, Xs c>
<<| deqeTeT+~. >* HVs+ eT #s&+ e\q >*
n+eTT+<T +f me eT> jseT+~.
>d >* y# #jT&+, >* eTqT #s&+ e+{ se\T Xd, Js eed\T
s+&+{ d++~+q u>+ =qk>TsTT. |V ( ) nH
+&s| y+ Vs|, yjTT (>*) esZ\qT jT+d eTeT

eed\ d]> |y+#TqT #dT+~.
ds|{ >{|fe+{ ds|{ ds+T\T +{sTT. }|]T\ qT+& Xd+
jT{ e# >* ds+T\ >T+& |jD+#|&T y{ +|+#
#dT+~. +|H\ <s+> eTq+ e{&&+, b\T b&&+ yTT<q$
#jT>\T>T+.
yjTTHfi+ yjTTHfi+ }|]T\ es >* rdTfifl sD+. MTsT >=+T u>
>=+ e+{ sD+ +&{ >eT+#e#T.
XdHfi\T yjTTHfi+ s' Vs+ eT+ s+&T XdHfi\T> N* = XK
= }|] |ydT+~.
XdH[\T XdHfi\T nHksT N\TbsTT es XdH[\T nH u>\
n+eTesTT.
yjTTX >DT\T Xd H [ \ T yj T T>DT\ n+ e TesTT. yj T TX > DT\T
(yjTT>fi\T) # q$> +& # me d+K +{sTT. s XH[\T
yjTTX >DT\ >&\ n~ d+K +&&+ e\q yjTTe]&
sT>TT+~.n+f H s+ , sH & & yjTT>DT\ |y ksTT.
s+ s+ HqT Xs+ | D n+<CdT+~. Hs+<\ qT+&
yjTTX >DT\ es +& esZ+ y#>, eT> +T+~.

MT \Tk?
}|]T\ |* u>+ \\ d+K +& yjTTX>DT\qT * +&, yjTTe]&
]> yX |+#TT+~. }|] T\ |* bs me> eTT&T\T|& +&&+ e\q
y{ yX\+ # me> +T+~. eTq }|]T\ yjTTX>DT\+{ $&Bd
|]d <<| 160 #<s| MTsT ( fdt sT) yX $TksTT.
+#+& ` #]+#+&
yjTTesZ+ eT qsTT @+ sT>TT+~?
s+&T }|]T\T |]eD+ +{j?
yjTTX>DT\T nd+U+>qT, nq$>qT m+<T +{sTT?
|V ` yjTT |ks+ |V >* |V Vs| eTT<qT

}|]T\y| eTs\T ds|{ yfifl+& #jTT
|*q >* HVs+ qT+&
>d yfiT+~. & yTq
deTd q~. >d qT+& s+<+
e< jT\T<]q Hfi+ e] s+&T>
N\TT+~. esZ+ }|]T\,
eTs= es+Z JsXj T + <]rksTT.
>* esZ+ <s, Vs+ ys=
esZ+ <s eyT |jD+#&+
n+ neds+. n++& Vs+ |+-5(m): Xd+#&+ |+-5(_): $T+>&+
XdHfi esZ+ |jD+#+& +&eT n+ eTTK+. |V
( ) nH |\T# y+ +s_ \+ <s ds|{ Vs+ b+&
s~d Vs+, yjTTe\ <*\qT eTB]dT+~. | |{\qT |]o*+
|V eTq+ Xd+# deTjT+qT Vs $T+> deTjT+qT @$<+>
|#dT+< #]+#+&.
|V nH y+ eTq+ Vs $T+> deTjT+ b+>
+s_ eTd +, Vs+ Xdeed |y+#+& >=+T
bjT$<+> <] eT[fldT+~.
eTq+ Xd+# deTjT+ |V |P]> s#T= >* Xd esZ+
<s }|]T\ |ydT+~. |V deT+> |#d yjTT, Vs
esZ\ <s >*, Vs <*\qT deT+> neT\T ]> #&& H&
jT+D # neds+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

eTq+ Vs+ H deTjT+ e{&L&< m+<T n+{sT?
eTq+ Vs+ rdTH deTjT+ @+ sT>TT+< q + <s
>eT+#+&.
+`1
MT # Hd s+<\ m<TsT> n+>Tfi+ <s+ +#+&. MT
Xd jT e # &+ >eT+#+&. + |PsjT es #
n& qT+& rjT+&. { s+&T $Tc\T \&> Xd+#+&. @<H Vs
|<s =] u> q$T*, $T+> eTT+<T> s +&e # >=+T| +q sT y
Vs $T+>+&.
MTs+ >eT+#sT?
Vs $T+> deTjT+ MT Xd @yTH & >eT+#s?
Vs $T+> deTjT+, Vs+ XdHfi+ |y+#+&
dVjT|&TTq~ @~?
eqe Xdj $<q+
|feTT\T XdjT n+f #d Xkq
eTq \TdT. XdjT bZH |<q
#>& nejTy\T }|]T\T. eTq+ +{ eTq
+&s\T }|]T\qT #& bsTTq|{, n$ #d
| eTq+ >eT+#>\+. MT # #r|
}|]T\ T
+#T= >&+> }|] |\+&. MT #r
=+#+ |<~ nsTTqT> >eTksT. |&T
>* jT e<\+&. MT #r k<sD
(&j|yT)
$u |\+ d se& + \ Td T + ~. MTs T | & T
}| ] T \ X nqTu # + <s T .
|+-6: #d Xd
deTjT+ s'|+s+ <*
}|]T\T eT+eTT> >* |\
rd T e& + >, j T | + | & + >
#jTe. #r +&s\T eT]jTT s'Vs <sVs ysT#d
+&sjTTyTq <s $q+ ( ) nH bs }|]T\ >*
se&, jT be& dVjT|&sTT. <s $q+ |#d $<q+
\TdTe& |+`6 #&+&.
XdjT | feTT +&s\T, <s $qeTT\ b @$T{? d, |sTw\T
sTe] s+& XdjT bZ+{j?

eTq s=eTT u>+ |feTT\T, +&s\ js |q #s+ |&
+T+~. |feTT\T yHeTT ]w D+ n +{sTT. (@<H
|feTT | y\T + < y+ y\TqT ~*+#+&. yHeTT qT+& meTT
+~y| @y\T> |jD+ s=eTT meTTqT #s&+ >eT+#e#T.)
eTq+ #d+ ]|q|&T, #r | y| jT <T\TT+~. B e\q
s'Vs+ (#r |\) |Tq|]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
s'Vs >~> }V+#T+f <s$q+ >~ +~ u>+
neT+~. <s $q+ $X+ d q|&T >=&T>T s+ +T+~.
>=&T>T uT u>+ s'Vs+ y| +T+~. <s$q +&s\T
d++q|&T n~ #<TqT> js uT u>+ +< edT+~. B e\q
s'Vs |Tq|]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
s'Vs+ |Tq|]eD+ |]q|&T, < |* |&q+ Z >* jT{ |+-7: }#d
qT+& Hs+<\ <s }|]T\ |y dT+ ~. BH #d+ n+{sT. Xd deTjT+
sy B $|s+ (es+)> sT>TT+~. # jT<kH }s+|+s+ <*
#sT+T+~. <s$q +&s\T $X+ <X #sTe&+ e\ ] >=&T>T
s edT+ ~. s'Vs+ & |sT>TT+~. }|]T\ | & |s>& +
e\q |* >* yjTTesZ+ <s jT yfiT+~. BH Xd+ n+{sT.
MT \Tk?
eTq }|]T\ T k+> +{sTT. $ s +& |]eD+ +&e. s'Vs+
m&eTy| >T+& +&+ e\q y|q q }|] =+#+ q~> +T+~. }|]T\qT
| |Ps nH s+&T bs\T+{sTT. bs\ eT< <e+ +& }|]T\qT |\
qT+& b&TT+~. }|]T\T >* +&|&T jT<d e#|&T ]> |TsD
qT+& b&TT+~.
eTq+ $X+ rdTH deTjT+ eTq Xd HeT~>qT e ( )
& qT sT>TT+~. |]> & + , yjeT+ #jT &+ e+{ |qT\T#d deTjT+
y>+>qT, >&+ >qT (me &) sT>TT+~. C #d, Xd
|<T\T $dyTq se #|sTT. eTq Xs neds\ qT>
HqT ds|s #jT&, sH & &qT =\+#& Xdj y>+
DD+ esT # y$<u]+> k>T deTqjT|s#&T +T+~.
XdjTqT |u$+ #d s |]dT\T @$T{?
yT<&T qT+& XkejTy\ yfifl H&T\qT ]+qsTT XdjT
y+H *bT+< Xdy\T qT>=HsT..
B e\q eTq @+ nseTeT+~?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

XdjT ]> deTjT+ @+ sT>TT+~?
Xd deTjT+ Xs+ qT+& =\+#e\dq yjTTe @~? ~ m&
qT+& edT+~?
#d deTjT+ }|]T\ yfifl yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ @~?
#d, Xd yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ & @yTH +<?
yjTTe]& (yjTT>DT\ qT+& sXH[)
}|]T\ |\ y|q |< yjTT>DT\ qT+& s XH[, s
XH[\ qT+& yjTT>DT\ yjTTe\ e]& sT>TT+~. n+f s+
sH & &, yjTT>DT\ H\T |sds+ e]& sT>TjTqe{.
n dyTq yjTT>DT\T D+ eT+<+ nd+U+> +{sTT.
yjTT>DT\ #T D+ eT+<+ +& s XH[\T +{sTT.
>T+& qT+& }|]T\ |eV+#

XdHfi\T y{ XK\T eTT<TsT msT| s+>T +& H sV
yjTTX+
sH & &
s+ s XH[\ |eV+,
yjTT>DT\ qT+& H qT >VdT+~.
sD\T
XH[\ e\
H n< deTjT+ s+ sH & &
s XH[\ qT+& yjTT>DT\ y|q
|< |ydT+~. eTq+ Xd+q|&T
|+-8: }|]T\T eT]jTT sXH[\ eT< s H & & j T y fi T +~.
y|q |< <s yjTTe\ $eTjT+ |Xe+yT q msT| s+>T +& H
dV s+ >T+&qT #], n& qT+& Xs u>\ ds|s #jT&TT+~.
yjTTe\ e]& e\q #d+#, Xd+# yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ &
+T+~. +~ |{qT >eT+#+&.
|{`1
yjTTe #d+# yjTTe >\ X+ Xd+# yjTTe >\ X+
H 21 16
sH & & 0.03 44
H{H 79 79
>eT: |{ e&q $\Te\T dTesq$ eyT.
#d+#, Xd+# yjTTe\ H |]eD+ & sDyT$T{?
Xd+# yjTTe\ sH & & |]eD+ |sT>T sDyT$T{?

MT \Tk?
eqe }|]T\ keTs+ 5800 $T sT. $X+ <X eTq+ dTesT> 500
$T. >* |\ rdT jT e<T\T+. eTq+ |P]> }|]T\ >* jT
|+|q|{ + 1200 $T. yjTTe }|]T\ $T +T+~.
7e s> Je\ XdjT nH bs+ }|]T\ keTs
d++~+ MTsT #dq |j> >TsT#dT+&.
yjTTe\ syD
eTq Xs+ |y+# >* yjTTe\ $TXeTeT, ~ eTq }|]T\
yjTT>DT\ esL yfiT+< eTq \TdT. >* $$< yjTTe\ k|
d+|Tq+, Vy>_H eT]jTT s |<s\ +< @ss#>\ y{ X,
n$ s+ <s Xs+ syD ]> $<H ssTTksTT.
yesD+ H k<sD ksTT q|&T (dTesT 21%) yTT+
s+ ms sD\ q Vy>_H es<+ <<|> H d+|+
#+~, syD #jT&TT+~. Vy>_HL& s| e~]> es |<s+.
s+&+{ q |<qyTq & @$T+f s| yT^wjT+ nDTe +T+~.
Vy>_H eT< qTeTT ( ) nDTe +T+~.
H s+ y|q |< <s |y+#>H n~ y+H Vy>_H
+< @ss#T = Vy>_H @s&TT+~. s+ DC\ #]q|&T
H Vy>_H qT+& $&bsTT DC\ |ydT+~.
sH & & k<sD+> u s=H{\ s|+ syD #jT&TT+~.
=+ u>+ Vy>_H \TdT+~. eT]=+ bk sT>TT+~.

(}|]T\)

(DC\)

MT \Tk?
deTT<eT+ <>Zs Vy>_H H
| P ] > d + | + # + < T T +~. <<| |
Vy>_H nDTe H +< @ss
Vy>_H> esTT+~. deTT<eT{ 13
MTs|q (8 yTfifl) H \u #
e> +T+~. deTT<eT+ b*d e\+
<e e+T H eyT \ueTeT+~.
|+-9: |ssV&T
|]dT\ \ueTjT H d>+ Vy>_H
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

nDTe\qT eyT d+|+ #jT>\T>TT+~.
Vy>_H e H nDTe\ *dqsTT, s+ DC\ nedsyTq s
ds|s #jT<T. eTyTq |< H ds|s (H d*+&s) +& n+
mT J$+#&+ nk<+. <T $eH\ HqT d]|&q+ & |jD\
n+< @sT +T+~. deTT<| T yfifl > >fifl deTd\T ys $<+ > +{sTT.
yjTTe]& (s XH[\ qT+& D\, D\ qT+& yqT)

DC\ s XH[\ Vy>_H |P]> $sT<yTq yesD
m<Ts=+T+~. DC\T s+s+ HqT $j+#&+ e\q H
>& u> e> +T+~. & H >& }|]T\ b*q|&T
eT&e e+T eyT +T+~.
H >& u> e> +&+ e\q Vy>_H qT+& H
$&bsTT D\ |ydT+~. D\ H $j+#T& sH &
&, sT, X $&T<\esTT. X $$< Xseds\ $j+|&TT+~.
D\T $&T<\ #dq sH & & s XH[\ |ydT+~.
D XdjT
Xs+ ]> $$< JejT\ nedsyTq X Vs |<s\ >\
skjTq +<\qT $&>=&+ <s $&T<\ #d $$< skjTq #s \ deVs
D XdjT ( ) n+{sT.
J$+ q D\ XdjTqT sV+#*. H deT+ XdjT
] < yjTTdV XdjT ( ) n, H +&
] < nyjTT XdjT ( ) n n+{sT. nyjTT
XdjT |jTH DD+ < |*jTT ( ) n L& n+{sT.
+< |PsJeq u]j\ D XdjT D<e+ ( )
sT>TT+~. C+< Je\ XdjT =+ u>+ D<e+qT,
eT]=+ u>+ yT{+&jqT sT>TT+~. #s $&T<q X m.{.|
s|+ \ +T+~. n+<Te\ yT{+&j\qT DX>s\T (
) n+{sT.
JeD+ >C nDTe < s Vs |<s\T @< skjTq
#sH |P]> $q+ #+<e. ~ nH eqT> skjTq #s\ <s
sT>TT+~.
~ X $&T<\ e&+| m+{ |uy #|T+~.? >C nDTe
$q+ #+<|&T | <Xq < skjTq sD+ e# esTqT {
qq yTT\ X $&T<\eT+~. >C nDTe |P]> $q+ #+~

< X |P]> $&T<\ e& nH skjTq #s \T uV#+
eqT>+> s>*. n+s #+
>C $q+ #+<&+ e\ $&T<q X n&HdH d
fbd{ ( ) nH | |<s s|+ \ +T+~. e
~ q yTT +& skjTq X. B D+ jTT
mq s n+{sT. \ q X D+ nedsy T q
#{ syD neT+~. | 7200 \\ X
\ +T+~. X bd{ +<\ s|+ \ |+-10: yT{+&j
+T+~. +<\T $&bsTTq|&T X $&T<\eT+~.
yjTT>DT\ D\ DXdjT sV+#& H nedse?
m+<T?
>C yTT<\jT Xdj $<H\T d\+> +~ $<+> +{sTT.
(~ e\+ <VsD eyT , s Vs|< s\ L& > sT>TT+~)
eT+ G X
H e> <: u]j
q|&T < q|&T
(nyjTT XdjT,
DD+) <HGsH & &GX
>C |sy{ <: dt
(3 sq nDTe\T) G X
eT deT+
G sT G X

(yjTTdV XdjT) <: yTT\T, +Te\T
MT \Tk?
yTT\T, +Te\T, d Je\+{ X $&T<\ =s k<sD+> $j+#&
|<s+ >C. n Je\qT >C s+&T <X\ ]+|&TT+~. yTT<{ <X
>C s+&T |s$ eT nDTe\T> $&>=&TT+~. s+&e <X H \uyTqsTT
|s$ eT+ sH & &, sT> ]+|&TT+~. BbT me |]eD+
X $&T<\eT+~.
H \u+ |+ |s$ eT+ <H> , eT+>
es& H deT+ ]> #s\ +f |<e e+T X eyT
$&T<\eT+~.
H +& X $&T<\eT+<?
reyTq yjeT+ #dq sTy eTq +&s\ H=| edT+~<!
+&s\ d]bsTTq+ H ds|s ]+<?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

+&s\ @ skjTH\T @s&sTT?
<VsD MTsT 100 MTsT |sT>T |+<+ y>+>
|sT>sqT+<+. n|&T MT +&s\T # y>+>, me>
|#ksTT. nsTT, |+<+ yTT<\TeTT+< MTsT \& =
$Tc\b s=|&+, >{> >* |\&+ e+{ |qT\T #jT +<!
C n e> n<q| Xd MTsT MT |+< |P]
#jTe#T. n+ y>+> |sT> &sT\T 100MTs |sT>T
|+<+ nd\T >* |sT. |sT>T|+<+ \ #sT ]H
f|qT >H < ^ MT~ #sT>H |]d ysT> +T+~.
|+-11: &sT&T MTsT rdTq D, m+ y>+> MTsT |sT>sT nH n+X\
<s+>, |+<+ sy = $Tc\b MT Xd k<sD
d e# es MTsT s=|sT.
eTq+ |{es >T]+ HsT q $wj \ d #j T e#T.
VQX +&s\ \ q > es&+ e\q $&T<q X e\q
|]>& e\dq X eTq \_dT+< u$+#e#T.
eTq q #q deTdqT |]w]+#<T . m+<T+f reyTq yjeT
deTjT+ +&s\ +& m.{.| \\T nsdqT| KssTTbsTT. {
eTT+<T> X $&T<\ #d HqT sy $j+#TH |< nqTd]+#*
+T+~.
deTdqT n<jTq+ #d |< @$T+f, yje eTT+<T,
sy &sT s | #jT&+, | bZH &sT&T |]s\Tq
# | qTe\d +T+~.
n q T d = & + > <
s+ eT+ >& $T.>/|T.d+.MT.
yje |j+# f&$T

(f&$ T| +& yN y{sT e\q
yqT <T\T +T+~. B|
+& e |&b+& +&\+f
q y>+ q&e&+ < |sT > & +
#j*) |q q&e&+ #j*.
|j >+ eq = |* \qT
>|t #|&+ ]+~.
\+ \ =$T~ $Tc\bT reyTq
yjeT+ #dq sy (>|t
s+s yjTeT+ s+ eT+ >&qT n + | d +q usY qT
|u$+ #d n+X #| >|t

|]o*+#+&. eT |< s| qeTH\qT &sT qT+& d]+
$Xw+#sT. s+ eT ksTT # me> esT qsTTqT >|t
<s \TdT+~.
n+ ` deTjT+ $Tc\
n+ ` s+ eT+ $T.>/ |T.d+.MT.
>|tqT |]o*+#+&. +&s\ eT+ @$<+> |sT+Tq<
|]o*+ +~ |X\ de<H*e+&.
n) |j> bs+u+ eT >& m+ q~?
) |j>+ @ <X eT >& n~ ksTT #]+~?
) eT]jTT kqeTT\ eT< eT >& ksTT =qk>T
qsTT eT+ k<sD ksTT #s& m+ deTjT+ |e#T.
(d#q: eT k<sD ksTT #s es b&+#+&.)
eT+ +&s\ L&qsTT, n~ +&s\ H=| <]rdT+~.
eTq+ deq <s q&e&+, y>+> q&e&+, HeT~> |sT>&+, y>+>
|sT>&+ #dq|&T <s+ deqyT nsTTq|{ eTq * +&s\ H=|
= jTL n~eTeTqT >eT+#e#T. B sD+ +&s n~+>
eT+ #s&yT.
jyTq +&s\ y>+> nsTTq eT+ yjeT+
sTy HeT~> +&s\ qT+& =\+|&TTq< eTq nseTeT+~.
XssyTq $wjT+ @$T+f &sT +&s\T k<sD d se&
# me deTjT+ |&TT+~. deTjT+ @$T sT>TT+<+f j
+&s\ q >C eT+> es&TT+~. eT+ q X
>C nDTe\ X +f e. >C qT+& eT+ @s&q|&T
$&T<q X eTs jsT#jT& |j+|&TT+~.
100 MTs |sT >T |+<+ &sT&T Xd+#&+ \T|#d, |+<+ sy
s=|&T. <X +&s\T nyjTT XdjT <s >CqT $&>={ X
$&T<\ #ksTT. sy eyT &sT +&s\ \ q e
=\+#& nedsyTq H \ueTeT+~. n+<Te\q eTq+ reyTq
yjeT+ #dq|&T Xs+ HT ( ) @s&TT+~.
T sTy ]> XdjT |P]+#&TT+~.
me <s+ |sT> &sT\T s+s+ Xdd +&+ e\q MsT
|sT> deTjT+H =+ eT+ =\+#&+ e\q, me deTjT+
n\db+& |sT>>\T>TsT.
+&s\ eT+ \ +&+ +&s\ H=| ( )
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

sDeTeT+~. Xs d]bsTTq+ $X+ \_+qsTT +&s\ n\d
=\bT+~.
nyjTT XdjT
Je\ XdjT HqT >V+ sH & &qT $&T<\ #kjT
eTq+ \TdTH+. |jT\T sD <s sT>TTqsTT H
ds|s *bsTTq|&T @+ sT>TT+~? eqe +&s\T H ds|s
Zq deTjT+ L& X $&T<\ #jT>*qsTT s Je\ D\T @+
#kj \TdTH+<T = |j>\T #<+.
|j>X\ +
dt = |j>\T
we|+ dJe\qT H sV yesD+
+q|&T c> |sT>T<\ >T]+ sH
& & $&T<\ >T]+ \TdTe& eTq+
|j>+ #<+. >C <eD+ dt
# y>+ > |sT>TT+~. C eq sq
( ) dt\T j|, < e+{
<
e
bs|H
usH{ |+&=\ qT+& eT Vs d]d
<eD+ |sT>TsTT.
y&#d #]q >C
| j > X \ eTq | j > + d +
|+-12: nyjTTe XdjT y\Te&q >C, dt\ $TXeT+ qT+& HqT
w+, sH & & ssD | =\+#&+ eTqeTT+<Tq yTT<{ deTd.
|j> <X\T
1. >C <eD $Tw+bT y&#d ~*+#+& #\s#&+ <s
<eD+ H =\+#*. |&T < dt *| <|
d+{MTsT eT+<+ bs|H <y bj*. #jT&+ <s
jTqT+& >C <eD H ds|s +& s~+#e#T.
2. bs|H <y bd eTT+<T> >C <eD+ + H q< <
\TdTe& = #T\T &jH ^H ( ) < Cqdt
^H _ ( ) <eD yd #&+&. * s+>T <eD+
H \u yq|&T >T; s+>T esTT+~.
3. |+ #|q $<+> dt #d yjTTe\T jT y[fl dTq|
+& |H [ #s $<+ > |]s\T neTs*. & @$<y T q jT+
( ) |\T $e]+#&<T. MTs nTe+{ |j>\T

#d |jT+#+&. | H[\qT |j+ sH & & j
|j> e ksTT sV+#& MTsT |jT+#e#T. (MTsT
|j>+ #d deTjT+ | H[\qT 370 es y& #dqsTT
|j>+ y>+> sT>TT+~.)
u\ s=f\ j<sT\T |+& dtqT *|q|&T @+ sT>TT+~?
DD+ ( )
dJe\ #] nH 8e s> bs+ yT< |+& dt *| #dq
|j> k] >TsT#dT+<+. |j>+ yT< |+& m+<T _+~?
#s @ yjTTe $&T<q~?
#s <eD+, dt\ $TXe ~*+#+&, H \u+ +&
+ =+#+ d|{ sTy < qT+& |yTq ydq edT+~. B
sD+ dt #s <eD |j+#T= jsT #dq <H nH =
|<s+. #s dt <eD+ qT+& n+ d<q+ ( ) nH
|jT <s <HqT ysT#jTe#T. #s <eD+ +f <H e
c> (700 ) e<H eTs>&+ e\q ~ k<eTeT+~.
<$<yTq ydqqT |*dq &, <d |+& (|C \ #dq~ <T) qT+&
se&+ MTsT >eT+# +{sT.
yjTTdV XdjT e~]>H |< <s H \u e>
q|&T X $&T<\ #jT&TT+~.
XdjT X $&T<\ #d |jT. B MTsT n+^]ks? m+<T?
XdjT ` <Vq+
18e X| e] u>+ ysTTsY sV+q |j >\T, |]o\q\
<s XdjT <V q+ e+{ #s nH n_bj e#&T. 1783 ysTTsY
sdq yk\ XdjT <Vq jT. ~ # HeT~> sT>TT+~.
#s H sH eyT +& V&H L& #s sT|T+~
n |s=H&T.
s_HdH nqT Xdy L& XdjT nH~ $<yTq <VqjT. B
e\qH Je\ Xs w+ \_dT+~ n |s=H&T.
+`2
#sqT eT+&+q|&T @+ sT>TT+~?
|+ #|q $<+> |]s\qT neTs+&. | H[ #sqT
rdT= eT+ dVjT+ y& #jT+&. =+#+d|{ sTy @+ sT>TT+<
>eT+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

#s ]+<? + med| y& #dq|&T @+ ]+~? #sqT y&
#dq|&T sH & &, {bT> X y& s|+ $&T<\eT+~.
>CqT eT+&+q|&T sH & &, sT, X $&T<\ejT MT
\TdT. n> XdjT dMTsD+ L& y |<s\T $&T<\esTT n
> C > T ] + #s T < ! s +& + { eT< = eT*
|H[
u<\THsTT. ny$T{ |]o*<+.
yjTT 1. | j > X \ > C q T m e c > e<
yV Hfi+ eT+&+q|&T eyT X $&T<\eT+~. <$<+ >
w+
eTq Xs D\ ]qsTT D\ e&bsTT.
2. |j>X\ k] >C eT+&&+ yTT<,
|jTqT |+ n+ dT\u+ <T. JeD\T
H deT+ >CqT n+ jT+D
dTq| eT+&+#>\T>TTHsTT.
3. sT eT+qT sdT+~. D\ # me
|+-13:
- X $&T< n<q| q+ sT q|{ XdjT sT>TH +T+~.
Je D\ w+ $&T<\
eTq+ +eTT+<T |j>+ >eT+q $<+> #s < >CqT
eT+&+q|&T w+ y\Te&TT+< \TdTH+. dJeq +Te\T, yTT\T
L& X w+ s|+H y\Te]ksTT.
o\+ #*T (dsY) ydTq|&T eTq y#> +T+~. #*T
eTq Xs+ $&T<\ #dq c e< +& b&TT+~. n+f eTq Xs+
c $&T<\ #d+< nqTe#? + @jT esZ\ <s eTq Xs+
c T+~?
eTq Xs+ |]\+ qT+& s+s+ c H +T+~. {
eTq Xs+ sTTq c |P]+#& s+s+ c #d
+&*. B e\qH Xs c> s+s+ ds+> +T+~.
Xs+ jT c>, #d c> w +{j?
reyTq Xs |]XeT deTjT+ Xs+ me w+ dT+~. B
e\qH |sT>&+ e+{ Xs XeT sTy eTq+, eTq Xs+ y&> qT
nqTu b+<T+. <jT + <e >H MT Xs c>q T =\e+&. =+#+d|
C+> #dq sTy eTs c>qT =\e+&.
s+&+{ eT< @yTH ed+ q<? <? $e]+#+&.
D XdjT X $&T<\eT+~. B =+ u>+ > \
+T+~. =+ u > + $$< Je s k j T q j T \qT s V +# &

|j+#&TT+~. $T> X w+ s|+ $&T<\eT+~.
|sT>&+ e+{ me Xs XeT L&q |qT\T #jT& me X
nedseTeT+~. { XdjT sT L& |sT>TT+~. nsTT y\Te& w+
|]eD+ L& |sT>TT+<qe. n+<Te\qH eTq Xs+ qT+& $]
edTq ueq \T>TT+~. Xs XeT deTjT+ q+ H \u q|&T
+&s\T nyjTT |< XdksTT. n+<Te\q eT+ $&T<\eT+~.
@s&q eT+ +&s+ |sT=bsTTq|&T +&s\ H=|
\T>TT+~. =+ $X+ sTy eTq+ k<sD d ek+. BsXd\T ]
eTq+ X |+E& m+>H j>|& sTT. $<y T q Xdj $<q+
>T]+ nqT+<+ bDjeT+ o] #<e+&.
yjTTe]& eed |]DeT+
yjTT e]& nH~ Je\+{qT ]> k<sDyTq Je |jT.
n Je\qT ~ $<+> s><T. nMTu e+{ @ DJe\T, V&,
|H]jTqT, >T+&{ |sT>T\T, yqbeTT\T e+{ VQD Je\T Xs &+
<s y|q |< HqT >V+#&+, sH & &qT $&T<\ #jT&+
sVksTT.
s VQD Je\ |yTq XkejTy\T @s&sTT. ueT eT]jTT
yk\ ed+# Je\T $$< sq yjTTe]& (XdjT) k<H\qT
eT Jeq $<H nqT>TD+> @sT #dTHsTT. Xs |]eD+, {
\u, |dsD eed s+ yTT<q n+X\| <s|& Je\ $$< sq
XkejTy\T n_e~ #+<sTT.
u~+, $T&\ e+{ \ yjTTHfi eed <s XdjT
sT>TT+~. yjTTHfi eed yjTTHfi\T nH >={\T XseT+{ neTs&
+{sTT. yjTTHfi\T, yjTTH[\T> N* D\T HqT HsT>
n+~ksTT.
#|\ e+{ = \#s Je\T XdjT d+ yTT|\T nH | nejTy\T
n_e~ #dTHsTT. yTT|\ &\T |\T#> +& me> s XH[\T
* +{sTT. M{ <s yjTT e]& sT>TT+~. B yTT|\ <s
XdjT ( ) n+{sT. #| HsT ] +~ <e&
eT +~ >&+ e\q sT |\ |ydT+~. |&T HsTeTd,
+~ <e& eT | |&+ <s sT >d |\ H&TT+~.
>d qT+& sT |* >d s+<+ <s yTT| N*\ <s yTT|\|
|eVdT+~. yTT|\T { &T|& { ]q HqT >VksTT.
#s + <s ]> yjTTe]& #jT XdjT ( )
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

n+{sT. yTTd*, &*H e+{ \#s\T @$<+> Xdkj MT b<jTT&
n& \TdT+&. $<yTq XdjT |\ e+{ ujT#s\ |dT+~.
| \T, #s +, }|]T\ , d>d Vs+ ( ) <s
L& Xd+#>\e.
yTT\ XdjT
yTT\ |\ +& | s+<\ <s yjTT
$eTj T + s T > T T +< MT \ Td T . |
s+<\bT> + = u>\T yjTT $eTjT+
{bs
sT|sTT. ys |]\+ +&+ MT< +& +{d
>*><T\T DyjTT $eTjT+ bZ+{sTT. eT& n&e\T>
|s+<\T |\Te& e+>y yTT\ XdjT d+
|+-14: |+`XkejTe+ Xdyfi fl ( ) nH | sD\T +{sTT.
]& C yTT\ XdjT d+ | DC\+
+T+~. yTT\T XdjT HqT |\T=
X #d sH & &qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
yTT\ yjTTsyD
|s+ <\T, +{d yTT |* sT #T=
+{sTT. D\ +& U\T (>* ><T\T) e\
e~]> yTT n+ $d]+ +{sTT. U
|+-15: +&+ +{D\T |<X\T |\ |< |]eD+q $T*q yTT
u>\ q$>q +{sTT. >* ><T\ >&\T { bs * +& eT>
+{sTT. | s+<\ <s |y+q >* H {bs
sT>TT+~. De#+ >T+& D |<s #sTT+~. D+ #s\ #s
]| X $&T<\ #dT+~. BbT sT, sH & & L& y\Te&sTT.
$&T<q X JejT sVD d+ D+ yT{+&j m.{.|
s|+ \ +T+~. @s&q sH & & < esZ+ >* ><T\ qT+&
jT y\Te&TT+~.
#s y|q |< sT>TT+~. D+ H $j+|&>H
D\, >* ><T\ eT< yjTT k+< & @s&TT+~. n< deTjT+
>* ><T\ | s+<\T, +{d y\T|\ L& yjTT k+< &
edT+ ~. n+<Te\ y\T|* >* | s+<\>T+& |* |y dT+ ~. n<$<+ >
sH & & @s&q k+< ed+ e\ | #s es ~X y\T|*
edT+~.

yTT\T, +Te\ ]> XdjT \ e @yT$T
b*\T >eT+#e?
yfifl <s XdjT
yTT\T yfifl +& eT\ X\T |\T# |]\+
<s yjTTe]& #ksTT. $ eT{ nDTe\ eT<
+& HqT |\T+{sTT. nsTT #sTe\T yTT<q
& |<X\ |]> yTT\ yfifl $<T\qT |+-16: yjTT> yfifl
s]+#>\T>TsTT. Te+{ & |<X\ |]> yTT\ ysT u$T
|]\+| #=#Te nqTL\H |<] ksTT. M{ <s yjTT y|q+
deTse++> sT>TT+~. <: e+>y yTT\T.
eTs= eTTKyTq nqTL\q+ u\T> +& +&+ * +&&+. k]
MTsT m|&H & |<X\ y[flq|&T n& |]> yTT\ +&+ d]+#+&.
< >\ s+<\ d+K, |]eD eeT\T H\ MT< |]> yTT\ +&+
b* #&+&.
s+& s+> +{j? _q+> +{j? m+<T?
+{ |<X\ |]> yTT\ yfifl deTs+> |s>be&+ e\ yjTT
syD deTd\T @s&sTT. n+<Te\ yTT\T J$+#&+ weTeT+~.
n+<Te\H e+>y eT& #T H\| #=#Teq yjTT yfifl <s
|]\+ qT+& HqT |\T+{sTT.
yTT\ ]> XdjT >T]+ eT] $es\T \TdTe&+ d+ +~
|j>\T #<+.
+`3
|&&T Xq>\T < s>T\T rdT+&. MT |j>
sE eTT+<T y{ fifl Hqu+&. sy y{ rd >T&
yd <s+ >{> eT+&. eTqT s> >~
eT\ +#+&. s+&T sE\bT |]o*+#+&. +\T
yTT\q
yTT\T sTT. yTT\q +\qT rdT= >E dk yjT +&. $H \T
q ;sT rdT= < eT&T e+T\ es dTq|
+|+&. dk eT <s+{ dkqT C>> >E C&
dTq|sT
+#+&. C& eT _+#+&. > b& $H\ eTs=
neT]qT d<+ #dT+&. s+&+{ s+&T sE\b |+-17: XdjT
<|+& +#+&. s+&T neT]\qT |]o*+#+&. sH & & $&T<\
MT |]o\q\qT qy<T #jT+&.
@ C& +q dk dTq|sT s+>T e]+~? m+<T?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

+`4
eTT+<T + d+ MTsT rdTq yTT\q +\qT
<sMTsY <sdtbdT rdT+&. _s&qT rdT=, s+<+
#d <>T+& <sMTsTqT neTs+&. <sMTsT
H= yTT\q + eTT +& C>|&+&. |
s+&T >+\ <sMTsT c> qy<T #jT+&.
bd
t
eT+ |*\ d+ 24 >+\bT |]o*+#+&.
MT |]o\q\ <s+> (\+ ` c>\| >|t
^jT+&.)
yTT\q
$H \T c>\ |sT>T<\qT @yTH >T]+#s?
c> eT+> |sT>TT+< sE @<
|+-18: XdjT w+ $&T<\ deTjT+ nkT> |]qT> q<?
w+ m& qT+& e+< MTsT u$dTHsT?
sDq d+j>jT ` XdjT
yTT\T >* sH & &qT, { $] |j+#T= dss
deT+ sD q d+j>jT <s k++> Vs j sT #dT +{sTT.
#s nH d+wyTq kbH\ <s ] + X skjTq X>
esTdT+~. #s sH & & qT+& #s\T d+Xw+#&sTT.
syTq sD j$<q+ ( ) sbdt\ sT>TT+~.
n+f dsfi |<s\ qT+& d+w |<s\T @s&sTT.
sDq d+j>j $<H +~ dMTsD+ <s d+#e#T.
+ X

|V]+ # s
nsTTq #s\ qT+& JejT\qT sV+#& e\dq X
XdjT <s y\Te&TT+~.
XdjT n+f e\+ >* |* e<\&+ <T. #s d+w #s\T
nH $qjT \ <s ( ) skjTqX d X> esTksTT.
Xdj $<H +~ dMTsD\ <s d+#e#T.

X
sDq d+j>jT, XdjT\T #&{ es #s\T>
|+q|{ s +&+{ _qyTq JeskjTq #s esZ\T+{sTT. $ Je\
]> JejT\ ( ) m+ neds+.

yTT\ ]> JejT\ nedsyTq #s\T, |+& |<s\T yTT<q
nH s\ sV& j <V<|& sDq d+j>jT sbdt\
sT>TT+~. yT{+&j\ ]> D XdjT sV&{\T <Vq+
#+~ X qeTeT+~. ~ Je jT\ sVD |j>|&TT+~. |>{
deTjT+ yTT\+{q XdjT H sDq d+j>jT #ssT
me> +T+~. s deTjT+ B es+> sT>TT+~. c>,
>* eT, + re yTT<q e sD q d+j>jT , XdjT \ w|
|ue+ #|ksTT.
\ |<\T
yjTT XdjT, nyjTT XdjT, yjTT >DT\T, >d, XdHfi+, XdH[,
|V, sDjT, $qjT, yjTT> yfifl, +{d.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
XdjT eTq+ |*q >* }|]T\ n&qT+& yjTT>DT\ #sTT+~. ] n<

esZ+ y\T|* edT+~.
>* |\Te&+ qT+& D\ ksTT H $j>+ e&+ es < sTy { esTd>

]> #s\+{ *| XdjT n+{sT.
$&# >* dTq| qT \> esTdT+< ysTTsY qT>=H&T.
|*q>* Hs+<\T, >d, ds|{, yjTTHfi+, XdHfi\T, }|]T\T, yjTT>DT\

n&qT+& s+ #sTT+~. n< esZ+ ( ) yq |jDdT+~.

}|]T\ yjTT e]& nq d+#T\e+{ yjTT>DT\ sT>TT+~.
}|]T\ $T*jTq d+K yjTT>DT\T sXH[\ *d +{sTT.
~>Te u>+ +& +&s ]yTq bsqT $u |\+ n+{sT.
#d+ $u |\+ d++#> $u>|\+ $X+ d edT+~.
|>* HVs+, yjTTHfi+ e&bjT&TT+~.
eTTs+<| eT, y+T\T <TeTTD\qT |* b+& |yksTT.
eTq+ |*q >* HVs+ <s |jD+ #d|&T < c> Xs c> deq+
#jT&+ e\q {$] >V+#& + eT> +T+~.
>d, Xd eT]jTT Jseed esZ+> |#dT+~.
m|>{d t +&sj T TyT q eT e+{ sD+. ~ >* Vs eT es+Z yfifl +<T M\T>
<T\TT+~.
ds|{ +& ds+ T\T }|]T\ qT+& y\T|* e#>* +|ksTT. <s eTq+ e{&& + ,
b\T b&&+ #jT>\T>TTH+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

yjTTHfi+ XdHfi+>q n~ qq yjTT>DT\T>q $&bT+~.
nq |]eD+ +& yjTT>DT\ qT+& sH fi\ s+ yjTT $eTjT+ sT>TT+~.
yjTTdV XdjT n~ |]eD+ X $&T<\e&+bT sT, sH`&` & y\Te&sTT.
H \u <s+> |s$ eTeTT $q+ #jT&T VQDJe\T me\+ es

nyjTT XdjT sT|e.
q+ H n+<TuT q|&T X $&T<\ #jT & nyjTTXdjT < DD+ sT>TT+~.
sDqd+j>jT, XdjT esyTq$> |+q|{ JejT\qT s]+#& e\d

nH JeskjTq #s\T s+&+{q sT>TsTT.
yTT\ ]> JejT\ nedsyTq #s\T, k] yTT<q |+&|<s\T sbdt ]>

sDqd+j>jT @s&sTT.
DXdjT\ yT{+&j\ +& sV&T <Vq+ #+~ skjT X #ksTT.

~ JejT\qT s]dT+~.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~y{ eT< &\T sjT+&.( )
m) #d+`Xd+ _) yjTTdV `nyjTTXdjT

d) XdjT`<Vq+ &) sDqd+j>jT`XdjT
2. yjTTdV, nyjTTXdjT\ @yH s+&T b*\T sjT+&.( )
3. =k] Vs+ XdHfi+ bsTT +~ *dT+~. ~ m+<T sT>TT+~.( )
4. =+&\T, >T\ e+{ |<X\ HeT~> q&q|{ XdjT y>+> s>& sD\T
sjT+&.( )
5. sXH[ #s& M\T> >* yjTT>DT\ \Te +T+~. y+ d]#jTe\dq

n+X\T @$T{?( )
6. yTT\T |>\ T sD qd+j>jT qT, s XdjT qT s]ksTT. MTsT n+X n+^]ks?

m+<T?( )
7. deTT<\ |* y[fl fyfifl, |ssV\T eT y+ H d+&sY\qT rdTyfisT

m+<T?( )
8. >]wk sTT yjTT $eTjT+ s>& M\T> yjTT >DT\T m esT #+<j sjT+&.( )
9. XdjT #s\qT+& X m& $&T<\eT+~. nH |X e\ }|]T\T n, sjT

+&s\T n de<q+ sksT. me] de<q+ dsq~. m+<T?( )
10. XdjT m|>{dt, &j|yT\ b @$T{?( )
11. D ksTT yjTT$eTjT+ m sT>TT+~?( )
12. u+j yjTT $eTjT+ m sT>TT+~?( )
13. wyTq yje\T #dq|&T +&s\ H=| \T>TT+~. +&s\ H=|, XdjT d++<+
@$T{?( )
14. \ b +&+ L& XddT+< sE #b&T. e n deT]ky? m?( )

15. Xs+ &j|yT b @eTeT+~?( )
16. }|]T\ y~ |DT& *d neX+ * n|&T XdjT >T]+ n& e @ @ |X\T

n&T>Te?( )
17. MT bsX \ |j >X\ nyjTT XdjT >T]+ \Te& MTsT #dq |j >+ nqTd]+q
$<q+ @$T{?( )
18. #sqT eT+&+# |j>+ e >eT+q n+X\T @$T{?( )
19. |\ ]> #jT XdjT >T]+q de#s+ d]+#+&. y~qT jsT#d MT s>
|<]+#+&.( )
20. b> $j>+, \Tw+ yTT<q y{ e\ *> XdX y<T\ >T]+q de#s+ d]+#+&.
<| MT s> #]+#+&.( )
21. Xdj esZ *jTCd ueT^d u>\T >T]+#+&.( )
22. XdjT ]> <X\qT *| sU+ ( ) ^jT+&. DXdjT >T]+ MTs$T

\TdTHs sjT+&.( )
23. eTq Xs+ ]> Xdj jT++> y n_q+~ke?( )
24. MT bsX\ d+bjT+ #]+#& nyjTT XdjT| yk jsT#jT+&.( )
25. Vy>_H, s|\T XdjT >T]+ e{&T+TqT> sH ^jT+&.( )
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. $&#>* `````````````````````````` eT]jTT ```````````````````````` +{sTT.
2. >*, Vs+ Xs+ |* yfifl & M\T> |#d +&sj
T TyT q eTe+{ sD+ ```````````````
3. D\ \ q X |eD `````````````````````````` n+{sT.
4. yTT\ ................ u>\ +{d +{sTT. $ `````````````````````` #s &&sTT.
5. e+>y\ XdjT ````````````````````````````` <s sT>TT+~.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. ds+T\qT & >eT+#e#T. ( )
(m) yjTTHfi+ (_) ds|{ (d) HVs+ (&) >d
2. }|]T\ +& >* T\ e+{ sD\T ( )
(m) yjTT>DT\T (_) XdHfi\T (d) XdH[\T (&) >*><T\T
3. XdjT $qjT m+<T+f ( )
(m) d+w Vs |seDTe\T $q+ nesTT. (_) + X esT#+<TT+~.
(d) skjTq X d+Xw+#&TT+~. (&) X \#jT&TT+~.
4. D\ X \Te +& |<X+ ( )
(m) +<+ (_) yT{+&j (d) suke\T (&) De#+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

nqT+<+
bDjeT+
XdjT JesX\ eTqT>& eT<s+. |*q>* Xd <s Xs+
| D #s&+ n<TyTq |jT. s>e+yTq JeH <V<|&
XdjTqT jT++#T>\>&+ eqe k<eTeT+~. }|]T\T
dyTq yjTT>DT\qT * +{jT MT \TdT. | Xd 500 $T..
>* +T+~. nsTT C }|]T\T 5800 $T.. >* +#T>*q
keTs+ * +{sTT. eTq+ k<sD+> |]\+>H Xd |\Td+{+.
n+f eTq+ }|]T\ |P]ksTT keTs |j+#Te&+ <qe.
eTq+ Xd <s >* yTT jT{ |+|ydH L& <<| 1200 $T.. >* + }|]TH
$T* +T+~. n+f + eTq+ 4600 $T.. >* }|]T\qT +|e#qe. n+ |]eD+
>* |\+f Xd rdTe&+ m+{ esT\T nedseTej +#+&.
bNq usrjT jTTs< y<T&T |+* eTV] XdjT |< XdjT sV+# $<q+|
j>ud+ nH |jT qT qT>=H&T. B nc+>j >+ n+{sT. m$T~ $u>\ 195 j>Xd
jTe\qT |yX|{&T. n$ 1.jTeT (ke eTD b{+#&+), 2.jTeT (e> eTD
b{+#&+), 3.dq (<&yTq Xs b+<&+), 4.bDjeT (XdjT X |+b+~+#T&+),
5.|Vs (+~j\qT n<T| +#Te&+), 6.<sD (@> k~+#&+ ), 7.<q+ (|d T #jT &+),
8.de~ (ks+ b+<&+)
nc+>j>+ |+* eTV] #|q bDjeT+ n+f XdjT| |Tk~+#&+ <s
s>s JeH >&|&+ n ns+. #d+ <s }|]T\ eT&T \+_\+&T> >*|*
me HqT s+ *d #jT &yT jT q eT* d+. Bs Xd\T rdT&+ <s
k<sD+> eTq+ $Tc | 20 qT+& 22 Xd\qT 15 es Z+#e#T. me yTT+ >*
|\&+ e\ yT<&T DC\ q+ H \_dT+~. n+<Te\ Xs jT\ #TsT>
V+> sT>TsTT. |Ps+ (BsXd >* |\&+) +u+ (}|]T\ >* *| +#&+)
s#+ (HeT~> >* e<\&+) <X\ L&q bDje ejTdT d++<++& mesH
b{+#e#T. }|]T\ keTs |+ @>q T, s> |k~+# bDje HsT b{+#&+
eT+~.

bs+
3
|dsD ` |<s syD eed
Xs+ |sT>T<\ sVD\ d+ n Je\ bw\T, yjTTe\T eT]jTT
<e|<s\T yTT<q$ neds+. Je\+{q n$ @DJeH,
VQDJeH Xs+ n u>\L |<s\qT #se\d+<.
@D Je\ |<s\qT me <s+ syD #jTe\dq neds+
<T. u$T| ed+# e\ e+{ VQD Je\ 100 MT. <s+ es
|<s\qT syD #jTe\d edT+~.
nMTu, V& e+{ eTksTT Je\ |<s\ y|q+ ( )
<y_dsD ( ) e+{ dsfiyTq |<T\ <s sT>TT+~.
{*jTq d+K D\T *q qksTT Je\T y|q+, <y_dsD
e+{ |< T \ <s me |]eD+ |<s\T syD #jT & d+es\=B
deTjT+ nedseTeT+~.
nqeds| \k y]+#& Je\+{ |yTq y>e+yTq
deTse+yTq eed jTT neds+ @s&+~. Je\T | eedqT
@ssT#THsTT. eedH |dsD eed ( ) n+{sT.
eTq+ |T q|<s\qT +{+. <e|<s\qT >T+. yjTTe\qT Xdk+.
|Tq, <e eT]jTT yjTT |<s\+{ eed <s syD #jT&+
k<eTeT+< MTsT u$dTHs?
eTq Xs+ |dsD @$<+> sT>TT+< n<jTq+ #<+.
&sT>sT s #sTT |T, q # >&js+ $Tw+ d|
#&+ MTsT >eT+# +{sT. &sT s # qT+& q >&js+ qT+& @+
\TdTe{ |jTdTH&T? #sTT |T >T+& mksT d+~dT+<
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
\TdT+{& #_ eTq Xs+ \>e#T. V<jTd+<qqT #sTT|T=
yj\ |jT+#+ @$T L& n|+#e#T.
+`1
&sT>]> MTsT L& V<jTd+<qqT +#e#T.
ueT #|q $<+> MT #|&T y\T, eT< yfiflqT eTDT
| * y | uqy \ TqT eTD T + ~y | =+# +
H=|{qT> |+`1 #|q $<+> +#+&.
MTsT @+ >eT+#sT?
|\ qT+& \jT<+ > MT yfifl qT @< dTq T> n|k+~
<! \jTH H& d+<q ( ) n+{+.
|+`1: H& d+<q $Tc m d+<q\T edTHj +#+&.
|&T \& eTTw+ bT C+> #jT+&. eTs\ $Tw+
bT H& d+<qqT +#+&. MT s> =+<sT $<sT\ H& d+<q\qT
+#+&. eT&T qeTH\qT + +~ |{ qy<T #jT+&.
|{`1
e.d+K $<] |sT H& d+<q / $Tc
$X+ C+> s
MTsT @+ >eT+#sT? $X+qT, C+> s H& d+<q $<+>

+<?
+`2
H&d+<q sT e e eT]jTT d+<s { es{ eTq+
>eT+#e#T. { H&d+<q ds+> +&<, eTq+ ujT|&q|&T,
<| & q |&T H&d +<qs T |sT>TT+< nse Te+~ < !
eT]= d+<s\ L& +{ |]d >eT+#e#T.
<VsD eTq+ yTT m|&T, |]>|&T H&d+<qqT
|]o*+#+&.
V<jTd+<q, H&d+<q\ eT<>\ d++< >T]+
eT]+> \TdTH |jT + #<+. H&d +<qqT eTs= $<+ >
|+`2: nZ|\ dk| L& >T]+#e#T. +~ #jT+&.

10e s> |dsD ` |<s syD eed

+<Td+ MT k+ dk|qT jsT#dT+&. #= >T+&
rdT+&. nZ|\qT {sT> \&T> >T+& s+<+ #=|+#+&. >T+&
eTDT |* y|q |+ #|q $<+> +#+&. nZ|\ <*\qT
C>> >eT+#+&. B dVjT+ H&d+<qqT +#+&.
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?
eTq H&d+<q m|&T n~eTeT+~?
H&d+<q < *jTCdT+~?
MT \Tk?
qeC Xe Xe Xe |\\T |\\ T, |<\ T, e<T\ T dT T q &sT\T
(0`3 H\\T) (3`6 H\\T) (6`12 H\\T) (1`10 d+\T) (10 d+ |&q ysT)
100`150 90`120 80`120 70`130 60`100 40`60
s H ( ) nH Xdy 1816 d+ d k |qT qT>=H&T.

dk| qT>=q |Ps+ y<T\T s s=eTT| #$ + V<jTd+<q
$HysT. s V<jTd+<q $q{ H yTT<{k] | >={
|j+#&T. >=+ esqT s s=eTT + s+&e es #$ +
$Hy&T. | >=+ <s X+ dw+> $|+#& jTq >eT+#&T.
s \+ | >=+ kq+ y<TsT >={ y&ysT. H B
dk| n |sT |{&T.
+`3
H #dq |j> eTqeT #<+. 10 n+>Tfi\ b&e, n+>Tfi+
yd+ +&T> | >={ jsT#jT+&. MT dVT yT& qT+&
s+>Tfi\ +<T>, s=eTT eT n+>Tfi+ m&eTy|q | >=+
esqT +#+&. s+&e es #$ + C>> $q+&. $Tw+
mksT V<jT+ d+~k+< +#+&. d+ |~ eT+~ $<sT\
V<jTd+<q\qT, H&d+<q\qT + +~ |{ qy<T #jT+&.
|{`2
e.d+. |sT $X+ V<jTd+<q $X+ H&d+<q
$Tc $Tc
1. d+wt 72 72
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

| n+X\ <s+> V<jT d+<q, H&d +<q\
eT<>\ d++< *jTCd >|t ( )
^jT+&. qeTH >|tqT |]o*+#+&. n+<T
*s+>T |{\T V<jTd+<qqT msT|s+>T |{\T
H&d+<qqT *jTCksTT.
d+wt
V < j T d +< q , H& d +< q eT< > \
d++<+ @$T{?
`n+: $<] |sT
`n+: V<jT d+<q, H&d+<q eTTc
V<jTd+<q sT, H&d+<q sT m|&
deq+> +{j?
| |]o\q\qT { s+&+{ eT< d++<+ q< \Tk+~ <!
V<jTd+<q eTq* dJe+> +#TTHsTT. |&T eTq+ Xs+
neTTK nejTeyTq >T+& sD+, |#d $<q+ >T]+ \TdT+<+.
V<jT+, s'|+s+ }|]T\ eT< neT] +T+~. MT >T+&
|]eD+ dTesT> MT |&* n+ +T+~.
|+`3: eqe\ >T+& +& #T |+`4: >T+& uV ds|+
|j>X\ +
<X+ : s<\ >T+& n+]sD |]o*+#&+.
s<\+{ >T+& sD+> $<+> +T+~. { eTq+
|j>X\ >=s yT >T+&qT |]o\q d+ rdT+<+.
e\dq |]s\T : >=s yT C >T+&, k& k\T, |<THq u&T <
k|, &dH f, eT>TZ sT, &dH s, bs|t.
|]o\H |< :
yT >=s C >T+&qT rdT= >T+& ><T\ s+ +& Xu+#d
|]o\q d+ d<+ #j*.


k& k\qT ] +|&q s Hfi\ |yX |{*. d<+ #dq >T+&qT
|]o*d, |]o\q\qT MT HT|d+ sjT+&.
>T+&qT | m bs\THsTT? (bs\qT s ]+ rdyjT+&.)
>T+& @ s+ +~?
>T+& nT m sHfi\ es\THsTT?
>T+& jTT @ es y&\T> +~? @ es dq> +~?
>T+& +&s\ nT q sHfi\ (sq] <eTqT\T) neT]qT
>eT+#+&.
(C >T+& <=s |+ >T+& qeTHqT #sTqT > |]o*+#+&.)
>T+& n+]sD+
\yTq #|eTT e+{ sHfi+ | e#T >T+&qT &dH f +#+&.
| |dTq u>+ >T+& <s\+.
|<THq k| < u&T dVjT+ >T+& |* ><T\T VsZ+
njT$<+> jT+&. (nedsyT |+`5 dVjT+ rdT+&.)
|* u>\qT |]o*+#+&. eTT+<T> >T+& >&\qT |]o*+#+&.
\y| yfifl <eT
m&eT uTC yfifl <eT
}s Vs
V<eT
m&eT ||d <eT
& ||d <eT m&eT ||d ds\T
& ||d ds\T
m&eT ]
& ] ||d<eT ns#+<s y+
m&eT ] s] y{\T
& ] s] y{\T
m&eT s]
n<Vs
& s]
|+`5: V<jT+ n+]sD+
>T+& >&\T n+{ eT+<+ Hj?
>T+& m ><T\THsTT?
n ><T\T |]eD+ Hj?
>T+& ><T\ eT< +yTH |\qT >eT+#s?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
>T+& ><T\ < { \T|& Hj?
>T+& ><T\T < { m \T|&sTT?
>T+& ><T\T < { m ysT#jT&sTT?
>T+& +~ ><T\ \ sD\qT >eT+#s? @ u>\ n$ nT&
Hj |]o*+#+&. y{ s+, |]eD\qT { n$ @ $<T \qT sVkj
}V+#+&.
MT |]o\q\+{ MT HT|d + sjT+&. MT |]o\q\qT +< e&q
de#s+ d]#dT+&.
>T+& u]|+&T s+ +&, Ds+> +T+~. | y| q y&\ T>qT,
+~ y|q dq>qT +T+~.
>T+&qT e]+ s+&T bs\T+{sTT. M V<jesD #\T (
) n+{sT. s+&T bs\ eT+ V<jesD
<e+ +& +T+~. ~ >T+&qT n|\qT+& b&TT+~.
>T+&|\ +& uT sD\T >T+&qT H\T>T ><T\T> $uksTT. |
s+&T ><T\qT ]\T ( ) n, +~ s+&T ><T\qT s]\T (
) n n+{sT. >T+& >&\ n+{|T= q sHfi\qT sq]
sHfi\T n+{sT. $ >T+& +&s\ s ds|s #ksTT.
| y|q q ]\ >&\T |\T#>q, +~y|q q s]\ >&\T
eT+<+>q +{sTT. eTq |]o\q >T+& H\T>T ><T\+{jT
\TdTH+. m&eTy|q q s+&T ><T\ { |y| (|Ps+y|)
s+&e~ +~y| (|s++ y|) +{sTT. n<$<+> &y| L&
s+&T ><T\T+{sTT.
>T+& nT&q sHfi\qT |]o*+#+&.
>T+& m sHfi\T nT& HsTT?
n sHfi\T <&+> Hj? m sHfi\T <&+> HsTT?
sHfi\ <&, s|dsD d++<+ +< e u$dTHy?
<&+> q sHfi\qT <eTqT\T ( ) n+{sT. $ V<jT+ qT+&
jT\T<] Xs u>\+{ eT+s ds|s #ksTT. n|< <eT
V<eT ( ) n+{sT. q <eT ||d <eT ( )
n+{sT. ~ s V<jT+ qT+& }|]T\ rdTbT+~.
e <& + *q Hfi\qT ds\ T ( ) n+{sT. $ Xs u>\qT+&
s V<j rdTbsTT. >T+& | u>+ &y|q +& |< dsqT
}s Vs ( ) n+{sT. ~ Xs+ | u>\ qT+& (\qT+&)
s d]dT+~. >T+& &y| ~>Te u>+ |+# dsqT n<Vs
( ) n+{sT. ~ Xs+ ~>Te u>\ (fifl, #T\T) qT+&
s d]+ V<j rdTedT+~.


m&eT y|q q ], s]\T, &y| y{+f q$> +{sTT. s+&T
]\T, s+&T s]\T +&sjTTyTq $u\ ( ) ysT #jT&
+{sTT. ]\T, s]\ eT< yjTTyTq s+<\T+{sTT.
& ] |Ps|s eTVds\T sT#TH s+<\T+{sTT. m&eT ]
}|]T\ qT+& s rdTe# ||d ds\T sT#TH s+<\qT
>eT+#e#T. & ] & s] eT<>\ &] s]+s $ueTT
|>\ y{ n>jT y+ ( ) n, m&eT ] m&eT
s] eT<>\ m&eT s]+s $ueTT|>\ y{ n><jTy+
( ) n n+{sT.
& s]qT+& jT\T<s sHfieTT ||d <eT. B |Psu>+ >\
y{ ||d <eT y+ n+{sT. m&eT s]qT+& jT\T<s sHfi+
V<eT < <eT#|+. B |Psu>+ >\ y{ eTV<eT y+
n+{sT.
& s] |u>+ qT+& ||d <eT nH sHfi+ jT\T<sTT+~. ~
eTsV s }|]T\ ds|s #dT+~.
m&eT s] | u>+ qT+& eb{ sHfi+ jT\T<sTT+~. |<
<eT V<eT < <eT#|+ ( ) n+{sT. <eT#|+ Xs u>\
eT L&q s ds|s #dT+~.
sHfi\T eT]jTT s |dsD
sHfi\ jTT sD+ eT]jTT |#d $<H\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
16e X+ es sHfi\T @$<+> |#kj eTq *jT<T. 1574e
d+es+ {*jTH &s q >s \e b_d * ds\ qT >T]+ n< jTq+
#dT+&> y{ qq y{\T+&&+ >T]+#&T. sHfi\ s+ ~X
|eVd y{\T, sHfi >&\ y+& sT#T s+ |eV+#& @$<yTq
+ *+#+& +{sTT. s+ yfi es~X |eV+#&
#d y{\T eTdT= Hfi eTdyd s|yV |yksTT.
n+f n$ @~X y{\qe. e \&q|&T $ s+ | ~X
|eV+#& &&sTT. n+ +~ ~X |eV+|jTe.
e * ~*+q|&T < * +&s\qT _+q|&T, +&s\T
ds\| e& *ksTT. qT s+ \e++> >TsTsD es+> |
<T\TT+~. m+<T+f ~X eyT s+ |eV+#& neX+
+T+~. yfi e * +&s\qT d&*d s+ y>+> <\<T. n>
>TsTH +~ L& |eV+#<T. m+<T+f y{\T s +~
|eV+#jTe.
eTTKyTq $wjT+ @$T+f s+ * ds\ >T+& V<jT+ y|
eyT |eVdT+ ~. s+ m\| &T m&eT s] qT+& Xs u>\ |eVdT+ <
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
b_d qT>=H&T. nsTT n |]X<q + eTTKyTq n+X nH
n+> |{+#T<T.
s $*jT+ Vs (1578`1657) nH _{wt y< T &T #<T edyT
y[fl b_d e< n<jTq+ #X&T.
Vs #bsTTq y] >T+&\qT ysT #d, ] \ T, s] \ y{\qT
>T]+ n<jTq+ #dy&T. >T+& ~X s |dsD &&
y{\qT nqT >T]+#&T. y{\H$ s ]\qT+& s]\
m+{ ++ +& |eV+|CksTT. >T+& d++q|&T s+
s]\ qT+& ]\ #s& <T\T> sHfi\ yfiT+~.
|+`6: $*jT+ Vs
Vs q >TsTyq b_d qT>=q * ds\qT >T]+ +#+
bs+_+#&T. ds s+ ~X |eVdT+ ~. eT]jTT >T+& ~X> |eV+#&+
d+ s+| & *dT+< nqTH&T.
Vs +Te\ ds\qT >{> eTT&yd s |dsD ~XqT qT>=qT
mH |j>\T #X&T. T{q # ds\T _bjT$. ds s+
m\|& >T+& ~X> |eVdT+&&+ e\ T {q# +~u>+ _bjT~.
B { ds s+ >T+& qT+& Xs u>\ |eV+#< n dsq <
sT>TT+< Vs \TdTH&T. n+f ds m\yfi s+ >T+& y|
|eVdT+<qe.
<eTqT\ $wjT+ >eTd, s+ m\|&T T{q# >T+& ~X
_bjT$. n+f <eTqT\ s+ >T+& qT+& Xs u>\ |eVdT+< |
Xs u>\qT+& >T+& |eV+#< >T]+#&T.
s |yV >T]+ Vs n<jTq+ #X&T. >T+& s+ <eTqT\
H&TT+~. n> ds\ qT+& s+ >T+&qT #sTT+~. n+f s s+&T
|yV\THsTT. BH ~e\jT s |ds D ( ) n |sT |{&T .
s+ & s] qT+& ||d <eTqT\ <s }|]T\ #], n& qT+&
||dds\ <s m&eT ]\ #sTT+~. m&eT ] qT+&, m&eT s]
#] <eTqT\ <s Xsu>\ |eV+ ] ds\ <s & s]
#sT T+~. $<+ > s+ >T+& qT+& jT\T<] eTs >T+& #sT T+<qe.
>T+& qT+& Xs #]q s+ $j+#& eTs = s+ @s&TT+<H
ueq | Vs s|+#&T. >T+& d+#+ m+ s |+|D
#dT+< n> $Tc m d+<q\T #T #dT+{j +#&T.
>+ >T+& eTw sTe eT&Ts s+ |+|D #dT+< Vs
qT>=H&T. n+f n+ s+, + e deTjT+ <T. B {
s+ >T+& qT+& Xs Xs+ qT+& >T+& eTs\ eTs |eVdT+ < #| e#Tq
>T]+#&T.


q |]X<q u>+> Vs eTs= deTdqT m<Ts=H&T. <e TqT\T
ds\qT \T| y{ eT< n dq sHfi\T +> Hj?
1650e d+es+ XdE\T u<\qT ( ) *| y&&+
<s +{ #& nq edTe\ L& |<$> #| $<H
qT>=HsT, es e (1628`1694) d<] kjT+
eeT\T> +{ |+# sHfi\qT |]o*+#>*>&T.
Vs eTsD+ q 4 d+es\ s 1661 d+es+
e >_\+ s\| n<jTq+ #X&T. >_\+ s |+`7: es e
+& n |\T# bs (|{jT+) sH fi\qT d <]
dVjT+ |]o*+#&T. n|& <eTqT\T eT]jTT ds\
eT<qT+& n dq, qyq sHfi\qT #&>*>&T.
dq sHfi\ dXH[\T ( ) n
|sT |{&T . {H uw n+f X+ n ns+ .
m+<T+f Hfi\T L& y+T\ e dq> +{sTT.
sXH[\qT qT>=q&+ <s s |dsD $<q+
>] |P]> ns+ nsTT+~. n+<T $<H n+^]+ |+`8: #jT+&
nqTd]dTHsT.
s+, sHfi\ |eVdT+< eTq \TdT. eT]
Xdy\T sHfi\ s+ |eVdT+< m qT>=HsT?
sHfi\qT $q+ #jT+& s |yV |<]+#&+
k<yTH?
sE d+jTT d <] , H{ <T yC
|]s\T e. nsTTH 17e X+ ds\ s+ jTT
<*\qT s|+#{ $*jT+ Vs #dq |j>
eTq+ eTs #<+.
1. sHfi\T u> |+# e jTT <+& #sTT (y#
| u>+ |+`8 #|q $<+>) >T& >{>
T+&. ( y\T<s+ d\+ +&*.)
2. eTs= >T&qT #|#T eT& < |&* >{> |+`9: Vs |j>+
|Ty*. |&T #s+ +~ sHfi\T |dT+>
ksTT.
3. eTq+ |j >+ #jT { M\T> u> e>, _qTq, XK\T> $&b
sHfi >T]+#+&.
4. sHfi+| <+&#sTT y| y\T +, yT*>, sHfi+ s |yV+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
bjTes & \T>#jT+&. (ueT dVjT+ rdT+&)
5. |&T y* T y# qT+& ns# es ~*+#+&. s Hfi+
e# esT\T |]o*+#+&. sD\T #]+#+&.
<eTqT\T, ds\T
sHfi\qT <eTqT\T ds\T n s+&T s\T> $u+#e#T. <eTqT\T
V<jT+ qT+& eT+s Xs u>\ ds|s #ksTT. B es+>
ds\T Xs u>\ qT+& #&Ts V<j rdTeksTT.
<e TqT\T, ds\ n&T s |yV y> >\ d++<+ @yTH >eT+#s?
+TjTT |bs
+&sbs U |<X+
U |<X+
m+&~*jT+ m+&~*jT+
|+`10(m): <eT n&T |+`10(_): ds n&T |+`10(d): sXH[ n&T
sXH[\T
sXH[\T @D eT+<+ ]yTq dyTq Hfi\T. $ eT>T+&
|<s\T y|q+ #+<& nqTeTksTT. \sD\ \dT
dXH[\ >&\ >T+& #=#T= b>\e. $ <eTqT\T ds\qT \T|
sH[ C @sT#jT& &&sTT.
$*jT+ Vs |j>+ #~$q s +~ |X\ de<q+ sjT+&.
@ sHfi\ y{\T +{sTT? y{\ |j>+ @$T{?
# _>TT> T {q|&T >T+& <s+> q y|q sHfi\T m+<T
TsTT?
Xs+ |*y|q q sHfi\qT (<eTqT\qT) +~+q|&T n$
V<jT+y| { sD+ @$T{?
>T+& ]\T, s]\ eT< y{\T +{sTT. y{\ e\q, ds\
+& y{\ e\q *> |jq+ fq e u$dTHy?
Vs |j>+ #~$q s <eTqT\T, ds\ d++~+q yTT<{ esTd
q d#q\ dVjT+ |{`3 <eT, ds (s+&T, eT&T) esTd\
U\qT |P]+#+&.

|{`3
.d+. sHfi| sD+ / jT <eT ds
1. Hfi| >&\T (eT+<yTq$ / |\T#$)
2. y{\T (+{sTT / +&e)
3. s+ |eV+#q|&T sHfi+ s
(\|>\e / \|e)
4. s `````` qT+& `````` rdTfisTT. (>T+& qT+&
Xs u>\ / Xs u>\qT+& >T+&)
5. sHfi+| s|&q+ (e / me)
6. HfieTT |eV+# s+
(H L&q~ / H ~)
7. ||d <eT <s |eV+# s+
(H ~ / H L&q~)
8. ||d ds <s |eV+# s+
(H L&q~ / H ~)
+`4
<eTqT\T, ds\ |rsTqT |]o*+#& +~ \T #jT+&.
\TMT< \TydT= \MT< Ls+&. d y\T MT< eTs=
y\T +T+~. b<+ H\ +f eTs= b<+ >* \TTqT
+T+~. =+#+d| LsT+f V<jTd+<q\ \jT<+> *
<* \T se& MTsT >eT+#e#T. < u+ eT #d| LsT+f y&TTq
\T sTyqT, d<T\T >T#TTqT, $TsqT n|dT+~. m+<T
sT>TT+< sD\T MT b<jTT #]+#+&.
# ds\T s++& u # ss |+&. sTy # +~
Cs$&e+&. | |dTq dsqT yT\> y* H=+&. es~X s+
|eV+#& >eT+#e#T. y\ es ~X s+ |eVd ds _qT>
MTsT >eT+#s? m+<T sT>TT+< sD\qT MT b<jTT #]+#+&.
+ #]+#+&
x <eTqT\ >&\T <&+>, dk|X * +{sTT. m+<T?
x <eTqT\qT XK\T> $d]+q #T b\TksT. m+<T?
x <eTqT\ b*d ds\ s |yVesZ+ ( ) |]eD+ |<~>
+T+~. m+<T?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
V]e\jT+ ( )
eqe >T+& |+&_e~ <X 21e sE qT+& d+~+#&+
bs+_dT + ~. (|T bs #&+&.) eqe&T #bjTes
>T+& d+~dT+~. >T+& d+~+#+ b eTsD+ d+u$dT+~.
]\T, s]\T k] d++ sTy jT<d ed
1. ]\T, s]\ $X+d (}V) < V<jTd+<q e\jT+ < V]e\jT+ (
) n+{sT. B <X\qT |]o*<+.
1. >T+& H\T>T ><T\T U> $X+ d HjTqT=H
}V V] e\jT+ ]> $<H |]o*<+.
2. |Ps|s eTVds\ qT+& s+ &], ||d ds\
qT+& m&eT ] s+ |ydT+~.
2. ]\ s+ |eVdT+~
3. |&T ]\T d+ksTT. ]\ d+#+ e\q s+ ],
s] \T eT< q y{\qT dT s] \ |y dT+ ~.
4. s]\T s+ +&>H d+ksTT. n< deTjT+
(d&*+|), ]\T jT<d #sT+{sTT.
s]\ d+#+ e\q s+ <V#|+, ||d
3. ]\ d+#+. s] s+ <eT, y q y{\T s#T |eVdT+~. n<
| e VdT+ ~. deTjT+ ]\T, s]\ eT< q y{\T s+ &
eTdT+{sTT. y{\T eTdTe+ e\q yTT<{ \u
nH X+ |<> eTq $|dT+~.
5. s]\T jT<d #sTH deTjT+, s]\ |&q+
ZbT+~. Be\q sHfi\ |y+q s+ yq
se{ |jTdT+~. sHfi\ y{\T eTdT=
4. s]\ d+#+. y{\T s+ yq s]\ se{ s~ksTT. y{\T
eTdT+{sTT (\u). s+ eTdT=q|&T s+&e &u nH X+ q> $|dT+~.
<e TqT\ | e VdT+ ~.
< deTj ]\T s+ +& eTs d+#
d<|&sTT.
V<jT d+<q eqT>+ > ]> |jT \+{ *|
V] e\jT+ ( ) n+{sT.
V] e\jT+ >T+& +&s\T #TsT> bZ d+#jT
5. s]\ jT<d. <eTqT ( ), $X+ rdTH jT<|Psd ( ) \T <y+
y{\T eTdT+{sTT (&u). { sT>T +{sTT. yTT+ |jT dTesT> 0.8 dq
|+`11: V] e\jT+ |PseT+~. ]\ d+# |f deTjT+ 0.11`0.14 dqT


> s]\ d+# 0.27`0.35 dq deTjT+ |&TT+~.
$<+> s+ sHfi\ s+s+ jT$T ee<T\
|eVdT+T+~. nsTT DC\ |eV+# s+ s+sjT+> ,
n\\T n\\T> |eVdT+~. n+<Te\H eTq+ eTDT e< y\T +q|&T
n& q <eT s+ |eV+#|&T < & eTq \TdT+~. BH
eTq+ H& =Te&+ ( ) n+{+. eTq H&d +<qs T, V<jT d+<qs T
deq+> +T+~.
MT \Tk?
+Te |sT Xs+ sTe >T+& sTe eTTc V<jTd+<q
{ $T+>\+ 1,50,000 .>. 750 .>. 7
@qT>T 3000 .>. 12`21 .>. 46
eqe&T 60`70 .>. 300 >. 72
jT{{ | 8 >. 0.15 >. 1200
@e\jT, ~e\jT s|dsD ( )

s+ sHfi\ |eVdT+<, >T+& s+s+ d+~d, s s+s+
#\q+ +#TT+< eTq \TdT. s+ >T+&qT+& Xs u>\ n&qT+&
] >T+& #sTT+~. nsTT s|ks+ n Je\qT $<+> +&<T.
|+`12(m) eT]jTT |+`12(_)\qT >eT+#+&.
|{\ m&qT+&H yTT<\T|{ uD|>TsT\ esZ+ MT
|qT <|+&. MT esZ+ eq u>\qT #jT+> >T]+#+&.
s+&T b#sT\qT >eT+ +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&.
|{\ $$< Xs u>\qT
>T]+# |jT+ #jT+&.
|+`12\ MT | Xs
u >\ <s mks T
|jD++~.
|+`12\ MT | >T+&
<s mksT |j D++~.
| +`12\ MT |
}|]T\ <s mksT
|jD++~. |+`12(m):
@e\jT s |dsD |+`12(_): ~e\jT s |dsD
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
yTT<{ |+ >T+& <s s+ e\+ k] |eVdTqT >T]+#sT
< ! s+ >T+& <s k] eyT |j D+qsTT |ds D qT @e\jT
|dsD ( ) n+{sT. s+ >T+& <s s+&TksT |eVd
< ~e\jT < <+<e\jT |dsD ( ) n+{sT.
Xwsd eed ( )
sHfi\ s+ DC\ <s |eV+# deTjT+, sHfi\
qT+& = |T q|<s\T, =+ <e+ sH [ L&fifl e< qT+& jT
y\Te&TsTT. M+{ d]+ s |dsD eed |yX|e\dq
neds+ +~.
s+ dT <\+& LsT |jD+ #dq s MT
b<\ @eTeT+< m|&H >eT+#s? b<s\T =+#+ _>TT>
nsTTqT n|++<? |<y] ~ + dw+> |dT+~. fifl
=+yqT dw+> \TdT+~. BH m&e ( ) n+{sT.
fifl m+<T y| edT+~?
V<jTd+<q e\q s+ sHfi\ |eVdT+< eTq \TdT.
>T+& qT+& |eV+# s+, sHfi\ <s |eVd es
sXH[\qT #sTT+~. bw\ L&q s+ <e+ sXH[\
<s DC\ #sT T+~. DC\ #]q s+ <eu>
|+`13: Xwsd eed DC\ <e+ ( ) n+{sT.
DC\ q DC\ <e+ eTs s |dsD eed #s*.
DC\<e+ =+u>+ d] nH n qds\ ( ) #] n&
qT+& ds\ <s >T+&qT #sTT+~. $T*q DC\ <e+ s+ m
#sTT+~? DC\ $T*bsTTq DC\ <y |<q s|dsD
eed #s& eTs= de+s eed @ssTT+~. <H Xwsd eed
n+{sT. {H uw *+|t n+f sT n ns+.
s D\qT C&+# |<qyTq |<s+ Xwsd+. s+ qT+& bw\qT
>V+ D\ n+~+#&+, D\ qT+& e< |<s\qT d]+ s+
#s&+ e+{$ Xwsd+ sV+# $<T\T.
ds eed de+syTq eed DC\<y ds eed #s{
&&T+<qe.
s+ |Tq eT]jTT <e |<s\ $TXeT+. |Tq|<s\T syT Xwsd+.
DC\ q XwsdyT DC\ <e+. s+ >&{q s $T*q <y
ds+ n+{sT.
nd + &s\ d+#+ e\q ds\ |q , Xwsd H fi\|q & |] s+ , Xwsd +


>T+&y| H&sTT. ds\qT, XwsdHfi\qT y{\T+&+ e\q
s+ yqT s+& s~+#&TT+~.
Xwsd eed >T]+ | s>T\ $es+> \TdT+{sT.
|dsD eed |]DeT eT+
@DJe\T deTT<| { qT+& ysT> eT Xs+ #T bsqT
(bke)qT @ssT#T>H |dsD d++~+q deTd\T sTT.
deTd de<q+> | Je\ Xs+|\ q n\\L&q
ddeTT< dw++~.
nMTu e+{ @DJe\ Je|<s+ dVd<yTq <*\T+{sTT.
<*\qT ujTH #\q+ n+{sT. #\q+ e\q D+ n u>\
bw|<s\T, eT deq+> ds|s nesTT.
@DJe\ e~]>H eqe dV n VQD Je\ eT D\
D+s |dsD eed ( )qT * +{sTT.
H& D\ dV eTq Xs+ n D\ Je|<s+ ujTH
#\H |<]dT+~. nsTT VQD Je\T eT]+ $dyTq |dsD eedqT
@sT #dT=qe\dq neds+ @s&+~.
d+\ e+{ bsCeqT deTT<| {H |dsD y&T+{sTT.
dVd<yTq { |yV\T jTeT<+> +&e. {, d+\T Xs+|\
+& Xu\ ( ) <*\ e\q eT |yV\qT yT dw+#T+{sTT.
d+\+f n_e~ #+~q V&, C#| e+{ &]j Je\T eT
Xs+ ss |ds D VseTH ( ) d+ e+{ sD
@sT#dTHsTT. ss |dsDVs+ Vs Js+ #jT+ bT>
bw\qT n D\ n+~+# se L& sVdT+~.
bdj Vb{ e+{ b{V+~dt esZ #+~q Je\ Jseed
XU|XK\T> $d]+ +T+~. M L& JsjT, |dsD\T s+&+{
eed sVdT+~. Je\ |D+ qT+& es |<s\qT | $ds
eed >VdT+~. Je\ Xs+ me u> Js, $ds eed
$T+#sTT.
@*beTT\ (q\T) e+{ e{V+~d\t Xs+ +& $T<Xs Vs+
( ) |<s\ dsD, $sDqT sVdT+~.
Xs Vs Jeq yqbeTT\ e+{ nH*&T <y\ <* d+ d++#
Hfi yTT<{k]> @sT #dTHsTT. M yTT yTT<{k]> |dsD
e<eT+> s+ |#jT& >T]+#e#T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

u~+ e+{ sb& es|Z Je\ d++# Hfi+ e+{ >T+& q|{,
sH fi\T be+ e\q, s+ |< |< s\ (U |<X \T) |eVdT+ ~.
DC\ bw\qT ds| s #dT + ~. n> Xdeed L& HsT > DC\
HqT ds|s #dT+~. sHfi\T |dsD eedqT $e s|dsD
eed ( ) n+{sT. sb& bT>, # eT\d
Je\T, +~ ksTT s{ Je\ $e s |dsD eed +T+~.
|<s\ syD u< qT sy T |P]> sVd, s+ sH fi\ |eV+#
eedq T d+e s |ds D eed ( ) n+{sT. nH*&
UH&s{, |dt e+{ d|b&, yTT\kJe\qT, n |ksTT s{
Je\qT syTq s |dsD eed +T+~.
MT \Tk?
eqe $TsT s+ >T+&qT+& * e] es y[fl ] >T+& #s&
n+f dTesT 2MTs <s+ |jD+#& dTesT> 60 dq deTjT+ |&TT+~. <
s y|q |< +<s+ |jD+#{ dTesT> 60 d+es\ \+ |&TT+~.
s|&q+ ( )
MTsT 9e s> s+ nqT|T\T, s eZsD yTT<q
n+X\ >T]+ +TDC\+ nH bs+ #~ysT <! |&T
eTq+ s+ >T]+ eT]= n+X\T \TdT+<+.
s e\e+{ sH fi\ <s |eV+|Cj \+f # me
&y*. >T+& s]\T d++ n~ |&q+ s
<eTqT\ |+|sTT. s]\T |&H sTT jT<d
#sT, s d+# d<+ nesTT.
&sT d>eHMTsY nH |]s+ s |&H =\TksT.
|+`14: d>eHMTsY s|&q+ eTq Xs+ $$< Xsu> yssT> +T+~.
{ m|& Xs+ jT$TyTq |<X+ eyT s|&H
=*d yssT deTj |&H d]b\{ neX+ +T+~. n+<Te\q
&s T eTq <+&#s TT (y#sTT |u >+) +& <e T |&H eyT =\TksT .
s|&H d++~+ &sT s+&T &+>\T qy<T #ksT. s]\T
n+ me |&q+ s <eT |+|q|&T yTT<{ &+> rksT. ~
s>e+Tq jTTerjTTe\ 120$T.$T. b<sd |&q+> +T+~. B
dk* |&q+ ( ) n+{sT. s]\T`jT<d #sT s +|H
deTjT+ s+&e &+> rksT. ~ 80$T.$T. b<sd |&H deq+>
+T+~. B &jk* |&q+ ( ) n+{sT.


s|&q+ eTq+ #d | { esT +T+~. $X+, q&e+,
|sT>+ e+{ |qT\T s|&q+ yssT> +T+~.
$X+ deTjT+ k<sD s|&q+ (120/80) +f me s |&q+
( ) qsTT e n~ sbT ( ) qT> u$ksT.
sbT e> +&&+ ( ) n+f @$T{ < \D \qT >T]+ MT
b<jTT #]+#+&.
sd+<q+ ( )
s d++~+q $wj\ eTs eTTKyTq n+X+ s+ >&&+.
|jT e\H |e<eXT >jTyTq|{ Je\T >\T>TTHsTT. @<H
>jT+ *q|&T s+ 3 qT+& 6 eTTc\| >&&TT+~. s+ m
>&&TT+~? s+ >&f |jT q skjTq #s\T @$T{?
Xs >jT+ *q|&T s+ =+#+d| eyT sTT+~. s
s+ >&{ q# ms >& @s&TT+~. ms >&H d+<q+
n+{sT. s+ >&b Xs+| q >jT+ *H $|yTq ske+
sT>TT+~.
s+ +& s| \ \ T ( ) sd +<q jT qT bs+_ksTT. >jT+
qT+& s+ d$+q|&T s| \ \ qT+& <+uH C nH m+Cy T $&T<\eT+~.
<+uH C s+ q b+_HqT +_H> esTdT+ ~. +_H s+
<es|+ q | _HHqT |T qs|+ +& | _H +Te\T> esTdT+ ~.
b>T\ sD\T d+<q+ @s&TT+~.
<+uHC
b+_H +_H
+_H
|_HH |_H
|_H <s\T <q sHfi| n+#T\ nT= d++#&+ e\q
y{ n+#T\T <>Zs >&sTT. s+ >&{q s $T*q >&|dT| s+>T
<y ds+ ( ) n+{sT.
|+`15(m): sHfi+ sD\T |+`15(_): s+ >&T

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
s+ >& { k<sD+> dTesT 3 qT+& 6 eTTc\ deTjT+ |&T T+~.
=+<sT e\ $$TH |+ e\q s+ >&& # me
deTjT+ |e#T. qT|+ e\q L& =+<] s+ >&&+ s><T.
b Vy|*j ( ) n+{sT. <>Z] d++B\ eT<
|[flfifl s>&+ e\q *> |\ y~ >dT\T me.
\d$Tj nH e+Xbs+|s y~ e\q s+ Vy>_H e>
+T+~. M{ d++~+q $es\T nqT+<+ #&+&.
yTT\ |<s\ syD

+Te\ bw |<s\T eT]jTT H D\ s+s+> ds|s
e& JejT\T deTse++> sV+#& u> |]D #+~q syD
eed +~.
yTT\ L& +Te\ e~]> s|dsD eed @<H +<?
+~ s>T\ eTq+ yHV+{ #dq |j>
eTs=k] n< jTq+ #k+. |j >+ <s yTT\T H\
K \eD\T eT]j T T { y s <s > V k j T
\TdTH+. ysT Xw+q sT, |\ jsq Vs
|<s+ <sTe ( ) eT]jTT bw DC\+ ( )
nH H[ |+C ( ) eed <s yTT jTT
s u>\ ds|s nesTT. ys <sT DC\+
|+`16: syD H[|++ <ey| +f +&+ <sT DC\+ H[
|++ |]~y| neT] +{sTT.
sT m Xw+#&TT+~?
ysT H\ K \eD\qT XwdT+< eTq \TdT ~ m
k<eTeT+~?
B yqTqTq j++ @$T{?
ysT { HsT> d++< @ssT#T+{j?
sT m Xw+#&TT+~?
+`5
eT\X\ XwD
sV+#& d\T y\ $H\qT yTT\+#*.
& n<T&T +| |+q y\ yTT\\qT rdT |+#+&. ysqT+&


jT\T<]q dq <s\ e+{ sD\qT u<+ |]o*+#+&. M{H
eT\X\T ( ) n+{sT. M{ <s sT yTT\ |ydT+~. =+
ysT u> rdT <| =~> { #TqT yjT +&. esYd| t | ~$TqT
njT HeT~> H= d<] |+#+&. eT\X\ >&\T dq>
+&{ >eT+#+&. sT eT\X\ m >V+#&TT+~. D\ <s
<sTe DC\+qT m #sTT+< nH $wj\| |P]> ne>Vq s<T.
|jT <y_dsD ( ) |<q b eVdT+<H $wjT+
mTe+{ d+<V+ <T.
|D+ <y_ds D eedq T * +T+~. D e]+ q De#
qT= q D <ebs bs>e T#+> |#dT + ~. +~ ueTqT |]o*+#+&.
ysT H\ m #=#T bsTT+< #&+&. eT{ sDTe\ eT< >\ U
|<X\ eT\X\T #=#TbjsTT. y{ #T eT e]+ +&+
>eT+#e#T.
uV#sD\T
eTsDTe\T
eTC\+
<sTHfi\T
+<+
>*><T\T
e\\ D\T eT\X\De#+
D<e+ ]\T
|+`17: eTC\+ eT\X\ d++< #| ysT \Te

|+ uD+ >TsT\T { |yV ~XqT dksTT.
eT sT, \eD\ L&q d\ <eD+. eT\X\ Dsd+ >&
eT sT <eD >&+f me +T+~. n+<Te\q <y_dsD <s
eT\X\ ]\ sT |eVdT+~. sT |* |y+#&+ e\q
eT\X\ |<s\ >& |sT>TT+~. B |*+> sT |qTq D\
|eV+ y{ >& q T L& |+#TT+~. e]> sT <sT Hfi\ #sT T+~.
me d+K eT\X\T eT]jTT ysT D\T |jT bZq+ e\q
<sTHfi\ |&q + @s&TT+~. |&q + { | H& |j >|& T T+~.
yTT+ |&H ysT |&q+ ( ) n+{sT. <sTe { <*
ysT |&q+ f sD+ <T. ~ s+ eyT + ys s\T
L& HsTT. M{ >T]+ $es+> | s>T\ HsT+{sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
+`6
+|t ysT |&q+ nq>H$T?
>E>=+ +& |sT>TTq yTTqT rdT+&. u$T
{eT+ |]\+ +f 1d+.MT |q +& $<+> +&+
>{ ssT>=+ u> jT+&. ueT #|q $<+ > >E>={
+& u>+ dq +& u> ssT >=+ >{> +&.
eT
>E>=+ |]eD+ +& |]eD+ $<+>
+&*. y{ *||&T >{> C>> {*.
>E >=+ qT+& sT y\T|* s+& #&*.
sT
>E>=+ =+#+ fifl bjT+&. {eT+ ssT
>=+ +f d | q& $<+ > +&*. >=+
|+`18: ysT |&q+ { eT+ ( ) qT =* qy<T#jT+&.

2`3 >+\ b |j> neT]qT <|+& # +#+&. sTy

>E>=+ {eT+ ( ) qT qy<T#jT+&.

{eT+ |sT>T<\ >eT+#s?

#s <sTe b @$T{?

eT]jTT eT< >\ & +&+ { |sT>T<\qT ddT+~. ysT

|&q+ e\q { eT+ |]+~.

yTT\ sT syD njT j++
<sTHfi\ { d+u+| n&T>T qT+& @s& & ysT |&q+ e\q
\T>TT+< \TdTH+. jT*|d t e+{ n|< e\T <<| 180 MTsT
b&eqT * +{sTT. nTe+{ y{ sT | m yfi+~?
+<{ s> T \ #~$q uc *jTCd |
#T+&. b~H esY|* u>+ m+<T &> esTT+~?
{ $] < { _+<Te\T m& qT+& e#sTT?
|\ qT+ sT $] s|+ y\T|* se{ uc+
( ) n+{+. |\ |s+<\ <s eT]jTT
+&+ +{D\ <s sT $sbT+~. |\ ]>
uc+ e\q <sT Hfi\ { d+u+ s+s+> |
>&TT+~.
|+ <sTHfi\ =q\ #T MTk| D\ e]+
+T+~. M{ Dsd+ +T+~. <sTHfi+ qT+ sT MTk|
|+`19: uc+ D\ >&\ <s s+s+> yesD+ $sb&+ e\q


sT s+s+ | >&TT+~. { <sTHfi\ @s& { nDTe\ eT<
@s& \yTq s D\ e\q ( ) {d+ u+ n+sjT+ @s&<T .
{ nDTe\ \D eTq+ k <s o\ bj\T >|&T >eTdT+ {+.
|&T eTq e\ sT |d]+# n+X+| ne>Vq *+~ <!
H\ eT\X\T <y_ds D <s Xw+#&q sT <sTHfi\ |+|&&+
e\q ysT eT]jTT +&+ qT+& |+ es s+s eed> @s& n& qT+&
$] s|+ yesD+ |+|&TT+~. sT | >+ uc+
|<q b eV+#> +~ qT+& sT | H&+ ysT |&q+ L& =~
yTT+ |< q b eVdT+ ~. B |* +> sT s+s+ > ysT qT+& e]
es |d]dT+T+~.
uc esb @yTH d++<+ +<?
yTT\ m\|&T q+ sT s+s+> |d]dT+T+~. <VsD
|<e+ |sE 900s { uc+ <s $] s|+ y\T|*
|+|T+~. M{ e\qH n&e\ >* me> { $] d+|+ #+<TT+~.
{$] +& |eH\T nTy|> M#|&T n& yesD+ >* {
$] eT]+> d+|+ #+<TsTT, { es+ sTdT+~.
n+<T yT<q b+\ +f L& nMb+\ me esb+
+T+~.
MT \Tk?
yTT\ <s m+ sT uc+ #+<TT+~? @|> |]q yTTCq yTT
ys 15 s sT uc+ <s yesD+ |+|T+~. ms+ $ds+
yTTCq qT+& 13,25,000 s sT $] neT+~. |< e$T& #T ed+\+
sE 750 qT+& 3,500 s { uc+ <s jT |+|T+~.
K \eD\ syD
yTT\ bwD K \eD\T (d\, dbw\T) nedseTH $wj
eTq+ +~ s>T #<TeH+. eT <eD+ qT+& eT\X\ <s
K \eD\T >V+|&sTT. \eD\ $<T<yX njH\ s|+
+{sTT. <VsD k&jT + s & njH\ s|+q, yT^wjT +
d{ njq s|+ +{sTT. $ eT\X\ <s y|q+

|< +& D<e X $j+ Xw+#&TsTT. M{ >T]+ eTq+

sT y s> HsT +<+. njH\T Xw+#&q sT y { <s <sTHfi\
#sT n& qT+& |sT>T<\ kH\ y[fl |sT>T<\ $j+#
&TsTT. = d+<s\ <sTe qT+& bw DC bs+> L&
|d]ksTT. yTT\ |sT>T<\ K \eD\T |eTTK b bwksTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
jsq Vs+ syD
|# { yTT\ \ j s q Vs+ # s s|+ $T*q D\
=+&+ syD #jT&TT+~. eTTK+> #TsT> |]> u>\T
eT]jTT \#d u>\ syD #jT&TT+~.
\ H\ <sTe eT]jTT bw DC\T
+ +{jT eTq \TdT. $ +&+ DC\+
nqTd+<qyT +{sTT. +~ |j>+ bw DC\+
<s Vs |<s\ syD sT>TT+< *jTCdT + ~.
bw DC\+ #\Hfi\T ( ) #
<sTe
q$> +{sTT. JeXdy \ T yTT\ Vs |<s\
bw DC\+ syDqT |# |sT>T\T ( ) <s n< jTq+ #XsT.
m|&\T +&+ #T >T$TL& yTTsk
|+`20: yTT qT+& + Vs d]+#T |\TksTT. sd+ |\& m|& b&e> d~e~]>
+& =+& ( ) yTT DC\ #=|dT+~. sk ||&T
m|& #+| +&+ n&TqT C>> |]o*d buddt bw DC+
<sT Hfi\ es eyT #=#TbsTTqT Xdy\T >T]+#sT. buddt
q sk $Xw+#& Xdy\T +~ |j> #XsT. yTT sk
||& m|&qT #+| buddt u>+ bw DC\+ +& $<+> m|&
Xs u> ysT#XsT. bw DC\+ d\ |&q+e\ sd+ dq buddt
u>+ >T+& sd+ #T\ s|+ sTT+&& >T]+#sT. <es| #T\
d]+ $Xw+#> n+<T #s\T eT]jTT nyTH e\T HjT *d+~.
m|& T ( ) bw DC\+ qT+ me yTT+ # sqT >V +q|{
yTT Xw+#e. $T*q #s { <es|+ bjTTeqT+& y\T|*
edT+~. B H ( ) n+{sT. n+<Te\H m|& q yTT\ +&+,
\T # n+TqT> +{sTT.
MTsT = d+<s\ #T d>|> us&T |P]> q+bsTTq|{
#T dJe+> +&& #d +{sT. ~ m k<+!
bw DC\+ <s #s\T syD #jT&
|sT>T<\ >\
jT eTs= |j>+ <s L& s|+#e#T.
+&+ <sTe q& $<+> < #T q us&TqT
|sT>T<\ =\+#*. eT+ e+ + $T*q yTT+
+&+
DC bw DC\+ dV =\+#*. =
sE\ sTy =\+q us&T |u>, +~
|+`21: e\js+ us&TqT =\+q +&+ u>+jTT DC $Xw+q|&T eTq Vs


|<s \Te\T e\jT+> @s&q | u>+ eyT q&sTT. +~ u>+
q&e. =sE\ sTy eTq+ n> e~*|& ]+>T| u>+ +&+
eT+<+ |sT>TT+~. +~ u>+ |sT>T<\ sT><T. n+<Te\q +&+
#T q DC mTe+{ qw+ *+H ysT Vs ds| s bT+~.
<s #T eTsDdT+~. n+X+ # ] beTTK *q~. = s<\T
bw DC\+ +& Vs+ d+ #T us&TqT =\TksTT.
k<sD+> bw DC\+ #s =s o\+ Vs| =s
q|&T #dT+{sTT. f\T\ e+{ = +Te\T qq yTT\
V#dT+f +<fifl e+{ +Te\T |<|< #qT HXq+ #dT+{sTT. +<fifl
e+{ +Te\ e\ # V \>+& nM d+sD qT| r> e\qT
neTsTksT. nsTT ~ KsT L&q~. n+<Td+ nMXK n~sT\T
n&e\ +<fifl u]qT+& e\qT b&& e+kVs uq q\T,
>T&>\T, u&sqT ( ) |+#TT+{sT.
= s\ &T\T deTT<rs b+\ |]> dsT >T&T e+{ # reyTq
V *ksTT. n+{# dsT>T&T \T |+#&+ u<jT+<T.
MT |]ds\ @yH #T, yTT\ usfiflqT +Te\T =\yXj?
|]o*+#+&. y{ C_ sjT+&. MT C_ #T @ C #+~q$, qw+
m+, qw+ eT<H ]+<, b<, +&+ MT< ^]qT> +Te\ |fifl>
>TsT\T |dTHj? yTT<q $wj\T +&*. MT |]o\q\ <s+> @
+Te yTT\qT HXq+ #k+< \TdT+~. ] yTT+> *> qc\
>T]+ +#+&.
\ |<\T
|dsD, ], s], H&d+<q, <eT, ds, dk|, <V#|+, sXH[,
dk, &jk, V]e\jT+, s|&q+, Xwsd+, @|dsD e\jT+, ~|dsD e\jT+,
s d+<qeTT, d>eHMTsY, b+_H, +_H, |_HH, |_H, eT\X\T, |<eT
eT\+, ysT|&q+, yTT bw\T, <sTe, bw DC\+, H[|+C\T.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
H&d +<q V<jT d+<q deq+> +T+~. @ |]s+ dV jT+ +&H eTq+ V<jT d+<qq
=\ee#T.
yTTyTT<{k]> dk|qT sH nqT Xdy qT>=H&T.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

>T+& s +&T V<j esD#\# e]+|& +T+~. M{ eT< +& <e+ >T+&qT n| \qT+&
b&TT+~.
>T+& n q sHfi\ <&+> +&$ <eTqT\T. M{ <eT#|+ Xs u>\, ||d

<eT }|]T\ s rdTbT+~.
e <& + *q Hfi\qT ds\ T n+{sT. |Ps|se TVds\ T Xs }s , n\qT+& s

d]ksTT. ||d ds\T }|]T\qT+& s d]ksTT.
>T+& H\T>T ><T\T+{sTT. |Psu>+ s+&T ]\T, |su>+ s+&T s]\T +{sTT.
y|q >\ ]s]\T ]s] s+<+ <s \T|& +{sTT. ]+s $u+ nH
+&s bs ]\q s]+s $u+ s]\qT ysT#dT+~.
]\T, s]\ eT< s+<\T+{sTT. s+<\qT ] s] y{\T eTd +#TsTT.
<eT #|+, ||d <eT L& y{\T+{sTT.
>T+& &y| u>+ Xs u>\qT+& #&Ts >V+ }|]T\ |+|T+~.
>T+& m&eTy| u>+ }|]T\ qT+& eT+s >V+ Xs u>\ |+|T+~.
||d <e T | $T*q <e TqT\ eTjTT s Xsu >\ ds| s #ksTT. ||d ds |
$T*q ds\ eT sV s >T+& #sTksTT.
>T+& d+#+ y+H jT<|Psd (d&*+|) se& V]e\jT+ n+{sT.
Xs nejTy\ #s|&T s+ k] eyT >T+& #s& @e\jT|dsD n s+&TksT

se& <+<e\jT |dsD n n+{sT.

$$TH |+ qy] sd+<q+ s><T.
yTT\T H\ \eD\T ]q { <y_dsD |< yfifl <s >VksTT.
sT <sTe <s, bw |<s\T bw DC\+ <s ds|s nesTT.
yTT\ uc |dsD eed eT< d++<+ +T+~.
JeXdy\T m|&\ dVjT+ bw DC\ >T]+ \TdT>*>sT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. |dsD eed n+f @$T{? ~ Je\ @$<+> |j>|&TT+< sjT+&.( )
2. bk eT]jTT s+ eT< >\ d++<+ @$T{?( )
3. >T+&qT+& Xs u>\ s #syd u>\T @$?( )
4. eTq Xs+ >\ eT&T |<qyTq sHfi\qT |s=q+&.( )
5. eTq Xs+ n|< <eT @~? ~ |<~> +&& sDyT$T{?( )
6. sD+ #+<&+ d+ s rdTyfifl sHfi\T @$?( )
7. *+|tHfi\T, ds\ +& <eTqT\ sD\T @$T{?( )
8. s|\\ jTT |j>\T sjT+&.( )
9. +~y eT< u<\T sjT+&.( )
(m) dk ` &jk (_) <eTqT\T`ds\T (d) <sTe`bw DC\+

10. eT\X\ <s <y_dsD |< yTT\T { >V+# $<H $e]+#+&.( )

11. ysT |&q+ n+f @$T{? ~ yTT @$<+> |j>|&TT+~?( )
12. bw DC\+ = +Te\ Vs+> |j>|&TT+~? B e m deT]ke?( )
13. +~ |s\T #<e+&. U\ de#s +|+&.

>T+& H\T>T ><T\ L&q +&sjTTyTq sD+. ><T\qT $ud $u bs +T+~.

>T+& >\ $u bs\ |sT |+&.
(m)s+&T ]\ eT<>\ $u ]+s $u+ n+{sT.
(_) s+&T s]\ eT<>\ $u n+{sT.
(d) ] < ~>Teq q s]\ eT< q $u n+{sT.

>T+& s+&T ><T\qT \T| +& esZ s+<+ ( ) n+{sT. ]\T, s]\
eT< +& s+<\ |sT |+&.

(m) &], & s]\qT \T| +& s+< n+{sT.
(_) m&eT ], m&eT s]\qT \T| +& s+< n+{sT.
eT>T+& ~X eyT |<s\T |jD+#& nqTeT+# s+< y+ n+{sT.
(m)>T+& ><T\ eT< +& y{\ |sT sjT+&.
(_) m&eT ], m&eT s]\ eT< +& y+ .
(d) & ], & s]\ eT< +& y+ .
14. fifl +& ds y{\T s |yV n&THjTqT+&. n|&T ]> |]De$T{
}V+#+&.( )
15. yTT\ eT\X D\ D<e+ >& mesTTq|&T @$T sT>TT+~?( )
16. CH + | , dH >={\qT |j + d k |qT j sT#X&T. n&T nqTd]+q $<H

sjT+&.( )
17. <sTe <s yTT\ { syD sT>TT+< \|& e @ |j> #ke? m #ky
$e]+#+&.( )
18. m|&\| Xdy\T #dq |j>\ ks+X+ @$T{?( )
19. MT bsX \ +& b<jTT\ < MT +{ #TT| \ +& y] s| & q de#s d]+#+&.
y] me s|&q+ (
) e s|&q+ (

) >\ysT m<Ts=+Tq s> deTd\

>T]+ y~ sjT+&.( )
20. @e\jT, <+<e\jT s|dsDqT *jTCd |+ ^d s+&+{ eT< &\T sjT+&.( )
21. \ >T+& ]> uc, yfifl >T+& ]> { XwDqT *jTCd qeTH |+ ^jT+&.( )
22. eqe $d]+ q s|dsD eed sD e < b\Tke?( )
23. mq # ]> |dsD eedqT >eT+q|&T @$T n|dT+~?( )
24. V<jTd+<q| Vk *+# @<H sHqT jsT#jT+&.( )
25. bs+ #~$q sT y |j D deTj fi y| >T]+ MT |<\ e @$T d\V*ke?( )
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. ]j nq |<+ eTq Xs+ nejTy d++~+q~. ( )
(m) >T+& (_) <eT (d) *+|t >+~ (&) XH[
2. >T+& @ u>+ +& s+ e H +T+~? ( )
(m) & ] (_) & s] (d) m&eT ] (&) m eT]jTT _
28. +~y @ u>+ s |dsDqT jT+dT+~? ( )
(m) <eT (_) ds (d) y+ (&) XH[
29. +~y @~ dsq~? ( )
m) <sTe bw DC\+ <| { Hfis+ neT] +{jT s$ #b&T?
_) <sTe bw DC\+ ysT> +& Hfi\T < CH nH&T.
d) <sTe bw DC\+ *d Hfis+> @s&TsTT n d #|+~.
&) s <s+> #dT y{ Hfis sD\ V] #b&T.
30. m|& q =+& yTT ................... #=|+ sk |\TdT+~. ( )
m) <sTe (_) bw DC\+ (d) <e (&) H[|++
nqT+<+`1
ddt s+
s+ +& eTs= |<VyT ddt s+. _H <X Hu 85 X+ eT+~ syTq
|<V\TqT >eT+#sT. B yTTyTT<{ k]> (eT) ddt nH C T\ >T]+#sT.
n+<Te\ |<V\ ddt s+ n |sT e+~. s+ |<V\T *q y]
>q y] >q >T]ksT . k<sD+> e\ bk B d++~+q |s \T

+&e. yfi e s

m+qsTT n
|s\T @s&
sD\qT HXq+ #ksTT. ~ Xe\ reyTq ++> |]D$TdT+~.

yfi e d $yV+ #dT=q|&T |f |\ =+<sT >H +{sT. >s+

q|&T *qT+& |+& s+s+ s+ ds|s e\dq |]d +T+~. _& s+ * s+

*dbT+~. n|&T yT |s \T @s&sTT. sT y |f |\\ T L& neTqsTT

* |<V\ |]eD+ |sT>TbT+~. |<V\T s+ <s _& #]qsTT ysT

reyTq sVq >TsesT. =ksT >ske+, bDbjT+ L& s>e#T. +{
d+<s\ |s\T +& Xe yTT+ s e]& #j* +T+~. s+ *q

yTT<{ Xe |>H |yTq d~eT+<T e&+ <s sTy |f |\\ V s>+&

y<d<Tbj\T n+<TuT e#sTT.

nqT+<+ `2
\d$Tj
\d$Tj nH~ e+Xbs+|s+> e# sd++< y~. mss D\ Vy>_H |+
sVq <]rdT+~. \d$Tj u<|&y] HqT syD#d Vy>_H e>
neT+~. y~ n eT]jTT ;{ nH s+&T s\T. Vy>_H b{H $$\ e# b\e\ s+&T s\ \d$Tj y<T\T eksTT. eksTT \d$Tj
y~>dT\ sVq, jT+, |XjT+ |]eD+ |s>&+, y~s< X >Z&+ |sT>T<\
HeT~> +&&+. meTT\T dq& |fidT> es&+ >T+&bT yTT<q \D\T y~ kq
y] |ksTT.
\d$Tj = ydy\T
~ reyTq e+Xbs+|s, sd++< y~.
||+# Hu 4.5 X+ eT+~ \d$Tj yTqsY y~ u<|&TTHsT.
35 $T*jTq usrjTT\T y~ *+# nk<sD qTeqT *q yV\T.
||+#+ |d+es+ \eT+~ Xe\T \d$Tj yTsY dTHs n+#H.
eTq<X+ |d+es+ 10 qT+& 12 y\eT+~ |\\T y~ dTHsT.
\d$Tj y~>dT\ J$\+ |+#\+f se]&, $\Tyq eT+<T\T neds+.
$yV+, >s<sD eTT+<T Xqq+ sTy |\T #sTT+#Te&+, ne>Vq *+#&+
e\ y~ y]+#e#T.
|sT>T<\ e> +&&+, |fidT u]q meTT\T =+<s> y<T\ >T]e&+ e+{
\D\qT yTT<{ m&~H >T]+qsTT \d$Tj yTsY Z+#&+ *eT+~. yTT<{
d+es+H Xe\ Vy>_H ksTT, |sT>T<\qT C>> >eTdT+&*. Vy>_H
|]eD+ 70% H Zq|&T |\ |sT>T<\ |dT+~. ysT eT+ |+& se]&
#sTT+#Ty* +T+~. ||+# s> deTd\ \ |s+ Vy>_H ksTT 115`120
>./. > +& #&&+. eTTKyTq n+X+ |eT&T H\T>T ys\=k] >&
*q mssD\qT |yX|&+ <s #ksT. eT\D\ e]& <s \d$Tj
yTsY y~ qjT+ #jTe#T. y~ u<|&TTq |\\ y] DC\ deqyTq
DC\+ *q y] k<s / k<]\ qT+& d]+q meTT eT +& mssD\ eT\D\
(meTT eT e]&) e]& <s #jTe#T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

bs+
4
$dsq ` es\ =\+| eed
=> @ edTe qT #dH <bT, es| < s\T L& @s&eTH~

dV+. b+{ es+ @s&+& @ s>seT qq #|<T.
n<$<+> eTq Xs+ dJe D s>s+. s Je\T L& +{y.
Je\ JejT\T ]>|&T nedsyTq |<s\ u>+> ]w
$se\nH es |<s\T L& jse +{sTT. $wjT+ >T]+
+q|&T eTq nH d+<V\T \T>TsTT. <VsD
es |<s\T b& nesTT?
n$ b nesTT?
y{ @ jT |<s\T+{sTT?
J$ $_q |]dT #d es|<s\T s+> +{j?
+{ #HyTq |X $dsq j$<q+ >T]+q $Xc\qT
$|\+> ns+ #dT e& <]rksTT. M+{ >T]+ bs+ #]<+.
dJe\ eTqT>& eT]jTT $$< JejT\ sVD X neds+. $
sD jT\T ( ) < $q jT\T (
) e#T. y+{ *| Je jT\T ( ) n
n+{sT. Je\ JejT\ sVD $$< sq |<s\qT |jksTT.
|{`1
JejT\T H\T
sDq d+j>jT
XdjT
JsjT

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

|*+> nH s\ |<s\T qeTe +{sTT. |{`1 d+q
$$< Je |jT\ @s& $$< H$T{ #]+ |{ sjT+&.
Je\T @jT H\qT, s jT\ sVD |j+#T+{sTT.
$d]+#bsTTqsTT @ jT H\T Xs V *ksTT?
Xs V*+# y{ |sp $d]+#b @+ sT>TT+~?
Je\ $$< JejT\ |*+> qeTjT $$< s\ |<s\ >T]+
HsT H+. y V \T>C d |<s\qT $d]+ #+, =+{ ys s|+
esT= \ #jT+ sT>TT+~. n+f ne #jT&q es
|<s\qe.
sDqd+j>jT < XdjT qeTjT yjTTs| es\T
jT{ b |+|&j eTq+ +eTT+<T bs\ \TdTH+. s
JejT\ #jT& q d++~ |<s\T L& jT
|+|+#e\dq neds+ +T+~. \eD\T, be>qTq sT eT]jTT s
es| < s\T =\+#&*. $dsq ( ) {H uw n+f jT{
n, n+f |+| n ns+. $dsq dJe\ ]> JejT. n+f
<V+ jsjT es|<s\qT ysT#jT&+ eT]jTT jT |+|+#&+
sT>TT+~.
|&T eTq+ eqe\ $ds eed m | #dT+< \TdT+<+?
eqe\ $dsq
$$< JejT\ nd+UyTq #s\T sT>T +{sTT. M{
|j>syTq |<s\T eT]jTT X q+ #jT&sTT. nsTT, n<
deTjT+ nH esT\T d+u$ksTT. <VsD VsyTq |<s\T
q+ e+, {ksTT |s>+, njH\ deTT\ esTse+
yTT<q$. Xs V \T>Cd |<s\T $d]+#&*. Xs deTT\
k~+#&T +&*. <V+ $$\ <y\ >&qT ds+>
+#{ deTT\ ( ) n n+{sT. eTq Xs+ qeTjT
es|<s\ sH&&, sT, q d++~ esq nyj,
jT]j, jT]eT+, |sd es\T, n<q| \eD\T yTT<q$ +{sTT.
es |<s\+{q nyj $wT\yTq~. es\ Xs+
m& jsesTT? m& +{sTT? Xs+ M{ @$<+> dsTuT
#dT+T+~. Xs+ M{ @$<+> >T]ksT?
|{ ` 2, 3\ e d++~+q s| eT]jTT eT| \ ]bsY\ qT
|]o*+#+&. s+ eT]jTT eT+ @ @ |<s\T Hj \TdT+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

|{`2: &bsTyT+{ |t j$Td
ddeTH: bk / ds+ (s+)
| / $<q+ |*+ |eD\T k<sDksTT
>C`bd+> 82 $T.> / &.. 60`100
k&jT+ 137 $T.y / 135`145
b{wjT+ 4.10 $T.y / 3.5`5.0
s& 101 $T.y / 95`106
jT]j 29 $T.> / &.. 15`40
j{H 2.8 $T.> / &.. 0.6`1.5
jT]eT+ 7.50 $T.> / &.. 3.0`5.0
{ =\k 221 $T.> / &.. 150`200
f s& 167 $T.> / &.. 60`200
*jT+ 9.40 $T.> / &.. 8.0`10.5
bdsdt 4.50 $T.> / &.. 3`4.5
u*sT_H (yTT+) 0.70 $T.> / &.. 0.1`0.8
b{qT (yTT+) 7.20 > / &.. 6.0`7.5
\T$TH 4.60 > / &.. 3.0`5.0
$T.y / R $T*y / sT, $T.> / &.. R $T*>yT / &dsT
|{`3: &bsTyT+{ |t j$Td
ddeTH: eT+
| / $<q+ |*+ |eD\T k<sDksTT
24>+\ b{qT 90 $T.> / sE 100 $T.>.
24>+\ j{H 2.7 $T.> / sE 1`2
24>+\ *jT+ 305 $T.> / sE 200 $T.>. es
24>+\ bdsdt 0.8 $T.> / sE 1 >. es
24>+\ jT]eT+ 800 $T.> / sE 600 $T.>.es
\eD\T
k&jT+ 140 $T.y/. 125 ` 250
b{wjT+ 50 $T.y/. 25 ` 100
k]{ (>Dq #dq) 180 $T.y/. 100 ` 600
>C 65 $T.>./&.. 50 ` 80
s& 128 $T.y/. 120 ` 130
jT]j 35 >yT/sE 20 ` 30

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

24 >+\ eT| nq> eqT+& 24 >+\ d]+q yTT+
eT+ qT+& 100`150 $T.. eT+ qeTq> rdT= < | #ksT.
s+ q |<s\T @$?
eT+ q |<s\T @$?
s+ eT]jTT eT+ s+&+{q q |<s$T{?
# |<s\T s+, eT+ s+&+{q HsTT. b+<T?
s+ eT]jTT eT+ k<sD ksTT $T+ q |<s$T{?
@y |<s\T k<sD ksTT $T+ +f @+ sT>TT+~?
m&qT+& |<s\qT =\+#*?
@ jT |<s\qT Xs+ qT+& =\+#e\dq nedseTTq< |s=q+&.
eqe $ds eed sD+ eT]jTT |rsTqT n<jTq+ #d j
$wj\qT eTq+ #> ne>Vq #dTe#T.
eqe $ds eed
eqe $dsq eTTK+> eT < $ds eed <s sT>TT+~.
B eT|+&\T, eT Hfi\T, eTXjT+ eT]jTT
|d+ yTT<q u>\T+{sTT.|+`4 qT |]o*+#+&. |&T eTq+ yT
< >=s eT|+&\ uV eT]jTT n+sZ \D\qT |]o*+ ks|+>
+& eqe\ eT|+&\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
|j>X\ +
<X+: eT|+&+ uV eT]jTT n+s \D\qT n<jTq+ #jTT
y*q |<s\T: e+d+ =T d]+q yT < >=s eT|+&+.
< eT|+&+ 3 qeTH, |<THq u&, f eT]jTT fifl.
|]o\H $<q+:
yT < >=s eT|+& d]+, seT+ bjT { Xu+> |+-1: yT
&> *. |P]> ]q s < f |{ C>> |]o*+#+&. H{T eT| + &+
MT |]o\q\T qy<T#jT+&. |<THq u&T < k| kjT+
eT|+ & \Te> C>> d, n+sZ sD |]o*+#+&. +<Td+
MT b<jTT dVs+ rdT+&. |]o*+q < |+ ^jT+&. MTsT ^dq
|{ |+`1, 2\ b\+&.
eT|+&\T @ s+ HsTT?
@ s+>T HsTT?
eT|+&+| u>+ nT= @yH sD\T Hj? |+-2:
eT|+&\ |* sD+ |+`2 e~]>H +<? eT|+&+ \Te
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
eT|+&+ n&T jT{u>+ @ s+>T +~?
eTT<TsT msT|s+>T u>+ m& +~?
eT|+&\ >T+u>+ (V\dt) qT+& b Hfi\T VsZeTeTHsTT?
MT |]o\q |PssTTq y+H j+{u]jT wH #T\T Xu+
#dTe&+ eT]b+&. MT |]o\q\ <s+> eqe $ds eed jTT
sD+ eT]jTT |#d $<H\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
eT|+ &\T
eqe\ &T + s+ eTT<TsT bsT| s+>T +&
eT|+ &\T +{sTT. $ <s Vs+ |w Xs & nT=, yH eTT
sTy| neT] +{sTT. (|+`3) &y| eT|+&+, b&eTy| < H
=~> +~ +T+~. m+<T $<+ > +T+< +#+&? eT|+ &\T
10 d+.MT. b&e, 5`6 d+.MT. y&\T, 4 d+.MT. eT+<+ +{sTT. |
eT|+&+ y\T|\y| +us+>qT, |*y| |{s+>qT +T+~.
<sVs & u>+ n~ b++ jT+ $TdT+~.
k] |j>X\ + e] |XqT | #T+&. |{s+>
q |* \+ eT< >\ | V\dt n+{sT. V\dt <s e<eT
eT|+&+ |ydT+~. eds, eTHfi+ y\T|* eksTT. Xs+
$$< nejTy\ nsTTq es\T eT dV s+ L& e<eT
<s eT|+& #sTsTT. eT sV s eds eT|+&+ qT+&
jT{ |+|T+~. eT|+ &+ s+ e&> &TT+~. |* +> ysT #jT &q
es\T eT+> jT{ $d]+|&sTT.
n<Vs }s <eT
n~e >+~ e <eT
m&eT eT|+&+
eds
m&eT eTHfi+
eTHfi+
eTXjT+
eTXjT+ sT#T=qT
|d+
|+-3: eT|+&kq+ |+-4: $ds eed
uV<s+

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

eT|+&+ ` n+]sD+
eT|+&+ n+]sD \TdTe& eT|+& \TeqT
|]o*<+. eT|+&+ |\ s+&T u>\T> |dT+~. eTT<TsT><TeT
es+ qTq y\T|* u> e\\+ ( ) n, es+ qTq |* u>
<e ( ) n n+{sT. |r eT|+&+q dTesT $T*jTH
+f me (1.3 qT+& 1.8 $T*jTH) d eHfi\T +{sTT. y{H e
|eD\T < HbH ( ) \ n+{sT.
HbH sD+
| HbHqT 2 eTTK u>\T+{sTT. n$ 1. ejTH <V+
( ) 2. eH[ ( )
1. ejTH <V+ ( )
HbH es y&\sTTq | s+ +& sD ueTH >T[
n+{sT. < q sXH[\ @s&q e\+{ sD sXH[
>T#+ ( ) n+{sT. ueTH >T[, sXH[>T#+\qT *|
ejTH <V+ n+{sT. sXH[ >T#+ n_yV<eT qT+&
@s&TT+~. <qT+& n|yV<eT y\Te&TT+~.
|+ n_yV<eT +f n|yV<eT dq> +&&+ >eT+#s?
B sD+ +#+&.
n_yV <eT yd+, n|yV <eT yd+ +f me> +&&+ e\
s XH[>T#+ |&q + |] < |<s\T e&b >TsesTT. ueTH
>T[ >&\ D\T |fiDC\+ @s&sTT. M{ b&dT n+{sT.
|<s\ e&b M\T*+# b&d{ D\ eT< ds+<\T +{sTT.
n_yV <eT
e<D ejTH <V+ n|yV <eT
ueTH >T[
>eTsT\dt
e\\+ dMT|d d+e[ Hfi+
<e
<sd d+e[ Hfi+
e<eT
eds
d+>VD Hfi+
Hb H eTHfi+ V+
*ddt uV sX H[ e\
|+-5: eT|+& n+]sD+
|+-6: HbH sD+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
2. eH[ ( )
eH[ 3 u>\T+{sTT. 1. dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ (
) 2. V + ( s+ +T+~.) 3. <sd d+e[Hfi+
( ).
<sd d+e[Hfi+, d+>V D Hfi+ s# T +T+~. d+>V D Hfi\T
|s$T&\T eT]jTT *ddt\T> @s& e] <D ( ) s#T+{sTT.
<D eTHfi+ sT#T+T+~.
eH[ n u>\T n|yV <e T qT+& @s&q uV s XH[\
e\# | &+{sTT. uV s XH[\ *d esq eds> @s&sTT.
HbH eT|+&+ jTT sD eT]jTT j |eDeT
m+<T+{sT?
eT+ @s& $<q+
eT+ @s& $<q+4 <X\T+{sTT. 1) >T#>\q+ (
) 2) esD |q'XwD+ ( ) 3) H[ke+
( ) 4) n~ >& >\ eT+ @s&&+ (
).
1. >T#>\q+ ( )
e<eT XK nsTTq n_yV <eT qT+& s+, sXH[ >T#+
|eVdT+~. HbH >T#>\H |+`7 |]o*+#+&. +~ |X\
de<q+ e+&.
n_yV, n|yV <eT\ < yd+ be> +T+~?
sXH[ >T#+ @ jT |<s\T e&bjT&sTT?
2. esD |q'XwD+ ( )
>T#>\q+ <s @s&q eT b<$T eT+ ( )
n+{+. ~ skjT+> s+ deq+> +T+~. b<$T eT+
s D \T +&e. ~ dMT|d d+e[ Hfi+ yfi T+~. b<$ T eT+
qT+& Xs |j>|& |<s\T uV sXH[ e\ (
) |q'XwD+ nesTT. m+ { |q'XwD+ #dTy* nH
n+X+ { |]eD+ eT]jTT $d]+#e\dq |<s\| <s|& +T+~.
me sT me eT+ $d]ke?
@ @ |<s\T dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ qT+& uVsXH[ e\
|q'XwD+ nesTT.
10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

3) H[ ke+ ( ):
dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ |q'XwD+ sT y eT+ V+ <s <sd
d+e[Hfi+ #sTT+~. & n~+> q b{wjT+, k&jT+, s&,
V&H njH\T uV sXH[ e\ qT+& <sd d+e[Hfi+
d$+#&sTT. Be\ eT+ jTT deTT\eTeT+~. dMT|d
d+e[Hfi+ L& H[ke+ =~ |]eD+ sT>TT+~. (|+`7 qT
|]o*+#+&.
<sd d+e[Hfi+ d$+#& |<s\T @$?
MT \Tk?
40 d+es\ ejTdT <{ sTy <<|> n+<]qT | 10 d+es\ 10%
Hbq jo\ >TZT+~.
4) n>& >\ eT+ @s&&+ ( )
HbH e&>{q eT+ 75% sT dMT|d d+e[ u>+H |q'XwD
#+<TT+~. V+ b++ q eT+qT+& 10% sT <y_dsD+
1) >T#>\q+: n_yV <eT *+# |&q+ e\ 2) esD |q'XwD+: b<$T

sXH[>T#+ >T+& s+ |eVdT+~. |&q+ eT+ +& |jTT
|*+> s+ e&bjT&TT+~. es|<s nDTe\T, bw |<s\qT uV sX
|<s nDTe\T, sT e&bjT& ueTH >T[ #sTsTT. H[e\ ] XwdT+~.
>C, nyTH e\T,
${$TH d, b{wjT+,

*jT+, k&jT+\ s&\T,

75% sT |q'Xw+#&sTT.

3) H[Xe+: uV sXH[
e\ qT+& eTH[
es|<s\T d$+#&sTT.
s+ +& jT]j,
jT]eT+, j{H,
k&jT+, b{wjT+, V&H
njqT d$+#&sTT. $
eT+ jTT >&qT,
jT+ksTT.
|+-7: eT+ j $<q+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

<s < e]+jTTq DC\+ Xw+#&TT+~. sTy d+>VD
Hfi+ yk|dH ( ) nH VsH deT+ { |q'XwD ] eT+
n>&qT b+<TT+~. >& >]wksTT #]q <y eT+ ( )
n+{sT. ~ s+ H n~ >& +T+~. n >&>\ eT
$d]+#e\d eq|&T yk|dH nH VsH d$+#&TT+~.
me sT q|&T yk|dH m+<T < +#+&.
VsH ke+ Zb n\>&>\ eTH $d]+#e\d +T+~.
Xs <y\ <y_dsD eTqT VsH #s eTB]dT+~. yk|dH
|+ e\q n~ eT $dsq eT]jTT e >&>\ eT$dsq #jTe\d
+T+~. BH &ju{dt |&dt < neT y~ n+{sT.
o\+ beksT eT$dsq #jTe\d edT+~. b+<T?
yfi, { |q'XwD s>b @+ sT>TT+~?
|&T eTq+ $ds eed $T*q u>\ >T]+ |]o*<+.
eTH[\T ( )
| eT|+ &+ jTT H= < V \dt qT+& \ , +&sj T TyT q
dq eTHfi\T jT{ eksTT. $ <<| 30 d+.MT. b&e +{sTT.
| s u > | j D + eTX j T + s # T +{sTT. eT + ,
eT|+ &\qT+& eTXjT + eT Hfi\ <sH |]k*ddt <* \
|jDdT+~.
eTXjT+ ( )
eTXjT+ |\T# >&\T *, u]|+&T s+ +& d+ e+{
sD+. ~ <D ({e\jT) u>+ |wHfi <sq +T+~.
eTHfi\ <s #]q <<| 300`800$T.. eT ~ *+>
\#dT+~.
|d+ ( )
|d+, eTXjT+ qT+& eT jT{ $d]+# Hfi+. eTXjT+
es |d+ s#TH # esT\ d+esD ( ) +&s\qT+&
eT ~*\ jT+D &&TT+~. |d+ d\ 4 d+.MT.\ b&e
+T+~. < [+<+ ( ) n+{sT. nsTT |sTw\ 20 d+.MT.
b&e+& eT qH+~jTHfi+ |d+ ( ) >
|\e&TT+~.
eT $dsq ( )
eTXjT+ eT+ *+> \ +T+~. eT+ jT e#
esZ e]+ s+&T \ esT\ d+e]D +&s\T +{sTT. eTXjT+

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

+&+ es s+&T \ +&s\T d+#d +{sTT. Be\q s+<+
eTdT= +T+~. eT+ #s=~ n~ \T>Cd e& e\q eTXjT+
>&\ MT< |&q+ n~eTeT+~. Be\q nd+*+>H | esT\ d+e]D
+&s+ d&\ TT+~. +~ d+e]D +&s+ eTq Bq+ +& eT$dsq qT
jT++#>\T>TT+~. q|\\ $<yTq jT+D k<+<T.
\yTD ysT eT$dsqqT jT++#>\T>TsT.
eTXjT+ >]w+> 700`800 $T.. e+ \ +T+~. nsTT
<<| 300`400 $T.. eT+ #]q|&T eTXjT+ _, < >&\
d#Y >V\T yT yT<&T |#<H\qT |+|sTT. |*+> eT+
$d]+#\H ] \T>TT+~. eTXjT+ d++#&+ eT\+> eT+
jT bT+~. |jTH eT $dsq ( ) n+{sT.
eqe&T sE <<| 1.6`1.8 s eT $d]k sT . nsTT n~+ >
sT, |+&sk\T, <y\T me rdT=HysT be>q, e rdTH ysT
e>q eT $d]+#+ k<sD+> sT>TT+~.
+#+& ` #]+#+&
D\+{ $dsq jT nedse?
q fifl >&+ eT+< ddT+{sT m+<T?
=+eT+~ |\\T 15 < 16 d+es\T e#es L& s|P < |
&T|T+{sT. m+<T?
eT+ d+|Tq+ ( )
eT+ |dT|s+>T <e+. s+ Vy>_H $qyTq|&T @s&
jTsyT nH |<s+ s+>T sDeTeT+~. eT d+|Tq+ nH~
nH sD\|q <s|& +T+~.
<VsD e+dT\T be> q Vs rdT=q e eT+
jT]j be> +T+~. b+<T+f b{H\ JsjT u>+> jT+
]> &nyTHwH |*+> me |]eD+ jT]j @s&TT+~.
|+&|<s\T n~+> rdT=qy] eT+ n~ #s |+#e#T.
<e|<s\T < sT n~+ > +& Vs |<s\qT rdT=qy] s+
n~+> sT #s+ |*+> |\TesT ysT eT yfifle\d edT+~.
eT+ 96% sT, 2.5% sq |<s\T (jT]j, jT]eT+,
j{H, j{HH, { ]> $$TH\T, VsH\T eT]jTT {\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
yTT<q$) eT]jTT 1.5% nsq |<s\T (k&jT+, s&, bd{, d{,
yT^wjT +, *jT +, nj&H yTT<q $) +{sTT. eT+ yTT< eTjT T+>
( 6.0) > H eT+> sjTT+> esTT+~. b+<T+f jT]j
$q+ ] nyj @s&TT+~.
s+&T eT|+&\T |P]> |#jTb @$T sT>TT+~?
eT|+ &\T |#jT b& n+{sT.
eT|+&\T |#jT&+ b Xs+ sT, es|<s\T +&bsTT.
<XqT jTs$TjT n+{sT. fi, #T\T _bsTT. s+ X~b&+
e\q sd+, n\d eksTT. B |]cs+ @yTH +<? |&T eTq+ eT
eT|+&\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
&j\ddt ` eT eT|+&+ ( )
Je\ eTqT>& neTTKyTq nejTy\T
eT|+&\T. HH\T, |e<\T, n~
s|&q+, eT<TyTV+ < w>sY y~ <
eT|+ &\ |eV+# s+ +\T yTT<q $
X s + $w T \y T q | < s \ # ]
sD\esTT. < |]d =qk eTsD+
d+u$+#e#T.
eT|+&\T |#jT y] &j\ddt
jT++ s e&& sT. eT+> s e&>f
|+-8: &j\ddt
| j T qT V y & j \d d t ( )
n+{sT. |jT s eTTKyTq <e T <s jT sd +<H
s~+# s\qT *| (Vb]H e+{$) &jTsY jT++ |+|
@sTqT #ksT. &jTsY jT++ s+ = ><T\T < >={\ e+{
( ) d|H j s q H[\ <s |eVdT+ ~. H[\T &jT +>
<eD+ eTT +{sTT. dq bs H[ s jTq &jT +>
<eD ysT#dT+~. Hfi\ |eVdTq s+ Hfi\ jTq &jT+>
<eD+ s+&T $<yTq sD *+{sTT. & e\+ q es.
&jT+> <eD+ qjTT es\T+&e qT &jTsY s+
|eV+#|&T q es\T ys s+ X~ #jT&TT+~. |jTH
&j\ddt n+{sT. |jT eT|+&\ |rsT ks|+> +T+~.
|q'XwD |jT sT><T. X~#jT&q s+ ] Xs+ bksT.
|k] &j \ddt 3`6 >+\ deTjT+ rdT=+T+~. eT|+ &\T |#jT
y~ s>T\ |jT<s |j> #LsTTHsT.

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

eT|+&\T |#jT y] Bs* |]cs+ @<H +<?
MT \Tk?
yTTyTT< eT|+& e]& |swH 1954 deTs| e\\
#dq |Tq &. #sdt V|tq> nH yw+>H #+~q dsH #+<TT+~.
eTq <X+ yTT<{k] &d+sY 1e B 1971q djTH yT& C
y\sY eT|+& e]& |swH ]+~. &. #sdt V|tq>
eT|+& e]& ( )
eT|+&\T |#jT y] Bs* |]cs+ #| |jTH eT|+&
e]& n+{sT. eT|+&\T |#jT y] y] <>Zs +<Te (<) qT+&
u> |#dTq eT|+& ysT#d neTsTsT. s neT]q eT|+&+
d]>Z d]bjT nd+eT eed eT|+ & sd ]+# +& +&\+f
n dMT| +<Te eT|+& <q+ #j* +T+~. nsTT <T y<
$< yC w +{ |jT\ deTsqT |+#sTT.
<qT+& d]+q eT|+& s m& neTsTksT?
|#jT eT|+& @+ #ksT?
< eT|+&+H J$+#>\&?
eT< \+ <\ qT+& eT|+ &\T d]+
eT|+&\T b&bsTTq y] neTsTdTHsT. y<
|s+ > eTsD+ #s s]+q e ( qT+&
nejTy\qT d]+ nedsyTq y] neTsTksT.
BH nejTe<q+ n+{sT. |jTqT >T]+q
|+-9: eT|+& e]&
de#s+ nqT+<+ #&+&.
s $ds esZ\T (nqT+< $dsejTy\T)
eqe Xs+ neTTKyTq $dsejTeyTq eT|+&+ >T]+ MTsT
\TdTHsT.
eTq Xs+ + @ jT $dsejTy\THsTT?
}|]T\ T, #s +, jT + yTT<q nejTy
\ b<$ T+> #jT e\dq | $<T \Tq|{,
n<q+> $dsq |jTqT L& HsysTd
+{sTT.
}|]T\T: XdjT @s& sH&&
eT]jTT {$] e+{ es|<s\qT }|]T\T
jT{ |+|sTT. |+-10: }|]T\T, #s+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
#s+: #s+ nd+UyTq d<>+<T\qT * +T+~. y{ #T nH
sXH[\T+{sTT. d<>+<T\T s+ qT+& sT eT]jTT Jej H\
es\qT d+>VksTT. n Xs+ n~+> q { eT]jTT n e
y<T \eD\qT #eT s|+ jT |+| #s+ n<q|
$ds +>+> |]>D+ #&T+~. #s + duwj T dt >+<T \T du+ nH |<s
d$ksTT. B d+, yTq+, ds, sq|<s\T eT]jTT b{ e\T
+{sTT. d+ >T]+q $Xc\qT >+<\jT+ |d\ |]o*+ yK
jsT#jT+&. T*H usT |<]+#+&.
o\ b+\ ed+# y] n e #eT edT+~. < #eT
|<T. Be\ y] Xs+ s $dsejTy b+{ esT\T
eksTT?
jT+: bssD\ J$\+ 120 sE\ s jT+ n$ $q+
nesTT. mssD\T $q+ nsTTq|&T $&T<\jT Vy>_H, u\Ts_H,
u\Te]H, jTs+ nH |sd es\qT #dT+~. jTs+ eT+
<s $d]+ #&TT+~. |Xj T + | sd es\T \ee+& s | sd+
bT =k eT]jTT dssTT& VsH\T, eT+<T\T, $$TH\T, s\eD\T
yTT<q y{b eT+ <s jT{ $d]+|&sTT. jT]j
jqT jT+ |eTTK b bwdT+~.
|< |>T ( ): n~+>qTq *jT+, yT^wjT+ eT]jTT sH\
jTT \eD\T |<|>T jTT |fiDC+ ( ) #
ysT#jT& eT\+uT jT $d]+|&sTT.
|+-11:jT+
n=~ y<T qjTT es|<s\T H{ \+ eT]jTT
| <| >T
{ <s L& jT |+|yjT&sTT.
s Je $dsq
$dsq $$< sq Je ysTysT> +T+~. @D Je |yTq
$dsejTy\T+&e. D+ es|<s\qT y|q |< jT{ (#T
q {) |+|sTT. eT+{ ed+# nMTu, bsMTwjT+ yTT<q$
d+# ]\ <s <y_dsD eTqT #|sTT. d+#]\T D+
n~+ > q { eT]jTT es| < s\qT d]ksTT. d+# ] \ T (
) D<e+ =~ =~> sT>T D |]~ #] |*be <s
d]+q es\qT jT |+|ksTT. |<qyTq $dsq D<y_dsD
( ) <s sT>TT+~.
VQD Je\T $$< sq $ds+>\qT * +& Xs+ es\qT
jT{ $d]ksTT. $ds+>\ jTT sD eT]jTT j d+w

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

d+\ qT+& eqe\ es |sT>T +T+~.
d+\T, d+sT |yTq $ds+>\qT * +&e. | D+
{ |ds D sT>TH +T+~. b{ V*+~dt yTTyT T<> $ds +>\T
|ksTT. M{ C D\T n+{sT. |{`4qT |]o*+#+&.
|{`4
J$ |sT / esZ+ $ds eed
b{Cy D+ |]\+ qT+& y|q+ <s
b]|s, d+s{ {|dsD n D\ <s s>&+ e\q
b{V*+~dt, eT{& CD\T
nH*& H|&j
sb& V]>+<T\T, ejTH H[\T
yTT\k yT{H|&j
UH&s{ \|dsD eed
ddb\T, |\T, s<\T eT|+&\T
yTT $dsq
yTT\T L& +Te\> $d]kj?
syTq |X\T Xs+ *ksTT. @ JejT\HH n+ H\
bT> = qjTT es|<s\T L& jsesTT. $ #
eTTKyTq$. n jsq es\qT $d]+#& yTT |+> nejTy\T
+&e. yTT es|<s\ $q+ e&eTH |jT +Te\ b*q|&T
nHeT~> sT>TT+~. n+f yTT es|<s\ j L& nHeT~>
sT>TT+<qe. n$ yTT <V+ b>e&+ L& HeT~>H sT>TT+~.
s|P |# yTT\T V]|<s+ u>\ XdjTqT ]|
sH&& eT]jTT { es|<s\T> $&T<\ #ksTT. sDqd+j>
jT H es| < s+ > #j
T &, |s+ <\ <s, +&+
+{d <s yesD+ $&T<\ #jT&TT+~.
yTT\T es|<s\qT @$<+> dsTuT#ksTT < jT{ |+|ksTT?
yTT\T n~+ > q { uc+ ( ) eT]jTT _+<Tke+
( ) |jT\ <s jT{ |+|sTT. es |<s\qT \T, us&T
eT]jTT |+& \#d, | d y{ s\+ <s es\qT +Z #T+{sTT.
= yTT\T |+& es\qT CD\T ( )> \#dT+{sTT. =
yTT\T es|<s\qT djTsD |j>|& |<s\T> esT=+{sTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
= yTT\T es |<s\qT ysT, \T, $H\ $w|P] |<s\T>
esT= XVs +Te\ qT+& s+#T& |j+#T+{sTT. M{
+& skjTH\ e\q yTT\ u>\T q& M\T sT +{sTT. n+<Te\
yTT\qT +Te\T qe. = skjTH\T me> $w|P]+> +&
M{ q +Te\T #bsTT.
+#+&`#]+#+&.
\T| yTT\T, = nM yTT\qT \T, N&|sT>T\ b+<Te\q V #jTe?
= s\ yTT\\, yTT u>\ >jTyTq|&T = skjTH\qT
d$ksTT. n d$+q skjTH\T >j eqT yTT dV jT|& sTT.
= yTT\T s Dj T yTq |<s\qT y< * eT |jT T+ > esT=+{sTT.
|s>d+|s, $q y|, bwD L& |j>|& #dT>\T>TsTT.
<: ysTT&|\qT *q yTT\T, = skjT ky\# sC_jT+
u]j\qT ]+, XjT+ *+ dVJeq+ #dT+{sTT. $<yTq
dyTfiH\qT ~rjT Jej H\T ( ) n L&
n+{sT.
yTT\T ]w \ee~ \T, us&TqT s\Td +{sTT b+<T#?
yTT j
T JeskjT |<s\T s +&T s\T. n$ b<$ T Jej
H\T eT]jTT ~rjT Jej H\T |+&|<s\T, e+dT\T,
eT]jTT =e\ e+{ y{ b<$T Jej H\T n+{sT.
yTT\ k<sD |sT>T<\ eT]jTT n_e~ +& syTq $<T\
|j>|&y{ ~rjT Jej H\+{sT. <: \sTT&, {qT,
sdH\T, >TsT\T eT]jTT f\T. $ s+>T, dTydq * +{sTT. eTq+
j skjTH\qT nH s\T> |j+#T+TH+.
\sTT&\T
$ qjTT |H\T eT]jTT $w|P ]yT q $. yTT\ $$\
$ \ #jT&sTT.
q\eT+<T ds >+~ | b> yT

|+-11: sTT&T

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

yTT k<sD \sTT&\T, yTT @ u> #jT&sTT,
y{ |j>\T +~ |{ |]o*+#+&.
|{`5
\sTT& yTT |sT yTT u>+ |j>+
HH d+H n|dH*dt (d+H) us&T eT]j ysD
{H {jH {uyT (b>) \T $Td+V]D
e]H, =H |besY kMT|syT (q\eT+<T) |\+ eTTeT+<T,H=|y]D
]d]H se*j ds+fH (ds>+~) ysT beTTTqT+& sD
|H |j ns_ (|yTT) $H\T H&eed s+
+_H nC&s +& (y|) $H\T, us&T, j+{d|
\T
kb\yTH yT |+&T, |e eTTeT+<T
|]sTT& >& #eT+ |c\T HXqT\T
eTq V \T>Cd \sTT&\qT #|+&?
{H\T: {H\T s q d+j>|< s\T. $ yTT\ $$\ \#jT &
+{sTT. eTT<TsT ><TeTes+ * +{sTT. {H\T {+> < fiflqT
|<TqT#jT& eT]jTT eT+<T\qT|jksT. <: TeT, +>&T.
sdH\T: sdH Hfi\qT * +&+ n~ $e ;C\ |. sdH\qT
y]wt\ |jksT. <: |qdt
|+-12(m): +>&T |+-12(_): TeT |+-12(d): |qdt

>TsT\T: y|, TeT yTT<q # XK\T, +&+| >jq|&T n$ >TsT
e+{ |<s d$ksTT. >TsT { |\T= TT+~. ~ yTT >j
eqT <V<+ #dT+~. ]|s+> #d >TsT\T # $\Tyq$. y{
n+#T eT]jTT u+&+> s+>, eT+<T\ jqT, Vs |<s
jqT |jdT+{sT.
f: f >TsT>, \> b\e +& <e|<s+. ~ yTT f
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
D < f Hfi \ +T+~. V$j uJ*jTdt (ssT yTT)
yTT f qT+& ssT jsT#ksT. {| yTT qT+& j&qT
jsT#ksT.
|+-13(m): y| |+-13(_b): {| |+-13(d): ssT

{b yTT\ @ u> Je +<q+ j |jksT?
MT \Tk?
#sTT+> >yT nH~ qeT\&+ d+ jsT#jT&q syTq >TsT. B 5000
d+es\ |PsyT B jsT#dys #] <s\THsTT. |dT+ #sTT+> >yT
yTT jTT dVd<yTq f qT+& jsT#dTHsT. bjT+ e+{ yTT\
|b& s DTe\T eTq b\ \T>Ck sTT. y{ +& qjTT |<s\T #s d++<y T q
b\, de *ksTT.
ysTL& d$kj?
T>eTH nH e Xdy q |]o\q u>+> yTT\T H\qT+& =
<y\qT { |\TeyT +& = ky\qT H\ d$d+{sTT
n qT>=H&T. Te+{ d+|Tq\T | #&e#T. k] ydq
| H\T><T d+es\ s m+ msTeydq|{ L& me
|\kjT+ s<T.
|\kjT+ >Z& ys ky\ @yTH d++<+ +<?
eTq +{ yTT* |*+q|&T ysq T+& | yT q ydq\T edT+ {sTT.
b+<T?
$d]+#&+ ` d$+#&+
$dsq eT]jTT ke+ s+& syTqy. s+&+{qT esyTq <
neds+ |<s\qT s*+#&+ < jT{ |+|+#+ sT>TT+~. $dsq
nH~ Je\ es|<s\ =\+| >, ke+ nH~ |<X+ qT+& eTs
|<X es |<s\qT ~*+#&+. n+<T ke+ jyTq~ n $dsq
j+ < n+{sT. <VsD eqe ` fifl, #eT, eT+,

10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

sH & & yTT<qe $d]\T, b+CeTT\T, VsH\T, \+ nH$
ky\T> #|+{+.
yTT\T es\qT ys<s #T |]ds\ $d]ksTT. > \T,
us& T , |+&T s\&+ <s yTT\T es\qT =\+#T+{sTT. $$< sb\
ky\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
yTT ky\T ` f, sdH, >TsT\T yTT<q$.
\ |<\T
j{H, Hfi<e+, b&d{, sXH[>T#+, dMT|d d+e[Hfi+, <sd
d+e[Hfi+, n_yV<eT, n|yV<eT, *ddt, jTs+, V+, &jTsY,
Vy&j\ddt, \sTT&\T, Je +<q+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

Xs+ ]> $$< JejT\ e\q nH |<s\T @s&sTT. V*+# |<s\qT ysT#d
jT |+|&H $dsq n+{sT.

eqe $dsq eed eT|+&\T, eTHfi\T, eTXjT+, |d+ +{sTT.

| eT|+ &+ dTesT 1.3`1.8 $T*jTq eTH[\T (
) * +T+~. eTH[\T

eT|+&\ sD eT]jTT j |eD\T.

eTH[ ueTH >T[, s XH[>T#+ , dMT|d d+e[Hfi+, V+, <sd d+e[Hfi+

eT]jTT d+>VDHfi+ +{sTT.

eT+ @s&&+ H\T>T <X\THsTT. 1. >T#>\q+ 2. esD |q'XwD+ 3. H[ ke+

4. n>& >\ eT+ @s&&+.

eTq Xs+qT+& eT|+&\T q es\qT rdyksTT. {deTd H\=\TsTT. \eD\

>&, eT]jTT s|&H eTB]ksTT.

&j\ddt jT++ * eT|+&+. ~ Xs+ @s&q es\qT =\dT+~. s+&T

eT|+&\T |P]> |#jT e\ eT|+&\ e]& #j*.

ysT ysT +Te\ $ds ejTy\T ysT ysT > +{sTT. <: nMTu`d+#] , b{ V\+~d`t
CD\T, nH*&è\T, sb&èjTH H[\T, ddb\T, |\T, s<\T`
eT|+&\T.

yTT | $dsejTy\T e. yTT\T , us&T, |+&, $H\ es\qT \#d,

| e# yTT\qT+& $&bsTT.

yTT Jej H\T s +&T s\T. 1. b<$ T Jej H\T. <: b{qT, sV &T,
=e\T, 2. ~rjT Jej H\T. <: \sTT&T, >TsT, {qT, f eT]jTT sdqT. $
]+> beTTK * +{sTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

Je\qT+& es\qT =\+#&, $dsq n, |<s\T |<X+ qT+& eTs= |<X <\{
ke+ ( ) nn+{sT.

nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. $dsq nq>H$T?( )
2. nMTu $dsq m sT>TT+~?( )
3. eqe\ $$< $dsejTy\T @$? n$ $d]+# |<s\T @$?( )
4. B| HbH\T, eT|+&\ sD, j |eD\T n #b&T. n y

deT]ke?( )
5. yTT\T es\qT @$<+> dsTuT #dT+{sTT?( )
6. =+<sT e\T &j\ddt m+<T #sTT+#T+{sT? < $T& q d+ @$T{?( )
7. <y_dsD+ nq>H$T? eTqXs+ deTT\ m k~+#&TT+~?( )
8. s|dsD, $ds eed\ @yTH d++<+ +<? +f @$T{?( )
9. sD\T \|+&.( )
(m) yk|dH m\|&T d$+#<T.

(_) eT+ yTT< eTjTT+> +& sTy sjTT+> esTT+~.
(d) n_yV<eT yd+ +f n|yV<eT yd+ e> +T+~.
(&) yd$ eT+ #*\++f > +T+~.
10. u<\T sjT+&.( )
(m) dMT|d d+e[Hfi+, <sd d+e[Hfi+ $<T\T

(_) eT|+&\T eT]jTT eT eT|+&\T
(d) $dsq eT]jTT ke+
(&) b<$T eT]jTT ~rjT Jej H\T
11. eqe Xs+ &T + s+ +& nH nejTy\T yHeTT sTy|
|wXs & n+{|T +{sTT. |j>|& b{qT $q+ e&+e\ @s& es+
s+ <s nH <eT <s #sTT+~. nd+U+> +& nH e&bd H[\T

s e&bd $T*q s ds <s |dsD eed |+|&TT+~.
es|<s\T eT]jTT s \eD\T n~+> q { *d |dT| es+ nH <e+

@s&TT+~. ~ qT+& d++{ sD+ nH Hfi\ <s yfiT+~. sTy !
<e+ nH <s+ <s jT bT+~.( )

"
(m) nejTe+ @$T{? (_) es+ @$T{? (d) <eT |s$T{?
(&) ds nH |s$T{? () e&bd dH[ qT @eT+{sT?
(m|t) <e+ |s$T{? () sD\ |s$T{? #
(V#Y) Hfi\ |s$T{?

! () <s+ |s$T{? "
10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

12. nH $w|P] es\T s+ #]e\ s+ eT*q+> e] e Xs+ nejTe+
$
#&b sTT+~. e bD+ s+ #& n # <e T <s s yT*\T ]q >={\ <s

|+|+#sT. >={\T nH |<s+ #jT&sTT. M{ <eD+ *q {+ % &
+#&sTT. <eD+ eT]jTT s+ deq sD+ *q eT&T |<s\T ' ( )
HsTT. >={\ >T+& s+ |eVdTq|&T s+ es\T <eD+ #ssTT. XuyTq s+ &
] ds <s e s|dsD eed #]+~.( )
(m) nejTe+ @$T{? (_) es|<s+ @$T{?

$
(d) |<s+ <eD+ \ |s$T{?

% ( (&) <eD+ eT]jTT @$T{?
& ' ( * + *
() |q |s=q&q $<q+ @$T{?

13. m|{|&T Xs+ es\T jT{ |+|b @eTT+< }V+#+&.( ) ,
14. MT eT|+ &\T me\+ s>+> +#T=qT jTs\dt mTe+{ |X \T n&T>Te?( ) ,
15. MT |]ds\ >TsT# yTT$? >TsT yTT\ qT+& d]+#& mTe+{ $<q+
nqTd]ke?( ) -
16. $$< s\ yTT\qT+& \_+# \sTT& d++~+q de#s n+s\+ < >+<\jT+
qT+& d]+, y~ jsT#jT+&. ( ) .
17. eT|+&+ \Te |+ ^d, u>\T >T]+#+&.( ) /
18. eH[ ( 0 ) sD |+ dVjT+ $e]+#+&.( )

1 2 3 4 5 /
19. eqe $ds eed $dsq ]> esZ sU+ ( ) <s #|+&.( ) $ 6 4 7 8 9 : ; < 3 ; = /
20. eT|+&+ $dsq ]> $<H $e]+# |{ ^jT+&.( ) /
21. eqe $ds eed n<T+> u$+q n+X\qT sjT+&.( ) >
22. bs+ usTTH && e\ >T]+ #~ye <! e @syTq #sqT #|&e? m+<T?( ) >
23. nejTe<q+ >T]+ eTq n e ne>Vq +~. | nejTe<q+ | ne>Vq |+#&

= H<\T sjT+&.( ) ?
24. bs+ #~$q sTy eT|+&\T deT+> |#jT& e Vs| n\y mTe+{
esT\T #j\qT+THe?( ) ?
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. yqbeTT $ds nejTy\T ``````````````````````.
2. eT|+&+ n&T eTT<TsT ><TeTes| u> ``````````````````````` n+{sT.
3. Je { |eD+, njq >&qT eTB]+#& ``````````````````` n+{sT.
4. HbH |j>syTq |<s\ |q'XwD+ `````````````````````````` sT>TT+~.
5. >TsT eT]jTT sdqT ``````````````````````````` |<s\T.
6. ueTH >T[ eT]jTT sXH[>T# *| `````````````````````````` n+{sT.
7. eT]j ysD |j+# \sTT& ``````````````````````````````.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
8. &j\ddt $T& q d+ ```````````````````````````````.
9. ssTqT ssT yTT jTT ``````````````````````````` qT+& jsT#ksT.
10. yTTyTT< eT|+& e]& #dq y<T&T ```````````````````````````.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&

1. eqe eT|+&+ sD, j |eD+ ( )
(m) qsH (_) HbH (d) H|&j (&) CD+
2. u~+ $dsejTy\T ( )
(m) ejTH H[\T (_) s|& (d) eTHfi\T (&) CD+
3. eqe Xs+ eT+ |jD+# esZ+ ( )
( ) eT|+&\T
: ( ) eTHfi\T ( ) |d+
: : ( ) eTXjT+ : : : : @
(m) : ( : : ( (_)
: @ ( : : : (d) : ( : : (&)
( : : : ( : @ : @ ( : : : ( : ( : : : : ( : : : ( : ( : @
4. ejTH H[\T @J$ $dsejTy\T ( )

(m)yqbeTT (_) > (d) <|sT>T (&) &
5. eqe eT+ |<q es+ @~? ( )
(m) jT]j (_) k&jT+ (d) sT (&) j{H
6. @J$ | $dsejTy\T +&e. ( )
(m) |\T (_) nMTu (d) ddb\T (&) m eT]jTT _
7. +~ y @ VsH eT$dsq | d++<+ +~. ( )
(m) m&q*H (_) yk|dH (d) bdsH (&) kH
8. eT+ |dT|s+>T +&T sD+ @$T{? ( )
(m) jTs=+ (_) u*s_H (d) u*e]H (&) s&
9. eT+ @s& <X\ eT+ ( )
(m) esD |q'XwD+ o>T#>\q+ o H[ke+
(_) >T#>\q+ o esD |q'XwD+ o H[ke+
(d) esD |q'XwD+ o H[ke+ o>T#>\q+
(&) H[ke+ o esD |q'XwD+ o>T#>\q+
10. eT|+&+ uVb++ +& HbH u>+ ( )
(m) V+ (_) dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ (d) <sd d+e[Hfi+ (&) ueTH >T[
11. Vs+ qsTy eT$dsq #j\q ueq m+<T \T>TT+~? ( )
(m) eTXjT+| JsXjT |&q+ (_) |Tq|<s\T <e|<s\T> es&+
(d) Vs+ {|]eD+ (&) d+sY +&s\ <*
10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed

nqT+<+
nejTe<q+ J$ es+
|\ nejTy\ <q+ >T]+q dVqT |+#*q eX +~. b+<T+f nejTy\T <q+
#jT + <s b+ eT+~ b&, y] eTqT>& ~+ > &&e#T. |< qy] <Te#T.
y] C|\ u< |&T J$+# <T\T usTTH && nsTTq y] eTs=] J$+# eqeqT
#{#|e#T. b+<T+f eTq+ eqe\+. eT+ eTqdTq eqe\+.
re nHs>+ u<|& #eT+~ s>T\T nejTe <\d+ m<TsT#dTHsT. eT|+&\
e]& #d d<TbjT+ q dT|T\ dTesT 25 eT+~+f me eT+~ eT|+&\T e\dq
s>T\T m<TsT#dTHsT. |+ <<| 10`100 eT+~ |e<\ u]q |&TTHsT. y] =+<sT
usTTH && (100% yT<&T |#jT d) nsTTqysT +{sT. Te+{ e\qT+& nejTy\T dssTTq
deTjT+ d]+ y*q e\ neT]qsTT d+ 5 eT+~ +#e#TqT. nejTe<q+
#j \qTHy] d]jT q ne>Vq b e&+, neX\T q|{ y*q y] d]jT q de#s+
<=s& + <T . |uT , |y T dT| y< T \T usTTH && nsTTq e\ de#s+ e&+<T . yfi
ysT de#s+ n+~d nejTy\T y*q e\ |j>s+> +T+~.
V<su<T s+&T |uT y<X\ (kj eT]jTT yT) <<| 10 ss{ dT|T
nejTe e]& d<Tbj\T HsTT. eT|+&\T, jT+, >T+&, }|]T\T, |V+, eT+, #s+,
meTT\T, JsXjT+, fifl (]j) +{ nejTy\T usTTH && e\ qT+& d]+ y*q
e\ e]& #jT e#T. B &esY {Hb+{ ( ) n+{sT. me] nejTy\T
y ysT L& nejTe e]& d<TbjT+ q dT| |sT qy<T #dTy*. nejTe<q+
#jT<\#Tq ysT Te+{ dT| <sUdT bs+ d++ #j*. B=s = d#+<
dyd+d\ T |#dT H sTT.
nejTe<q+ |#d d#+< dyd+d\ eT]jTT |uT d+d\ de#s+ d]+ deT> y~
j sT#jT +&. n<q| de#s+ =s yud{ qT #&+&.
eTsD+ sTy L& Je+#e#T:
18 @fifl jTTe&T 5 eT+~ nejTe<q+ #X&T. (&.d. sk+&+{ V<su<T 20 pH 2013.)
V#Y.jTdt.jTX+Y esY nH 18 d+es\ jTTe nejTy\qT n
+& eesY JeH <H d+d <s <q+ #X&T. $es y[ pH 18q
{ >~]Z >T qT+& ] edT+ &> |e<+ ]+~. |e<+ jTX+Y
esY re+> >jT|&&T. n y+H yT (C+ { |t yT&
dHdt) #ssT. yT qs dsqT n |+ usTTH && (100% yT<&T
|#jT d) #+~qT> |{+#sT. jTX+Y esY nejTy\qT <q+ #d
q esT&T eTsD+ sTy L& J$+# +{& n +& JeH<H
#+~q \sY *b&T. eesYqT+& nqTeT rdTHsT. jTX+Y esY jTT s +&T eT|+ &\T,
>T+& y\T, jT+ d]+ nejTe <\ d+ m<TsT#dTq $$< dT|T\ nejTee]&
=s n+<CXeT &ds\, JeH<H +#sY |q *bsT. jTX+Y *<+&T\T m+
dV<jTT <!
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
bs+
5
jT+D ` deTqjT eed
|sE eTq+ q&e&+, |sT>&+, \T|>&+, yVH\T q&|&+ e+{

ss\ |qT\T #dT+{+. |qT\ ]wyTq Xs deTd *
+&&+ bT> Xs u>\ eT< deTqjT+ e\qH sT>TsTT. C
<*, deTd eT]jTT deTqjT+ nH eT&T b<$T jT\T *d |#d
eTq Xs+ #d | q <* sDu\esTT. Xs+ <\&+ nH~
d+wyTq |jT. n+<T B >=| $Hd+ n L& #|e#T.
eTq+ n e <s|s+ *q b<\| {sT> \& deTd
+&&+ L& wyTq dy. nsTTq|{ eTq+ # eeT\T> s+&T fifl|
+~ +& \&&yT eTq Xs deTd +#T+ q&e&+,
|sT>&+ e+{ wyTq |qT\T L& # *> #ddT+{+.
deTd, deTqjT+ nedseTjT =|qT\qT #|+&.
eTq Xs+ nH eed\T *d |#jT&+ e\qH n jT\T deT+>
sT>TTHsTT. <VsD eTq+ ~*q|&T eTq meTT\T, +&s\T eyT
nH s eed\T L& eTe+T bqT bwksTT. +&s eed nH
+&s\T eT |< |#ksTT.
+&s\ <*\ |sD *+#$ @$T{?
eTq Xs+ +& nejTy\T, DC\T, D\T |< |s+ |
#ksTT. e |]ds\ qT+& d+ \qT >V + <qT>TD+> |d+~ksTT.
|d+<q Xs+q, Xs+ <sq nH |qT\T s>& |sDksTT.
<VsD eTq+ s&TMT< q&TdTHeTqT+&. eTq+ m+ |s<q+>
q|{ sT edTq X+ $H, #dH y+H | |+{+. +
10e s> jT+D ` deTqjT eed
A B B
=+<s> d+<s nqT>TD+> m d+~+#>\T>T+?
B|q\ |d+<q #|&+ ( )
eTq+ |q #|q B|q\ ( ) |d+<q #|& dVjT+
#d~ @~?
dJe\T d+\ m+<T |d+~ksTT?
J$ jTT |]ds\ esT < esT d++~+q d+\T <
|#<H\T |#s\ sDeTesTT. Je\ |#<H |d+<q
#|sTT.
m\TqT#dq y+H H\H |* <y| |sT > &TT+~. yTT\T y\TTsTy|
|sT>TsTT. yesD+ y&, eT mesTTq|&T eTq #eT |&TT+~.
e |d+<q. J$ eTqT>& k+#\+f n |]d T \qT | |#<H
dsq |d+<q #|&+ neds+.
|#<H |d+<q #|&+ eT |< +T+~. B $$<
<X\T +{sTT. |d+<q\T Xs+ jT{ < |* yesD+ esTqT
< |#<H >T]+#&+ yTT<\esTT. |#<H|d+<q #s ~
yTT<{ <X. n+~q de#s |ks+ #jT&+ s+&e <X. de#s
$Xw+#&+ eT&e <X. |#<H dsq |jT #|&+ e] <X.
|#<H |#s#|&+ >T]+ eT]+ ne>Vq #dT& +~
#<+.
+`1
+~ |&TTq sqT |T&+.
b&yq d\T < nsMTsT b&yq dq sqT rdT+&. MT
dVT& s es |+`1 #|q $<+> uqy\T,
#|&Tyfifl eT< y&$<+> |TeTq+&. MTsT +< |& sqT
|Te& M\T> uqy\T, #|&T yfiflqT sqT +&
<>Zs> +#+&. |dT+ MT yfifl eT< q s kH |\T
>T]+#+& (kq+`m). MT dVT& sqT e<\eTq+&. n<de TjT+
MTsT < |T+&.
MTsT sqT m& |THs n& |\T >TsT |+&
|+-1: s|T&+
(kq+`_).
MTsT sqT yTT< |\T >T]+q #f (kq+`m) |T>*>s?
MTsT sqT |Tq |<X+ (kq+`_), yTT< >T]+q |<X+ (kq+`m)
+f m+ |q q~?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A B A
m+<T ]+~?
jT m+ y>+> ]+< MTsT nqT+THsT?
|#<H\ e\q +&s\ esT\T eksTT. +&s\ y>+ > e# esT\T
|d+<q\ sDeTesTT. |d+<q\ y>+ |#<H >V+# Xs
u>, |d+<qqT e|]# u> eT< # deTqj ddT+~.
$<yTq de#s |ks k<+ #d<esT?
dMT eed\T ` H& deTqjT+
( ` )
eTq Xs+ n Xs u>\ $<T\qT yT<&T jT+dT+< ^\T
qyTysT. yT<&T <*q e\ |esq >DjTyTq esT se&yT
y] qeT sD+. ^ Xs<s Xdy >\H (.|P. 129`200) s<+
qT+& +<|& yT&| <*q s| |]o\q ]| es, Xs u>\qT
jT++#&+ yT<&T b| dsq ne>Vq <T.
|+-2: >\H yT&| < *q s q # dsqT j&T. n # <*\T
eeT\T>H HsTT. B{ eTq Xs+ s+&T s\ H&T\T +{jT,
y{ { CH d++~++<, s+&e~ #s d++~++< >\H
sj e#&T. s $wjT+ CqH&T\T <HjT, #s
d++~+q H&T\T eeT\T>H HjT jTq n_bjT|&&T.
>\H n_bj se& sD+ @$T{?
H&T\ eT< +& deTqjT $<T\qT >T]+ 18e X\+ H{
Xdy \ n+> *jT<T. sy \+ Xs<s Xdy \ T H&T\T @$<+ >
|#kjTH n+X+| n<jTq+ #ksT. H& d+\T m |kseTejTH
$wj $<T# |ks+| \+ sT>TTq |j > |* \ nqTd+<q+
#jT&+ <s H& eed |#d $<H \TdTHsT.
yT<&T, yqTbeTT jTT $$\ qT+& jT\T<]q H&T\T Xs+
$$\ |d+<q\qT jT+kjT \TdTH+. n<$<+ > de#s
|ks esZ >T]+ eTq =+ es \TdT. H& D+ |#d $<q+
jTT j+ >T]+ eTq+ + mH $wj\T \TdTy* +~.
H&D sD+ ( )
+`2
H&D + XXd& T qT d <] |]o*+#+&. |+ ^d, u>\qT >T]+
|d+ |+`3 b\+&.

A B C
|H&D+qT dwyTq +< * +& &+&T\T
D<V+ ( ) +T+~. D<V+ |qT+& s+&T d D\T
s \ d q sD\T j T b& T # T = +<+
D<V+
eqT+{sTT. me d+K q q sD\qT
&+&T\T ( ) n+{sT. b&e> q XH D+
sD ++ ( ) n+{sT. +
+
++ Xs+ $$\ $d]dT+~. sHMsY DT|
+ e]+ =e |<s\qT *q eTjT*H eTjT*H =&T>T
#<q+ +T+~. eTjT*H #<q+ n&& H&d+ ~
>\ U\qT sjTsY DT|\T ( )
n+{s T . eTj T *H # < q + > \ H& D \qT + <e+
eTjT*HdV H&D \ D\qT eTjT*H sV |+-3: H&D+
H&D\ n+{sT. eTjT*H =&T>T + |qTq ++
qT+& ysT#dT+~. eTjT*H =&T>T XH DeTT\ eT]jTT eTTKeTT> =e
|<seTT\ jsT#jT& +T+~. H&D<V+ e+ yT<&T>
yqTbeTT> < yqTbeTTqT+& jT\T<s |w, <s H&d+<T\
( ) > +T+~. &+&T\T, H u>+ DC\ $d]+
+T+~. yT<&T , yqTbeTT\ +& H&D \ &+&{ , +\qT y{b&e
<s+> >T]+#&+ w+. eTjT*H =&T>T <s+> +
>T]+#e#T. # D\T eTjT*H sV H&D\T.
H&D+ H&eed jTT eT* |eD+ n eTq
\TdT. eTq H&eed dTesT 10 _*jTq H&D\T
HsTT. $ < { |yTq |<
d++< * +{sTT. H&D+ &+&T ys= H&d+ ~
D+ &+&>, H> *d |<X
H&Dd+~ ( ) n+{sT.
H&Dd+~ H&D+ qT+& eTs= H& D
de#s #syd j u>+. H&Dd+~ e<
s+&T H&D\ eT< @$<yTq Je|<s d+<H\T |+-4: H&Dd+~
bsTTq|{ skjTH\ <s>, $<TY |#<H\ ( ) <s>
< s +&+{ <s> de#s+ D+ qT+& eTs= D |kseTeT+~.
H&Dd+<T\T yT<&T, yqTbeTT\| eT]jTT yqbeTT #T +{sTT.
+\T yT<&T, yqbeTT\ qT+& Xs+ $$\ |#<H\qT
rdTfisTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

A B D
|#<q, |d+<q esZ\T ( )
C]|& sqT |TH + MTsT qT, yfifl eT< deTqj #XsT.
M{ deTqjT|s#& H&T\T $$< esZ\qT nqTd]+#sTT.
de#s #syd esZ\qT { H&T\qT eT&T s\T> $u+#sT.
n_yVH&T\T ( ) < CqH&T\T ( )
<V+ $$\ qT+& |#<H\qT +<H&eed (yT<&T,
yqTbeTT)\ rdTfisTT. M{H CqH&T\T nL& n+{sT.
|+-5: CqH&
n|yVH&T\T ( ) < #\H&T\T ( )
+<H&eed qT+& |#<H\qT $$< Xsu>\ rdTfisTT. M{
#\H&T\T nL& n+{sT.
|+-6: #\ H&
dVd++< H&T\T ( )
n_yV, n|yVH&T\qT *| H&T\qT dVd++< H&T\T n+{sT.
+`1 MT Xs+ @u>+
yT<&T < yqTbeTT
<X+>+ ( )>, @
u>+ sV+>+ (
)> |#dT+~?
n_yV, n|yV H&T\ <s
n_yV H&T\T dV d++< H&T\T n|yV H&T\T |#<H\ de#s |ks+
@$<+> sT>TT+< e
nqT+THe?
+`1 Cs sqT |TH
nejTy\ +&s\T
deTjT+ e #|q |d+<q|
jT+D q<, n~
|+-7: H&T\ $$< esZ\T
nj T + e ? (9e s >
A B E
+TDC\+ bs+ MTsT #~$q jT+ +&s\ de#s |
#T+&.)
eTqXs+, = d+<s\ eTq jT+D |jT\qT #|e\dq
neds+ L& edT+T+~. $<yTq |d+<q\qT |rs#s\T ( )
n+{sT. +~+ <s B ns+ #dT+<+.
+`3
y* ]> |rs#s
\TqT eTs= \T|q ydT msTTq \ MT<
Ls+&. b<+ u>+ H\ >\+& d#> y&TT+&*.
=& eTT+<Tu> # |T, y* | +~ u>+
ssT dT =+&. =& +&s\ s+ @yTH esT
e+<y >eT+#+&.
eTq+ |P]#Hed q|{ =& +&s\ d+#
|+. Te+{ #s\qT njT+ #s\T (
|+-8: y* |rs #s
) n+{+.
eTq+ |{u & deTjT+ < =& +&s+ eTq jT+D
|#dT+~. eTq Xs+ ]> jT\ meu>+ njT++>
+{jTqT+THs? m+<T?
MT \Tk?
y* |rs#s jTT yTT<> 1875 >T]+#sT. yTT<{ B |rs
#s +&<yq d+<V+#sT. eTTeT+<T q \T yfifl yqTH&
]+q|&T y* |rs#s s><T. B { +<T |d]> H&esZ+
+T+< dweTeTq~.
e \ ee<T\ # =~ deTjT+ rdTH njT+ #s\
H&T\T nqTd]+# esZ+ # q~> +T+~. ~ yT<&T < #s<T.
jT+ #s \+{qT H&es+Z |<~ > +& | d]> yT<&T qT #sT T+~.
nd\T H&esZ\T n+f @$T{? |]o*<+?
|rs #s#|+ ( )
19e X| e] es |rs#s ]w esZ nqTd]dT+<q
ne>Vq<T. CHejTy\ qT+& |#<H >V+, < yT<&T <
yqTbeTT |ue+>\ (+&s\) #s& ]wyTq esZ+ +T+~.
CHejTy\ qT+& yqTbeTT, n&qT+& |ue+>\ de#s+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A B F
]wyTq esZ+ |jDdT+~.
B |rs #s#|+ n+{sT.
yqTbeTT
eTq+ @<H |<THq edTe|q
CqH& n&T>T |{q|&T *+&s\T
#\H&
@$<+> d+~kj >eT+#+&.
|ue +&s+ |e<eXT eTq\T |<THq
>V+ q|&T nH |rs#s
#b\T k] |#d, *
+&s\T y>+> * yqT
rd T H T # k s TT. | +`9
|+-9: |rs #s |]o*+#+&.
Te+{ d+<s\ + mTe+{ s sV+>\T> |#ksTT?
H&T\eT< deTqjT+ >T]+ ~ @$T *jTCdT+~?
d+*+> >, nd+*+> > |qT\T #dTq|&T @+ sT>TT+<
(MT nqTue+ e# +T+~.) MTsT m|&H >eT+#s?
<VsD eTq+ yTT mTHeTqT+&. deTjT+ fifl m&
|&TTHy +#T+ n&T>T\T yjT+ <! fi eT | eTT
#dT+ bsTT. m& n&T>T |{* n +#T+ n&T>Td C]
|&b+.
nsTT B d *+# $wjT+ @$T+f, n< *+&s\ yT<&T
jT+D = |yTq <*\qT rdTs>\+. <VsD |{u
& *+&s D\T |rs #s\bT yT<&T jT+D L&
|#ksTT. eTq+ Xs+ ]> # +&s <* \T jT+ eT]jTT |rs
#s esZ\T s+&+{ <s jT++#&sTT.
MT \Tk?
H&|#<q+ $Tc 100 MTs y>+ |jDdT+~.
@<H | <w +#T |rs #s#b ^jT+&.
eTq Xs+ jT+, njT+ #s \+{ H&eed jT+dT+ ~.
eTq Xs+ ]> # +&s<*\T jT+ eT]jTT |rs#s esZ\
<s jT++#&sTT. H&eedq T eTq+ $u>\ y>q eT]jTT H&T\T
m& qT+& jT\T<sTTHsTT nH $wj\ <s+>q n<jTq+ #<+.
H&eed s+&T $u>\T. n$ 1. +<H&eed ( ),
2. |]BjT H&eed ( ).
A B G
+<H& eed ( )
yT<&T, yqTbeTT *d +<H& eedqT @ssTksTT. +<H& eed
n H& jT\qT deTqjT |sTdT+~.
yT<&T ( )
Xs |]eD+ b*q|&T eqe yT<&T s +Te\+{ +f
|<~> +T+~. yT<&T b\eTT nH nd ]yTq >{ |f neT]
+T+~. yT<&T qT | +#T yT+dt nH eT&T bs\T+{sTT. yT+dt
bs\T yqTbeTTqT L& | +#TsTT. bs\ eT< eTdw yTsT <e+
+T+~. ~ b\eTT, yT+dt\ \d yT<&T qT n| \qT+& b&TT+~.
yT<&T jT{y| H&D\ D<V\T * +& &<s+>T |<s+
@s&TT+~. u> &< s+>T b++ ( ) n+{sT. yT<&T
|* y| D<V \ mH\T +{sTT.
mH\T yT*H =&T>TqT * eTdw >fis+
+{sTT. $ \> +{sTT. n+<T#
sdt yT
yT<&T u> \T| s+>T b++ eT<yT<&T
( ) n+{sT. &<s+>T
bH ys*
|<s+ |]~ y| +f \T| |<s+ nqTeTdw+
+<+ y| +T+~. m+<T+f | > + ~
q b++ qT+& yT*H =&T>T\ yqTbeTT
yT&T nu+>{
*q mH\T yT<&T qT+& y\T|*
|+-10: yT<&T
eksTT.
yT<&T jT+D +<+> |#dT+<H $wj 2000 d+es\ +<
^ Xs <s Xdy\T eTq *jTCXsT.
yT<&T +~ u>\qT * +T+~.
1. eTT+<T yT<&T ( ): eTdw + ( ), <s>s+ ( )
2. eT< yT<&T ( ): <>fi\T ( )
3. yqT yT<&T ( ): nqTeTdw+ ( ), eTCeTTK+
( )
MT \Tk?
yT<&T <<|> 1400 >eTT\ sTe * +T+~. Xs+ yTT+ sTe yT<&T
sTe 2% q|{ Xs+ yTT+ qyTq X 20% X yT<&T |j +#&TT+~.
|sTw yT<&T sTe ses$T 1375 >eTT\T.
d yT<&T sTe <<|> 1275 >eTT\T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A B H
|{`1: yT<&T $$\T s]+# $<T\T
eTT+<TyT<&T
|D \+_\T $ >< +& sD\T. M{ <s\+y|qT+& J K L
eyT #&>\+.
$<T\T : $ ydq d++~+q CH *+#& &&sTT.
eTdw+ +<T s+&T ns>fi\T +{sTT. M{ eTdcs>fi\T n+{sT.
J K L
eTdw+ jTT |]\+ eTT&T\qT *+T+~. eTT&T\ uT> q u> >]

n, T> q u> d* n n+{sT. d\T |dT+> +& eTdcs >fi\qT H\T>T
\+_\T> $u dT+ ~. H\T>T \+_\ |sq T MT b<jTT& n& \TdT+&. |+`10
|]o*+#+&. eTdcs>fi\qT *| u>yT~?
$<T\T : eqd keTs\ kes+ #q\qT, C| \qT, sD\T y X , }VX ,
M K
<>\qT, eT]jTT yqT jT+dT+~.

nH nqTuT\qT }V+#>\>&+, #*, y&, u<, & yTT<q y{
M M K
|d+~+#&+.
<s>s+ ( ) \+_ s+usTT& s+ +T+~. B yT<&TjTT L
n+s\+ qT+& eyT #&>\+. ~ eTdc, eT<yT<&T eT<

+T+~. ~ <\eTdt, Vb<\eTdt\T> $u+#& +T+~.
$<T\T : |+, u<, q+<+ e+{ uyyX\qT jT++#T.
M K
+&s\ <*\ |jT |#s\ +<\T

M M K J K
uy<>\ +<\T M M M K
{ deTT\ s|&q+, Xs c>, < eT]jTT * +<\T.

M N K
V b<\eTdt |jT w>+~ jT+dT+ ~. |jT w>+~ |< q >+~> |#dT + ~.

N K
eT< yT<&T ( ) ~ eT+<+>, <&+> q q &e+{ u>+. ~ eTT+<TyT<&TqT L
nqTeTdw+q, yqTyT<&T bHqT \T|T+~. MT |j>X\ yT<&T qeTH

eT<yT<&T >fi\qT |]o*+#+&.
$<T\T: eTdw e\\+ qT+& yqTbeTT eT]jTT Cq |#<H\qT yqTbeTT qT+&
M K
V b<\eTdt |+|sTT. <w eT]jTT $q& |jT |#s \qT #|sTT.

yqTyT<&T ( ) ~ yT<&T e]u>+. B nqTeTdw+, eT<eTTK+ +{sTT. L
nqTeTdw+ ( ) : ~ eTdc ~>Teq, eT<eTTU |q +T+~. B s+&T

eTdw >fis\T+{sTT.
$<T\T: Xs deTd u $T MT< Xs+ +& d T \qT { +&s\ <* \qT jT+dT+ ~.
M K
eTdw+ qT+& bs+uyTq jT+ #\H\qT jT+dT+~.

M M K
eTCeTTK+ ( ) : ~ uTCs+ +& yqTyT<&T bH qT+&

bs+uyT yqTbeTT es y|++T+~.
$<T \T: XdjT, H&d+<q, s|&q+, V<jT d+<q e+{ #s\qT jT++# +<+.
M K

A B I
(yky{sY nq> sH fi\| ]> #s \ |* +> sH fi\ yd+ esTT+T+~.)
M M K $T+>&+ , <>&Z + , TeT&+, y+T\T #jT &+ e+{ |jT |#s \qT jT+dT+ ~.
eTCeTTK+ \T|, &<s+>T |<s+>T]+ MT b<jTT #]+#+&.
yqTbeTT ( )
yqTbeTT b&e> <<| dbs+ yqT yT<&T qT+& yTT+&eTT
|w\+ b&eH y|+ +T+~. yHeTT H&\\ <s
|jDdT+~. yqTbeTT \T| |<s+ |]\+q, &< |<s+
|*y| +T+~. yHeTT sTy|\ qT+& yqTbeTT yT*H =&T>T\T
*q mH\T jT\T<ssTT.
16e eT]jTT 17e Xu #+~q Xdy \ T H& jT+D yqTbeTT |+-11: *jHs
b >T]+ n< jTq+ #XsT. ^\T yT<&T jT+D| |b~+q ueqqT &y
| { s T . = + T e\ y T < & T qT =\+q| { B | q \
|d+<q\qT #|+#& >T]+#sT. *jHs &$ (1452`1519),
d|H V (1677`1771) M]<s | yT<&TqT =\+H n~
+&&+ >eT+#sT. n<$<+ > #s q|&T>, >Tq|&T> |
+&s\ #\H >T]+#sT. | yqTbeTT d~ \Te> >Tq|&T,
yqTbeTT |#jTbe&+e\ | #be& L& M]<s |]o*+#sT.
| <sH\qT { yqTbeTT e\+ yT<&T qT+& e# de#s Xs
u>\ |+| esyZ T +& jT+D +<+> L& |#dT + < #| e#T. |+-12: yqTbeTT
yqTbeTT @@ $<T\qT s]dT+< e u$dTHe?
eTq Xs+ sV+# n $<T\T HsT> yT<&T, yqTbeTT eyT jT+kjT MTsT
nqT+THs? m+<T?
MT \Tk?
yT<&T qT+& jT\T<s H&T\qT b\H&T\T ( ) n, yqTbeTT
qT+& jT\T<s H&T\qT yqTH&T\T ( ) n Xdy\T >T]+#sT. eTq
<V+ yTT+ 12 \ b\H&T\T eT]jTT 31 \ yqTH&T\T +{sTT.
|]BjT H& eed ( |weT\+ |weT\
|wX+>+
>+jTH
)
|+ #|q $<+ > yqTbeTT *d
q yqTH&T\ s+&T d++<\T
eT\T ( ) +{sTT. = yqTbeTT
yqT |w u>+ *d +f eT]=
<su>+ d++<+ * +{sTT.
<sX+>+ yqTH&
k{+& #+~q #sd t u eT]jTT bH <seT\+
#+~q b+sTTdt yT+C+& nqT Xdy\T |+-13: |]BjTH& eed
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A B O
19e X+ bs+u+ #dq |j >\T yqTbeTT d++~+q s +&T eT\T yssT $<T \qT
sVksTT n s|+#sT.|weT ( ) =\+q|&T +Te mTe+{
#|<>Z #sqT #|<T. <s eT ( ) d]+q y+H +&s\ reyTq
#s q&+~. B { <s eT\+ +&s\ #\H jT+dT+ < |we T\+ jT++#<
*d+~.
|weT\+ CH d++~+ de#s |* rdT= yfi <s eT\+ +&s\
d+#+ =s d#q\qT y\T|\ |+|T+< 1882 ysT eT |j >\ <s *jTCXsT.
MT n_bjT+ |s+ @ eT\+ Cq < n_yVH&T\ qT+ d+\T b+<TT+~?
|]BjT H& eed # $dyTq~. +<T yqTbeTT |w ,<s eT\ d++~+q
H& D\ <V\T e\> @s&q b\, XsTH&T\T (yqTH&T\T) +{sTT. b\, XsT
H&T\T yT<&T, yqTbeTT\ y| CHejTy\ eTs=y| \T|& +{sTT.
H& n+\T +&s n+\ e< @$<+> |#kjT e u$dTHe?
djT+#~ H&eed
|]BjT H& eed Xs+ = b+\ <VsD Xs n+s>q sHfi\T,
dsfi eT]jTT V<jT +&s u>\ njT+ $~ sVdT+~. nTe+{ |]BjT H&
eedqT djT+#~ H& eed ( ) n n+{sT. n++&
#s+ = b+\ +&s\T eT]jTT nd +&s\ jT+ $<T\qT s]dT+~.
eTq +{b| q~> |<~> es& djT+#~ H& eed <s eTq Xs+ ]>
njT+ $~ # <VsD> #|e#T.
eTq+ N{ >~ |y+#>H y+H eTq @MT q&<T. yT\ yT\> >~ edTe\T
q&&+ bs+_ksTT. m+<T+f n|{ eTq +{b| jTT yd+ |s>&+ e\q me +
+{ |* edT+~, n+<Te\ n& edTe\T eTq q&sTT. N{ >~ qT+& y\T|\,
n~ y\TTsT eq|&T +{b| yd+ ZbsTT s{H| e + |&T #dT+~.
s+&T |jT\qT djT+#~ H& eed |u$+ #dT+~.
V<jT d+<q, XdjT yTT<q |qT\qT yT&T nu+> { nH yT<&T u>+ jT+dT+ <
MT \TdT. Xs+ nH nejTy\T eTeT $<T\qT s]+#&+ dV]+# H& eedqT
djT+#~ H& eed ( ) n+{sT. k<sD+> yT&T nu+> {
eT]jTT djT+#~ H&eed s+&+{ deTqjT+ njT+ #s\ sT>TsTT.
djT+#~ H&eed Je\ ]> $$< jT\| @$<+> |uy #|T+<
\TdT+<+!
|{+`17qT |]o*+#+&. +~ |X\ de<H\T +#+&.
yHeTT <>Zs> q >+jTqqT+& @s&q H&T\T @@ Xs nejTy\ yfisTT?
yTT<&T qT+& yTT<\jT H&T\T @@ nejTy\ #sT+{sTT?
dVqTu H&eed @@ nejTy\ $<T\| |ue+ #|T+~?
dVqTu |s H&eed @@ nejTy\ $<T\| |ue+ #|T+~?
A A B
dVqTu H&eed sV+# $<T\qT >T]+ e @$T ns+ #dTHe?
dVqTu |sH&eed sV+# $<T\qT >T]+ e @$T ns+ #dTHe?
dVqTu |sH&eed sV+# $<T\qT >T]+ e @$T ns+ #dTHe?
dVqTu dVqTu|s
qTb| |<~ e&+ qTb| jT<d se&+
\+ d$+#& |&+ \+ d$+#& |s# & +
XdHfi+ |<~ e&+ XdHfi+ jT<d se&+
V<jT d+<q y> |+#&+ V<jTd+<q y> Z+#&+
s| & H |+#&+ s| & H +Z #&+
eT>+~ j y> +Z #&+ eT>+~ jy> |+#&+
Js >+<T \ ky\qT +Z #&+ Js >+<T \ ky\qT |+#&+
eTXjT+ d&\&+ eTXjT + d++#&+
+ nejTy\T C + nejTy\T + #+<&+

+Z #&+
|+-17: djT+#~ H&eed

yHeTT <>Zs> q >+jTqT\T H&T\<s yqTbeTT \T|& +{sTT. yHeTT
sTy| q H&d+<T\T eT]jTT d++~ H&T\ *d dVqTu H&eed @s&TT+~.
yT<&T >+jTqT\T eT]jTT yqTbeTT jTT e] u>+qT+& @s&q H&T\ dVqTu
|s H&eed @s&TT+~. s+&T H&eed\T *| @s&< djT+#~ H&eed. ~
|]BjT H&eed u>+>H |]>DksT.
eTq Xs+ nH $<T\T H&T\ <s jT++#&, eT]= s $<\T>
jT++#&sTT. MT &ju{dt (#s y~) u<|& e\T \Tk? s+ #s X+
|]q|&T ysT $~> e\T>, qT*H +CHqT> rdTy* +T+~. qT*H >T]+
eTq m *d+~? B e\q eTq Xs+ H&T\ <s +& eTs$<+> = $<T\T m
jT++#&j \TdT+~.
MT \Tk?
+BjT H&eed eT]jTT |sBjT H& eed +& eTq Xs+ JsHfi+
|yTq H&eed +<, n~ +BjT < |sBjT H& eed d++<+ +&
d++> | #dT+<, < s+&e yT<&T < Js H&eed ( ) n |sT |{sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A A A
H&eed d++<+ deTqjT+
qT*H <
s |sYZ $X $<\j #+~q b \+>sY VH nH
y~ ssDXd b|dsY ( ) 1868
eT>+~ sD+| |]X<q #dTq|&T n+<T k<sD D\
+f = _qyTq s+>T eT]jTT sHfi\T *q deTV\T>qTq
D\qT >eT+#&T. M{ ( nq> B$)
+>sVY H |{\ T n |sT |{sT . n$ @@ $<T \qT s]kj
y] *jT<T.
|+-14: b
# eT+~ M{ $~ \TdTe& |jT+
#XsT. |j>\ u>+> |]o*+|&TTq
+Te eT>+~ qT+& u> rdydq|&T
+Te # s y~ (&j u{d )t u<| & eTw jTT
\D\T q&sTT. n+f s+ eT]jTT eT+
#s X+ me> +&{ ysT >T]+#sT. nsTT
\+ H{ y< T \ y~ m edT+ < *jT<T .
y~ sD+ eT+ e# Xdy\T
n_bjT|&sT.
|+-15: eT+
sy <X |]X<q +eT\+ (q|>T yTT<{ u>+) qT+& jT\T<s
eT Hfi {yjT&+ e\q eT+ qdT+<. +>sYVH |{\T
k<sD+>H +{jT qT>=HsT. #jT&+ e\q +Te\ &ju{dt
\D\T q|&<T. B <s+> +>sYVdt |{\ eT]jTT s+ #s
X d++<+ +<H <sq+ \_++~. 1912 d+es+ +>sYVH
|{\T |yTq ky #d HsT> s+ d$kjT >T]+#sT.
B qT*H n HeTsD+ #XsT. {H uw qT ( ) nq> B$
n ns+ . nsTT n|{ + qT*H ysT #d |< qT>=q<T . 10 d+es\
sy {s+{, u+{+>, udt eT]jTT yT& Xdy\ +<+ [flbsTTq
+Te\ eT+ qT+& qT*HqT ysT#jT>*>sT. eT >+~ \
n+sds ( ) +CH <s |<s (qT*H) q|&T
s+ #s X+ Zbe+, s>+> J$+ +&+ >eT+#sT.
|dT+ #s y~ u<|& y] qT*HqT #s+ +CH <s ksT.
qT*H skjT dyTfiq+. n~ nsTTq D+ qT+& s+
|y+#>H #s #|T+~.
A A C
s skjT deTqj\T
eTq Xs+ u>+ ]> d+|T q\qT s+ |d] +# = |<s\T
|u$+ #d jT+ksTT. 1905 d+es+ k]+> nH +> Xs <s
Xdy s+ d$+# Te+{ |<s\ VsqT\T ( ) n |sT
|{&T. VsH\qT d$+# >+<T\qT $Hfi >+<T\ ( )
n+{sT. M{ ky\qT rdT= yfifl& mTe+{ Hfi\T>, >={\T>
+&e. n$ HsT> s+ \dbsTT. n+<Te\ >+<T\T jT+, eT+
e+{ >+<T\ +f _qyTqe u$ksT. jT+, eT+ e+{ >+<T\ ky\T
Hfi\ |eVdT+{sTT. y{ Hfi>+<T\T n+{sT.
eqe <V + +& $Hfi >+<T \T y{ VsH\qT
Xs+ m\|&T jT$T ksTT ky\qT
#jTe. <VsD m&q*H VsqT e
yTT+ neT+~.
VsqT\T Xs+ ]> JejT\ MT< nH
s\T> |uy #|sTT. <VsD MT
y+|&TT+f @$T #ksT? MTsT yTTyTT<> #d
#s @$T{? MTsT ujT|&q|&T MT Xs+ e# |+-16: &|+<+
esT\T >eT+#s?
mes b{&\qTsT <! yTT<> eTq+ #d | qT #dq
y+H n& qT+& |sT>&yT.
b{&T+Tq eTqTw\T, +Te\ Xs uw m +T+< sjT+&.
k<sD+> eTq+ ujT|&|&T V<jT d+<q |sT>TT+~. Xd+# sT,
s| & q + L& |sT>TsTT. eTq Xs+| y+T\T u&T#T+{sTT (
). n> eT]= Xs esT\T L& eTq q|&+&H sT>T
T+{sTT. +{b| $d] dT+ ~. #s + #TsT<H * +T+~. eT$dsq ,
eT\$dsq L& s>e#T. dTs b+ #seTqTq syH eTq+
k<sD ksTT ek+.
> bs+ eTq+ H& deTqjT+ >T]+ n<jTq+ #X+. H&T\T
CH+~j\ qT+ B|q\qT +BjT H& eed n+<Cd n&qT+&
+&s\ <X\qT dT+~. | d+<s+ H& eed jTT #s #
|]$TyTq~. Xs+ esT\+{ n&q*H nH $Hfi>+~ qT+&
$&T<\jT n&q*H nH skjTq VsH |u$+ #dT+~. Xs+ $$<
#s\T VsH\ <s jT++#& H& eed deTqjT|sTdT+~. H&
eed eT]jTT n+kMjT >+~ eed *d |#jT&+ e\q jT+D
deTqj k~ksTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A A D
n&q*H VsHqT <>\T \T>Cd < bs |jTq VsH
n m+<T n+{sT? MT b<jTT& n& \TdT+&.
$Hfi>+<T \ eedq T n+kM eed ( ) n+{sT. $Hfi
>+<T\T, n$ d$+# VsH\ $es\T |{ e&sTT.
|{`2: n+'ke >+<T\T
$Hfi>+~ |sT +& kq+ d$+# VsH VsH |ue+ e\q Xs+ #| |d+<q
|jTw>+~ yT<&T n&T>T 1. ke{|H meTT\ |sT>T<\
u>+ 2. <s{|H <ssTT& >+~|q
3. >H&{|H eTTc\T eT]jTT d ;X\|q
4. n&H] n&q sqT |sTdT+~
{| VsH
5. \{H+> |sTw\ fkdsH d$+#T
d\ n+&s+Z , sdt \{jT yT n_e~,
bdsH d$+#T
6. b* |sTw\ XD\
deTT{+> d\ >|jTH |{\ n_e~, kH
d$+#T, b\ eT]jTT d$+#T
<ssTT& >=+T <sH k<sD |sT>T<\ sT eT]jTT
JejT\|q
d ;X+ <s+ +< 1. bCdsH >sXjT+ |sT>T<\, |+&|k|q,
dq>+<T\ n_e~
2. kH {e\jT+ |sT>T<\
28 sE\ TTT#+ jT+D
eTTc\T eTTw>DT\T fkdsH |sTw\ eTTK+|q y+T\ |sT>T<\
+&s\ n_e~, +sds+ esT
+ |esq,
|sTw + nejTy\ n_e~
n&q eT|+&+|q n&q*H V<jT d+<qqT |+#&+.
s+ #s X |+#&+.
V<jT <eT yk, +{b|
yk |+#&+.

A A E
H& eed eT]jTT n+ke eed <s jT++#& = $<T\qT
+, y{ C_qT jsT #jT+&.
|q'XsD j++ ( )
y+|&q |&T *> <> |esq qT C| + #T +&. |+ eq|&T,
<>+ *q|&T m&q*H VsH s+ me> $&T<\eT+~.
|+ m+ deTjT+ +T+< >eT+#s?
|+ m+<T >TZT+~?
|+ me deTjT+ +f @eTeT+~?
|+ d\* |jT. s+ m&q*H me> $&T<q|&T
|+ meeT+< eTq \TdT. s+ n&q*H ksTT\T >T Z T q eT+H
|+ L& >TZ e] k<sD d ek+. n+f s+ m&q*H ksTT\T
|] |+ e+{ eqd dT\T @s&jT #|e#T.
s+ m&q*Hme> $&T<\sTT JejT \| m+{ |u e+ +T+~?
s+ #s k<sD ksTT +f myq|&T s+ me qT*H
$&T<\eT+~. #s X+ k<sD ksTT eq|&T qT*H $&T<\
ZbT+~. n+<T eTq Xs+ $Hfi >+<T\T $&T<\ #d VsqT\T
jT$T |]eD+ Xs+ eT k<sD $<T \T sV+#& nedse TesTT.
B ns+ eTq Xs+ VsH\ eT]jTT $&T<\qT eTB]+#
jT++>+ +&*.
n+kMjT >+<T\T $&T<\ #d VsH\ |]eD+ eT]jTT deTjT+
eTq Xs+ n+sZ + > ]yT q |qXsD j++ ( )
jT+dT+~. H&eed>, n+'ke eed> @~ $&$&> | #jTe.
s+&T *d deTqjT+ jT+D jT bZ+{sTT.
yTT\ jT+D
yTT\T B|q\ m |d+~ksTT?
eTq Xs+ jT+D jT++>+ m |#dT+< \TdTH+ <!
yTT\ L& Te+{ jT+D eed +<? q + <s
\TdT+<+.
+`4
n| |\qT eTTT= |\T m |d+~kj #&+&. eTq+
eTTTq|&T |\T eTT&T#THj? @ ~X eTT&T#THsTT?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

A A F
|+-18: n|
MT \Tk?
yTyk|P& |e++ n&T>T u>+ uT>qTq yT{ \+ e+{ sD+
+T+~. B | ( ) n+{sT. M{ D\ me> D+s neX\T eT]jTT
me yTT+ sT +T+~. { |&q+ e\q | qT \Te> +#TT+~. n|
yTT dsHd #\H ( ) #|dT+~. B dsqTesq+ (
) n+{sT. eTq+ \qT eTTTq|&T $<TY |#<H\T nesTT.
|#<H\T yTT VsH\| |uy #|sTT. VsH\ e\q |s+ H\
<>Zs> q uT | sT |+ ys u>\y| e\d yfiT+~. n+<Te\q |
>{<H T+~. <|*+> eTT&T#T= bT+~. 20`30 $Tc\ sy
| sT ] #s&+ e\q n~ >{|& \T ] \Te> essTT.
B|q \ |d+<q\qT #| yTT\ <VsD\T eT]=+{ sjT+&.
r>\T *q yTT\T <s #TT+ |sT>TsTT. n$ n m+<T
|sT>TsTT? M{ L& B|q\ #| |d+<q\T n #|e#?
yTT\T eT]jTT +Te\T s+&T L& eT |]ds\ B|q\
|d+<q\qT #|ksTT. |d+<q\ rsT yTT\ +Te\
ysTysT> +{sTT.
|< +Te\ H& eed eT]jTT n+kM eed +&&+ e\q n$
B|q\ |d+~ksTT. yTT\ ]wyTq n+kM eed>,
H&eed> <T. yTT\ VsH\ <s jT++# j++ +~.
yTT\T +, sT, w+, ds, &, >TsTsD, skjTH\T yTT<q
B|q\ nqT>TD+> |d+~ksTT. yTT\ VsH\qT |{ VsqT
(|{ n+f yTT\T n ns+) n+{sT. $ |q *|q B|q\ |d+<q\qT
jT+ksTT. |{ VsH\T yTT\ |sT>T<\ d++~+q @< n+X
jT+d deTqjT+ #dT + {sTT. { M{ |sT>T<\qT jT++# |<s\
L& n+{sT. +~ |{ = eTTKyTq |{ VsqT e&sTT.
A A G
|{`3 : yTT\ VsqT\T
VsqT\T |j>\T
nudd eT+ |s+<\T eTdT=qT, $H\ dTbed
H D+ |sT>T<\ eT]jTT +&+, ysT $u<q+.
d{H D$uqqT |s|+#&+. bs s\T |sT>T<\qT |s|+#&+.
\Ts\+& #jT&+. |s+<\T sT#T=H $<+> #jT&+.
<H |\T | se&+.
s*qT $H\ n+s. s\T yTT\&+. +&+ b&ee&+. |w+#&
|s |+#&+ . $H \T | \ n_e~. s\T eT]jTT $H \ dTbedq T
=\+#&+.
$H\ dTbedqT >T]+ MT b<jTT #]+#+&
+`5
>E C& rdT= eT{ +|+&. C& >& n+#T y+& +&
&T $H H+&. #jT&+ e\ $q+ yTT\& +&+
eT]jTT ysT |sT>T<\qT #&e#T. 4`5 sE\ sT y $H \T yTT\&
eTq+ >eTk+. C& dss |+&. +&+, ysT m |sT>TT+<
|]o*+#+&. yTT H\T><T \T eq sTy +& n&+>
|&T u{q T> de+s+ > +#+&. ys+ sE\bT ysT eT]jTT
+&+ |sT>T<\qT |]o*+#+&..
+&+ ys+ sy de+s+>H |sT>TTq<?
+&+ jTT @ u>+ u> |]+~? @ u>+ |sT>T<\ <T?
esT rdT=e+~ @$T e u$dTHe?
+ n_eTTK+> yTT m<>& >eT+#+&. yTT |sT>T<\
|+-19:
sDyTq H\T e+q +&+|q mTe+{ |uy #|THj
+y| e+>T
+ nqTesH |<]d B|q m |d+<q\T #|THj
|]o*+#+&.
+ k +& u>+|q me H\T #s&+ e\q u>+ D\T
y>+> |sT>TsTT. < es u>+ D\T HeT~> |s>&+ e\q +&+
e+>TT+~.
e+q eT]jTT \Te> q +& u> d]+#+&. s+&T u>\
n&TqT d<] |]o*+#+&.
MTsT uV#s D\ s+ @yTH esT >eT+#s?
#sdt &]H eT]jTT n =&T bdt &]H L& + nqTesq+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A A H
( ) | = |j>\T #XsT. yTT +&+ =qu>+ b+s
e# ( ) dbs+>qTq qT|s eTd +#sT. yTT
| qT+& + k $<+> dss neTssT. n|&T n+s+ e+>&+
nH | \DyTMT q&<T. sTy dbs| qT|s >T+&
+ |d]+|#dq|&T yTT ~X e+>&+ ]+~. B <s+>
n+s+|q bs + k #dq |&T @< |u e+ |q T+& +~ |d] +#&+
e\q yTT e+| sDeTeTq< ysT s]+#sT.
1926 jT|t.&T. y+{ nH &#Y e Xs <s
Xdy yTT\ e+| sDeTeTq @<
|uy ysT|s#&+ d|T\jsT. zT
<q| n+s+ jTT b+s+ e# ]+#&T.
+&+ =q|q n>sY n>sY eTTq |{ >+d|
n> +#&T. sTy n>sY n>sYqT q q
|+-20: y+{ |j>+
|f\T> ]+#&T. | |f e+{ n>sY =&T>T
]+q yTT +&+|q y| +& |{&T. sTy y{ N{>~
+#&T. >+ sTy b+s+ n>sY |{q u> s+&e y|q ]wyTq
e+| q&+~. |+`20 |]o*+#+&.
b+s e#+ d++<+ n>sY +&+ =qu>+ mTe+{ e+|qT
|<]+#<T. n>sY eTT +q u>+y| =~> e+| q&+~.
|j>+ <s+> y+{ }V++<$T+f b+s e#+ =qu>+
esT skjT B|q e\q ]+< skjT B|q\ qT n
|sT |{&T. $<+> y+{ H nH yTTyTT<{ yTT VsHqT
qT>=q>*>&T.
yTT\ nqTesH\T ( )
| |j>\ <s+> eTq+ >eT++<$T+f yTT u>\T uV
B|q \ Hq |&T #\H |<] ksTT. Te+{ #\H\qT nqTesq #\H\T
( ) n+{sT. = d+<s\ B|H\ ~X #\q ~XqT
s]dT+ ~. eT]= deTj\ #\q ~X B|q \ ~XqT s]+#<T . Te+{
|d+<q\qT Hd #\H\T ( ) n+{sT.
{ <>sZ |sT>TTq r> yTT |sT>T<\qT >eT+#+&.
r>\T +&+ + kTq y| |sT>TT+&& MTsT
> e T+# e # T . y T T \T + nqT L \+>
|d+~+#& + nqTesq + ( ) n+{sT.
ysT u$Ty| |sT>TT+< eTq \TdT. n+f yTT\T
|+-21: qT*r>\T
A A I
>TsTsD \+y|> |d+~ksTT. B >TsTqTesq+ ( )
n+{sT.
sfiflqT>, >&\qT> n+{|T= |]> yTT\ ysT ssTT < >&y|
qT+& <s+> H\ sT q b++y| |sT>TT+{sTT. Te+{ |d+<qqT
{ nqTesq+ ( ) n+{sT.
qT* r>\ dsyTq #\H #k+. # yTT\T + nqTesH
nqT>TD+> |d+~ksTT. <djT, sjT e+{ r>\ +&+
\Vq+> +& dq> +&&+ # | m>u<T. qT* r>\T yTTqT \Te>
|s>& <V<+ #ksTT. m>u yTT\ qT* r>\T dq>, b&e>
<s\ e~]> +&+|q +& dq sD\T @<H <s+y| |] <
#TT |qydT +{sTT. ds < &+ e\q *> |d+<q\qT dsqTesq +
( ) n+{sT.
|w+ jTT n+&XjT u> sT#d rjT> +T+~. d\T
eTs+<+ =s |w+ #TT s>& C|+ #T+&. |+ #+~q >+
jT |<s d$dT+~. skjTq |<s+ >+| |&q |s>sDTe\
B|q \T>CdT+~. B|q\ |s>sDTe\T |d+~+ yTT\TsTT.
|s>Hfi+ |s>sDTe qT+ jT\T<] |\BsD+ =s n+& #sTT+~.
Te+{ skjT |<s\ |d+<q\qT skjTqTesq+ (
) n+{sT.
\ |<\T
|#<q+, |d+<q, H&D+, XHD+, ++, H&d+~, CqH&T\T
(n_yVH&T\T), #\ H&T\T (n|yVH&T\T), nkdjTwH H&T\T, +<H&eed,
yT<&T , yqTbeTT, yT+dt, eTdw yTsT<e+, |]BjT H&eed, b\ H&T\T, Xs T H&T\T,
n+'ke >+<T\T, VsqT\T, |q'XsD jT++>+, e VsqT\T, Hd #\H\T,
nqTesq #\H\T, >TsTqTesq+, dsqTesq+, skjTqTesq+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
eTq Xs+ $$< $<T\qT n+ke eed eT]jTT H& eed \d deTqjT+ #ksTT eT]jTT
jT+ksTT.
H& eed |d+<q\qT eT&T s\T> $uksTT. |rs |#s\T, jT+ njT+
#s\T.
eqe H& eedq T s +&T $u>\T> n< jTq+ #k+. 1) +BjT H& eed, 2) |]BjT H& eed.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
A A O
+BjT H& eed eqe yT<&T eT]jTT yqTbeTT +{sTT. |]BjT H& eed s+&T s\T
1) djT+#~ H&eed 2) jT+ H&eed
djT+#~ H& eed s +&T s\T 1) dV qTu H& eed 2) dV qTu |sH & eed |sd s
u es #s\ y sDu\T.
H& D+ H& eed jTT j eT]jTT sD |eD+.
H&D+ qT+& eTs= H&D |#<q+ |kseTjT u> H&d+~ n+{sT.
VsqT u>+ nsTT eTs= u>+ y[fl eTT nqTq \ k~ksTT.
|q'XsD jT++>+ ( P Q ) VsH\ #s\qT jT+dT+~.
Q R S T U V W Q U X T Y Z [ W
yTT\ ]w B|H\T }< +, skjTH\ e\q |d+<q\ e\q ]> #\H\qT ( \ ] ^ _ Z U
W ^ ` ) n+{sT.
Q W Q Y \
yTT\ VsH\ |sT>T<\qT |u$+ < s~+# VsqT, H\T, s*qT |sT>T<\qT
|u$+ #d nudd eT+ |sT>T<\qT s~dT+~.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~ U\ dsq de#s sjT+&.( a b c )
yTTq*q edTe| yqTbeTT de#s
\T |&+ $Xw+ \T
C#jT&+
2. T> |#jT&+ e\q eTq Xs+ $$< $<T\qT sV+#>\T>TT+< MTsT nqT+THs?
nsTT <VsD $e]+#+&.( ) a b c
3. MT Xs+ n+ke eed eT]jTT H& eed deTqjT+> |#dT+<q& =

<VsD*e+&.( ) a b c
4. MTsT #b>T #d |<X+ >T+& yfiHsqT+&. MTsT y+H eTT eTdT+{sT. jT

]> d+|Tq\qT 1`5 es n$ ]> eT+ neTs+&.( ) a b c
m) mH es $<TY |#<H\T, skjTH\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.

_) &+&{ D\| #]q B|H\T skjT #s\T $<TY |#<H\qT #ksTT.
d) $<TY |#<H\T D<V+ mH <s |+|ksTT.
&) skjTH\T dH|tqT <{ sy qsH #ssTT. n< $<+> nH $<TY |#<H\T
nH qsqqT <TsTT.
) es> qsH qT+& $&T<q |#<q+ >+~ y| #s&+ e\q #&T ydqqT >T]+#&
eT]jTT +&s D\T eTTqT eTdTe& |j>|&sTT.
5. dH|t n+f @$T{? de#s |ks+ ~ @$<+> |j>|&TT+~. ( ) a b c
6. +~ y{ eT<>\ &\qT sjT+&.( ) a b c
n) B|q eT]jTT |d+<q

) n|yV eT]jTT n_yV H&T\T
) +BjT H& eed eT]jTT |]BjT H& eed
) >V+ eT]jTT |ue+
A C B
7. yTT\ + nqTesq+ m sT>TT+~?( ) a b c
8. yTT\T B|q\ m |d+~kj <VsD*e+&.( ) a b c
9. yTT\ ysT + esK+> |sT>TjTH $wj #|+#& |j > d+#+&.( ) a b c
10. MT Xs+ VsH\ |ue+ e\q q& esT\ <VsD*e+&.( ) a b c
11. sD H&D+, k<sD D+ +f @ $<+> _qyTq~? $e]+#+&.( ) a b c
12. H&D sD+ |#<H\ |ks nqTe> +<? $Xw+#+&.( ) a b c
13. eqe&T *yq +Te. $<yTq sj se& >\ sD\T #]+#+&.( ) a b c
14. # +& H&D H * +& H&D H H q~. B e m deT]ke?( ) a b c
15. nH |#<H\ dqT |<e+TH |rs #s\T #|+. eTq Xs+ >\ n<TyTq
jT+ eed >T]+ e @eTqT+THe?( ) a b c
16. +~y jT+, |rs#s nud |rs #s\qT >T]+#+&.( ) a b c
m) fifl s&+ _) fT\T T&e&+ d) usT ysTT+#&+

&) H{ Vs+ |T>H \+ }s+ ) $|yT q X+ $q|&T #e\T eTdT&+.
17. +& yTTqT MT >~ { |q + @+ sT>TT+~?( ) a b d
18. eTq Xs+ #s\+{ yT<&T jT+d @+ sT>TT+~?( ) a b d
19. &sYqT *dq|&T eT>+~ >] mTe+{ d+<V\T n&T>Te?( ) a b d
20. +& q yTT eT\+ eT{ |&b+& @sT#d, < \+<T\T> y&BjT+&. MT
|]o\q\ <s b{{|yTqT $e]+#+&.( ) a b e
21. | qT rdT MT Xs+ $$\qT < +&. MT Xs+ n+ dTyTq u>
>T]+#+&. ~+# deTjT+ L& <$<+> +T+<?( ) a b e
22. yTT n>u >+ njT VsqT\ >T]+ n< jTq+ #jT & e @ |< nqTd]ke?( ) a b e
23. yqTbeTT jT++# #s\ >T]+ MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ qT+& $es\T d]+#+&.( ) a b f
24. +~ y\qT #<e+&. $Hfi>+<T\ |qT\ b\+&.( ) a b f
m) Je\T |syqH skjTq |<s\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.

_) $ Hfi>+<T\ qT+& ky\T y\e&& d>> |#ksTT.
d) = CT\ $ skjTq ysVsT\T
&) H{>\T Vs+ \ueTjT |<X s H{>\qT ]+#& |seqqT |jksT.
25. MT bsX \ >+<\jT+ qT+& < n+s+ qT+& b\ H&T\T eT]jTT yqTH&T\ d++~+q
de#s+ d]+#+&.( ) a b f
26. ++`&+&{, &+&{`&+&{ eT< nqTd+<q+ #d |{ ^jT+&. $ $<+> m+<T

nqTd+<q+ #jT& +{sTT?( ) a b g
27. yT<&T |+ ^d u>\T >T]+, yT<&T m s+#&TT+< $e]+#+&.( ) a b c
28. e sB> +& M~ q&TdTq|&T nkT> |< X+ $|++~. |]d Xs+

nejTy\ eT< @$<+> deTqjT+ sT>TT+~. d+<s $e]+# sU ^jT+&.( ) a b g
29. H&D+ y&qT dsq |<s\qT |j+ jsT#jT+&.( ) a b g
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

A C A
30. yT<&T |+^ u>\qT >T]+#+&.( ) a b g
31. MT dV<sTT s> >~ #d |qT\qT 45 $Tc\T >eT+#+&. |qT\ jT+ #s\T,
njT+ #s\T @$?( ) a b g
32. qT*r>\T <s #TT= r>| b+ >eT+#&+ V+> +T+~. n+X* e m

n_q+~ke?( ) a b h
33. VsqT ]wyTq |<X+, ]wyTq | sV+#& $&T<\esTT. B| # yUq+

sjT+&.( ) a b i
34. d>+& bsTT& nH eTH$Cq Xdy yT<&T ` \\ >T]+ #dq |]X<q\| de#s+ d]+
dH u deyX+ #]+#+&. ( ) a b i
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. yT<&T n|+ `````````````````````````````````````
2. s+&T H&D\T *du>+ ```````````````````````````````````
3. yTT n+\ (+&>+, ysT n>+) D\ b&e eT]jTT $u<qeTT\ sDyTq VsqT
````````````````````````````````````
4. <sH | ````````````````````````````````````
5. s*H eT]jTT qT yTT |sT>T<\ dV]d, nudd eT+ yTT |sT>T<\qT s~dT+~.
= d+|Tq\T +< e&sTT. M{ @ VsH nedseTeT+~? m+<T?
n) e* q |<|< <*j yTT\qT |+#& bw\bT ``````````````````````
VsH y&&T.
) b{ yTT\ =eT\T eT+<+> es& ``````````````````````````````````` VsH y&*.
) $H\qT Bs\+> \ #jT& ``````````````````````````````````` VsH y&*.
) +&+ =qu>+ ]+q sy bs yTT>Z\T |s>& `````````````````````` VsH y&*.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&

1. e q uyyX\| jT+D j&T. yT<&T @ u>+ |#jT&+ <T.
m) eTdw+ _) <s>s+ d) eT<yT<&T &) nqTeTdw+
2. n| \T eTT&T#T&+ e\q ]> u+.
m) sDqd+j>jT >Z&+ _) yTd +Te\ qT+& sD
d) yTT VsqT\ $&T<\ &) |sT>T<\ jT+D
3. eT<TyTV d++~+q >+~.
m) <ssTT& _) eT+ d) n~e &) |jTw

A C C
bs+
6
|T ` |qsT< eed
yTT\T, +Te\T sTy s\qT #jT&+ <s y{ C

=qk+#& |T ( ) nH JejT nedseTeT+~.
m
e\+ eTqT>& =qk+#& |T |j >|& T T+< MTsT u$dTH s?

m
Je\T m |sT>TsTT? < >\&+ e+{ d+<s\ b&bsTTq,

=\+|&q D\ kq+ m u neT+~? +<Td+ |j>|&
@<H | |T $<q+ +<?
Je\T |T <s sTy s #ksTT. = s\ Je\T
ysTysT |]dT ysTysT s\T> |T sT|sTT. <VsD
bsMTwjT+ +{ Je\T nqTL\ |]dT ~<$ <s s+&T |\
Je\qT #dT+~. |jT # y>+> s>&+ b me d+K
Je\T nesTT. |L\|]dT s+&T |sMTwjT+\T <>Zs> #]
+< |<s\qT |sds+ esT #dT+{sTT (d+jTT>+). n+<Te\ @s&
Je\T, |L\ |]dT\qT T>*q$> +{sTT.
|T |f deTjT+ J$ qT+& J$ esT+T+~. = s\
Je nqTL\ |]dT\Tq|&T |T y>+> sT>TT+~.
Je\ |T m+ y>+> sT>TT+< \TdTH+<T +~ |j>+
#<+.
+`1
b\ u]j e~ #+<&+
|sT>T jse& ud\dt u]j &&TT+< eTq \TdT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D j k l
30 #+#\ >sT y# b\qT H rdT+&. < #+# |sT>TqT
\|+&. eTs= H n+ |]eD+ #\ b\qT rdT |sT>T \|+&.
s+&T H\ MT< eT |{ deTj qy<T #jT+&. | >+ k]
|sT>T jsq~ ~ |]o*+#+&. |sT>T >{ |&T +&&+ u]j\
deTV\T |sT>TTHjTq& d++. s+&T H\ |sT>T jse&
|f +#+&.
m
s+&T H\q deTj |sT>T jssTT+<?

m
dqT |sT>T +& u]j deTV\T 30 dq b\T |sT>T>

es&+ e\ u]j 30 sT |]>jT #|e#?
es\+ = s\ \ deTV\T qT+& |eTe&+ #
Xs+> +T+~ < ! # s\ \ J$ #+ =~ H\H |Pse T+~.
dt, u]j, m\T\T, e\T, @qT>T, eTqTw |T |f deTjT+
ed+ +T+< #|e#?
|T +, n+ $<H\ sT>TT+< +~ s>T\
\TdTHsT <! d+j> ;C\ \sTT +& e\+ q J$
|yTjT+H ]> |T n+ |T n+{sT. B >T]+ eT]=
$wj\qT |]o*<+.
n+ |T ( )
n+ $<q+ |T $$< s\T> sT>TT+~. Je\T ]| n+
|T $<H\qT |]o*<+.
$ ( )
bsMTwjT+, u]j e+{ @ DJe\T s+&T < n++f
me eTT\T> $&be&+ <s |T sT>TT+~. $ k<sD+>
@s| * +{sTT. ~ k<sD+> kwe+> sT>TT+~.
bsMTwjT+ s+&T> $&be& ~<$ n, n++f me
|+-1: u>\T> $&b < VQ<$ n n+{sT. bsMTwjT+
bsMTwjT+ $ e+{ Je\ s#T> $<q+H |T sT>TT+~.
m
|sT>T jsjT eT+ u]j @$<+> $uq #+~+<

MTsT u$dTHsT?
sueq+ ( )
q J$ Xs+ qT+& ny b*\ q sD+ jT
|sT>TT+~. n~ q J$ qT+& ys d++> J$dT+ ~. <VsD
|+-2: dt sueq+ dt sueq+.
j k n
10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed

eTT\>T ( )
= Je\T q J$ Xs K+&\ qT+& L& |s>>\e.
Xs+ @ K+&yT H yTT+ Xs @ssTdT+ ~. Te+{ $<q+
e\+ #<T qT |sT>T\T, y\T\T, qT, d s>s e+{ dsfi J e\
eyT sT>TT+~. Je\T + |T L& sT|>\e.
Xe \T, +<\T, = s\ yTT\ ~ k<sDyTq |T
$<q+> +T+~. |+-3: d s>s
$qsV |\T < nw |\H\T ( )
|dT \+ eTq+ $qsV |\T ns{, < yTT<\>T |+&qT
n_e~|s#>*>+. B + |T $<q+ n+ |T $<q+>
esT #+<&+ e\q ]> #s.
m
~ m sT>TT+< MTsT u$dTHsT?

~ | dVd<+> sT>TT+~. + |T
]| J$ =k] syTq n+ |T >TseT+~.
B |jT Ty T q \D \Tq Je\qT b+<+<T |j dTH +.
k<sD+> $<q+ n+&+ jTsD $uq eT]jTT
|\BsD+ #+<+&H d+jTT ;+> n_e~ #+<TT+~.
m
B q Je\T s+& bZ+{j? |+-4: $qsV |\+

$<q+ @s& |\ Je\T <jTd\T ( )> +{sTT. b]HCddt
+ | ]| Je L& sT>TT+~. n++& s{|s #+~q
+Te e\+ b]HCHddt $<q+ jTsD $uq ] |\BsD
]H, s>bsTTH n+&+ n_e~ #+<TT+~. @ d |\ Je eT>
Je\T>qT, <jTd +f n$ & Je\T> n_e~ #+<TsTT. Te+{
$+ |T $<q+ H{>\T, NeT\T, +~>\ |dT+~. M{ n+
eT]jTT + |T $<H\qT <<|> k] >eT+#e#T. b]HCHd d t
]| yTT\T, +Te\ >T]+ MT b<jTT #]+#+&. ys yKqT
jsT #jT+&.
|qsT ( )
|P]> $u<q+ #+~q nH Je\ eT Xs K+&\
qT+& qq J$ # keTs+ \<T. n~ m n+f @<H
sD+ e\ J$ be&+ < eTT\e&+ ],
K+&\ | eTT = J$> |sT>TT+~.
m
|qsT |jT qT eTT\e&+> |s=qe#? m+<T?

|+-5: |H]j |qsT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D j k o
m
@ syTq $ |jT e deTjT+ me deTV\qT

#jT& |j>|&TT+~?
m
+q \D \T >]w+ > s{\+f @ s| n+ $<q+ nqTL\yTq ~?

XFjT y| ( )
q ksTT yTT\ dV+> < eT+> XFjT |< |T
sT>TT+~.
m) dVyTq XFjT |T
|\T: sDb\ e+{ yTT\ \ n+#T\ y+& qq yTT\T |sT>TsTT.
+&\T: sqsY\T, kq e+{ \Vq yjTT> +&\T H\qT qsTT
|+-6: sDb\ n& qT+& |#T ysT n_e~ #+<TsTT. yfi q yTT qT+& u>+
$&bsTTqsTT => @s&q ys dVjT+ = yTT\T> |sT>TsTT.
+&+ <s ]| yTT\ = <VsD\T >eT<+.
kqT ` eT, ku \XH\T ` * =eTT\T ` |dT|, n\+ <T+| `
+>fi<T+|.
ysT: &*j, eTT\+, s{ yTT<\>T y{| |]> qq yTT>Z\T |\T
*q +& u>\T> |sT>TsTT.
\Xq+ <T+| k\H +<+ ysT

|+-7
_) eT XFjT y|
#<q+ ( )
q yTT qT+& s+ *q yTT u> ysT
#dq |&T #< q u>+ qT+& = yTT> |sT>TT+~.
#< q + #dq u> & H\ H{*. =~ sE\
|+-8: #<q+
ysT @s&, yTT>Z\T |] = yTT> |sT>TT+~.
<: +, >T_, eT+<s.
n+T = ( )
yTT d+ D| nsTTH * q XKqT H\y|
e+, =+ u> >TsT jT |+#T> eT{ b*.
=~ \+ sy | +q u>+ qT+& = ysT
|+-9: n+T= nesTT. n|&T =eTqT q yTT qT+& ysT#j*. yfiflqT
j k p

#dq u>+ = yTT> n_e~ #+<TT+~. <: eT, >HsT.
n+TT ( )
+<T s +&T yTT\qT <>sZ > #]q|&T s +&+{ +&\T
*dbsTT yTT> |sT>TsTT. B H\ |sT>TTq
yTTqT k n, ys yTT qT+& ysT #jT &q ysT u>
djH n n+{sT. k, djH s+&+{ b*BH +
| |] q <s+ {*. y+#jT \D\T >\ yTT\qT
b+<+<T n+Tf $<H |jksT. s |<T\T
q|{ n+Tf $<H m+<T |jdTHs |&T
\TdT+<+. <: e$T&, eT |+-10: n+TT
MT s+&T s\ |+&qT d #T HsTT nqT+<+. #T
|<$, e |+&# \D+ +~. nsTT |+&T sT> HsTT. +=
#T q~, sT |+&qT n~ d+K dT+~.
m
M{ @~ u< jT+> +&& @jT \D \qT m+| #dT +{e?

m
y+ \D\Tq yTT\qT #j\+f @ syTq XFjT y|

|j>|&TT+~?
m
sueq+ < $ < eTT\>T $<qyT<H, @s&q = Je\T

q Je\qT b* +{sTT. ~ yTH? m+<Te\q?
MT \Tk?
#<q+, n+T&+ yTT<q $<H\ <s y|
#+< yTT\ <VsD\T ns{, nHd, H]+, <,
>T_ yTT<\>Tq$. yD k+|<jT |<T\
< T \T> n< T H q eT XFj | < T q
DC\esH |jdTHsT. DC\esq+ e\+
yTT\ = D\T < DC, yTT |sT>T<\
s\T * q esq jq+ +q|&T n$ = yTT\T> |sT>TsTT. $<q+
y\ d+K yTT\qT e \ ee~ |+#e#T. B DC\ esq+ n+{sT.
n+T&+ s+&T yTT\ y+ \D\qT *|+<T neX+

\T>TT+~. n+T&+ <s djqT # =+<s> |P\qT, |+&qT
#dT+~.
eT XFjT , |jH\T`qc\T >T]+ de#s MT bsX\
>+<\jT+ qT+& < n+s\+ qT+& d]+ s> >~ #]+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D j k q
d<;C\T @s&T
k<sD+> [bTq |\ MT<, \Te q s=f eTT\|H, s
\Te Vs |<s\|q \ <s\ e+{ eT]jTT q\ b&sT e+{ |<s\qT
eTq+ >eT+# +{+. < MTsT eTTTq|&T q\ |<s+ MT #
yfiqT n+T+T+~. ~ sC|dt nH +<+ qT+& nsTTq |T
|<s+. MTsT 8e s> dJe\ ||+#+ nH bs+ B >T]+
HsT= HsT.
sC|dt e+<\ d+K dyTq |T u>\qT #dT+~. M{H
d<; C\T n+{sT. d< ;CXjT + ( ) |*q|&T d<; C\T ( )
>* y|ksTT. d<;C\T Vs+|>, H\|> |&sTT. nq> eT,
q+ c> e+{ nqTL\ |]dT\T \_+qsTT n$ = sC|dt\T>
|sT>TsTT. # es sC|dt, eTsY, u]j, |sY e+{ |w+#
yTT\ < |< |T sT|+{sTT.
>
|j X\ +
+`2
sC|dtqT < k<sD EqT d<] dVjT+ |+#\+f <
eTq+ jT$T |]dT\ k++> |+#*. +<Td+ u&qT>, s=fqT>,
|\T> < Ls>jT\T > |j+#e#T. E |s>& 4`10
sE\ deTjT+ |&TT+~. (m\ sDeTjT E |+#&+ eT+~ <T.
B e\q reyTq k >T]e#T.)
|+-11(m): s=fMT< |sT>TTq sC|dt |+-11(_): d<] sC|dt |+-11(d): sC|dt d<;CXjT+
s=fqT >+bT sTjT +#&+ e\ < e\dq k+$T
|<s\qT >VdT+~. s=fqT bd d+ +, <| { \]+#+&.
n~ eTqT >V dT+ ~. |&T d+ |\ =+ >* +& <s+ eTT&yj T +&.
d+ $T> Vs |<s\ <s+>, N{ eT]jTT y# > +& |<X +
+#*. k<sD+> e+ >~ bsTT <>Zs> +& n\eTs B d]jTq
|<X+. < { <>Zs d+|q |fifl+ u]+ +#e#T. eT |<X\ E
u> |sT>TT+~. s+&T eT&T sE E |s>&+ yTT< { s+&T
ys\ |P] ksTT |sT>TT+~.
j k r

|r s+&T sE\=k] < |d, m+&b+& =+ { #\T
+&*. d+ e+ see<T. yfi s=fqT #T\ |TqsTT MT
#T\T Xu+> &T>Ty*. e\dq+ E @s& d&qT d<+ #d
d<] dVjT+ #&*. |&T MT \ <s\ e+{ sD\T
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d
;X+ s<\ |\BsD deTjT+
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q eT<TDC nT+T+~. nTq y+H
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v u w
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& &, bw\T, es |<s\T $dsD |< <s syD #jT&sTT.
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<e+ n_e~ #+<TTq |+& <e+ eTqT n+~+#&yT +& q
q j+ n|\ qT+& L& sD *dT+~.
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*d |+& sjTTe *| Hfi @ssTksTT. HfiH H_ sEe
( ) n+{sT. ~ |+& sjTTe *| s Hfi\qT *
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3 H\\ qT+& |+& uD+ ( ) n |\TksT. |+&+ |P]> n_e~
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X qq+
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u> H_ n+{+. Xqq+ sy
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|\ BsD + s +&TksT s>& ~|\ BD+ ( ) n+{sT.

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nH Xdy |b~+#&T. ~ D$uq <s ]> qq D\
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nw |\q+, ]+#T, sueq+, n+TT, >|+>, k, djH, DC\esq+,
eTsT, \+, H_&T, deT$uq, jTsD $uq, =e{&T, yCyT\T, uDV,
`msTT&, ydMT, uMT.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
1. C XX+> eT]jTT s+s+> =qk>T |T # neds+.
2. |T s+&T s\T` + eT]jTT n+ |T.
3. + |T q qT+& d>+ qTe\T d+ n+~+#&sTT.
4. d+j>+, yTT>Z =&> +, eTT\T e&+, |qsT, d<; C\ yTT<\>Tq$ n+ |T
s\T.
5. # yTT\T +&+, ysT , \T yTT<q XFjT u>\ <s L& = yTT\qT #dT +{sTT.
<H XFjT |T n n+{sT.
6. eTyTq XFjT |T m+ ] beTTK \<T.
7. DC\esq+ yTT\qT |+#T qT>=q&q <T |jT. |jT <s e d\+
eT]jTT e deTjT+ n~ d+K yTT\qT |+#e#T.
8. >|+> |< <s sTq \D\T >\ yTT\qT #jTe#T.
9. q esZ #+~q +Te\ + |T |+> n_e~ #+~q nejTy\T |sTw
eT]jTT d |T eed\ <s sT>TT+~.
10. Je neds+ yTs D\qT d]#jT& ( ) < |#jT D\ kq+ = D\qT

#jT& eT]jTT d+j>;C\ d+ D$uq #+<TsTT.

11. D$uq s+&T s\T> sT>TT+~. m) deT$uq < Xs D $uq _) jTsD $uq
< |T D $uq.
12. k<sD+> J$ <V sD+ bZH D\qT XsD\ d+j>;C\ d+
|j>|& D\qT qT D\T n n+{sT.
13. D$uq jTT D#+ ( eT]jTT ) <X\qT #&e#T
~ v ~ u
14. D#+ d+XwD <X ( <X) Bs\+ sT>TT+~. <XH qTe\T s{+| ( )

nesTT.
15. deT$uq |*+> @s&q |\ D yCyT\ d+K q\ d+K deq+> +T+~.
$uq |<eT <X, eT<d <X, #\q <X, n+ <X\T+{sTT.
16. D<e+ jTT $uqH D<e $uq ( ) n n+{sT.

17. jTsD $uq eD\ s+&TksT $uq ] H\T>T |\D\T @s&TsTT.

18. |T |jT Xs, eqd m<T>T<\ eT]jTT |P] s>+ m+ neds+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D j n s
19. + y<T\T y| #+< $<H\T eT]jTT y{ >T]+q jT<s\qT | sT \TdTy*q
eX \<T.
20. msTT& y~ <T. eq msTT& s+& H Jeq+ >&|&+ dsq esZ+.
21. |dT+ T+ jT+D nH >ss< esZ\T n+<TuT HsTT.
22. s>e+yTq de sD+ eTq | ] u<.
23. X qq+ H eTT+<T>H *+>ssD | #jT &+ # Hs+ . u DV\qT |&+ neds+ .
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. #| eT]jTT | +{ Je\T |k nd+UyT q n+&\qT $&T<\ #jT & >\ sD$T{?( )
2. uV |\BsD+ n+f @$T{ $e]+#+&. <VsD\T sjT+&.( )
3. +~y eT<>\ u<\qT sjT+&.( )
m) Xse[ ` n+&X+ _) deT $uq ` jTsD $uq

4. yTT |\BsD |jTqT >T]+ $e]+#+&.( )
5. n+ |T $<H\qT >T]+ q <VsD\ $e]+#+&.( )
6. + |T @$<+> n+ |T $u~dT+~? eT&T sD\T \+&.( )
7. XD\T y $<T\T s]+#& @$<yTq nqTL\H\qT b+~ HsTT?( )
8. |\BsD #+~q n+& >sXjT+ \T|e&+ d+ TTTke#+ |#d eT]jTT

|qseeTe +T+~. k<sD+> TTT#+ yTT<, |Pse m+ deTjT+ rdT+T+~?( )
9. >sXjT+ |sT>TTq |+& bwD neds+. |+& bw\T m n+~+#&sTT?( )
10. >sd Xe @jT |<s\qT * s+ qT+& >VdT+~?( )
11. >sXjT+ eT{ X+ ( ) jTT $~ @$T{?( )

12. + |T jTT u$T{?( )
13. JeCT\ jTT Hu \&/ XX+> \T#TdyT |T m dV]dT+~?( )
14. deT$uq eT]jTT jTsD $uq\ eT< u<\qT sjT+&.( )
15. TTTke deTjT+ >sXjT >& ]> esT$T{?( )
16. @D Je\ nqqTL\ |]dT\ deT$uq #+<TsTT

| yKqT deT]ks?( )
17. $ yfifl Hq ` s+>Ts+>T\ |P\T eT]jTT |<yq |\T >\ yTTqT |+#\qTH&T. MTsT
n d+# |< @$T{? m+<T?( )
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#d d <] +< |]o*+#+&. D$u q <X\ ueT\qT ^d, n$ @ <X #+~qy >T]+#+&.( )
19. MT <>sZ >e d+<]+, n& s T \T #s , #eT+, yTT<q |P\yTT\T, +>fi<T +|\T,
<=+&jT\T yTT<q Ls>jT\T yTT<q y{ m |+&dT H s n& \TdT+&. MTsT d]+q
de#s+ q y~ jsT#d, s> |<]+#+&.( )
j o t

20. deT$uq $$< <X\ L&q D#+ >T]+ b#sTqT jsT#jT+&.( )
21. |sTw eT]jTT d |T eed\ \qT ^d |sT sjT+&.( )

22. | |+ #|q yTT u>+ @$T{ >T]+#+&. <| yK sjT+&.( )
23. yTT\ ]> + |T b#sT s|+ *jTCjT+&.( )
24. yTT\ |\BsDqT $e]+#& # ^d |sT sjT+&.

>+
|s>sDTe >T]+ = n+X\qT sjT+&.( )
\+
25. yfi Je\ jTsD $uq s><qT+&. y |*\T @$<+>
n+&XjT+
+{sTT?( )
#+
26. Je+ XX &&TTq D$u qqT e @$<+ > n_q+~ke?( )
d+j>;+

27. + y<T\T y|+#+& rdTy*q C>\qT >T]+ MT

n_bj\qT sjT+&.( )
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2. XD+`n+&+ *d |jTqT @eT+{sT? ( )
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m) n+&+ me D\ * +T+~
_) |\BsD nq+s+ |sT>T<\ e*q bw |<s\qT * +T+~.
d) eT+<yTq De#\qT * +T+~ &) |< +< * +T+~.
6. +~y >sd Xe |sT>T<\| |uy #|qy$? dsq< mqT+&. ( )
m) d>s{ b> skjTH\T _) \V d) eT+<T\T &) |e
7. eqe J$ #+ <X\qT d+#T +~y @~ dsq~? ( )
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e<eT+ +q|&T 20 qT+& 24 >+\|q $uq
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|PseT+~. s+&T D$uq\ eT<>\ $se n+sX
( ) n+{sT. B 1, jTdt, 2 nH bed\T+{sTT.
D#+ $$< <X\qT \TdT& bT qsd+Vse
V D+ eT]jTT CqH\T D d+q |jT\qT |j+ s+&T D
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skjTq XD d+\ Bq+ eqT>+>, ~X sT>TjT >T]+#sT. jTq
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< >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.
swjT XsY kd seT+ ( ) d++~+q de#s d]+#+&.
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bs+
7
JejT\ deTqjT+
eqe Xs+ z n<T jT++. #&{ m+ k<sD+> |+H

m+ d+w sD * +T+~. MT Xs+ +& n<TyTq d+wqT
MTsT m|&H }V+#s? Je\ $$< JejTq XdjT, JsjT,
s|dsD, $dsq jT\qT sV+# nejTy\T Xs+ ]w |<X\
neT] +& y{ s+q |qT\qT sVksTT. +es eTq+ Xs+
]> $$< JejT\ >T]+ $&$&> #<TeH+. jT+D`deTqjT+
n<jT+ e+ Xs+ ]> = jT \T m jT+ |< T deTqjT+
#dT+ sT>Tj HsTH+. eTq+ ns+ #dT& M\T>
JejT \qT $&$&> |]o*kyT | @ JejT L& s jT \ d++<+
+& +]> |#jT<T. < { nH s\T> d++<\qT
@ss#T deTqjT+ |#ksTT. n<jT+ JejT\ JsjTqT
<VsD> rdT= $$< eed\ eT< d++<\T m+ d+w+> +{j
eT]jTT Xs+ JejT \T n+ n<T+ > m deTqjT+ #dT +{j
\TdT+<+. Js jT b\T|+#TH VsHfi+ u>\qT, Vs Hfi+
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>T+& |jDdT+< sjT+&.
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<s|& +{sTT.
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eed\ m deTqjT+ * +T+< $Xw<+. Jseed *yjT&+
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nqTd+<H $es+> HsT+<+.
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y+H eTq * ydTqT> n|dT+~. n> JsXjT+ U nsTTq|&T
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^*H ksTT |]q|&T * |#<H\b Vs+ H\H B|q ueq
\T>TT+~.
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m+{ jT+D\T * |#<H\| |ue+ #|sTT? n$ Vsq
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10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+

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|H ( ) nH eTs VsH d$+#& * nDydT+~.
k<sD+> |sp eTq+ ]wyTq yfiH Vs+ rdT+{+.
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rdT=H Vs+| eTq <<+ |u$eTeT+~.
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\TdT+<+.
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s|+ q|& dT\u+> \TdT>\+. H\T| $$<
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$Xw+ ydq eT]jTT sT >T]dT+~.
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sT \TdT& |j>|& H{ u>$?
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sT #&+&.

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eT]jTT n+*
n+* T \T ydT+{+. <s sT nqTu$k+.
+~ b#sT sT CH d++~+ m+{ esZ sdT+~?
sT eTT HsT H\T
yT<&T ydq >V\T \ >+<T \T sT >V\T
H{ \ >+<T\T |#jTb @+ sT>TT+~?

sT >V\T |#jTb eTq+ rdTH Vs+| < |ue+ m
+T+~?
HsT q$T jT++
yfi H{ = <+\T }&bjsTT nqT+& n|&T Vs+ qeT\&
nqTe> +T+<?
+`5
y>sY +q #|dt |j>+ <s eTq+ Vs m+<T qeT*?
Vs+ m $qeTeT+< \TdT+<+.
#|dt eTTqT s+&T eTT\T> #jT+&. eTTqT # qq
eTT\T> #jT+&. eTs= eTTqT n> +#+&. s+&T ;sT rdT+&. <
s +&T $Tqs y{sY u{fi fl rdT=, | u> ] +#+&. |&T +< $T*q
u>\qT ;sT> |j+#Te#T.
s+&T ;sqT d>+ es y>sY +|+&. < qq eTT\T>
b&#dq #|dtqT, eTs= < $T*q #|dtqT yjT+&. MT neT]qT
<|+& +#+&. >+ sTy ;sqT |]o*+#+&.


@ ;sT #|dt s> ]+~? eTT\T#dq #|dt u>e <
|P]> q #|dt u>e?
| |j >+ Vs j++> eTT\T #jT e\dq neds \T|T+~.
n+<T H{H Vs+ q q eTT\T> #jT&*. B e\q Vs|
|]\+ yX\+ |] JsjT dVjT|& |<s\ #s s|&
&&TT+~.
H{ j++> eTT\T #d |jT m sT>TT+~?
H{ @ u>\T +<T &&TsTT?
@jT eed\T |jT u>eTesTT?
Vs qeT\&+ <+\T m+ |j>|&jT MT \TdT. H{
+& $$< s\ <+\T JsjT m &&j \TdT+<+.
+`6
<e& <+\ neT]qT *| qeTH < |{
< MT dVT H{ >eT+#+&. <+\ s+
#sD\T
eT]jTT |]eD+ Hj? y{ s
sV+# | @<H d++<+ +<? <+ d+, n>#sD\T
<+\ neT] $<H $e]dT+ ~. q |+ <s+> s<\T
+\T
#sD\T @ |qT\T sVkj +#+&. MTsT +~
s>T\ +\T |<THq n+#T\T * +{jT
s<\T LdT> +{jT #sD\T, n> #sD\T
#<TqT> +{jT HsTHsT <! |+`3: <+\ neT]
+\T @$<+> |j>|&jT MTsT u$dTHsT?
Vs yT> qs& |e# <+\T @$?
Vs N\& |e# <+\T @$?
<+ d+ n+f @$T{? MT <+ d sjT+&.
|+ <s+> +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.
|{`2
<++ |sT <+\ d+K s+ $<T\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

H{ +& e\js| +&s\T Vs H{ Vs+ H&+q
eT]jTT H{ #T ~*+#&+ q dV jT|& sTT. Vs HsT > $T+>&+
k<+<T. { <+\T Vs $d], q$T*, q eTT\T> $q+
#ksTT. $<H qeT\&+ <s #s+ #jT&+ ( ) n+{sT.
|d+ <e& |]\ +&s\T Vs <+\ +~ H{ =s&+
eT]jTT qeT\&+ jT\qT sVksTT. <e& n+s +&s\T Vs+
q$T|&T <e&qT |, +<, eTT+<T, yqT ~*+#&+ &&TsTT.
Vs+ q$T|&T +~ <e& eyT |, +< <\&+ MTsT >eT+#
+{sT.
<+\T Vs qeT\&+, $ds&+ && H\T <*\T Vs
\+ \T| H{ Vs+ deT+> $d]+#&+ &&TT+~. H{
+&s\T Vs dVs+ H& dVjT|&sTT. 5e b\H&
<e& n+s +&s\ <*\qT jT+dT+~.
H{ Vs+ q|&T \+ d$+# ksTT |sT>TT+<?
\+ +& Vs q$T |jT sT>TT+<?
\+ sV+# s $<T\T @yH Hj?
\+ jTT bqT \TdT+<+.
+`7
|+&| \+ jTT #s
|H[qT rdT= d>+ es { +|+&. < {&T |+&
\|+&. |+& { u> *des |H[qT ~*+#+&. = #T\
|+& $TXe y#Y>dt rdT+&. = #T\ {+sY nj&H *|
|+& |<s | #jT+&. < @s& *`q\T|s+>T |+& |<s
<e|sTdT+~. |&T $TXe s+&T deq u>\T> #jT+&. s+&T
|H[ <eD+ deq+> +& C> rdT+&. |H[
{ dqT \+ \|+&. s+&e |H[ @MT \|+& +#+&. 45
eTTc\T sy #T d\ {+sY nj&H <eD+ |H[ \|+&.
<eD+ @yH esT\T >eT+#s? esT m+<T ]+~?
H{ Vs+ rdTq|&T L& < |jT =qk>TT+<?
njT+ H&eed #s e\q \>+<T\T d$ksTT.
~ Vs eT> #d q$T* $T+>& nqTL\+> jsT#dT+~. n|&T
Vs+ >TsT eTT< esTT+~. B u\dt ( ) n+{sT. H\T
dVjT+ $T+>&+ e\q ~ VsyV #sTT+~. \+ +&


\ myT C nH m+Cy T |< |< |+&|< s nDTe\qT qq nDTe\T>
esTdT+~. k<sD+> #s\T> esTdT+~. $T+> jjT++>+ L&
H& deTqjT+ |#dT + ~. yT<&T +&+ <>sZ eTCeTTK+ jT+D
+<+ +T+~. <+\, H\T dVjT+ Vs q$T* #s+ #jT&+
e\ Vs |<s\ |]eD+ $T+>& nqTe> esTT+~.
Vs |<s| |]\ |]eD+ |s>&+ e\ u+ @$T{?
Vs qeT\+& $T+ @+ sT>TT+~?
\ myTC Vs+ | #s sT|& e<eT due+ m +&*?
H{ esT +T+< e n_bjT|&TTHy?

+`8
>+ $seT+ H{ qT |+#T
MT skjTqXd b<jTT& n& s+>T|{ dV
rdT+& (|+`4qT #&+&). q ||sY eTTqT rdT= H\T|
+#+&. <|q @s&q s+>TqT s+>T|{ #d #&+&. $\TeqT
>T]+#+&. eT<V uq+ sy ||sTqT H\T MT< + |+#+&.
MT |]o\q\qT qy<T #jT+&. MT |]o\q\qT MT dVT |]o\q\
b* #&+&. d+ H\T>T &+>T\qT >T]+#+&.
H{ k<sD ksTT $\Te m+? ~ eTjTTe? sjTTe?
@yTH qsTy esT\T >eT+#s? esT m e+~?
m+{ \ myTC u> #s s|>\<T?
$$< s\ Vs\qT rdTq|&T H{ m+{ b bwdT+~.
$$< s\ Vs|<s\qT H deTjT+ $\TeqT |+#+&. q$T*
$T+q sTy L& |+#+&. MT |]o\q\qT qy<T #dT& e\dq
|{qT MTs jsT#dT+&. n s\ |<s\T k] qsT <! {
|{ |P]+#&+ =+<s|&e<T. q+ deTj rdT+&. ( $\Te 7
H my s+, $\Te 7 H y eT+, $\Te 7 +f d+
n >T]+#*.)
| |\ qT { d$+#&q \+ Vs s e< eT+ es&
&&TT+~. \ myTC Vs+ #s sT| e<eT+
nqTL*dT+~.
H{ ]> JsjT && $$< eed$?
H{ Js |jT sy Vs+ m& yfiT+~?
|+`4: d\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

MT \Tk?
|>\T ~+q|&T k+> (\+) m+<T sTT+~?
X#s Je\ ( ) >T]+ MTsT $H +{sT <! $ syfi #TsT>
+{sTT. nsTT eTq+ |>{yfi #TsT> +&, syfi $X+ rdT+{+. Xs+
eed\ eTq+ | #dTq|&T #TsT> +{sTT. n+<T eTw ~y#sT\T (
) n+{sT. eTq Js eed |>{yfi #TsT> +&&+ e\q n~ Vs d]+
JsjT s|& d<+> +T+~. n+<T |>{yfi ~d H{ <s d$+# \+
\~+&TqT &T|T+~. syfi s><T. k<sD+> sE eTq+ 1`1.5
s #k+.
VsyV Vs |jD+
H{ qeT\&q Vs+ $T+>&+ <s H & VsyV #sT T+~.
Vs $T+>+ @jT eed\T *d |#ksTT. +~ sU|+
VsyV jTT sD, j \D\qT $e]dT+~. |{ |]o*+
|X\ yT\T e+&.
d+#+ d&*\ e\ >& eTT<> q$T* $T+q Vs+

+&s\ s+>+> |]k*{ <*\ <s
<*\T eksTT. JsXjT+ #sTdT+~.
~ b&yq >=+ e+{ sD+. VsyV >&\T Xc d$ksTT

B |u>+ >d \T|T+~.
VsyV >&\T, dk|
+~ u>+ JsXj X>\ qTqT| +&s\qT
\T|T+~. *+{sTT.
de#s sU+ VsyV >T]+ @$T *jTCk+~?

VsyV @$<yTq sD * +T+~?
VsyV Vs+ |jD+#& Xwds+ m |j>|&TT+~?
+`9
VsyV Vs+ ( ) m |jDdT+< >eT<+.
b d u eTTqT rdT+&. >=+ |* u> qH |P
|+`5: d u
|PjT+&. n> s+&T +>fi<T+|* rdT= Xu+> & b&> T&
+>fi<T +| qH |P |PjT+&. sTy +>fi<T+|\qT d\T u |yX|+&.


>={ H= +>fi<T+|qT >=+ ~ > #jT+&. +>fi<T+|\T
>=+ <T\TTq $<H C>> |]o*+#+&.
>=+>T+& +>fi<T+|\T <\& m H=*? qH m |#dT+~?
Vs yV +& +&s\T L& Vs +~ H& <$<+>
|#kj?
Vs yV |]k*{ #\q+
|{ |]o*+#+&. Vs yV Vs+ kH, Vs yV >&\
]> #\H |]o*+#+&.
Vs| eTT< kq+ esT m d+u$ ++~?
MTsT +eTT+<T #dq +>fi<T+|\T ~
|j> |{ myTH b*\qT MTsT |V | <\&+
>eT+#s? n$ @$T{? VsyV d+e]D
VsHfi| >&\T CsT&T >TD+>\ >TsT +&s+ d&\&+
|<s d$ksTT. B Xw + ( ) n+{sT. +&s y#+
Xw+ #eTTsT |#d VsyV >&\ V +&s+ d&\&+
Vs+ eTT<
s>+& b&TT+~. Be\q Vs u\dt
+&s jT<d
qH|P dq +>fi<T +| VsyV dT\u+ >
<T\T +~ CsTT+~. B &T> Vs
u\dt \+ dT\u+> < JsXjT+ JsXjT+
#syjT&+ |j>|&TT+~.
VsyV >&\T s+&T sq yT qTqT| |+`6: Vs| eTT< |]k* #\q+
+&s\qT * +{sTT. |* bs e\js +&s\T y\T|* bs
d+us +&s\T +{sTT. e\js +&s\T d++q|&T Vs|
eTT< yqT +& Vs yV u>+ eTT&T#T Vs eTT<qT +~ ]>
e& *dT+~.
d+ us +&s\ d+#+ e\q VsyV u\dt eTT+<Tu>+ b&e
Z >=+ y&\eT+~. u\dt eTT+<T <T\TT+~. +&s\ d+#
y# <* \ e\q s+ >++{ #\q+ @s& Vs u\dtqT JsXj T +
H&T T+~. |jT qT |]kdd t ( ) n+{sT. ~ njT+yT q ~,
eT]jTT njT+ H& eed Bq+ jT++#&TT+~.
VsyV Vs u\dt dT\u+> <T\& dVjT|&<$T{?
k<sD+> Vs qeT\+& $T+>L&< < =+<s|& ss>
qe< d\V*dT+{sT. m+<T? +#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

JsXjT+ sTTs\T e+{~
VsHfi+ e~]> JsXj T + >=+ +& d+ m+<T ]yT
+~?
JsXjT+ |jT\T m sT>TsTT?
H{ Vs+ Vs+ q|&T T>Z H\T Cq H&T\T eTesTT.
H& |#<H\ s|+ d+\qT yT<&T #syksTT. de#s yT<&T
$XwdT+~. yT<&T qT+& |ksyTq de#s+ #\ H&T\ <s JsXjT|
>&\qT #ssTT. ss>+<T\T yT sssk d$ksTT.
Vs+ JsXj #sTHd] JsXjT| >&\T V&] eT+e+{
\yTq e\T, s Jss k \qT d$dT+ ~. q |&T L& > sT>TT+~.
=k] y+T\T nsTTq sTy >=++ eT+> qT n|+#&+ MT
nqTueeTjT +T+~. eT+ sD+ @$T MTsT u$dTHsT?
d H& eed e\qH @s&TT+~. JsXjT +&s\ *> d+#
d&*\T Vs e\T eT]jTT s Jssk\ *| \TsTT.
Jssk\T Vs yT Ce+{ <e+ esTksTT. BH yT ( )
n+{sT. = |< b{H nDTe\T L& & Jsy T dsfi |<s\T> esTsTT.
JsXjT| +&s\T #s ]| |]# n+X+ @$T{?
\T| eT]jTT \T |jT\qT JsXjT+ m+<T sVdT+~?
JsXjT+ JsjT eTT+| <X #sTHd] JsXjT >&\ d+#\T
>TZeTTK+ |&sTT. |*+> JsXjT+ q|>T sT#TH u>+ >\
d+e]D +&s ( ) d+#+ #+~dT+ ~. n+<Te\ +eT+
|* <] @s& nd+|Ps+> JsyTq Vs+ =~=~ y<T
+eT\+ $&T<\eT+~.
|] y+ |] y+ |] y+
eTdyjTT eTdyjTT =~> se+
eTT+<T <\&+: |
]k* qs&+: JsXjT+ |]k* yqT H&+: d\ |]eD+ yTqT
#\H\T Vs <*\T, +&s\ <*\T +eT\+ |+|T+~. n< deTjT+
#{qT+& eTs= #{ y>+> +&&+ e\ Vs+ $T> Vs |<s+ eT]+> Js+
~*ksTT. yT> qs&TT+~. e& M\T> ] JsXjT+ #s
yqT H&TT+~.
|+`7: JsXjT+ |]k{ #\q+
nd+|Ps+ > Jsy T q Vs+ d\ y<T JsXj
T + qT+& +eT\+
m+<T #sTT+~?


|]k* jT Vs+ q |<X yqT +& +&s+ d+dT+~.
n+<Te\ Vs+ eTT+<Tq +&s+ d&\TT+~. jT e\q Vs+| &
@s& JsH fi+ <s eTT+<T H &TT+~. +&s\ s+ > @s& d+#+
< nqTd]d @s& d&*\T Vs eTT+<T ~*+#&+ &&sTT.
|]kddt #s s>&+ @jT u>\T $T& +{sTT?
|]kdd t @ ~X sT>TT+~? (VsHfi+ @ es qT+& yTT<\eT +~?)
|]kddt n|de~X ] @$T sT>TT+~?
y+T\jT|&T nd+|Ps+> JsyT yT s|+ q Vs+
VsHfi+ yqT H&& MTsT >eT+# +{sT. |+` 7 +{
es ~X ]> |]k*{ #\q ~XqT >T]+#+&.
#T+< < m&H HeTsTyd e < ><qT >eT+#s? y{ yT&
eT]jTT >=+T u> C>> |]o*+#+&. >=+T qT+& H{ es @<
<T \TTqT #&e#TqT. < sy e < > < qeT\&+ yTT<\T|&TT+~.
BH HeTsTyjT&+ n+{sT. +<T @+ sT>TT+< #|>\s? Vs|
eTT< (u\dt) +Te JsXjT+ dMT| u>+ qT+& H{ es yqT
<T\T+<qe. n+f ~ es ~X sT>TTq |]kddt #\q+.
e, >< e+{ HeTsTyd +Te jT ds k<sD+. m+<T+f >u>u
q$T*$T+q Vs \Te #dT& y{ JsXjT+ n<q| e+{
sD+ +T+~. eqe jT VsHfi d]|&, es|<s\qT
jT |+| sD |#s> |j>|&TT+~.
JsjT H{ yTT<\eT+< eTq \TdT. VsHfi+ >T+& Vs+
|jDdTq|&T JsjT ]> | <X =+ deTjT+ rdT+T+~. Js
eed Vs#\q+ $<+>q, deq \ee<T\q s><T.
\ee~ |{qT |]o*<+.
|{`3
X+ JsXjT+ U e&+ q|>T U e&+
50% 2.5 qT+& 3 >+\T 2.5 >+\T
yTT+ 100% 4 qT+& 5 >+\T 30 qT+& 40 >+\T
(|<|>T <s |jD+)
(~ e\+ d>T eyT. |<s\ <*\ e e m+ &
+T+~. ~ rdTH Vs+, deTj { esTT+T+~.)
eTq JsXjT+ ]w |]eD+ >\ d+ e+{~ <T. k> >TD+ >\
+{ sD+. eTq+ rdTH Vs{ JsXjT |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

n> Vs|< s |]eD { Jss k \T d$ksTT. rdT=H Vs |]eD+
d++<+ +& m\|& |]eD+ Jssk\T d$d n$ JsXjT
>&\qT HXq+ #jTe#TqT.
yfi eTq+ #&bsTTq < Xs d]|& Vs|<s\T q|&T
Jsj jT++>+ < >TsT|{ Js+ #jT& s]dT+~. njT+
H&eed nBq+ |#d JsXjT >&\ n\& @s&, Js+
Vs+bT yTqT L& jT H{ydT+~. BH eTq+ y+T\T>
|]>Dk+. k] VsT> qT\T ( ) edT+{sTT. n|&|&T
qT\bT =+ <e+ JsXj T + qT+& | ~* VsyV <s H{
#sT T+~. ]q y+H #r u>+ (VsyV) >=+T eT+ @s&TT+~.
JsXjT+ qT+& e\T | _ |eV+#&+ e\ sT>TT+~. JsXjT
|#s \ B <VsD> #| e#T. +{ +&s d+#\T njT++>
djT+#~ H&eed Bq+ |<e b\H& <s jT++#&sTT.
JsjT JsXjT+ \yTq e\T d$dT+< eTq \TdT. JsXjT|
>&\ qT+& d$+#& V&] eT+ eTq Xs+ >{ meTT\qT d+
Js+ #jT>*q+ \+> +T+~. eT] JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\
u]qT+& qqT qT m s+#T+T+~? B ns+ #dTe& +~
+ #<+.
|j>X\ +
eT+ eT]jTT | |j>+
MT & qT+& s +&T |# |\T d]+#+&. | |{*jT+
C < yCH |PjT+&. eTs=< n> e~jT+&. 1 < 2 #T\
\Vq e s+&T |\| yjT+&. ns>+ sy |\qT |]o*+#+&.
MT |]o\q\qT MT HTT sjT+&.
|\ m+{ esT\T >eT+#sT?
@ |+ esT\T >eT+#sT? @ |+ esT s><T sD$T{?
eT |ue+ qT+ qT s+q<$T{?
JsXjT+ >+<T\T \yTq e\T d$+q|{ JsXjT| >&
= >+<T\T Xw |<s d$ksTT. ~ JsXjT| >&\| |\T#Hq
bs @s&TT+~. ~ eT |ue+ qT+& JsXj sdT+~. |{*jT+
C #d | JsXj T | >&\ Xw + ( ) #d | b\e#T. Xw ds +
+&&+ e\H JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\ e\q m+{ V s>+&
sD b+<T+~.


JsXjT+ qT+& |e\ Vs |jD+
Vs+ JsXjT+ qT+& q|e |y+q|&T n~ sd+ e+{
$TXeT+ +T+~. q|e |y+q|&T Vs >\ eT due+
>\ d{H ( ) eT]jTT =*dkH ( ) nH VsqqT
d$+|Cd T + ~. VsqT eT+, jT + eT]jTT q |e >& Jss k \qT
|s eTsd+, sssd+ eT]jTT +sk\qT d$+|CksTT.
q|e m+<T b&e> yT*\T ] #T +T+~?
q|e\ XwD m sT>TT+~?
q |>T\ |* \+ +& yfifle+{ sD\T Vs+ bw
|<s\qT | yT q |< m+| #dT XwksTT. q|>T\ >&\T m\| &
q |]eD+ +& nDTe\H >VksTT. |< nDTe\T $T*bsTT. 9e
s> MTsT bkbs >T+& |<s\ <* >T]+ #~ysT <! $wj \qT
q |e\ ]> XwD b*#&+&.
+`10
||sY >=+ eT]jTT eT&q \T
10I20 d+.MT. =\\T >\ #sT ||sTqT rdT+&. < eT&
s+&T es\T n+{+ >=+ #jT+&. |& 20I20 d+.MT. =\\T>\
eTs= #sT ||sT rdT+&. < L& |q #| qT> >=+ j sT#jT +&.
< yTT<{ >=+ <s+&. <s>*>s? |&T 20I20 d+.MT. =\\T
>\ eTs= ||sT qT rdT+&. < |+ #|qT Mq eT&\ T eT&e+&.
s+&T es\qT n+{+ >=+ #jT+&. MT eT&\ >=+ js+<qe.
< yTT<{ >=+ <s+&. <s>*>s?
s+&T >={\ |j+q \ yX b* #&+&. yX\+
& |++<? yfi |]qT >eTd sD\T \TdT+&.
q|e >&\ |* \+ y\ d+K yfifl e+{ sD\T +{sTT.
M{ +# w\T ( ) n+{sT. yfifl e+{ sD\T | eT&\ |+`8:
>\ d++<yT+{? | >=+
q |e |* \+ +& +#w\T nH sD\T q|e\
|* >&\ |]\ yX |+#TsTT. <s syTq eT&\ Vs+
me d| +& Xs+ >V+|& keTs+ |sT>TT+~.
& ]> #s\ @jT eed\T *d |#dTHjT MTsT u$dTHsT?
eed\T JseT+&\eT+ *d |#dTHjT u$dTHs? m+<T?
m+<T <T?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

|fiDC\+ VsHfi+ Xs+ +& n+s nejTy\+{H
|yTq sD * +T+~. m+<T+f uV ||+#+
sX H[\ qT+& eTq+ rdTH Vs+ e\q *> y$ < yTq u skjTq
B|q\T B re+> |u$+ #dT+{sTT. B eT\+>
Xw | bs
Xw
> + ~ +&s sD\qT, H& sD\qT deTqjT |sT#T+
]> nH <*\ \jT+> |e\T n_e~ #+<sTT.
Xwsd Hfi+
JsjT, XwD, $dsq jT\ q bfifl Jssk\qT
\|&+, Vs |<s\qT VsyV ~*+#&+
due+ eeTeT+~.
|+`9: q|e +#w+ JsH fi+ H& eed H& D\ L&q m+ d+w y T q
H& e\j * +T+~. Xdy\T eedqT s+&e yT<&T> |\TksT.
Xs+ s>s< |d+<q\qT s +&e yT<&T m |#sTTk+<H n+X+|
# |]X<q\T sT>TTHsTT. y~ s< eed 70% es VsHfi+
#s y~ s\qT d+V]+ jT |+| #s\| +B]+#& +T+~.
Jseed |e d+K +& u]j\T JseT+&\+ H&
eed D\ m nqTd+<q+ #dT>\T>TTHj Xdy\T eT
|]X<q\ <s \TdTH |jT+ #dTHsT. T> d JsHfi+
H&DC\ deTT<jT+ e\+ JsjT s|&+ < n|&|&T * ]\
d+ \T |+|&+ es |]$T+ +& eTTKyTq de#s |+| qs{H
MTsY |yT +T+< \TdT+~. Xs+ ~>Te u>+ + s+&e
yT<&T > |\e& Jse T+&\+ H&eed b\+ |< yT<&T d+~+#&
+T+~. ~ =+es eTq eqd ksTT ssTT+#&+bT Xs+
= y<T\qT ssTT+#&+ \ b eVdT+~. eqd & H|&T
$s#H\T e&+ +{ |]dT\T MTsT nqTu$+# +{sT.
~ eTq @$T \T|T+~?
s+&e yT<&T |ue+ m+>H q|{ ~ *$\T, +#&+
< sj\T rdTe&+ e+{ |qT\qT sV+#<T. VsyV qT+&
bjTTe es <<| 9 MT. b&e * JsH& eed> (
) |\Te& s+&e yT<&T nH H&T\T bs\ s|+ JsHfi|
>&\ $T& +{sTT.
<<| 100 $T*jTq H& D\T s+&e yT<&T $T& +{sTT. ~
yqTbeTT < |sBjT H& eed H& D\ d+KqT $T+ +T+~.
JsH& eed eTV H& D\ deTT<jT Js eed jTT n+s
||+#+, n+<T >\ |<s\ >T]+ \TdT&, nqTu #+<&
&&TT+~. Vs qq sDTe\T> $q+ #jT&+, bw\qT


>V+#&+ eT]jTT es\qT $d]+#&+ +{ JejT\qT |s#&+
eT]jTT deTqjT+ #jT& nH skjT |<T\T, j+ $TXDsD
$<H\T, \jT<yTq +&s d+#\T <y+ {> Jsj #s\
sT>T +{sTT.
s +&e yT<&T q<q djT |d+<q\qT, CH+ ~jT X * +&&+ e\
Jseed d++~+q mH |qT\ sVDqT yT<&T d++<+ +&
d++> jT+dT+~.
Js eed |<s\T dCe> se&, jT yfifl& M\T>
eed + d+w @s& +&e#Tq Xdy\T u$dTHsT.
q|e+ jT @$T <T\TT+~?
es\ $dsq jTT s+&T |<q esZ<s\T |q #|&sTT. s+&+{
e\+ |e\ <s ]> |jT @~?
y<T $T+ q sT, \eD\T, jT]j e+{
es\T s+ <s eT|+&\T, #s+ yTT<q $ds
es\ $dsq nejTy\ #] y{ <s $d]+ #&jsTT.
Js+ Vs |<s+ eT\+ s|+ $d]+ |&TT+~.
XwD+ |<s\T Xs+ qT+& jT |+|+#&& |<|>TqT

#sTsTT. |jT m sT>TT+~?
>T|&T $T*bsTTq & { b& n<T&T + rdT= eTT<
#jT+&. sy < dT+> ] #&+&. @+ >eT+#sT? n<T&T
+ { b& { |\T+~ <!
nedsyTq, es |<s\T |< |>TqT #]q|&T < { |<|>T
>&\T XwksTT. |]k{ s+ >\T es| < s\qT |< |>T qT+& |wHfi+
~*ksTT. |< |>T =H m&eT u>+ eT \Te #d {+
|#dT + ~. { |q'XwD+ #dT + ~. $T*q es\T |< |>T e] u>yT q
|wHfi+ \Te #jT&sTT. <TsZ+<+ L&q |dT| s+>T esH
k<sD+> eT\+ ( ) n+{+. <T|] ~ Xs+ qT+& bjTTe
( ) <s jT $d]+|&TT+~.
eT\ $dsH Xs+ @ u>+ jT+dT+~?
#s jT+e? njT+e? m+<T?
|<|e e] u>+ +& s+&T +&s bs\T bjTTe jTT d+e]D
+ & s \T> ( )> @s & sTT. | * d + e]D + & s +
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

nj T + + >qT uV d + e]D + & s +
|wHfi+ jT++> |#dT+~. $ eT\$dsq esZ
jT+ksTT.
n+sbjTT VsHfi+ + m&H d+e]D +&s\T
d+e]D +&s+ Hj? m&?
bjTTe yfi e q Xs y*q |]eD+
uVbjTT
d+e]D +&s+ H me <y\qT rdTH&qT+<+.
n|&T me> q <e+ Xs+ qT+& @$<+ >
|+`10: bjTTe d+e]D +&s+
=\+#&TT+~?
+es eTq+ $$< eed\ T eT&> |#d Js jT |jT &&+
#X+.
|jT dCe> k>& y*q X m& qT+& deTLsTdT+~?
|e\ qT+& s+ #]q JsyTq Vs |<s\T @eTesTT?
Vs+ qT+& X b+<\+f n~ sD+ #+<*. +<Td+ XdjT
s>*. |jT Vs+ qT+& X m $&T<\eT+~?
#d jT H yjTT>DT\ >&\ <s s+ #sTT+~.
& qT+ ms sD |y+ Xs+ n D\ ds|s
#jT&TT+~. n< deTjT+ s+ sH & & }|]T\
yjTT>DT\ #sT T+~. Xd jT n~ jT |+|&TT+~. D
bw\T sD+ #+~ X $&T<\eT+~.
$&T<q X D\ m& \e +T+~?
eTq Xs+ me> q \eD\qT jT |+| eed @~?
Xs+ qT+& \eD\T @ esZ+ <s jT eksTT?
XdjT #d, #d jT \ <s >* XddT + {+. njT++>
]> #s\qT djT+#~ H& eed eTCeTTK+ jT+dT+~.
XdjT ]>|&T <s$q+ <*\ <s s'|+s ~*+
}|]T\ d+#, y#\T *dT+ ~. n~ H *q >* }|]T\
<s s+ #sTT+~. H DC\ s+ <s syD #jT&TT+~.
d+wyTq Jsj $<q+ nH s\ nejTy\T, nejTe eed\T
deTqjT+ |#ksTT. JsjT H{qT+& bjTTe es y|+ q
VsHfi+ JsjT sT>TTq|{ B Xdeed, s |dsD eed,
H& eed\ deTqjT+ m+ neds+. b Vs+ sD+ #+<&+
|<s\ syD, X < yTT<q |jT\T #T#dTe. n
s>qsTT <| { <s|& q Je eed\ *bsTT.


\ |<\T
^*H, |H, sT >V\T, skjTq >V\T, sTyTT>Z\T, Vs u\dt, |]kddt,
yT, d+e]D +&s+, d#w\T, eTCeTTK+, yT<&T +&+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
Vs+ d]> JsyT XwD ] X $&T<\#d |jT\ eTq+ rdTq Vs+ qq sDTe\
s|+ $&>=&*.
eqe Js eed +&s eT]jTT H& eed\T s+& bZ+{sTT.
Js eed | H& eed 100 _*jTq H& D\T +{sTT. $ +&s d+#\T, s
|dsD, JsjT eT]jTT bw\ XwD, VsHfi+ s jT\qT deTqjT|sTksTT.
JsXj T + d$+#& ^*H nH VsH * ]\ |#<H\qT *dT+ ~. |H nH eTs VsH

* nDydT+~.
H\TqT n+*, H=&+ e\q dT\u+> sT >TsT|>\+.
sT, ydq <>sZ d++<+ * +{sTT. eTT eT]jTT H\T|q Tq skjTq >V\T d+ \qT
H& |#<H\ s|+ yT<&T #syksTT. <s ydq, sT >T]+#>\T>T+.
d$+#&q \+ s e< e * +& |+&|< s\ Js jT &&TT+~. djT+#~

H& eed jT+D \ >+<T\ qT+& $&T<q \+ Vs eT> #jT&+ e\q
qeT\&+, $T+>&+ dT\ue TeT+~. H{ d$+# e\T Vs u] jqT+& H{ b&sTT.
H{ Vs+ >\ +&sjTT u>yT H\T. ~ sT \TdTH nejTe+ eyT +& H{

Vs+ Vs ~*+#&+, \T|&+, $T+>&+ e+{ |qT\qT L& sVdT+~.
$T+> |jT d++~+q deTqjT+ yT<&T +&+ #s +<+ Bq+ +T+~.
JsHfi+ jTT +&s\ d+# d&*\ e\q s+>+{ #\q+ @s& Vs eTT+<T Hf
jTqT |]k\ddt n+{+. +&s s+>+ JsHfi+ n+{ |jDdT+~.
njT++> ]> |]k\ddt qT djT+#~ H& eed eT]jTT Js H& eed jT+ksTT.
JsXjT| +&s d+#\ eT\+> JsXjT+ Vs+ \T& @s& ns|Tq |<syT yT.
+eT\+ yT |yX jT++# +&s |] < d+e]D +&s+ n+{+.
\yTq eTyT q JsXj

T + qT eTjT T+> +#T b{qq T Js+ #d m+Cy T #s \

&&TT+~.
JsXjT+ Jssk\T Vs Js+ #d yT $TXeT+> esTksTT. <H yT n+{sT.
JsXjT+ d$+# e\ e\q < V s>+& JsXjT >& Xwds+ sdT+~.
Vs =s&, qeT\& <e&qT |, +<, yqT, eTT+<T ~| Vs $ds&+

<e& |]\ +&s\T eT]jTT <e& n+s u>+ +&s\T &&TsTT.
q|e $ |]\ yX |+ bw\qT >V+#&+ &&TT+~.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

Js eed | H& eedqT k++> Js+s H& eed n+{sT. B s+&e yT<&T n
L& |\TksT.
|< |e qT+& es\qT eT\+ s|+ bjTTe qT+& jT |+|&& bjTTe e<qTq uV
bjTTe d+e]D +&s+ eT]jTT n+s bjTTe d+e]D +&s+ jT+ksTT.
Vs|<s\ sD, syD eT]jTT $j>+ =s JsjT, XdjT, s|dsD e+{ Je

jT \ eT< deTqjT+ neds+ . j |jT \T d]> s]+#& +&s eT]jTT H& jT+D\T
&&sTT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. * ] n+f @$T{?( )
2. eTq+ q Vs Js+ #jT& Xs+ @jT eed\T &&sTT?( )
3. Vs |<s\ ydq * |+#TT+< s| nH&T. n yK dsq<H? m?( )
4. |]k\ddt eT]jTT d+e]D +&s\ >T]+ sjT+&.( )
5. +< q Jseed u> |]o*+#+&. ~ @$T{? ~ s]+# |qT\qT sjT+&.( )
6. +~ y q sD\T \|+&.( )
(m)H\T n+* H=|T <s sT s> \TdT>\+.

(_) Vs |<s\T y&> q|&T sT *jT<T.
(d) s+ >C ksTT Zq|&T eTq * ydT+~.
(&) q|>T #TT= q || e~]> +T+~. |X`5
7. +~ y eT< +& u<\qT sjT+&.( )
(m) u\dt`yT (_) q|>T`|<|>T

(d) edwH`sT$THwH (&) yTT<{ yT<&T`s+&e yT<&T
8. MT HsT q$T jT++. n m #|>\e?( )
9. edwH n+f @$T{? n+<T && $$< s\ <+\qT >T]+ $e]+#+&.( )
10. Vs|<s\T H{ qT+& VsyV <s JsXj #s esZ+ +&s eed jT+D @
$<+> |#dT+~?( )
11. q|>T #TT= nH eTT&T\T> +&{ >\ sDyT<H +<? JsjT n<$<+>
&&TT+~?( )
12. +~ u>\ |]k*ddt $<T\qT \T|+&.( )
(m) VsyV (_) JsXjT+ (d) q|>T (&) |<|>T

13. JsH& eedqT s+&e yT<&T> |]>D+#&+ m+es deT+d+?( )
14. Vs|< s\qT #dqy+H sCwt *> +<H&T. w q *> <q ~. <e\q sCwt
*yjT&+. w * yjTb&+ ]+~?( )
15. sT eT]jTT ydq @$<+> d++<+ * HsTT?( )
16. Vs|< s\ #\q+ MT |]o*+q +&s d+esD\ T @$T{? y{ >T]+ | + > $e]+#+&.( )

17. \ >+<T\ Hfi\T eTdT=b @eTeT+~?( )
18. JsjT $T& q H&T\ deTqj ns+ #dTe& |Xe[ jsT#jT+&.( )
19. q|e\ s+, b&e VsHfi+ e~]>H +f @+ sT>TT+~?( )
20. \+ jTT #sqT ns+ #dT& |+&| m+{ |j>+ #XsT? |j> |< eT]jTT
|]s\qT >T]+ $e]+#+&.( )
21. sT >T]+#T n+* jTT bqT s]+# q |j> d+#+&.( )
22. MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ qT+& * d++~+q de#s eT]jTT \qT d]+ y~

j sT#jT +&.( )
23. Vs|<s\ qT+& sT d+y<q yT<&T #s e u + ^d #|+&.( )
24. VsyV |]k* <* \qT #| + ^d, u>\qT >T]+#+&. VsyV |* \+

Xwds+ jTT eXqT $e]+#+&.( )
25. q|>T + #w\ sD *| + ^jT+&. Jseed, s|dsDeed\ >\

dVd++< $e]+#+&.( )
26. Vs|<s\ ydq < y{ #dqy+H * |s|+#&TT+~. B d+#

^jT+&.( )
27. H{ qT+& JsXjT+ es Vs|<s\ <*\qT #| |{ ^jT+&. Vs <*\ @ @

H&T\T, +&s\T &&sTT.( )
28. byy |j> |_+_+# sH ^d, < d]bjT H< sjT+&.( )
29. $ds jT+yT q JsXj MTsT m n_q+~ksT ? |jT m deTqjT+ #jT &TT+~.( )
30. m+ y$<+ L&q Je |jT\qT >T]+q MT uy\ $qT sjT+&.( )
31. |dT bs+X <w |T=, Vs+ rdT=H deTjT+ n\yT #dTy*q @ s+&T
n+X\qT >T]+ MT $TT d\V ksT?( )
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. eTq <+\ neT] w 3:2:1:2 nsTT B 1 < ddT+<+f ````````````````````````````.
2. e+dT\ Bs X+K\T Jseed ``````````````````````````````` u>+ $q+ #jT&sTT.
3. JsjT+ d$+#& \yTq eT+ ```````````````````````````````.
4. ``````````````````````````
+& |D>V\T yT<&T de#s #syksTT.
5. \+ jTT due+ ```````````````````````````.

6. +~ |s #<e+&. dsq |<\ U\T |P]+#+&.

(1) ````````````````````````````
VsH ksTT V#T>TZ\ |*+> * u<\T eT]jTT Vs
|<s\ $j>+ <s|& +{sTT. JsXjT+ +& q ueq +f eT] Vs+ rdTy\
n|+#<T . eTs= VsH. (2) ````````````````````````` d$+#& * +Z ydT + ~. eTq+ Vs
rdT=q|&T H{ # > qeT\+ sT>TT+~. B=s (3) ````````````````````````` +&s\T q$T
|jT &&TsTT. nsTT (4) ````````````````````````` <e&\ +&s\T, <e&\T | , +< eTT+<T,
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

yq <\& < qeT\& ( ) &&sTT.(5) ``````````````````````````````

H&T\T <e&\ +&s\ <*\qT jT+ksTT.

(6) `````````````````````````````
H&eed sD+> \+ e+, \+ Vs
\|+, qeT\&+ eT]jTT dT\Te> $T+>&+ sT>TsTT. \+ (7) ``````````````````````
|+&|< s\qT # s\T> esTqT. < |* +> Vs qeT\&+ eT]jTT $T+>&+ e\q VsyV
#s+ (8) ``````````````````````èT]jTT (9) ``````````````````````````` e\q jT++#&sTT.
H\T sT>V+ qT sTq >V+#T (10) ``````````````````````````` H& eTTKyTq~.
1. |H, ^*H, >dH, d{H
2. ^*H, |H, d{H, >dH
3. n+sZ +&s\T |]\ +&s\T, e\jT +&s\T, \Te +&s\T
4. |]\ +&s\T, n+sZ +&s\T, yT& +&s\T, b&yq +&s\T
5. 5e b\ H&, 2e b\ H&, 5e eTTK H&, yqT H&
6. +<H& eed, |]\ H&eed, d+ H& eed
7. |C, dTC, >\C, nyTC
8. yT&T nu+>{, d]yT, 8e yqTH&, b\ H&, 7e b\ H&
9. yT<&T +&+, yT&T nu+>{, eT<yT<&T, bH ys*.
10. 6e b\H&, 5e b\ H&, 10e b\H&, <H&
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. +~ @ d+<s+ ns> sT #&>\T>Te. ( )
(m) H\T| #s ydT=q|&T (_) H\T| #s <eD bdq|&T
(d) H\T n+* H=|{q|&T (&) qeT\+&, <| +& y+H eT+q|&T
2. |]k*ddt #\q+ m+<T+f ( )
(m) \Te +&s\ d+#+ e\q (_) e\jT+ +&s\ d+#+ e\q
(d) djT+#~ H&eed jT+D e\q (&) Jssk\ |ue+ e\q
3. JsXjT+, +eT\+ s#TH # +& d+e]D +&s+ ( )
(m) ]j (_) |] (d) q (&) >d
4. +#w\ @ u>+ <s >C eT]jTT nyTH e\ XwD sT>TqT ( )
(m) m|B*jT D\T (_) s XH[\T (d) Xwsd Hfi\T (&) |e
5. * d#q\ jT++# yT<&T u>+ ( )
(m) yT&T (_) & mdtd|H (d) d]yT (&) eT< yT<&T
6. eqe\T n+sZ <Vq jT++ e+{ysT. m+<T+f ( )
(m) Vs |<s\T JsyT X $&T<\eT+~ (_) XdjT <s y\Te]ksT
(d) JsjT e] <X es\qT $d]ksT (&) Xe+yTq Jssk\qT d$ksTT


nqT+<+
eqe JsjT eT] d\ $wsD <]rdq #] sTEe
&T| {
sE \y sTCeTTq $Tw>H B|\ + bsY eH ed+# 19 d+es\ dsTT+{
e]H nH d& |e<eXT Tb |* &T| T{ >jT+ nsTT+~. <su>+ >&\qT
JsXj =\T#T+ |< >jTyT+~. reyTq ske+ sT>T+~. y+H d y<T&T &
;e+{qT d+ |*|+#sT. jTq >j Xu|] jT eq }|]T\T eT]jTT
JsXjT u>\qT |* H{ >j T{&T. e]H &+ # weT &sY u$+#&T.
eTsTd{ sE dsTT+{ e]H J$+ +&{ #d & ;e+{ Xsbj&T. qq y< |]Cq+,
H|D |j+ >j #d k<yTq+es n J$ |+# |jT+ #X&T.
<<| s+&T d+es\ nq+s+ >jT+ |P]> e+~. n JsXjT+ Xs >&\
*dbe&+ e\q |< s+<+ @s&+~. >j+ =+ u>+ dV y{ b*q eT
@s&+~. B <s dsTT+{ e]H JsXjT+ ]> #s\qT #&>*>&T. & ;e+{ e]HqT
m&eTy| | s+<+ >T+& <sT n+>Tfi\ b&e>\ >={ &T | |+| Jss k \qT d]+#&T.
< n+X\qT >T]+# |jT + #X&T. Vs|< s <s+{ s+<+ >T+& JsXj T + e~y&T.
< =+d| &T|H + b+> Js+ nsTTq sTy <| |]X<q\qT #dy&T. mH
|j>\T #d JsjT d++~+ nH = $wj\qT qT>=H&T.
n|{es JsXjT+ >T]+ eTq+ q Vs &+ y& *dT+< jT+++{<
|*jTuf +&+{< ss \T> u$+#ysT. & ;e+{ |j >\T Js jT >T]+ n|{es
q n_bj\+{ |{|+#\T #XsTT. 1882e d+es+ pH 16e Bq jTq q |]X<q\
ks+X |{+#&T. ~ y<s+>+ qq |]X<q\ H+~ |*+~.
& ;e+{ q |]X<q\ \TdTq $wj\T
Vs+ JseTeTq deTjT+ JsXjT+ c> m+{ esT +& ds+> (1000
380 ) +T+~.

ss sd+ sT +& n~ |]eD+ V&] eT+ +T+~.

sssd+ JsXjT+ \Te #jT&<T. Vs+ JsXjT+ #]q|&T eyT d$dT+~.
Vs+ JsXjT+ #s>H JsjT yTT<\eT+~.
Vs+ H{<s rdTbsTTH JsXj T + Vs+ #] * rsTT+~. (s+<+ <s Vs
|* |+|y&T.)
y<s+>+ JsjT d++~+ = $wj\ yTTyTT<{ $wsD\T nsTTq|{ & ;e+{
|j>\ |*\T, * e& >\ sDyT$T? JsHfi+ ]> $wj\T yT<&T m \TdT+~?
@ sD+ Jss k \T d$+#&sTT? Vs+ Jss k \ *d $<+ > @+ dV jT|&T T+~? Js |jT
dV> sT>TT+<? < H&, +&s eed\T e+{ s eed\T L& bZ+{j? +{ eTsH
= |X\ <] rd+~. y<s+>+ qq |]X<q\ <V<|&+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

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eTq+ $+H +{+. *<+&\ qT+& |\\ \D\T < >TD\T
nqTe++> n+~+#&sTT.
*<+&T\ qT+& |\\ d+$T+# +{ \D\H eTq+ nqTe+
\D\T < nqTe+ >TD\T ( ) n n+{sT. n> $H\
s+>T, $q e#+, +&+ b&e yTT<\>Tq$ L& nqTe+ \Dq
yT+& n_bjT+.
$_q \D\T *<+&T\ qT+& d+ b+< |jTH nqTe+
( ) n+{sT. > nqTe+ e\q s+ qT+& eTs s
\D\T n+~+#& e+Xbs+|s+ ( ) n n+{sT.
\D\T m VsZeTesTT?
| >TD+ < \D+ s\T < jTT>$\\T n+f,
\D #+~q _q s\T <s VsZeTejT yT+& |]\q #X&T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

|dT+ s\H CqTe\T ( ) n n+THeTT. qTe nH~
| D +<+ +& +<eT| n+f jTT u>+. ~
\D+ < >TD VsZ|s#& jT++# n+X+. ysdt\ \D\qT
jT+dT+~.
MT \Tk?
CyT yH eT]jTT bdt nH Xdy\T 1953 +_& $X$<\jT+
#dq |]X<q jTT |P] sD qT>=HsT. nDTe d]\+> +& yT
e~]> +T+< >T]+#sT. sH ~+&* ( ) n n+{sT. ~
@ss+> neTs&q #s\T eT]jTT bd ]yT +T+~. B n&H, >H,
<$TH eT]jTT d{dH nH q s\T yTe neT] +{sTT. b+H eT]jTT eT]dt
$*H\T L& $wsD yH, \ *d |#XsT. qTXd+ qq
|j>\ <]rdq n<T $wsD >qT yH eT]jTT \ +< Hu
VQeT e+~. jTT skjT
due+ Je\ \D \qT s]dT+ ~. ET,
#s| s+>T yTT<q$ +{ \D\
<V s D \T. j T T s k j T
sD+ @ q esT *H n~ d+
jTT \D\ esT sDeTeT+~.
yH |+-3: esT y$<\ <]rksTT.

eqe\ *+> ssD

eTq \D\T e+Xbs+|s+> eqT>H |f Xe jTT
*+>ssD L& e+Xbs+|s s\T+{sTT. |T bs+ d\ |
]> <Ts#s\ >T]+ #]+#+. C Xe *+>ssD sDyTes
\TdT+<+. | eqe D+ 23 \ (46) yCyT\T+{sTT. y
22 \qT Xs yCyT\T ( ) n, $T*q qT +
( ) n n+{sT. + yCyT\T s+&T
s\T> +{sTT. { ( ) >, s+&e~ ( ). s+&T yCyT\T *+>
ssD #ksTT. &y] s+& yCyT\T+{sTT. eT>y]
yCyT\T+{sTT. d d+j>;C+ (n+&+) yCyT
eyT +T+~. |sTw d+j>;C+ (XD) s+&T s\T+{sTT.
yCyT *q$, yCyTqT *q$. yCyT q XD+.

yCyT q n+&+ *d |\BsD ] yCyT\ @s&q

Xe nusTT ne&T.
10e s> nqTe+

yCyT q XD+ yCyT q * + +& +
yCyT\T yCyT\T
n+&+ *d |\ BsD ] @$T sT>TT+~?
Xe *+> ssD #d~ neHq mesT?
&|\ |{+< d +~+#&+ dsq<H?
*+>+ nH~ \De? >TDe? B yT+&
|b~+q VsZ d+ e]dT+<?
eTq q \D\ eTq *<+&T\qT b* nesTT nusTT
+{j?
MT \Tk?
+& *
+ yCyT\ $wsD
*<+&T\T
y\sY dH eT]jTT <eTdt V+{
ysZH\ T 1956e d+es+ q |+& >

(&k| yT\H>dsY) >T]+ =\+_j

jTe]{ n<jTq+ #XsT. &k|
n+&+
*+> dV\> \D\qT qT>=H|&T

XD+ XD+

n+&+
\D\ sDeTjT qTe\T yCyT
\ qT s]+#&q~. &k|
e+Xbs+|s >T]+ yfifl |P]> n< jTq+ qTs+
#XsT.
nesTT

nusTT

nesTT

nusTT

|]DeT+ ( ) |+-4
Je\T |T ]||&T y$<\T ( ) @s&TT+{sTT.
Hu + |T , nqTy<+ ]> @yH | \T < esT\T
y$<\ <]rksTT. ny y{ d+ L& n+~+#&sTT.
J$ Hu |]ds\ nqT>TD+> @$<yTq y$<\T #T
#dT+{sTT? y |*$T{? nq n+X\qT \ dyX+ <s+>
ns+ #dTe& |jT<+.
+`5
s\ |sT>T Hu y$<+
+~ + s|sT>T\ Hu y$<+ eT]jTT < |uy #<+.
yTT<{ + #|qT 12 ms s |sT>T\qT deTV+>
}V+#T+&. n$ b<\|q , |# \| edksTT. $ + |T
<s d+ @ssTksTT. qT s# y$<\T @s&T +{sTT. ms
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

s |sT>T\T \ Vs+> |j >|& sTT. \T |sT>T* q&+ my
y{ Hu HeT~> ZbT+~.
|+-5: s|sT>T\ Hu y$< *| eT&T d+<s\T

|&T, $$< d+<s\qT >T]+ <+.
d+<s+`1:
s |sT>T |T deTjT+ s+>T y$<+ @s&+~. <
|*+> d+ ms s+>T <T\T> |# s+>T e+~.
|+-6: msT| eT]jTT |# s |sT>T\T

|# s |sT>T qT+& e# sy s\ |#y nesTT.
\T |# #T, \|qTq |# |sT>T\T \ y+H q&e.
qT y{ qbjsTT. ms s |sT>T |d #\T Hd$. <+
|# |sT>T\ d+K sEsE |]bsTT+~. n< deTjT+ ms$ eT+>
ZbjsTT.
s+>T y$<+ |# |sT>T, ms s+>T |sT>TH me> eTqT>&
dVjT|&+~. +$<+> #d |# |sT>T\T eT s+>TqT dV+>
m+| #dTHsTT n #|e#T. \ dV m+| sD+ e&+ eTq+
#&e#T. \T me> ms s |sT>T\qT rHdb e] n$ $T>\e.
qT | dV+> s |sT>T\ Hu Vs+d+ #dq |jT\T
10e s> nqTe+

y$<+ <s |]De <] rd+~. < |*+> s |sT>T\ Hu
|]ds\ nqTyq nqTL\H\qT b+~ eTqT>& k+# #d+~.
eTs= d+<s+ >T]+ <+.
s+& d+<s+:
d+<s + L& s+>TH y$ < + @s& |T <s sy s\
n+~+#&TT+~. ms s |sT>T\ qT+& *s+>T |sT>T\T e#sTT.
qT *s+> d+ n+~+#& y{ d+K |]+~.
|+-7: * eT]jTT msT| s |sT>T\T

|# \T, b<\|q *, ms s |sT>T\T \ dw+ > |+#$.
qT y{ dT\u+> q>*>$. eTT+<T d+<s+ |# s |sT>T\
e~]> s+>T esT eq|{ n~ * s+>T s |sT >T\ u+ #L s<T .
s |sT>T\ Hu eTT+<T> @+ ]+<+f n& * eT]jTT |#
s+>T |sT>T\T me> HsTT. |<X @qT>T e+< }V+#T+&.
|sT>T\T q b<\>T+& @qT>T q&T#T+ y* < fifl+<|& #
|sT>T\T #bsTT. yfi @yH J$+HjT+f y n~+> * s
|sT>T +{sTT. m+<T +#+&. qT y{ HuH HeT~> |sT>T
bT+~. n+f =ksT q Hu\ d+> < VsT> d+u$+#
d+|Tq\ |*+> qTe\ bq'|q+ esT\T @s&sTT. BH qT
$k|q + ( ) n n+{sT. ~ L& Hu y$ < <]rdT+ ~.
|&T eTs= d+<s #<+.
eT&e d+<s+:
s |sT>T\ Hu eT+> |sT>T +~. nqT+& VsT> n$
|+-8: bwVs |+ *q s |sT>T\T

+& b<\ @<H >T\T k+<qT+&. n|&T \T q+#&+ < y{
d+K Zbe&+ e\q s |sT>T\ dsq Vs+ \_+#<T. |dT\T +&*
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

edT+~. qT s |sT>T\ sTe ZbT+~. esT qT|<syTq
qT es<T . sy = d+es\ yTT\ >T fi Z b<\T eTqT|{
s>+> e]bjsTT.
n|&T s |sT>T\ sTe m+{ &\T ekjT e u$dTHe?
] eT]jTT nqTe+ \D\T eT]jTT |]DeT+
+ |T sT|=H Je\ |T d+ |+> +&
DC\+ ;D\qT >T]+ |T bs+ #]+#+.
yfi s |sT>T\ q+ Vs+ \_+#be&+ e\q sTe Z
esT ;D\ esT rdTs<T. f sTe nH \D+
nqTe++> d+ n+~+|&<T. |]De <]rjT<T. n+f syTq
esT\T nqTe++> sTy s\ n+~+#&e ns+ #dTe#T.
|T DC\+ $TqV, $T> DC\ ]> esT\T ;D\
esT\T rdT=se. { J$ q J$\+ b+~q
nqTuy\qT y{ q d+ n+~+#<T. y$ |]De <V<+ #jTe.
esYy<+ ` JH u|dt esY (1774`1829)
|Ps| sE\ Je m+{ esT\T +&e m|{ $<+>
+{jT |\T $Xd+#ysT. JH u|dt esY Je|]DeT
d<+ |b~+q yTT<{ Xdy. = y\ d+es\ +
s|\T +\ eH +&e esY u$+#&T. H\|q eT]jTT
# +~ =eT <=] Vs+ \_+#+& bj Vs =s
sD+> s|\ T yT&k # |q q XK\qT n+<Ty*q neds+
@s& +&e#T. qT yT&k | XK\qT n+<Te&+ e\q yT&
|+-9: JH u|dt esY HeT~> k>&+ yTT< +&e#T. m+<T+f |<|< yT&qT k
(1774-1829) |j+#&+ eT\+> = s\ sy s|\ yT& kbsTT
|&T qT kq yT& >\ s|\ $se+ ] +T+<
jTq u$+#&T. J$ q eTqT>& d+ neds+ =B
n_e~ #dTq \D\qT < >TD\qT ] >TD\T (
) n+{sT. esY n_bjT+ |s+ $<+> ]+q
>TD\T eT d+ n+~+#&T +{sTT. BH ] >TD\
nqTe+ n+{sT.
>ddt Mdtedt d<+ m\T\| |j>\T #d
|+#&T. n&T m\T\ \T =\+#&T. d+
eeT\T>H \ +#sTT. sy s+ m\T\ \T L&
|+-10: s| =\+#T+ n 22 s\ es #X&T. nsTT |k] m\T\T
10e s> nqTe+

\H |{sTT. XsyTq esT\T |]ds\ sD+> @s&H ds n~
eT d+ n+~+#&e MdteH s]+#&T.
&]+ ` #sdt ssY &]H (1809`1882)
| esD+ ( ) nH |U d<+ &]H |b~+#&T.
+>+& <XdT&q #sdt &]H q 22e jT ; nH H
||+ # y|+ > |]X<q d+ jT\T<] <T d+es\T |j D+#&T.
>b>dt Be\ dV mHH |<X\qT n&T d+<]+#&T. j
|<X\ yTT\T, +Te\ >T]+ D+> n<jTq+ #X&T. n>
m+ de#s, TTEe\qT L& d]+#&T.
&]H >b>dt Be\ q deTV #+~q | \ sD+
y$< >T]+#&T. y{H &]H |+#Y |\T n+{sT. &]H |+#Y
|\ eTT d\yTq esT\T +&& jTq >eT+#&T. esT
|\ m |j>|&TT+~? |+-11: #sdt &]H
(1809 ` 1882)
! " # $ %
|+-12: &]H |+#Y |\T

dsY #sd t sdq |d + jTqqT m+ |u $+
#d+ ~. nsTT u>[ esT\T eT<+ > sT>TjTH #sd t |b<qqT
&]H n+^]+#<T. nH qq esT |< esT <]rkjT $
|sqyTq $> +{jT &]H u$+#&T. n> e\dt |b~+q |U
#+~q Hu d<++ |u e+
&]H| n~+ > +&~. edt |]o\q |s+ Hu >TDX& |sT>TT+f
(1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ....) y{ Vs neds\T n+X& |< |sT>TTHsTT
(1,2, 3, 4, ....).
&]H | esD+ nH d<+ |b~+#&T. n+f | eyT
J$ eTqT>& k+# q+# nH $wj ssTTdT+~. n+f
eTqT>& k+#>\<H | mqT+T+~. |jTT y$<\T q Je
eTqT>& =qkksTT. sT|j> \D\T < >TD\Tq$ HXqeTesTT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

< n$ q |]ds\ qT+& =\+#&sTT.
m.sY.y*dt nqT Xdy L& | esD+ <sH =J e\T <$ kjT
*b&T. n+X ms s |sT>T $wjT+ eTq+ >eT+#+. y{
\T HXsTT { y{ Hu |]ds\ qT+& HeT~> =\+#&+~.
n< deTjT+ |# s |sT>T\T \ s+>T *dbsTT \
|+# +& +&+ e\q eTqT>& k~+#>* >sTT. { y{ Hu |]+~.
BH | esD+ n+{sT.
+#+&`#]+#+&
n&$ s+&T sq +\T HjTqT+<+. s+ # y>+>
|sT>>\e. s+&e s+ n+ y>+> |sT> e. d+V\T, |\T\T, +\qT y{&
Vs+> rdT+{sTT. eT] @ s+ +\T eTqT>& kkj }V+#+&? @ s+ +\
Hu eT+> ZbT+~. m+<T?
y $ < \T | j > s y T q $> q| & T n$ b V +# & sTT.
Vsy T q y n+]ksTT. Hu eTqT>& d+ ]> bs+ \yTq <
>\TdT+~. | L& |jTT y$<\H <]dT+~.
|C me d+K d+ +& #dT+~. n$ Vs+, d\+,
|T $wjT+ b{ @s& b{&TsTT. n> s CT\ Je\q
bs+ #j* edT+~. Jeq+ d+ ]> bs{+ \yTqy TsTT.
BH eTqT>& d+ bs+ ( ) n+{sT. bs+
* +&& j>eTeTT\ ks Jeq+ n n+{sT.
\yT D ~ = CT\ $sy <]rdT+ ~. MT |]ds\ yTT\T,
+Te\ MTsT eTqT>&d+ bs+ #d +{sT. yTT\q yTT\,
|{q |\ = eyT & >eT+# +{sT. MT nqTuy\ <s+>
eTqT>&d+ bs+ >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.
&]H d<+ ks+X+
1. Hu @< deTV+ y$<\qT d+]+#Te#T.
deTV+ n Je\ s+> b+<e.
2. y$<\T q\ qT+& d+ nqTe++> n+~+#&sTT.
3. d+ n~ d+K +f n~ eTqT>& d+ bs{ <]rdT+~.
4. |]DeT+ nH~ HeT~>, s+sjT+> sT>TT+~.
5. q |jT T \D \T Je\H, qy eTqT>& =qk+#& ns
* +{sTT. { |T <s Je\T n~ d+H #ksTT.
10e s> nqTe+

6. |jTT y$<\T * eTqT>& kdTq Je\T nqTe++> d+
y{ n+<Ck sTT. n> | s+ q s>& + e\q y$ <\T ds k<sD
\D\esTT.
7. |sesD+ esT\T ed Je\T y{ nqT>TD+> esT\T <
nqTL\H\qT d+]+#T = |]dT\ J$+#>\T>TsTT.
8. | JeC dTBs\+ esT\T #T#dT+ +&, n~ =
C @s&{ <]rdT+~. = C, yTq C _q+> +T+~.
u$T|q n CT\T $<+> @s&qy.
MT \Tk?
#sdt &]H, & sd ydt\ #q\T +&$.
&]H Je |]DeT d<+ sb+~dTq deTjT+ ydt sdq
s n+<TH&T. ydt +&Hwj Be\ q |]X<q\
>T]+, | esD+ >T]+ sX&T. qT +qT>H ydt
d<++ L& +&+ &]HqT # Xs >T]#d+ ~. sy
&]H, ydt *d | |
esD+ >T]+ yk |#T]+#sT. < sy &]H q
|eTTKyTq >+<+ CT\ ( ) |#T ]+, |& sd ydt
| esD+ >T]+ $e]+#&T.
CT\ ( )
= CT\T m nesTT?
C Hu y$<\T |]ds\ nqTL\yTq \D\qT b+<&+
eTq+ #X+. n b+~q Je |ue++> eTqT>& k~+#>\T>TsTT.
n< C #+~q Je nsTTH, e*q nqTL\H\qT b+ n+]+bsTT. eTT+<T #]+q ms, |# s |sT>T eTq
eT+ <VsD. qC ]> qq esT\qT d |]DeT+
( ) n+{sT.
|&T = = CT\T m @s&j #<+. = CT\T @s&{
CT\ ( ) n < d\ |]DeT+ ( ) n
n+{sT.
ms, |# s |sT>T\T ++> *d d+ b+<>\e eTq
\TdT. nsTT ms, |# s |sT>T\T @y sD\# # \+
ys b jjT }V+#T+& (<VsD \T y{ q& H s# T =
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

rdT[fl <s+> m& Cs$&#jTqT+&). = d+es\ s+&T s\
s |sT>T\q m+ y$<+ @s&TT+~. sy n$ nqT+&
*dq|{ |T s|e. d+ #jTe. @<H Je\T y{
C Je\H \e&+, d+H b+<&+ sT>TT+~. $<+> = CT\T
@s&TT+{sTT.
Je |]DeT+`<s\T
Je\ |]DeT+ m ]+~? Xdy\T <H TTEe\T < <sH\T
y\+{sT. s|+#&+ # eTTK+. n<$<+> Je|]De L&
TTEe\T neds+. n+{ = <VsD\T |]o*<+.
|]DeT d++<\qT >T]+ eTq+ n<jTq+ #d|&T @ \D\T
keqyTqy eTq+ m >T]k+?
sDkeT, jkeT nejTy\T
@yH \D\T $$< Je\ $<+> HjT+f n$ y+{ #+~q
|PsJ$ qT+& nqTe++> eqT >T]+#e#T. $T+>\+ yC\T
(<&), >_ s\T (m>s&), sT fifl (|sT>&),
#T+#Tm\T fifl (e&), eTqTw #T\T (|Te&) $$<
s\T> |j>|& eTT+<] #\H+>\ n+]sD+ +T+<+f MTsT
XsbsT. Mq+{ |Ps+>\ n+]sD\T, meTT\ neT]
+{sTT. dXsT\ |P\ qT+& |]DeT+ |*+> @s&qyq
sTEe\T \T|THsTT. nejTy\H sDkeT nejTy\T (
) n+{sT. $<y T q |]De n|k] |]DeT+ ( )
n+{sT.
nejTy\ s+ b*\Tq+ eq
n$ |P\ qT+& @s&*q neds+ <T .
>_\+, |\ s\ >T]+ @eT u$+#*?
eqe&T sT|* $T+>\+ >_\+ |\T, >_\ s\T HsTT. &\T,
\T\ s\T e. nsTT &\T, \T\ +f
|\T, >_\T <={ # <>Z]
d++<+ \e ns+ #dTe#?
$wjT+ sj e#eTT+<T
| \T, >_\ s \ >T]+ +=+#+ C>>
|]o*<+. >_\+ s\ b&e>qTq yfifl
eT< k>& eTT&T#T& M\T> q
|+-13: deTs| nejTy\T #s|++ ( ) |dT+~. |\
10e s> nqTe+

s \T \ | &q eTT+<] #\H+>\T. s +&+{ sD+, nejTy\T
ysTysT> q|{ n$ sV+# $~ e+ f. n+<Te\H n$ s+&T
#&& $<+> |ksTT. nsTTq|{ s+&+{ eT\+ {<T.
sD+ ysTysT> q|{ syTq | s]+# y{ jkeT
nejTy\T ( ) n+{sT. $<yTq |]De n_k]
|]DeT+ ( ) n+{sT.
|+& Xd <sH\T ( )
+`6
yH eTT >\ Je\ |+&_e~ $$< <X\ qT |]o*<+. y{ b*\T,
u<\qT >T]+#+&. MT $TT\ #]+#+&.
J$ n+&+ yTT<\T= d+|P]> m<>&+
es >\ $$< n_e~ <X\qT >T]+q n<jTq+
#jT&H |+&_e~ Xd+ ( ) n
n+{sT. | &+u + ( ) | H me>
#|qT b* +T+~. ~ < ddT+~? n+f
#|\ qT+& | \T |]DeTeT+ |* +> @s&jT
u$+#e#?
#| qT+& eqe es >\ $$< Je\ & ' ( ) * + , + - + . / 0 1 2 3 1 4 3 ' ( 0 5 ) ' 6 7 8 3 9 5 + , & : + ; ; ' 4 8 < - + .
|+&\ >T]+#<q ( ) b*\T

m +{jT+f dT|d< |+&_e~ Xdy nsTTH |+-14: |+& Xd <sH\T
=*<XqTq |+& ys=< qT+& ysT> >T]+#&+ w+. $wjT+
@$T *jTCdT+~? | J$ J$#] |P\ sD \D\qT
|<]dT+~. D+ +q|&T Je\+{ keq |P&T
( ) Hs, <qT+& Je\ |]DeT+ #+<jTH ueq
\+ #LsTT+~.
C\T ( )
= y\ d+es\ + e+q = Je CT\T >T]+ eTq
\TdT. n$ |dT+ J$+ e. n+]+bjsTT. y{ =+{
eTq+ C\ s|+ #&e#T. <: sd\T\T. $ m+ |< Xs
|]eD+ *q +Te\T. $ # @fifl + u$TMT< ed+#$.
\eT+ n$ n+]+bjsTT. y{ |dT+ eTq+ #&+. sd\T\T
L& |{ +Te\ e~]>H ed+#$ n #|& Xdy\T nH
sTEe\T d]+#sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

C\T n+f @$T{?
bNq JejTT> ed+q Je\ *jTCd, | d<+>
u<|s#&q e |<s\H C\T n+{sT. |sq Je\T < e\
#+~q @ u>yTH C+> @s&e#T. = | |]dT\ Je\
sq |<s\T D+, |P]> s\q #+<+& +&+ e\ C\T
@s&sTT. u$T |* bs { |* | \ ( ) C\T
sb+<TsTT.
bNq Je\ Xs u>\T meTT\T, <+\T, =eTT\, $H\T, |\T
< b<eTT<\T yTT<q$ C\ s|+ \_ksTT. k<sD+> #bsTTq
Je\ Xs+ [fl q+bT+~. =ksT Xs+ yTT+ < @yH =
u>\T dV+> q+b+& +& C\T> sb+<TsTT.
<VsD @<H #bsTTq + Ts< bsTT+<qT+&.
n~ n+ dT\Te> q+#<T . Ts< eT+> m+&, >{| & |]d T \T+f
eT{ |\ <V+, Xs u>\T, |d<+> u<|s#&
eTT<\T> +&bsTT. #&b+& +&bsTTq eTT<\qT
C\T n+{sT.
|+-15: + C\qT > T ]+q n< j T H
|sJeXd+ ( ) n n+{sT.
u >s Xdy ( ) +
#| >\T>TsT. sH &{+ > |< |j +
C\ ejTdTqT < n$ ed+q
qT>=+{sT. n+<T s&j<] |<sq
sH, jTTsjT+ eT]jTT b{wjT+ jTT
k{|t\qT |jksT. C\ |* K
\eD\ < C\Tq \\ k{|t\
nsJ $ +#&+ <s C\
|+-16: &Hksdt n+#H yksT.
sH &{+> |<, s&j<] k{|\ >T]+ MT skjTqXd
b<jTT #]+#+& < >+<\jT+ qT+& de#s+ d]+#+&.
s>>~ |<]+#+&.
=ksdt nH &Hksdt + eTq sw+ ~u< jeTq|*
e< \_++~. nsT<q >=| + <<| 160 $T*jTH d+es\
+H{ |Ps Esd jTT> #+~q~. 14 MTs b&e, 5 MTs q
C V<su<T _.jT+._s dH d+sY u<|]#sT.
10e s> nqTe+

MT \Tk?
]j|] nH d+<q dTe < b*
+T+~. | \H? ddb\H? < s +&+{H? s +&T
$_q deTV\ #+~q \D\qT * +& Je\qT
d+<qdTe\T n+{sT. ]j|] jTT + ]j|]
|\ T\T, ddb\qT+& |]DeTeT+ <$ +#jT *jTCdT + ~. n+<Te\ B | \,
ddb\ eT< d+<q+> u$ksT.
eqe |]DeTeT+ ( )
<T eqe&T |dT sb d+]+#T=H es sT>T q |]DeT
|jTH eqe |]DeT eT+ n+{sT. yTT\T, +Te\+{ e~]>H
eqe L& |]DeT #] +T+~. ~eqe e |+# Je\T 7
\\ 50 y\ d+es\ |PsyT u$T| +&ysT. eqe\ (Vy
d|jTH) #+~q n |sq + u$T| eqe\ 2 \\ 50 y\
d+es\ |PsyT qT \T|Tq~. eqe |]DeT e |]o*<+.
Vy V_\dt `1.6 ` 2.5 $T*jTH d+es\ |Ps+ ed+#ysT.
Vy msdt `1 ` 1.8 $T*jTH d+es\ |Ps+ ed+#ysT.
Vy d|jT H j+&s dt` 2,30,000 ` 3,00,000
d+es\ + ed+#ysT.
Vy d|jTH (|dT eqe\T)` 40 y\ d+es\
|Ps+qT+& eddTHs \Tk+~.
u>fi+|q ed+# eqe\ eTTK \D\, Jeq
$<H\ m+ y$ < + +T+~. # \+> |\+<sT |+-17: eqe |]DeT+
u>fi+| ed+# s eqe CT\ >T]+ #]dTHsT. #s+ jTT
s+>TqT{ q\C, \C n >]+ #ysT. CT\T s +& ysT ysT > |]DeT+
#+<j n # \+> #]dTHsT. JeXd|s+> eqe deTV\T
d++<+ $ n nq& @ <seT <T { eqe\+<s f C
n eT\qT+& |]DeT+ #+<s | <s\ <s \Tk+~.
n++& =y\ d+es\ qT+& eqe\T u $T|q eddT H sT.
|dT+ eqe deC\T u>fi+ MT< m& eddTq| eqe\+
| qT+& eqys! n|sq eqe&T VAyd|jT H & ed+qT
<\THsTT. eTq qT de#s+ L& |H eT\H dk+~. n+f
s +&T $T*jTH d+es\ |Ps+ & eqe\T+&ysT. sy $$< sD\
e\ eTq |P\T |qT e~* jT e#sT. =+<sT n& +&bjsT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

e\d jT\T<]q ysT | qT+& dj sTy eT< dj,
jTTswj, <D dj, sT dj b+\ $d]+#sT. y] =+<sT
+&Hwj Be\ qT+& |jDd |*|H MT<T> d*j #ssT. n>
u]+> \d+~ <{ nyT] #sTHsT. ys+ <] < \+
|jT+#<T. e\+ |jD+#\H H|+ |jD+#<T. n|{ neds\T,
sD\T ysT |jD+# |]=* +{sTT. eTTK+> eTT+<T, yqT,
>T+|\T>, k] =+ =+ eT+~ yse ]=sT $&b |
qT+& <s+>, | $$< b+\ |jD+#sT.
n|{ eqe deC\ e\d\ sD\T @yT +{j #TqT+&
eTs= #{ m |jD+ +{s +#+&. MT s> #]+#+&.
u>V+ n JeCT\ eH eqe\T L& Je|]DeT+
esT#+~qys. n> s JeCT\ b*q|&T eqe\T k<yTq+
es kse++> J$+#& |jTdH +{sT.
eqe&T ` q&# neXcjTy\ eTjT+
|]DeTeT+ u>+> neds+ nejTy\T eT+> D+bsTT.
n D + b+&, sT|j >+> $T*bsTTq nejTy\H neXcjTy\T
( ) n+{sT.
eTq Jseed |<|>T n+TqT> +& +&T+ ( ) nH
u>+ >T]+ MT \TdT. eqe JsjT n~ @$<+>q &&<T.
+<\T e+{ XVsT\ e+ JsjT eTTKyTq $~H s]dT+~.
+&T+ e~]> sT|j>+> +& neXcejTy\T eqe <<|
180 HsTT. <VsD #$yT, #s+| X\T, eT>y] s>+<T\T
yTT<\>Tq$. n+<T#H eqe& q&# neXcjTy\ eTjT+ n n+{sT.
\ |<\T
y$<\T, d+, \D\T, <Xs|+, qTs|+, $weTjTT>+, deTjTT>+,
d+ ePVq d<++, jTT>$\\T, nqTe+, Xs yCyT\T, +
yCyT\T, | esD+, dVC nejTy\T, |+&_e~ <sH\T, eqe |]DeT+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
# <>Zs d++<+ >\ Je\ y$<\T |ksTT.
y$<\T s+ qT+& eTs= s m n+~+#&jTH deTdqT >T]+ \TdTe&

1857e d+es+ >>sY CH yT+& |]X<q\T bs+_+#&T.
10e s> nqTe+

s yTT\ |e\ s+>T, kq+, $H\ s+, s+>T, |\+ s+, s+>T, +&+ b&e yTT<q
@&T | \D\qT |j>\ dyT yT+& mqTH&T.
s\ yTT<{ d+ < s+ $H\T |dT|s+>T +{sTT.

= >
= ? s+ 75% |dT |s+ >T $H \ 25% |# $. BH <Xs|+ n+{sT. <Xs| w 3:1.
= s+ 75% |dT |s+>T $H \ 25% X<C #+~q$ ( ) >, 50% yTT\T |dT |s+>T
? @ @
VsZ \D+>, |# n+sZ \D+> * HsTT. $T*q 25% X< |# C

#+~q$. BH qTs|+ n+{sT. qTs| w 1:2:1.
s yTT |r <s < \D u< eV+# s+&T s\qT * +T+~. y{H jTT>
$\\T ( ) n n+{sT. A B B C B C
\D \ sDyTq s\T s \D \| <s|& +& d++> d+ n~+#&&

d+ ePVq d<++ n n+{sT.
|dT| eT]jTT |# $H\# yTT\ eT< d+sD+ ]| d+ yTT+ |dT| $H

dT+~. m+<T+f |dT|s+>T VsZ s+ qT.
q\T eT jTT> $\\ @< s jT<#> d+ n+~ksT.
q\ qT+& \D\T < >TD\qT d+ b+< |jTH nqTe+ ( ) n n+{sT. D C E C F G H I
eqe D+ 23 \ yCyT\T+{sTT. M{ 22 \qT Xs yCyT\, 1 qT

+ yCyT\ n+{sT.
] \D \T < >TD\qT d+ <s sy s\ n+~+#&jT esY |b~+#&T.

B ]>TD nqTe+ d+ n+{sT.
|r JeC eT d+KqT e~ #dTe&+ d+ n~+> d+ #ksTT. y{ eTqT>&

d+ bs+ ], \yTq$ eyT >\TksTT.
deTs|, nqTs| nejTy\T eT]jTT |+&_e~ $$< <X\ T |]DeT d++<\qT $e]+#&
sTEe\T> |j >|& sTT.
$_q Je = \D \ b*\T +&e#T. m+<T+f ne |P\ qT+& |]DeTeT+

@s& +&e#T.
bNq jTT> ed+q Je\T, e\T dV |jT \ sD+> |P]> [flb+& $T*bsTTq
y TTEe\H C\T n+{sT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. y$<\T n+f @$T{? Je\ y$<\T @$<+> |j>|&sTT?( ) J K >
2. $<] (|]X<&T) X< b&e yTT ( ) X< b{ yTT ( ) d+sD+ sb\qTH&T.

L L H H
eT] = s\ m+{ yTT\T e# neXeTTq~? $e]+#+&.( )

> M = ? J K >
3. Xdy qs + m\T\ \qT ] +#&T. eT] m\T\ d+ \T+{j? +&y?

MT n_bj $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

4. e$T& sT e$T& |+&T u> dq #TH=< #X&T. < >Tfifl
+&+, $Td+Vs eT+<T\qT y{qT |]o*+#&T. n> eTs e$T& #TqT #X&T. <
$Td+Vs\qT |j+#<T, e e$T&|+&qT * q~. nsTT sT me
e$T&|+&#, $Td+Vs\T y&qeds+ #T+f u>T+T+< nqTH&T. eT] sT
sTq |s+ = e$T& #TqT dw+#e#? @$<+> k<eTeT+< $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
5. @ d+s d+sD+ |j> <VsD $e]+#+&. nqTe+ d\ < eTq+

ns+ #dTe#T? $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
6. d+ ePVq d<++ n+f @$T{? <VsD $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
7. eqe\ *+> ssD m #T #dT+T+~? <VsD $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
8. &]H jTT | esD+ d<+ <VsD $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
9. y$<\+f @$T{? dsq <VsD $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
10. k<sD+> e MTsT |]o*+q y$<$T{?( ) J K >
11. yT+&, s yTT @jT \D\qT |j>\ dyT mqTH&T?( ) J K >
12. yT+& \D +X\T ( ) nH |< @$<+ > |j +#&T. <VsD $e]+#+&.( )

H E A G H N J K >
13. qs+, s\ eT< yT+& >T]+q u<$T{?( )

= ? J K >
14. Xe *+> ssD sD+ eT>ys. B n+^]ky? MT de<H b#sT <s

$e]+#+&.( ) J K >
15. deTs|, nqTs| nejTy\qT >T]+ |+> $e]+#+&.( ) J K >
16. C\ d++~+q de#s Xdy\T m |jksT?( ) J K >
17. yT+& q |j>\ d+ s yTTqT mqTH&T. n+<T >\ sD\T @yT +{jT MTsT
u$dTHsT?( ) J K ?
18. esY |b~+q ] >TD\ nqTe+ d+ yfi ds q < nsTT ||+ #+ m +&~?( ) J K ?
19. MT |]ds\ |]> |P\yTT\qT |]o*+#+&. y{eT< b*eq, ysTysT> q \D\qT

>T]+ sjT+&. ( ) J K O
20. MT T+ duT \ nqTe+ d+ \D \T/ >TD\qT >T]+q de#s d]+#+&. de#s

$Xw+ sjT+&.( ) J K P
21. Je |]DeT <sD\ d++~+q +~ de#s+| MT n_bj sjT+&.

|\T, ddb\T, ujT#s\ e~]>H s<\T H\T>T fiflqT * HsTT. M+{
|Ps+>\ sD+ $<+ > q|{ n$ #j *q |qT\T nqT>TD+> nejTy\T sb+s+
#+<sTT.( ) J K P
22. sH &{+> |< >T]+q de#s d]+#+&. uXk u~+# b<jTT\

$wjTyT @yT$T #]+#s sjT+&.( ) J K P
23. d+ ePVq d<+ #| >&T \ { b# sTq T ^jT+&. w $e]+#+&.( ) J K Q
24. yT+& |j>\ @ d+s d+sD+ ]| $<q+ >T]+ >fifl #<s ^d $e]+#+&.( ) J K Q
25. >&bsTTq Je eTVjTT>\ eqe |]DeT+ m ]+< *|+<T #sTqT jsT

#jT+&.( ) J K Q
10e s> nqTe+

26. | |j >s y T q \D \qT eyT bVdT+ < *jTCd sH q T j sT#jT +&.( )
J K R
27. eTqT>& d+ bs+qT ns+ #dTe& MT |]ds\ @jT <VsD\qT < @jT
d+<s\qT MTsT |]o*+#sT?( ) J K S
28. eqe |]DeT+ >T]+ d>+ jsT#jT+&.( ) J K S
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. Je\ esT\ <]rd $<H ````````````````````````````` n+{sT.
2. yT+& |j>\T ```````````````````````````````` qT $e]ksTT.
3. d+ePVq d<+ $e]+# |j>\ |]o*+q \D\T ````````````````````````.
4. msT| s+>T |c\Tq yTT \T| s+>T |c\Tq yTTqT |s> d+|s + #dq |&T @s& yTT
`````````````````````````````
X+ n+sZ \D+>\ yTT\T+{sTT.
5. L L <
M @ @ L \ eeTjT \D+ ````````````````````````````````.
H M @ I
6. & Xe 23 \ Xs yCeTT\T+{sTT.yT 18 d+es\ ejTdT eq|&T yT

```````````````````
\ Xs yCeT\T ````````````````````` \ + yCeTT\T+{sTT.
7. CHu ```````````````````` XD |sT>TT+f Vs eqsT\T ``````````````````` XD |sT>TsTT.
8. d]> q&e yT me\+ J$+#<T. &]H d<++ |s+ ~ ```````````` qT *jTCdT+~.
9. $T+>\+ <& |j>|& yeTT> e]q eTT+C sD+ >Ts+ ```````````````````
|j>|& esT #+~ +T+~.
10. C\ >T]+ n<jTq+ #d Xd $u> `````````````````````````````` n+{sT.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&

1. +~ y >T_ yTT d++~+ y$< <V<|&~. ( )
(m) s+>T\T>\ s |\T (_) eTTfifl (d) r>\T (&) |+
2. yT+& |s+ jTT>$\\ +& \D+. ( )
(m) qTe\T \T> +&&+ (_) \D u< eV+#&+
(d) ;D\ (&) n+sZ \D+> +&&+
3. |esD+ nq> ( )
(m) | j> *q \D\qT m+| #jT&+ (_) Je\ | |#s s|&+
(d) |j>+ \D\qT | es+#&+ (&) m, _.
4. |sJe Xdy B d++<+ * +{&T. ( )
(m) |+& Xd <sH\\T (_) <sH\T
(d) neXw nejTe <sH\T (&) |e
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

nqT+<+
yT+& d+ ePVq d<++ ( )
g h g i j i j h
+ e s eTq+ y T +&
sV+q @ d+sD |j>\
>T]+ |]o*+#+. |&T s+&T
\ \D\T @$<+> s+
g g h h g g h i g j h i g j h i
g h
qT+& eTs= s
g g h i g g i i g j i i g j h i
n+<CjT&j nH n+X+|
g i
yT+& sV+q |j>\qT
n<jTq+ #<+.
g j h i g j i i j j i i j j h i
s+&T \ ysTysT \D\

eT< ] > d + s D ~d + s
j i
g j h h g j h i j j h i j j h h
d+sD + ( ) n+{sT.
j h
s y T T \ | $ < + >
~d+s d+sD+ s|>, d+
c d e d e d f
|dT| ( ) >T+& ( ) eT]jTT
eTT&\T ( ), |# ( ) \D\T
T U V W X Y Z [ [ U \ ] ^ _ W ` [ Z X a Y Z [ [ U \
|+#sTT. s+ yTT\ eT<
d|s> d+|s+ ]|q|&T j
T U V W X a b ^ Z Z W ] ^ _ W ` [ Z X a b ^ Z Z W
\D \T, s \D \ d++>
*dbsTT s+ @s&+~.
>fifl #<s C>> |]o*+#+&. ~d+s d+sD+ @s& $$< s\
\sTT\qT >T]+#+&.
nH$ >T+& eT]jTT |dT| $H\#$.

nH$ >T+& eT]jTT |#$.
nH$ eTT&\T eT]jTT |#$.
| |* \qT { | \D sDyTq s+ d++> + d+j
;C\ eTq> * qT s s D se# T . n+f s \H ( )
d + y T q $> + d + j > ; C\ <s nqTe+ + > d +
n+~+#&sTT n #|e#T.
H me \D\ jTT nqTe+qT >eTd, \D\
10e s> nqTe+

sDyTq s\T ys \D\| <s|&+& d++> d+ \_+#& < n+~+#&
d+ ePVq d<+eT n+{sT.
| \D sDyTq < jT++# s\T+{jT yT+& u$+#&T. |dT+
s\H eTq+ qTe\T ( ) n n+TH+. | \D sDyTq qTe\H
jTT>$\\T ( ) n+{sT. jTT> $\T s+&T s\T. \D s+& syTq
s\T+f < deTTjTT>+ ( )( ) n, \D es \D\Tq
qTe\T > +f < $weTjTT>+ ( )( ) n n+{sT.
yT+& |j>\qT dT\u+> ns+ #dT& +~ &T<+.
m$T~ b&yq #sT eTT\T rdT+&. y
={ d, |sTw d+j>;C\qT dkjT
nqT+&. y{ >&T \ = <
s +&T #=|q |+&. sy eT]jTT >&T \
q #sT\qT 1 d+K q >& s|+&.
eT]jTT \ #sT eTT\qT 5 d+K q
>& s|+ &. n> eT]jTT \ #sT\ qT
2, eT]jTT \ #sT\qT 6 >&
s|+&. |&T 1, 2 eT]jTT 5, 6 >&T\\
s+&T b&y{ #sTeTT\T +{sTT.
#]+#+&:
X<C >T]+ @$T ns+ #dTHsT?
<$<+> q #sT eTT\qT, s \D\T> }V+#T= MT $TT\ *d &+&.
MTsT >T]+q n+X\| $TT\ \d +, #]+ y~ sjT+&.
`2: @ d+s d+sD+ ( )
H\T>T b&yq, H\T>T b{ #sTeTT\qT rdT=, b&e #sT eTT\qT
>&T\qT, = b{ #sT\qT >&T\qT +#+&.
eT]jTT >&T\ #sTqT 1e >& s|+&.
#]+#+&: s+ >T]+ MTs+ ns+ #dTHsT.
`3: ~ d+s d+sD+ (d+ qT ePVq d<++)
16 b&e #sTeTT\T, 16 b{ #sTeTT\T, 16 ms>T+&\T, 16 \ >T+&\qT rdT+&.
4 b&e #sTeTT\qT (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

4 q #sTeTT\qT (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.
4 ms >T+&\qT (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.
4 \ >T+&\qT (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.
sy
>&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 1e >& s|+&.
( >& s+&T #sT eTT\T, 2 >T+&\T yTT+ 4 +{sTT.
>&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 5e >& s|+&.
>&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 9e >& s|+&.
>&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 13e >& s|+&.
<$<+> n >&T\ #sTeTT\T eT]jTT >T+&\qT C>> s|+&.
#]+#+&:
d+ ePeVq d<++ >T]+ @$T ns+ #dTHsT? $TT\ \d +#+&,
#]+#+&. (MT b<jTT\ dVjT+ rdT+&) b&e eT]jTT msT| VsZ \D\T>, b{
eT]jTT \T| n+sZ \D\T> u$+#+&.
+~ >&T\ @ \D\T se& neXeTTq< sjT+&.
. +~ >&T\
1. b&e eT]jTT msT| 2. ..................................
3. .................................. 4. ..................................
5. .................................. 6. ..................................
7. .................................. 8. ..................................
9. .................................. 10. ................................
11. ................................
. +~ >&T\
4. ................................. 8. ..................................
12. ...............................
. +~ >&T\
13. ............................... 14. ................................
15. ...............................
. +~ >&T\
16. ...............................
10e s> nqTe+

bs+
9
eTq |sesD+` eTq u<
eTq | ] eTq#T q |]ds\ |]#jT + +T+~. eTq#T

q |]ds\T Je\ eTqT>& MT< |ue+ #|ksTT. JeC\+ MT< |ue+
#| Je, u s\b skjTq s\+{ >\ |sd s d++<
|sesD+ ( ) n+{sT. Je\T eT#T q dJe e n+X\
deTT\ k~+#& s++s+ |jTdH +{sTT. JyesD+
( ) +& n+X\ #jT |< JeC\+ |#s\T sT|H
+{sTT. JeC\+ eTqT>& k+#& HeT~> |]DeT+ #+<& $
&&sTT. >*, H\, sT, + yTT<q u s\qT e s\T
( ) n, JeCq+{ *| dJe s\T ( ) n n+{sT.
J$ q neds\ y*q ks\qT H deTLsT\>\<T. Je\T
eT eTqT>& d+ #d se\T |]ds\ s n+X\ MT< |ue+
#|e#T. =k] <e\ @s& qw+ |]ds\ deTT\qT <rjTe#T.
Vs >=\TdT\T ( ) Vs C\+ (
) >T]+ Je sdT\T y{ eT< >\ Vs |sy T q
d++< >T]+ MTsT +~ s>T HsTHsT
<! @<H Vs| >=\TdTqT |]o*+qsTT
Vs| >=\TdT eTs= Vs| >=\TdT d++<+
qT |dT + ~. Vs| >=\TdT\ *d Vs
C @ss#& >eT+#e#T. Vs|
>=\TdTqT |]o*d @~ < Vs+> d]+#
n\yTqT |+b+~+#T+T+< ns+ #dTe#T. |+-1: Vs d++<\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
k l m
Vs C\+ +& uD| >TsT\ T Vs ds L >\ d++< dksTT.
|+`1 q +Te\qT |]o*+#+&. y{ eT<>\ Vs d++<\qT
uD| >TsT\ #| Vs| >=\TdTqT jsT #jT+&.
MTsT sdq < jsT #dq Vs| >=\TdT <sT\T eT]jTT
$j><sT\ |sqT sjT+&.
MTsT ^dq uD| >TsT\T < dksTT?
MT |]ds\, d+ H\T>T Vs| >=\TdT\qT >T]+#+&. M{
<sT\T, $$< ksTT\ $j><sT\ |sqT sjT+&.
MT |]ds\ $$< Vs| >=\TdT\qT >T]+# deTjT+ y{ b&e
e> +&&+, H\T>T ksTT\H $T+ +&be& MTsT >eTksT.
n++& Vs| >=\TdT <sT\ qT+& $j><sT\ es (|<e T,
~rjT, rjT) yfifl=B |ksTT Je\ d+K >TZT+&&+ >eTksT.
dJe n+X\T y{eT< @$<yTq Vs d++<\qT *+{sTT. Vs
d++<\qT <w +#T= esD eed Vs+ <sT\ qT+& <X\
y> $j><sT\ #sTT+~.
<sT\T b<$T ~rjT rjT qksTT
$j><sT\T $j><sT\T $j><sT\T $j><sT\T
= <VsD\T |]o*<+.
>& $T& | beTT ><
>& +<\T q &\T
>& yT eqe&T
Vs| >=\TdT\T # es H\T>T ksTT\H m+<T * +{sTT?
<sT\ qT+& $j><sT\ yfifl =B Je\ d+K m+<T >T Z T +~?
|X\ yT\T *j\+f +~ s>T\ #]+#&q =
$wj\qT eTq+ >TsT #Ty*. 8e s> $$< esD eed\T nH
bs+ |s=q $<+ > X Vs+qT+& \_dT + ~. { X eT\+ ds+
n #|e#T. J$ qT+& eTs= J$ @$<+> X ~ neT+< Vs|
>=\TdT #|T+~. ~ me yTT+ (80 qT+& 90%) X Je\
qT+& XdjT q, s jT \ <s nsTTq w+ s|+ qwb e&+
sT>TT+~. Vs| >=\TdT eT&T ksTT\ sy X eyT q
ksTT $j><sT\ n+<TuT +T+~.
JyesD+ mH esD eed\THsTT. ueT<sK, <y\ eT<>\
owd ek ueesD eed\ qT s]ksTT. n< $<+ > |
u eT< s K <>sZ > q *eT+Cs |s , eTq <X+ Ve\jT |s \qT
10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
k l n
n~sV+#||&T esD eed\ ek\qT eTq+ >eT+#e#T. |s
b<\ +& esb n&e\ ( ) yTT< |s Ks
b++ s+s+ eT+#T, VeTb+ n+eTeT+~.
owd |u$+ #d esb+, c>, dss yTT<qe esD
eed\qT ssTTksTT. <VsD n~ esb+ q# n&e\T n~+>
+{sTT. n&e\ s ssTT+#~ c> eT]jTT +. n<$<+>
n\ esb+ q b+\ m&sT\T+{sTT.
Vs| >=\TdT nH |<+ d+qT>, Je\ eT< Vs d++<\T
n+ dsfi+> > esT\ qT +& > +&e. <VsD
Vs |\T m|&bT $T&\T, n+ |sT>T\qT eT]jTT s s\
\qT +{sTT. eTsy| ><\T, s+<T\T $$< s\ |\qT eT]jTT
q s < \qT Vs+> rdT+{sTT. n+<T#H d+<s + Vs| C\+
( ) nH |< y&&+ dT> +T+~. m+<T+f ~ b&yq, n~
d+K k<|& Vs d++<\qT d+#&yT +& yTT+ deTT<jT+
d+wyTq n+s d++<\ ]> |jDeTH ydy |_+_dT+~.
dsT qT+& >V+|&q X, bwksTT qT+& sy bw ksTT
n+~+#&T esD eed n+ |d]dT+~.
|+`2qT |]o*<+. \T s n&e\
ed+# Je\ eT<>\ d++<\qT |+
#|T+~. Vs| e\ +Te\T |
k H \qT $ T+# T = +& & + | +
#&e#TqT. | +Te Vs C\+
]w kH * +T+~. B +Te jTT
Vs C\| yd+ < #Y ( ) n
e]ksT. <VsD, \ qT+& sk\qT |
m|&T nH \ kq+ +f \qT
qq eTT\T> #d < =] <e&\Tq >=+>[
|sT>T\ eTs= kq+ +T+~. yTT\ qT+&
Vs >V+# + e+{ +Te\ #YqT
* HsTT. +Te\ \H +{sTT. |+-2: Vs d++<\T
, $ |]eD+q eT]jTT Vs >V +#
$<q+q ek #|sTT. eq #Y nH |<+, Vs C\+
+Te jTT $T+q dsq kH eT]jTT VsH +&, < Jeq
$<H \T|T+~. yd+ nH~ +Te jTT yd d\yTqf #Y <
T<sTeqT n+f J$ #d | d+#]+# |<X\qT Vs+ b+<
$<H yTT<q y+{ dw+> e]dT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
k l o
JyesD |s$ T&T
Vs| >=\TdT Je\ eT< Vs
d++<\qT $e]+qT>H JyesD
Xd |s$T&T J$ qT+& eTs= J$
]> X |dsDqT \T|sTT. |t
|s$T& >T]+ MTsT $H +{sT. Vs|
>=\TdT Je\ eT< d++<\qT
# | & < e] + # & es D
|+-3: | |s$T& Xdy \ T |s$ T& ( ) nH ueqqT
|jksT. $$< bw ksTT\ esD eed jTT sD |s$T&
s|+ sU+> #| JyesD |s$T& ( )
n+{sT. _{wt esD Xdy #sdt mH 1927 esDXd |s$T&
sU\qT ||<eT+> |yX|{&T. |s$T& |su>+ <sT\T (|<eT
bwksTT), y{| eT+> s bwksTT\T (|<eT, ~rjT, rjT
$j><sT\T) <| { #=|q |s$T& Ks+ es neT] +{sTT.
esDXd |s$T&T eT&T s\T> +{sTT. n$ 1.d+U|s$T&T
2.Je<es |s$T&T 3.X |s$T&T. bs+ eTq+ $$< s\ |s$T&T
n$ @s& $<H\T, \D\T, |sekH\ >T]+ #]<+.
MT \Tk?
|s$T& sD+ C$TrjT +T+~. jT{ |]\T uTCs+ +&
y{ es\T |=q \TksTT. |s$T& n&T>Tu>+ eTTFjT+> < #TsTFjT+> <
VQeTTFjT s+ +T+~. #Tsks |s$T&\ #Tsks+> +& jT{
|]\T e+ uTCs+ +{sTT. k<sD+> |s$T&\T H +{sTT.
d+U |s$T&T ( )
Je\ eT< Vs d++<\|q n<jTq+ #jT&yT
rjT +& JeXdy\T bwksTT\ Je\ d+KqT
$j><sT\T b\& + | d q ]#s T . V s | e\qT
~rjT
$j><sT\T <VsD> rdT=, | bwksTT q Je\ d+KqT
b\T n+#Hy<+. Je\ d+KqT b\&+ #
|<eT $j><sT\T me, me, $$<, e, n e nH |<\qT
<sT\T
|j+#e\d +T+~. Je\ d+K\ eT< @<H
d++<+ q<? $$< bw ksTT\ >\ Je\
|+-4(m): d+U |s$T& |]eD\qT b\e#?
k p l
Vs| >=\TdT Je\ d+KqT
|s$T& nH sU|+ <s #|e#TqT.
|s$ T& |u>+ Vs| >=\TdT |
bwksTT ( ) >\ Je\
d+KqT ddT+~. |<eT $j><sT\
ksTT qT+& n|< e+kVsT\ es,
Vs| >=\TdT | bwksTT,
k<sD+> Je\ |]eD+ |sT>T
+T+~. Je\ d+K >T Z +T+~.
<VsD |+`5 #&+&. n&$ m|&
q$>, me d+K +{sTT. m|&qT |+-5: d+U|s$T&
Vs+> >V+# n+\ |sT>T\T |]eD+ |<~>qT, d+K e>qT
+T+~. |sT\qT H VsTq ><\T < s+<T\ |]eD+
n|<> qT, d+K n e>qT (s+&T es +&e#T) +T+~. d++<
|s$T& s|+ dw+> #|e#TqT.
+< e&q Vs| >=\TdT\, d+U |s$T&\qT ^jT+&.
1) eT]#T \T e&+|
2) >& +<\T &\T
| s+&T Vs| >=\TdT\ d+U |s$T& sD+ $<+> +<?
ekyTH Hj? +f n$ @$T{?
k<sD+> n esD eed\ d+U |s$T& s+ \Te>
+T+~. = |]dT\ n+f #T <sT nsTTq|&T < @<H
bwksTT Je\ d+K <sT\H me> q|&T |s$T& sD+
esTT+~. |s$ T& sD+ @$<+ > H, <sT\T |su >H $TksTT.
Je<es |s$T&T ( )
Je<es n+f @$T{?
sDq d+j>jT, dss dVjT+ sH & & k|q <s
@s&q Je d++< sq |<syT Je <es (~ sDq d+j>jT
dss dVjT+ sH & & k|q <s @s&TT+~). #T, >T\T,
|+\T, >&, Xe\T, { yTT\T, eekjT eT]jTT nsD d++< neb\T,
yTT\ +Te\ $d]\ Je <esX. X> es& Mq e,
+T d++< |<s Je <es ( ) n+{sT. Je <es X
d+ $jd, n~ JeX ( ) neT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

k p p
| bwksTT Je<es |]eD, $$< bwksTT\ q
sX\ eT< >\ d++< *jTCdT+~. ueesD eed\, <sT\
qT+& e+kVsT\ es Je<es eT+> >TZ +T+~. n+<Te\ Je
<es |s$T& sD+ {sT> +T+~. esD eed <sT\
Je <es s bw ksTT\ q Je\ Je <es +f # e>
+T+~.
|s$T&\T m|& s_eTTK+>H +{sTT. m+<T?
<VsD CesD eed <sTq { yTT\ Je <es,
M{ Vs+> rdT=H dwjTqT eT]jTT XVs #|\ Je <esH
# e. q #|\T H |<, e+kVs #|\ Je <es # me>
+T+~. n+<Te\ $<yTq |s$T& sD+ \+<T\T> +T+~. Vs|
>=\TdT bw ksTT qT+& sy bwksTT 10 qT+& 20% es
Je <es ~ neT+~.
d+U|s$T&qT s> |qsTT Je <es |s$T& @s&TT+~. bw
ksTT\ eT<>\ Vs d++<\qT ns+ #dT& dT\u+> +T+~. m|&
Hu >&| <s|& #dq Je <es ddT+~. n+\ |sT>T\
Je<es ~ <seTeT+~. < $<+> Je <es Vs| >=\TdT
e] es =qk>TT+~. n+f esD eed Je <es bw ksTT
qT+& sy bwksTT VseTeT+< eTq+ |+> #|e#T.
MT \Tk?
+<H \| (u $T eT fi s\ nyjTT $q jT <s @s&q |{*jT+,
u>TZ yTT<q +<H\T) eTq+ <s|&& Z+#&, >* \Tc Z+#&, Je
<es L& +<q eqsT> $j+#e#TqT. Je <es +<q+> y&q|&T
L& sH & & $&T<\eT+~. , n~ Je <es @s&&, ] >* qT+&
>V+#&TT+~.
bwksTT Je <es, < +~ ksTT Je <es H
e> +T+~. m+<Tq>, Je <es nH~ n+<TuT q yTT+
Vs =\eq+. +Te\T eT Vs >V +q|&T, < =+u >+
eyT sy bwksTT VseTjT = DC\T @s&&
$j+#&TT+~. Vs+> >V +q Je <es # es $d]+ |&&+
< X |j+#&be&+ sT>TT+~.
+Te\ n$ >V+q Vs Xs DC\+> esTH keTs+
e> +T+<, Je <es |s$T& \T|T+~. $T*q Vs+ Js+
k p k
+& $d]+|&TT+~ < bwD e+{
jT\ nedseTjT X , XdjT
$q+ #jT&TT+~. # +Te\T, eTT
>V+q Vs+ 10%H $T+#+&, Xs
DC\T jse&+ $j+#T+{sTT.
= XVsT\T ne> eyT X
|j+#T+{sTT. #|\qT Vs+> rdTH
eqe&T q Vs| >=\TdTqT <VsD>
rdT= eT]+ $es+> n<jTq+ #<+.
Vs| >=\TdT, deTT<+ |]\ {
*j& yTT\T (e |e \T` )
<sT\T. $ ds+ qT+& X XwksTT.
{ | + T C\+ (+ T | e \T`
) yTT\qT Vs+> >VksTT.
+T |e \qT #|\ T +{sTT. Vs| >=\TdT
e]> #|\qT eqe&T Vs+> >Vk&T. |+-6: Je <es |s$T&
| Vs| >=\TdT jTT Je <es |s$T&qT +~$<+> #|e#TqT. eqe&T
| Vs| >=\TdT, | bwksTT dTesT> 90% Vs+ qwbe&+ (1 .>)
sT>TT+~. 1000 \ { yTT\T 100 \ {| +T |e\
nedseTeT+~. 100 \ +T |e\T 10 \ #|\
] #|\T eqe DC\ nedseTesTT. Je #|
<es |jT, yTT\ (<sT\) |yTq dX (dss (10 .>)
|*+>)| bwksTT\T yfifl=B eT+> qwbe&+ sT>TT+~. Vs|
>=\TdT <sT\ <>Zs +& +TC me X n+<TuT
+T+~. Vs| >=\TdT bwksTT\ d+K e> +f, e]ksTT +T |e \T
+TC me X \_dT+~. (100 .>)
X |s$T& ( )
Je\ |sT>T<\ eT]jTT Xs u>\ sD, D+q u>\ e |e \T
|q]sD nedseTjT |<s\T eT]jTT X Vs+ eTTKyTq eqsT> (1000 .>)
+T+~. due Vs+ skjTq X. ~ \Te #jT&q dX
s|+ +T+~. s+s+ |<s\qT >V+#&, d+BjT |<s\
eT]jTT d+BjT |<s\ qT+& ]+BjT |<s\ e]&, y{
$&T<\ Je\ $$< jT++>\T ( ) HsTT. yTT\T KC\qT
H\ qT+& >VksTT. $ {bT yfifl <s yTT Xw+#&sTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
k p q
Je\ eTqT>& sD q d+j>jT neTTKyTq |jT . ds+, sH
& & eT]jTT sT e n+X\T nsTTq|{ $ Je\ m+ neds+.
<sTq |# yTT\T |<s\qT X s|+ (Vs+) e],
Je ||+# $j><sT\ n+<TuT +#TsTT. <sT\ qT+&
$$< $j><sT\ Vs+ eT]jTT X ~ ns+ #dT& Vs|
>=\TdT\T, Vs C\\T &&TsTT.
yTT\T < +Te\T < s+&+{ qT+& Vs >V+#&+ e\q
+Te\T nedsyTq KC\qT b+<TsTT. KC\T s+s+ u$T qT+&
=\+|&T, >V+|&T yTT\ u>eTesTT. sy yTT\qT
Vs+> >V+# +Te\ Xs+ u>eTesTT.
MTsT H Vs+ $$< |<s\qT m+|#dT+&. n$ \_+# eqsT\qT
>T]+#+&. <VsD |sT>T \_+# $<H #<+. |sT>TqT b\ qT+&
jsT#ksT. b\T e qT+& \_ksTT. e >& Vs+> rdT+T+~.
>& yTT\T sDq d+j>jT <s Vs jsT#ksTT. Vs+
@syTq<H < eT\+ |# yTT <!
J$, Vs+ >V+#>H < X Xs+ $$< |+<\qT nqTd]dT+~.
>V+q VseT+ Js+ <T. +T d++< Vs+ y+T\T, \T,
\ uV nd| + s\T, eT<Td eT]jTT meTT\T, e d++< Vs+
d\TC eT]jTT *H\qT # +Te\T Js+ #dTe. +{ Js+
|<s u>\T $d]+#&&+ <s> y+s|+ > Xs+ qT+& jT
|+|&sTT.
ksX <sT\T (skjTqX) $j><sT\T (skjTqX)
w+ w+
Xw+#&q X (XdjT eT]jTT $dsq <s qwb~), |sT>T<\
eT]jTT |T <s Xs+ = Je <es jse& n+<TuT
+T+~. eTsD+#&+, s>\ u]q |&&+ < y]+> \T s\&+ e\q
Je\T =+ Je <es qwbsTT. Je <es |PVs| >=\TdT
<s (Je\T eTsD+, [flbe&+ e\q) ] |sesD (H\, sT, >*)
#sTT+~. $T*q Je <es XVsT\T < |su\T Vs+>
$j+#T>, < X esD eed sy q bwksTT
|ydT+~.
Xs+ |<s\T |y+#&+, sy Je\T eTsD+#&+ eT]jTT
[flbe&+ e\q n$ H\, sT, >* #s&+ nH~ s+s+ #jT+>
k p r
sT>TH +T+~. Je\T eT]jTT y{ |sesD eT< ]> |<s\
|dsDqT |<s #jT+ < \eD\ syD < Jeu skjTq e\jT+
n+{sT n MTsT 9e s> \TdTHsT.
dsT qT+& \_+# ksX esD eed <sT\ |ydT+~.
|# yTT\T eT]jTT sD q d+j>jT qT ]| u] j\T (|V ]+
* +&&+ e\q) |, s JeM ksX Xw+#e eT]jTT <
skjT X> (Vs+) ese.
<sT\ qT+&, skjT X $j><sT\, bwksTT
qT+& sy bwksTT |d]dT+~. |r bwksTT Je\T, n$ Xw+q
X # es $$< |qT\, |sT>T<\ eT]jTT |T e+{ Je jT\
$jksTT.
sTy bwksTT Je\ X =+u>+ eyT #sTT+~.
$wjT+ Je\ eqe ] jT+\ ed+ n+> <T. s e+{
yVH\ +q y& |{ |P]> >X> es+& #es
ws|+ qwbe&+ sT>TT+~. dV yk\ X $$< |qT\
$j+#&TT+~. #s $&T<q wX, ] esD eed
#sTT+~.
eqe sb\T ` esD eed| y{ |ue+:
eqe sb\ e\q ]> \Tw+ esD eed\T @$<+>
\TweTeTHj +~ s>T\ \TdTH+. eekjT+ d+ n&e\qT
qs&+ e\q esD eed\T |e<syTq esT\ >TsejT, B e\q
| bwksTT Je\T @$<+> |u$eTej eT]+ $es+> ns+
#dTH |jT+ #<+.
=sT <!
||+ #+ #eT+~ |\ bw Vs n+~+#&+ eT+{ dsd T \T
m+>H |j>|&TTHsTT. y{ =sT dsdT {. eTq sw+ c,
><e] q<T\ eT< $d]+ q =sT
dsd T #| <q |< eT+{ dsd T .
~ <<| 6121 #<s| MTs yTs
$d] + +T+~. =s T dsd T qT+& es<
sT 61 .MT. b&e>\ |fsT y>T
>T+& |eV+ +>fiU+ \TdT+ ~.
=sT |]yV b+\T kse+yTq
+&TeT{ yT\T * +{sTT. |+-7: =sT dsdT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
k p s
1999 qe+sT us |uT+ =sT dsdTqT | d+sD +<+>
|{ + +~. & 193 s\ | CT\T $$< s\ +T eC yd+>
+&&+ b mH s\ eT+<T yTT\T L& |sT>TTHsTT. dj,
sT sb <X\ qT+& nsY, e] H\\ eT<\+ | @{ <<| 20
\\ |\T dsdT e\d eksTT. dsdT| <s|& <<| 20 $T*jTq
|\T J$dTHsT. |>V \T n+~dTq de#s+ |s+ > eT&T
<Xu\T> dsdT yX\+ Zb+~. \Tc\T \TdT+&&+ e\ JeC
eTT| @s&T+~. |P& #s& + e\ es<\ T ds k<sDeTjsTT. +~ |{ q T
|]o*+#+&.
|{`1
1967 H{ yX\+ 2004 H{ yX\+
$u>+
(#..$T.) (#..$T.)
sT $d]+q dsdT yX\+ 70.70 65.65
\T| +&q u>+ 0 47.45
<yTq \T| +&q u>+ 0 15.20
es\+ es<\ >TsjT b++ 100.97 0
s=jT\ #sTe\T 0 99.74
e]|+& b\T 8.40 16.62
eTD\T 0.31 1.37
yTT+ 180.38 180.38
@ d+es+ dsdT sT $d]+ |<X+ me> +~? m+<T?
dsdT <+> \T| |s>& sD+ @$T e u$dTHe?
dsdT yX\+ Zb& sD\T @$T{?
| sD\T \Tc <]rkjT #|e#? m+<T?
=sT dT<s b+\ qT+& |\T e\d se& sD\T @$T{?
dsdT \Tc >Tsq eTT|qT @$<+> qT>=HsT?
80e <X + qT+& =s T b++ s=jT\T, #|\ |+|+ ( )
n+ u< jTyT q ybs+> $d] ++~. n+<Te\ nH eT+~ |T&<sT\
<w B| & dsdT eTD\ >Ts+~. 1996 H{ # b+\ \T
{ { |yV eT[fl+ dsdTqT k>Tu$T> essT. ~ dsdT dV
|yV ~XqT e]yd+~. n+<Te\ dsdT { \Te keTs+ >DDjT+>
ZbsTT+~.
dsdT |]yV b++ eekjT+, |]XeT\T $|+> $d]+#sTT.
k p t
y>T\T e+\T ss\ \Tc\qT dsdT #syjTk>sTT. eekjT
skjTH\T, msTe\T, #|\ #sTe\ es\T, |]XeT\ qT+& y\Te& es
skjTH\T, eTT| es\T, >V es\T yTT<q e dsd T *d \Tc
*dTH sTT. me bw\T *q es\T ( ) \T|
$|+> |s>& sDeTeTHsTT. B&T >Ts| & $|+> |s>& +
e\ dsdT deTT\ <q~.
|*+> dsdT sT sdue+, eTT]>, bw |<s\ L&
+&&+ e\ { ]> H |]eD+ ( ) ZbsTT+~. C$ H
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Tdu T \ |sT: ```````````````````````````````````````````````````` ~: ``````````````````````````
esD eed |sT: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
u>[ ds|+ ({b>|) :`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>T]+q <sT\T yTT\ |sT / d+K: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>T]+q +Te\ |sT / d+K: ```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>T]+q $j><sT\ |sT / d+K: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
XVsT\T (b<$T $j><sT\T): ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
e+kVsT\T (~rjT $j><sT\T): `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
qksTT e+kVsT\T (rjT $j><sT\T): ``````````````````````````````````````````````
y{eT< >\ Vs d++<\T, n\yT: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
Vs| >=\TdT |+: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
Vs C\+ |+: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
esD eed e n+X\T: ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
esD eed @yH |e<\T b+ Hj? n$ @$T{?: `````````````````````````````````
|]cs\T d+#+&: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
k p n
n&e\qT q], d\+ |+\qT |+&+#&+ e\q deTd q
esD eed, Vs<H\T, <T+|\T, |X>d+ d+ b\ syTq
|+\qT ( ) |+&+#&+ e\q ndV+> e]b+~.
$$< s\ |+\qT eTq+ me yTT+ |+&d, Vs+ L& |<
yTT+ \_dT+~. |]d Vs+| <s|&, >TfiflqT *+# +<\
e+{ |sqJe\ nqTL\+> +T+~. yfi VsH >T fifl *+#
|sqJe\ d+K y>+> |sT>T b |*+ # <Tss+> +T+~.
|]d n~>$ T+#& eTq+ nbjTsy T q skjTH\qT |d d& T , >T\HX\T
eT]jTT +<HX\qT y&&+ ]+~. # skjTH\T eT+ |uy
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<rksTT. $ H\ *dbsTTq|&T n$ *+# |u e+ + nbjTs+ >
+T+~.
|dd& e\q *> $w|P] |ue+ # \+ b +T+~. =
HXqT\T eT]jTT >T\HX\T $q+ #+<>*q$> +{sTT. $
e \+H k<sD+> d+es+| sTbjTsyTq |<s\T>
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$q+ |dd&T # nbjTsyTq$. $ = bw ksTT
+BeTe |s$T& Ks u>+ +& +Te\ Xs\ #]
nbjTsyTq ksTT |sT+{sTT. Vs| >=\TdT \Tc\T #s&
C$ eek|q+ ( ) n+{sT. Vs| >=\TdT
bwk sTT qT+& sy bwk sTT #]q \Tc\T k+BeTjT $<H
C$ eBsD+ ( ) n+{sT.
eqe s>+| C$ eek|q+ Je d+#jTq |uy >T]+q eTs=
|]X<H n+X |]o*<+.
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k p o
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Jeq+ =qk+#e\dq <Td @s&T+~.
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+~. B |]ds b+\ u> \Tw sq |]XeT\T, esskjTH\T
y\Te]+# eekjT \T H\= HsTT.
d|qdt ]j nH b\TdT\ #| k<sD+> n~ b{H\qT *+&,
e <s n+<] dT\u+> \_+# Vs+. @<Tu<T |]ds b+\
|\T #|* Vs+> rdT=+T+{sT. #| n< jTq $T+ mqTe&+
]+~.
#| $$< DC n+f jT +, eT|+ &\T eT]jTT yTT|
>H eT]jTT =e\ uT> useT\\TqT >T]+#sT.
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#|\ H @<Tu<T #| >CH eT]jTT *|&T e>q useT\\
d+#jTq+ me>q qT |]X<q *d+~.
k k l
| d+es+ es eTT+<T (| e]`yT) es\+ (pH`d|+ sY)
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Vs C\+ <s #|\ D #] n& qT+& eqe\ #sTTHsTT.
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e >&\ L& #|\T &jT+ V dT * +&&+ e\
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, dd+ sTy kH\ HsTT.
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d+#jTq+ me> qT qT>=q&+~. eqe\ VsC\+ <s
useT\\ |& |] n~ sbT, reyTq s+, eT|+&\ D,
y+T\T yTT<q nH Xs sT>T\ >Tse& >T]+#sT.
|Db++ |D[sV n_e~, nqTeT H |]XeT\T,
|D es\ e\q @<Tu<T ]sjTsY \Tw+ re+> |]bsTT+~.
#|\H +& s \#sJe\ e\q L& VsC\+ <s eqe\
#] s>+| reyTq |uy \T>CdTHsTT.
{ eqsT\ m&qT+& \Tw\T e #sTTHsTT?
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sD+ @$T{?
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=qkksTT.
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|]XeT qT+& $&T<q $T< yTsT L&q es, $TyT{ y~ sD+. ws
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eTsD\T 36 @fifl> =qk>sTT.
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#H ]q d+|TqqT |]o*<+.
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J$+ m<TsjT dsk<sDyTq $|T\qT+&
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VQX u>fi+ MT< @ J$ nqTu$+ +&<T.
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eqe |<yT. n|&T #H y{&&q+>
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sb+~+#&+ ]+~. yesD+ n+<T dV]+#<T. =+ |+
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|#T\qT HXq+ #d |jT\ e\q |+ ~>T& |s>b> eT]+>
ZbsTT+~.
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L& &jsTT. n|< sTe <]rXsTT. $T&\qT #+|&
HXqT\qT |<y T T+ $j+#&+ bs+_+#&+ H\ HD D + bsTT+~.
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m+<T #jTbjsT?
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k k q
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8e s> JeXd |d + eTq$ > jT+ #<e +&. |dT + eTq |]ds\
L& |#T \T yTT<q | \T n+]+ bjT |e<+ \>& >\ sD\qT
MT s> #]+#+&.
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d+s+# esZ\ >T]+ d |dd&qT y&&+ |P]> |&yT D #s>
|dT+~. n |dd&qT y&&+ |P]> |yj\ #|&+ dT\uyT,
N&\qT jT++# $<H\ MT< <w +#*. |dd&qT y&q sy L&,
>Tfifl e\q Vs qw+ sT>TT+~. |dd&qT y&&+ |P]> |yd |+\|
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|e<sV+> +&&+ b |]ds\ |]sD nqT>TDyTq C$
jTe\qT b{+#$> +&*. n|&T eyT Bs* deTd dsq
|]cs+ <=sTT+~. n+{ = #sDj>yTq |<T\qT |]o*<+.
|+ e]&: |r d+es+ |+qT +& ysTysT |+\qT |+&+#
|+e]& $<H b{+#&+ e\ >T fiflqT, y{e\ *> qc y]+#e#T.
>Tfifl d++~+q |Ps|s\qT \TdT&+: @ >T\T m y|dT+~.
B eT\ sD\T @$T{ nH $wj\qT |P]> ns+ #dT&+e\q |+
qc y]+#e#T.
C$ jT+D: >Tfifl *+# s\qT H |sq Je\qT X#s
e+du \T ( ) |yX |&+ <s >T fiflqT y]+#e#T.
e+<+: >T fifl *+# $T \ |sTw Je\ |qsT keTs + jT
e+<+ #jT&+ <s y{ y| n]e#T.
qT ]esq s\T: $$< s\ >TfiqT, yesD |]dT\qT TH
qTd++< s\ n_e~#j T &+ <s |sT>TeT+<T\ $qj> +Z #e#T.
|sesDH * +&&+: s sD\ b*d eqe sb
|sesD+ eT]jTT dV ||+#+| reyTq |ue+ #|THsTT. qT
|sesD+ | H $\Te\qT * |e]+#*. #{\T q+ eq d]b<T.
|sesD+ |s+> @~ d] nsTTq<, @~ d]< \TdT |e]+#*.
|s |sesD+ |]sD | dsq ne>Vq * +&*. |
s+#T&+ n+f eTq* eTq+ b&T&yT. MT +^w |d+ 6e jT{
nH |< #ee+&.
k k r
kq+
1. es|H +<+ 2006 =sT dsdT 1967 qT+& 2004 es |]dT\T nH n+X+| #dq
|]X<q |\T.
2. $<k>sY >TeT&e*, s$X+sY |k, oqT q eT]jTT |eH. .eT=+& @<Tu<T ]CsjTsY|
#dq |]X<q +swq s |t |t dHdt, jf, bs]dsY |#T]+#&q
|]X<q |+.
\ |<\T
Vs| >=\TdT, Vs C\+, Vs |s$T&, d+U |s$T&, Je<es |s$T&,
$Td+Vs\T, C$ eek|q+, C$ eBsD+, |sesD H.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
J$qT+& eTs= J$ X|kseTjT $<H Vs C\+ *jTCdT+~.
Vs| >=\TdT uD\T Vs < H J$ eT< d++< dksTT.
Je\ eT< d++<\qT X |yV d+U|s$T&, Je <es |s$T&\ <s *jTCjTe#T.
|s$T& nqTq~ C$TrjT s+ q sD+.
d+U|s$T& Vs| >=\TdT = bwksTT q Je\ d+KqT *jTCdT+~.
Je <es |s$ T& Vs| >=\TdT = bw ksTT q Vs \u qT, X eT<s\qT

*jTCdT + ~.
Je <es Je +<q+> L& |j+#e#T.
>Tfifl ysD |+\ |j+# $Td+Vs\T $w|P]yTq$ e&+ e\q |sesD

V *ksTT.
Vs >=\TdT \Tc\T |y+#& C$ eek|q+ n+{sT.
bw ksTTqT+& eTs= bwk sTT \Tws\T |y + b>T|&& C$ eBs D + n+{sT.
nbjTsyTq |uy\T +& n~ b+<& |+ e]&, JejT+D, qTd++<

s\ n_e~ yTT<q |<T\T |sT>T eT+<T\ |ej\T> |#ksTT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. Vs|>=\TdT bwksTT qT+& eTs= bwksTT ~ nsTTq X @eTeT+~?( )
2. esD eed |s$T&T eT]jTT Vs| >=\TdT\T y{ dksTT?( )
3. @<H Vs| >=\TdT jTT d+U|s$T&| \|TT{ sjT+&. +< e&q d+U |s$T&
qT+& e @+ >V+#e?( )
m) #T _) + d) e&+|
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
k k s
4. Je <es nq>H$T? +< e&q Vs| >=\TdTqT <VsD> rdT=, Je <es |s$ T&qT
^jT+&.( )
m) >& _) XVsT\T d) e+kVsT\T &) >< < s+<T
5. bs+ #~$q sT y $w|P ] |<s\ y&+ esD edq T @$<+ > |u $+ #dT H sTT nH
<| MTsT ns+ #dTq $wj\qT sjT+&.( )
6. $T\ u]qT+& |+\qT, Vs|<s\qT y]+# $Td+Vs\qT |j+#? <
|ej\qT +#? $wjT + >T]+ MT n_bj, < >\ sD\qT sjT+&.( )
7. bwksTT n+f @$T{? JyesD |]$T& n~ < *jTCdT+~?( )
8. esD eed X |dsD >T]+ $es+> \TdTy\+f, y$T |X\qT n&T>Te?( )
9. Vs| e\qT+& e+d u\qT =\d @+ neT+~?( )
10. MT |s{ yTTqT |]o*+#+&. <sT\T, $j><sT\ d++<+| d+| y~
sjT+&.( )
11. Je <es |s$T&qT $e]+#\+f m+{ de#s+ nedseTeT+~?( )
12. m>Te bwksTT $j><sT> qT }V+#T= d+U|s$T&qT ^d < ~>Te ksTT\ >T]+
sjT+&.( )
13. MT { $<sT\ #q+ *+#& |sesD dV|Ps \| H<\T sjT+&.( )
14. $Td+Vs\ y& |yd H\ \Tw+ y]+#& dVjT|& @yH eT&T se\qT
d+#+&.( )
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. Vs| >=\TdT < yTT<\eT+~? ( )
m) XV] _) e+kV] d) <sT &) @B<T
2. <d+ yTT\T b{|&e? ( )
m) sT _) Vs+ d) d\+ &) |e
3. $Td+Vs\ y& |P]> |yjT&+ n+f ( )
m) |sT>TeT+<T\ y&+| jT+D
_) |sT>TeT+<T\ X<+
d) |sesD dV|Ps eekjT |<T\qT bV+#&+.
&) JeskjTH\ |]XeT\qT eTd ysTT+#&+.
4. #sdt mH |s+ +~ y dsq y+. ( )
m) e+kVsT\T |s$T& Ksu>+ +{sTT.
_) |s$T& Ksu>+ me X >V+#&TT+~.
d) |s$T& Ksu>+ <sT\T +&e.
&) m eT]jTT d
k k t
bs+
10
dV eqsT\T
sT, H\, n&e\T, e +TC\T yTT<q dV eqsT\ >T]+, y{

d+s+# $<H\ >T]+ +~ s>T\ eTq+ \TdTH+. eqe
sb\ e\ dV eqsT\T \Twe Te&+ >T]+ L& eTq+ \TdTH+.
u$T| dV eqsT\T m+ |w\+> HsTT. M{ eTq+ dsq
$jdTHe? dV eqsT\qT |u$+ #d eqe $<H\T,
eqsT\qT dTds | s T #T+ d+s+ # |jT \qT >T]+ eTq+ \TdT+<+!
MT |]ds\ >\ dV eqsT\qT qy<T #jT+&. n e>
n+<TuT q eqsT @< qT>=, < >T]+ $es+> \TdT+&. +~
|X\T, dV eqsT\ >T]+ eT]+ \TdTH $TeT* +|CksTT.
|dT+ MT |]ds\ n e> n+<TuT q dV eqsT @~?
n~ MT| m+{ |ue+ #|T+~?
n+eTT+<T < |Ps+ eqsT n~+> +&<?
\+ >&TdTq=B eqsT m+<T ZbsTT+~?
eqsTqT b&Ty\+f @+ #j*? (y+ #ke?)
|< qyTq dV eqsT jTT =s @s& @eTeT+< \TdTe&
+<|<X s+&T >e\ sV+q |]X<q\qT n<jTq+ #<+.
d+<s + `1: es+> s +&T >e\ |]d ($.ss&, d+sY |s Y mH$T
n+& kw d&dt, u>+|{, V<su<T`2003 jTT |+ qT+& d]+#&q~)
es+> u>s \T |w\+> q eq|] >eT+, { =s
re+> q e&#s >e\T ds #jT&sTT. ue\ <s { bsT<\, {
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
ed, < n+<TuT| |P] ne>Vq, ue\ >D+\T d]+#sT.
s+&T >e\ ue\ k+<s qT+&, |Xe[ |j+ ue\
<s {bsT<\| nedsyTq de#s+ d]+#sT.
k+ ue\Tq 25 T+u\ jTT ke, ] n+X\ d++~+q
de#s eTs= |Xe[ <s $es+> d]+#sT. > 5 d+es\ qT+&
u>s \ n+<TuT eq esT\qT, T+ duT\qT n&
\TdTHsT.
e&#s >eT+ ue\ |ejM e. eq|] >eT+ +&
#sTe +&T #sTe> es&&+ e\q { d<TbjT+ u>H +~.
MT \Tk?
{ |yV\ n&+> sfifl, eT{ n&T\T
{ @sT #d { \\qT +&T #sTe\T
( ) n+{sT. +eT{, dT, +s,
>T\sfifl yTT<q y{ u> *| <|q {
e#T> bs\T bs\T> #sTe H\qT, n+#T\
y+& |sT. sTy B >{> <TsTH
#ksT. eekjT+ d+ { ds|s #jT& +&T #sTe
eT{ eTT @sT #ksT. |P] { \ eT{ n&T>T eT{ eT< H\T>e+T
mT eTTqT @sT #ksT. n+<Te\ q+ { $&T<\ #dT& M\T\T>TT+~.
eT\T |+ $<H\T, u>[ d>T\T, eT* d<Tbj\T ke
de\T e+{ n+X\ <c eq|], e&#s >e\T $<+> HsTT. s+&T
>e\ q sT\T # me d+K HsT. dsd] T+ <jT+
eq|] me. s+&T >e eekjTyT eTTKyTq JeH<s+. ue
{bsT<\ eT\+. T+ <jT+, u>s\+ jTT ksTT|H <s|&
+T+~. T+ <j |u$+ #d |+\ eT+, >e ysT>
+~.
> = d+es\T> esb+ d]|& H, >eT |\T e]
|+&+#& d+d<qT #bsT. +~ |{qT |]o*+#+&.
|{`1
>eT+ yTT+ yX\+ {bsT<\ *q ue\ d+K X+| |]eD+
(ms\) uyX\+ jTT X+
eq|] 3791 25 155 25
e&#s 2970 15 175 25

10e s> dV eqsT\T

eq|] m ms\ u$T, {bsT<\ ed +~?
eq|] u$T yTT {bsT<\ ed *+#\+f m ue\T
neds+?
eq|] >eT+ ue\ d+K e> q|{ {bsT<\ ed >\ u
yX\+ e&#s H me. ~ m k<+? {bsT<\ *q u$T
jTT yX\+ |sT>TTq Hu esT +T+<?
k>Tu$T yX\+ eq esT, ue\ d+K eq esT X+, >
5 d+es\ q |+\ eT+ yTT<q n+X\ >T]+ >eT |\T #|q
$es\T |{`2 e&HsTT.
>e Hu 5 d+es\ <<| 10% |]+~.
|{`2: <T d+es\ sy |]d
{bsT<\ >\ |+ eq esTX+
ue\ d+K
>eT+ eekjT u$T
>TZ<\ X+ e] | qTe\T yTT+
esT X+ K s K s
eq|]
e&#s
K K|tqT s s;|+qT ddT+~.

TTD $\Te\T >TZ<\qT, <H $\Te\T |sT>T<\qT dksTT.
|{ ue\ d+K 155 nsTT, <fifl + y{ d+K m+?
ue\ d+K Zbe&+ nH~ @+ ddT+~?
ue\ d+K Zbe&+, |+\| @$<yTq |ue+ #|T+~?
s+&T |{\qT b\+&. s+&T >e q {bsT<\ ed >\ u
yX\+ >T]+ s+&T |{\T @+ #|Hj sjT+&.
@ >eT+ me> |u$yT+~?
>e |+&+# |+\ s\ eq esT @$T{?
me q u >s \ksTT #s& , |]\+ qT+& sT $] e&
Z+#& $q ue\ <<| usTue\T> es&sTT. > <fifl
ue\ m+&bsTT {ksTT u> |&b sTT+~. H{ e&# s 85%, eq|]
45% ue\T m+&bjsTT.
yfi eq|] 45% ue\T m+&b, ue\ d+K 39% Zb, m+
X+ ue\T, >=|ue\T> es&sTT?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
s+&T >e\ $es\qT b\+&. @ >eT+ ue\T me d+K
m+&bjsTT? eTs >eT+ $<+> s>be& >\ sDyT$T{?
e u$T >\ dqsT sT\T, me u$T>\ sT\ me] ue\T
m+&be&+ e\q me |u$yTHsT?
yfi {eqsT ZH < { d<TbjT+ bsTTqsTT, n~ H\ jTT
due+| m+{ |ue+ #|T+~?
m+&bTq ue\T, b+ |\| @$<yTq |ue+ #|THsTT?
e&#s sT u> Zbe& >\ sDyT$T{?
ue\T, usTue\ { $<T# jT |+|#ksT. |+|dqT
_+#T, ||\qT < >={\qT b\ _+#T, y{ d+s+#T,
$<T# _\T\| q sT\T me &TqT KsT #dTHsT. ms+| |{q
|T& eT]jTT #dTq KsT eq|] >eT+ ({ d<TbjT+ q >eT+)
# e eT]jTT e&#s >eT+ ({ d<TbjT+ n e >\ >eT+)
# me.
|{`3: q, |< sT\T ue\ <s {bsT<\| ysT u]+# y] KsT
usTu$ T u$<s { bsT<\ usTue\ <s { bsT<\
>eT+ sT s+ *+#&q u$T X+ nsTTq KsT yTT+/ ms/
(n&T>T\)
K|t s; d+es+
eq|] |< 130 ` 200 2.50 1.24 25,000 ` 70,000
q 110 ` 180 2.00 1.13 25,000 ` 65,00
e&#s |< 90 ` 300 1.53 0.87 22,000 ` 50,000
q 60 ` 200 0.99 0.46 20,000 ` 45,000
q eT]jTT |< sT*<] { eqsT n+<TuT $<+> +<?
b++ q | e { n+<TuT $<+> +&?
s; \+ H K|t |+ \+ u$ qT+& me u $T {bsT<\
\_dT+~. ~ m k<|&TT+~? B sT m $j+#Ty*.
u$ <s, 2.5% k>Tu$T {bsT<\ \_d, yTT+ u$T sT
n+<\+f m ue\T neds+?
ue\ d+K, u$ T` s +&+{ @~ KsT| me |u y #|T +~?
e&#s >eT+ dqsT sT k>T u$T| KsT#d &T m+? q
sT &TqT @$<+> b+<T&T?
dqsT s T < q s T \T KsTqT +Z #Ty\+f @ #s \T #|{ *?
(<: { m<& TH |+\T |+#&+)

10e s> dV eqsT\T

{ bsT<\ ed >\ u yX yTT+ |+#\+f usTu$ jTT
TqT |+#&yT q |]cse? neqT < <T < m+<T?
MT \Tk?
> = d+es\ qT+& TTT|eH\ s& esT\T d+u$ +#&+ e\q, u >s \
$j>+| & |]+~. &*+>, q >=|ue\T, usTue\qT e&+ e+{ #s\
e\q $#DsV+> sh+ u>s y&&+ e\q, eqsT u> ]bTq~.
eTq sh+ 1998`2002 eT<\+ dsd]> { ksTT 3 MTs< Z+~.
eq|], e&#s >e\ eekjT+ #dTq q, |< sT\ <j\qT $Xw<+.
|{`4: |+\ qT+& b+~q <jT+
ms <jT+ ms d+es
>eT+ sT s+ e] e]
K|t s; | qTe\T <jT+
eq|] |< 8200 8700 4900 3300 25100
q 7046 8490 10889 3110 29535
e&#s |< 10698 5970 4000 3595 24263
q 9128 7380 3031 2650 22189
e&#s @ |+ qsT # u<jT+> +T+~?
eq|], e&#s >e\ |<, qsT\ eT< q & @$T{?
eq|] e] <T\T @ |+ qsT u<jT+> +T+~?
e] { n~+> $j+#TH |+ nsTTq|{, sT\T m+<T
e]H |+&+#\qT+THsT?
]bTq { eqsT jTT |ue+ sT\| @$<+> +~?
e&# s eddT q q s T jTT <jT+, n KsT d]|& < q<?
e&# s q s T \ jTT <jT jTyTq |]d T \ s |< q sDyT H
Hj?
e&#s q sT eekjT+ e>, u<jT+> +T+<
nqT+THs?
q neds\T rsTe& sT s eT\qT m+#Ty?
e&#s { ed q sT| @$<yTq |ue+ #|dT+~?
d+sY |s Y es k*&]{ (d+ <u<T, +< |<X ), >e\ m+&bTq
ue\ sT #sTH, u>s\| dTds+| <w +B]++~.
sT\+<s d$Tw> { |+#T= y&TH $<+> bV+#sT. {
eqsTqT |j+#TH $<+>, sT\T q, |< >|\T> @s&sT. &|t
eT]jTT d+s d {bsT<\ (yT ]>wH) |<T\qT nqTd]+#
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
sT\T d] b+<sT. es| { d+sD +&T >T+\qT (
) ysT.
+&T >T+\T m+&bsTTq usTue\ ] { \\T |+#&
&&sTT. dyT+T T\T < sfifl 30 d+.MT. eT+<+>\ >T, \T
]ksT. |\ sfifl, eT{ +|sT. $ { |yV + #d
u>s\\qT |+#TsTT.
ue\ sT #s #jT&+ m?
e&#s m+&q ue\ sT #s #dqsTT sT @$<+>
dVjT|&TT+~?
|q <V]+q n<jTq+, { eqsT eT]jTT sT\| < jTT |ue+
>T]+ @+ #TT+~?
n+<] sT
u$T| q yTT+ {, deTT<\T, eTV deTT<\T, u>s\
q { 97 X+ |s. 2.5 qT+& 2.75 X+ eyT eT+sT. B
1.75 qT+& 2 X+ (eT&+ s+&T e+T\T) sT >wjTsT, eT+#T, VeTb+
s|+ >&{ +T+~. 0.7 qT+& 0.8 X+ eT+sT u>s\+>, H\
{ $] s|+ +T+~. 0.01 X+ +f e |]eD+ eT+sT
|]\ \+ s|+ dsdT\T, q<T\ +T+~. eT+sT # e>
q|{ $#D |j +qsTT # \+es n+<TuT +T+~.
{ $#D m $j+#e# nqT+THe?
e&#s H eq|] sT\ |]d u>T+&& sDyT$T{?
e&#s, eq|] >e\ sT\T, u>s \eqsT\qT @$<+> d+s+#T
+THsT?
MT \Tk?
|Ps+ ysYw& (s+&T q<T\T < \Te\ eT<>\ u b++) <s+>, |DTq
sT\T >eT d]V<T\qT ssTT+#ysT. s+&T >e\ eT<>\ eTTsT>T {bsT<\ eed
<s+>, V<T\ T ss TT+#&$. eed duT \+<s M{ ke+> n+^]+#ysT.
{ eqsT\qT deTse++> |j+#T&+H n_e~ < +T+~
n *|q eTs= n<jTH |]o*<+.
d+<s+`2: =|* >eT+ { jeq+ ~X> |jT+
dsq esZ<s+ >eT |\T n+<TuT q { dsq
@$<+> y&Te#TH n<jTq+ *jTCdT+~. n<jTH eTT+<T,

10e s> dV eqsT\T

=|* >eT+ jTT ds +~ $wj\qT \+ #d+~. ( ) k>Tu$T H
;&T ueTT\T $d+> +&$ ( ) e nsd ( ) X$T\T e>
+&ysT ( ) q eT\ < b\ $Td+Vs\T eT]jTT msTe\T
me> y&ysT ( ) |+ ~>T& e> +&~ ( ) >eT+ { d+sD
sD+ { L& <T. <, <j |+b+~+# $<H\T (H\,
{ d+sD |<T\T) >eT+ m neT\T ]>j |]o*<+.
+swq |t dsY Hd{ |sY d$T`m]& {| ( )
>eTdT\qT |< d+K $< e+T\qT #jT&yT +&, dsq <s {
\Te eT]jTT H\ d+sD sD\T #|& e\dq k+qT
n+~+#sT. |<T\ ke+>, e>+> sT| +B]+|&sTT.
= eqsT\qT ] b+<&, =+{ ]b+& d+s+#Te&
|<T\T dV]+#sTT. eq, dTds jeq+ #|&+ ]+~.
n+f @$T{? m& +~? n~ sV+# se\| MT
b<jTT #]+ y~ jsT#jT+&.
deTT<jT <] $<H\T ( )
300 qT+& 2000 |T.MT. { \Te #d 14 sD\T ({ eT{
eT]jTT 13 s q\T) &+ ]+~. 60 q +&T >T+\T eT]jTT
38 Vs b\+ >T |P] #XsT.
|+-1: ke #sTe |+-2: +sY d<+

MT \Tk?
ls+k>sY bCqT b#+b&T bC n L& n+{sT. ~ ><e] q~| q
bC. \+>D b++ n~ u> ~ JeH<s+. +q>sY, es+>, ~u<,
q\>=+&, KeT+ ydT\ neds\qT bC rsTdT+~. ><e] q~|, s sh+
q ]+#&+ e\q, me X+ sT +< |<X
#s+&H | sc\ \Te #jT&T+~. >dT
2013 >D+\ |s+ bC jTT n+#H
yjT&q { \Te keTs+ 80.66 {.m+.d.\T. os+ k>sY bC
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
& \ T < n&T \ T ]+#&+ <s q\Te < \ \Te (lsyTk>sY
bC ]sjTsY qT+& e#~) <>Zs >\ 28 m+&q ue\ sT #s
#jT&+ ]+~. n++& es|sT d+s+#T>*>sT. = { \Te
sD { $j><sT\ d+|T+ @s&+~. sD\ \Te #jT&q
sT, m+&q ue\ u>s \+> sT #sT eyT |j+#&q~.
sT <] $<H\T ( )
sT <] se\T ssTT+#T |s eT b\ e>+>
H\, { d+sD se\qT neT\T#XsT. y&\T #fifl jT&+, e
mT |]> |+\T |+#&+ , +sY d<+ #jT &+ yTT<q jeq |< T \T
b{d H\, sT, bw\T <T]j>+ +& b&TTHsT. \T| ysD
|<T\T b{+#&+uT 38 Vs b\ #T Bs#Tsks+ >T
&+, y\T\ n&+> +sY +<\T @sT #jT&+ <s es| {
d+sd T H sT. >T \+> +&+<T H\ H {H \\T |]>+<T >M T<
>]d&j (b& H\ |]> >yT yTT)\qT |+#TTHsT. sT\T eT&>
{ $j+#T&+, dd<+ |<T\qT b{dTHsT.
|+-3: y&\T #fifl |< |+-4: >]d&j |+|+
y&\T #fifl rjT&+, dd< |<T\T b{+#&+ e\q VsT 250

\ |> Cq\T, 50 \|> yTTCq\T n~ ~>T& k~+#sT.
_+<Td<+ neT\T #jT &+ e\q 70% { b<T| #jT >*>sT. +eT+
$<q+ nsTTq|{ <Ts< we XT ||+ #y|+ > |{ e\+ 2% eekjT
ueTT\ eyT $<q+ neT\T sT>T+~.
;&T ueTT\ n_e~ ` yTT\ |+|+
s& y+&, b\T, \Te\ > y+& |j>syTq CT\ yTT\qT
|+#&+ <s ;&T ueTT\ n_e~ #jTe#T. 0.3 MTs mT \qT { 10

10e s> dV eqsT\T

MTs <s { #=|q +sY +<\qT
@sT #XsT. d|\+ yTT\ b nH
|j>syTq CT\ yTT\qT >]d&j
yTT\qT sT\T |+#&+ yTT<\T |{sT. 2500
|+& #T, f #qT H{sT.
=| * dtd& dV eqsT\qT d~j>+
|+-5: +sT ueTT # |+|+
#dT &+ ysT nqTd]+q esZ\T @$T{?
dtd&\ { b<T| #jT& @ @ |<T\qT nqTd]+qT>
MTsT >T]+#sT?
eT& +<|<X n+<TuT q yTT+ sT 3814 y\ $T*jTq
L_ n&T>T\T ({.m+.d.)
|j+#&q yTT+ sT ` 2300 {.m+.d B,
{bsT<\ ` 2268 {.m+.d
>Veds\ ` 21 {.m+.d
|]XeT\ ` 10 {.m+.d
X < ` 1 {.m+.d
2025 d+es nedseTjT sT 3989 {.m+.d. B {bsT<\
3814 {.m+.d, >Veds\, 122 {.m+.d |]XeT\, 51 {.m+.d, X
< 2 {.m+.d\T neds+.
{ eqsT\| C>eV+#+f @+ sT>TT+<qT+THe?
u$wT eTq neds\T @$<+> rsT>\eTqT+THsT?
s sc\T < nedsyT s <X\| eTq+ <s|&e\d
edT+<qT+THs?
+< |<X eekjT+ {bsT<\ d+, y& { +Z #&+ k< e?
n~ @$<+> k<|&TT+~?
{ $dsD, $j> #{\T nedse? nsTT m+<T?
+<|<X {bsT<\ d+ n+<TuT q { eqsT\T
m+ X+ u yX\+ s { eqsT\ e\q {bsT<\ d<TbjT+
b+~+~?
u>s \qT |+#Ty*q neds+ m+H +~. me X+ sT
eekjTs+>+ $j+#&TT+~. ><e], c e+{ |< q<T\T
q|{, u>s eekj, {bsT<\ eT<s+.
eTq sc q<T\T m+es u<jT+> +& n+yTs
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
s eqsT\T 5% |j>|&+ <T. B >\
#sTe\T 15% sD+ @$T{?
\Te\T 37% u>s \qT |+#Ty*q
u>s\+ 43% nedss @$T{?
u > s \ eqs T \T y > + >
|+-6: ] b T HsTT < ! B
{bsT<\ ks\T $ds+ |ej\T @$T{?
><e] qB\T eTq sw+ bC \ qT +|& d]b&+<T . |q Tq
sc\T |]$TT\ $T+ { $jdT+&&yT B |<q sD+.
$wj\ <X\T, sc\T n+<] HjT+ *> #&\+f @+
#j*.
d]|& {bsT<\ ks+ *+#\+f sc\T, <X\T @$<+> |
#j*?
sT nH~ |qsT<]+|<q eqsT nsTTq|{, n<T| +& B
$jdb @+ sT>TT+< L& eTq *d +&*. sd$T
n_e~ seT+ ( )
|s+ m& e d++~+ y] { ds|s 1700 |T.MT. H
e +<, b+\ { eqsT\T u> ZbTHjT ns+. s
d$T jTT Vs eT]jTT eekjT d+d ( )
n+#H |s+ 2025 H{ $$< <X\ eddTq 1.8 _*jTq |\T
{=s deTeTesT.
+`1
MTsT eddT q |]ds\ @$<+ > sT |j +#&T+~. <T]j>+
#jT&T+~ eT]jTT |q'#jT+ #jT&TT+< n<jTq+ #jT+&. dV
$<sT\ T, b<jTT\ dV jT+ |Xe[ sb+~+, <T fiflqT n< jTq+
#jT+&. n+<] sT n+~+# $<H\qT nHw+ #]+#+&.
eTq#T +& dV eqsT\T
>*, sT, H\, KC\T, +<H\T, yTT\T, +Te\T u$T| +& dV
eqsT\T. eseq+ eT]jTT u$wT Je\ u+ b+<\+f dV
eqsT\T d+s+#&*.
eTq+ J$+#& nedseTjT Vs+, sT, >*, yd+ n dV
eqsT\ qT+& \_ksTT. = dV eqsT\T |j>+q sy, ]
#jT &TsTT. M{ |qsT<] +|< q eqsT\T ( ) n+{sT.

10e s> dV eqsT\T

+<H\T e+{ eqsT\qT |qsT<]+|eTT. k] M{ |P]>
y& T q s TT , n$ m| { ] bsTTqf . n e \+ $
$j+#&sTT. , $ jsy\+f # \+ |&TT+~. M{H
|qsT<]+| eqsT\T ( ) n+{sT.
|\T # es dV eqsT\qT HXq+ #dT+{sT. +Te\qT
y{&sT. n&e\qT q] ydTHsT. B e\q H\, >* eT]jTT {<s
>TseT+~. |u sTTwy T q eekjT |< T \ e\q H\ ks+ bZ T+~.
+<q eqsT\T ]bTHsTT. sT, >* \TweTeTHsTT.
dV eqsT\qT $#D q+ |jd # \+ es $
n+<TuT +{sTT. d+sD <s |\T dV eqsT\ es Z+
dsq $j+#*.
MT \Tk?
||+#+ # b+\ { $j>+| w<\T HsTT. d*j sTe
e\ d+u$+q reyTq { =s e\q \ fifl |&+, yVH\T &>&+, =\qT
{ +|&+ e+{ sb\T w~+#\ sT\T C#XsT. n+<Te\ |\ {
$j>+| ne>Vq *+~. e<qT n]>*>sT.
> s+&T Xu\ eqe Hu n~+> |]+~. Vs+, fifl,
edTe\ , syD, $<T# d+ +<H eT+&+#&+ d+ dV
eqsT\qT _*jTq |\T $jdTHsT. eTqT>& =qk+#&eTH~, dV
eqsT\qT $#D, C>> |j+#&+| <s|& +T+~.
eqsT\qT d+s+ #e\dq neds+ s neds\ $u~ dT+ ~. =+ eT+~
|\T |]XeT k|+#& nM b++ dsq< u$ksT. \| |]XeT
ysT n&$ #qT sD |j+#\qT+{sT. ybs +|
u $T| |]XeTqT < c|+>eqT ]+#\qT+T+~. neds\
ybs esZ\L b\\L dT>H $\Tyq $>H n|+#e#T..
n&$ yTT\T, +Te\ >T]+ |P]> eT]be&+
sT>T+~.
+Te\T s yk\ s* bjT y{ qw+ #L sTd
u$wT |j>|&e\dq eqsT\qT ]bjT #d, H&T
n+<TuT q eqsT\+{ HXq+ #d eTq+ n_e~ jTT
|jH\qT dTH+.
sT | MT |]ds\ @<H eTTK eqsTqT >T]+
sjT+&. |+-7: dTds n_e~
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
n_e~, d+sD s +&+{ b<q$Td eTqT>& k+#e#TqT. u$s\
nedseTjT dV eqsT\qT n+<TuT +&$<+>, eTq+ |sesD
|j+#TqsTT n~ dTds_e~ neT+~. dTds+> J$+#\+f eTq+
mH s\ eqsT\qT C>> $jd d+s+#Ty*.
MT |]ds\ |<q eqsTqT y&T d+s+#TH$<+> sT\qT
m d+d<T\qT #ke?
dTds jeH, =|* >eTdT\T @+ #XsT?
n&$: |<q |qsT<]+|<q eqsT
n&e\T # beTTK>\e nqTe& sDyT$T{? n+{]{
| $T*q K+&\+{q n&e\T HsTT. yTT\, +Te\
>=| yd+> HsTT. ||+# n&e\T }|]T\ e+{$ eT]jTT =
J$ bw\q+~+# |eTTK kq+. q T\# n&e\qT,
$#DsV+> HXq+ #dTH+. \| < eekjT+ < n_e~ |]
|\T n&e\qT qsTTHsT. | d+es+ u$T| 36 $T*jTq ms\
n&e\T (eT& +< |<X d>u >+ H me u>+) q]yj
T &TTHsTT.
n&e\q q]yjT&+ e\q eqCT\ yk\T HXqeTesTT H\
meeT+~. V] >V yjTTe\T ( ) $&T<, u>[
y#<H ( ) <]rksTT. ||+#+ $&T<\jT V] >V
yjTTe\ yTT+ 15% yjTTe\T n&e\qT qs& + e\qH $&T<\eTHsTT.
nM T\ dsD d+ e+#s eT]jTT JeHb~ d+, eTqT>&
d+ n&e\| <s|& J$+# |\T n&e\T qs& + e\q # qwb THsT.
u$ wT eqsT\T n+<] n+<TuT +&\+f, n&e\ dTds
= eTTK |<T\qT nqTd]+#&+ # eTTK+. neT<$, yT es\T
y] >eTdT\ *d #qT *+#T= n&e\qT b&+<T ysT #dq
|jT+ eTsTe~.
u$wY s\ nM eqsT\qT n+<Cj\+f dTds nM $<H\qT
( ) nqTd]+#&+ neds+. skH ycsTT\T
#dq seT+ eTq esZ<s+. neT<$, yT es\T, >eTdT\+<s
*d >eT dMT|+ +& n&e e\qT ={yjT+& b&T=HsT.
+{ n<TyTq <e\T eTq |sesD b&T&+ d]ksTT.
n&$ q] \| d]+ sue q+ Ty\q sE>] es+> bs+
#d n&$ |X+yTq dVd++< >&|& |q |PHsT. |
b&+<T 29 jTe\ djT#+ #dT HsT. eTqsw+ L& #+#T\T,
>+&T\T n&e\ J$d n&M d+|<qT b&T+Tq $<q+ >T]+ MTsT

10e s> dV eqsT\T

7e s> n&$ eTq Jeq+ bs+ #~ysT <!
n&e\qT b&T& dTds nM |<T\T = b{+#*. <VsD
# e> #T qs&+, dV+> #T ] m<>& neX+ *+#
|< T \T b{+#&+ , ms TTq #T, |< |< #q T |< mTq q] yd $<H\qT
w~+#&+ yTT<q$.
|q'#jT+ e\q #qT d+s+#e#TqT. <VsD #H eT]jTT yT
<X\ |\T sjT& eT]jTT s neds\ y& , sTusTqT
] y&&+ <s n&e\qT d+sdTHsT. ||+#+ + d>u>+
] y&&+ ], ||+#+ = q neds+ rs&yT +&
u$T|qTq #qT b&qeT+~. = \| edTe\ <T\T> y<TsT
e+{ s |ej\ #dq edTe\T y&e#T. y<TsT y>+> |]>
\yTq >&C yTT.
H\ ( )
Vs H\ # eTTKyTq~. eTq nedsyTq |+\T |+&+#\+f
# kse+yT q H\ +&*. eqC yTT\T |s>\H H\ neds+ . yTT\T,
+Te\T eT]jTT s eqsT\qT d+s+ #Te& eTq+ #d n |jT \T,
H\ d+sD|H <s|& +{sTT.
b\+ s+ |+qT |\TesT |+&+#&+ e+{ |usTTwyTq
eekjT |<T\T H\ bw\qT =\ksTT. =+& b+\qT <Tq&+
e\q sT, >* <s H\ # meeT+~.
H\\ d+sD $<H\ +sY |{ |+\ ( )
|< {. $<q+ H\y\T n&+>, >*M# ~X n&+> <T =
esTd = s+ |+qT yksT. <VsD esTd yTTCq eTs=
esTd ><TeT + esTd esY (|*+) |+\T |+&+#&+. ysTysT
|+yTT\T ysTysT s\ ysT eed\qT, _q |]eD+ \qT *
+{sT. { H\eTjT+ s>+& b&TsTT. n> |+d|&T
L& = yTTqT < q >T+|qT rdyj
T &+ e+{ m+|# d T q |+\qT
|+&+#&+ ( ) e+{ |< T \T b{+#&+ e\ $T*q yTT\T
H\ =T b+& |{ +#TsTT.
Je y$<+ ( )
u$T| eddTq Je\ >\ y$<yT Jey$<+. | qT+& eTq
\_+# T\ T eT]jTT u\ Je y$ < + qT+& b+<TTqy. Vs |<s\T,
sD\ |j+# |<s\T, Ww<\T \_+#\H eT]jTT |]XuyTq,
s>syTq H\ +&\H Je y$<+ m+ neds+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
C Zb&+ yTT<+~ n+f n~ u ||+#+ qT+& n<X+
uTqT> u$+#*. H&T Je\T n+]+# sT dV+> ]> <H
1000 sT me Xdy\ n+#H. y{&&+, \Tw+, yk\ $<+d+
e+{ sb\T Jey$< $HXH <]rdTHsTT. u$T| >\ yTT+
JeCT\ d+K *jTbe&+ e\ m Je\T n+]+bTHj \TdTe&+
w+. Xdy\T | d+es+ y\=\~ = Je\qT qT>=+THsT.
<VsD |He 19 e\qT \TdTq sy, Xdy\T 1200 $$<
;{ CT\qT qT>=HsT. B 80% CT\ >T]+ nd\T *jT<T.
u$T| eddTq CT\ d+KqT >T]+q $$< n+#H\ <s+>, |
d+es+ eTq+ 200 qT+& 1,00,000 CT\qT e&+ sT>TT+~.
Vs eqsT\T y$<+>, deT~> +&$<+> eTq+ Je y$<
b&Te\dq neds+ +~. Vs+ H Je y$<+ >=|~. <VsD
||+#+ yTT+ 50,000 qT+& 70,000 e CT\qT Ww<\ j
$jdTHsT.
MT \, bsT\ >\ HqT #d |X+dT+< < , H
>& |+#& m yTT CT\qT |P]> HXq+ #Xs MT \Tk? $<+ >
|+# >& s <X\ qT+& rdT=eq~.
MT |]ds b+\ HqT |]o*+#+&. < b&Te&
m+{ jeq |<T\T b{dTHsT?
H qT+& =\+# $$< yTT\ |sqT e* qT+& qT+&. sT
L& b\+ < $<H b{k&? H Jey$< bVdT+<?
+`2
MT +{, |]ds b+\ m s\ \THj qT+&. n
syTq \T +{j? \ |sqT #sT| sjT+& (\
|sT *jTb |<y] n& \TdT+&). | \+, ys=ksH,
\ qy<T #jT+&. n #d d+es
\+ n<jTq+ #jT+&. m|&T me s\ \T |dTHj qT+&.
sy d+es\ yTH n<XeTjj n<jTq+ #jT+&.
eq CT\qT, y{ yk\qT s+#+<T = |uT\T <qeH\qT,
X+\qT @sT #XsTT. = CT\T n+]+be& <]rd y{&&+ ,
#|\T |&+ e+{ |qT\qT w~+# |jT+ sT>T+~.
+<H\T ( )
u>TZ, |{*jT+, dV yjTTe e+{ +<H\T y\ d+es\

10e s> dV eqsT\T

+s + bTbsTTq e, +T
dV yjTTe 7%
fis\ qT+& nesTT.
+<H\T eTq @$<+> qH\T 24%
|j>|&sTT? nDTX 1%
y{ m+<T d+s+#Ty*? es\T 24%
|{*j T + T \ qT yV H\H
s\T 2%
+& bd, d+<{, ssT, HH,
eT+<T\T, k+<s |<s\T, yTq+, |]X u>TZ 42%
u T\T, y< |]s\T yTT<q$
|+`8: us<X+ = eqsT\ $j> X+
jsT #jT&+q |jksT.
+<H\T ] b+& +&\+f y{ d+s+#Te&+ neds+.
M{ eT+&+q|&T $&T<\jT yjTTe\T \Tc \T>CksTT. {,
+<H\ $j>+| n<T| +& #dTy*.
Xdy\T +<H\ |ej\qT nHwdTHsT. sT, s
yVH\T q&|& Xq +~+#>\ |qsT<] +|< q Je +<H \qT ( )
#jT& |jTdTHsT. dsT&T, >*, sT yTT<\>T y{ qT+&
$<TYqT #jT&+ Xdy\T $jT+ k~+#sT.
MT \Tk?
j & C{b sdt
jTT $H \T y&&+ nH~ X dTds
k~+#&+ us<X+ jTT |D[
eTTKyTq |T +. C{b yTT\ |+|+ |
+< |<X |uT +, ]\jTH +|
|+< #dT+~. C{b yTT\qT
|+ HDyTq j &qT
#jT& +| H& e< 200 {| {| $H\T
ms\ d d]++~.
+<H\qT C>> $jd, | s y{ d+s+#*.
$<TY Bb\qT, |]s\qT y&q|&T d#Y\qT ] yjT+&. $<TYqT <#d
|]s\qT eyT =q+&. Mq|&T q&e&+, dqT |j+#&+ #j*.
s e+{ k+ yVH\ +& dT\T, sfifl e+{ |C syD eed\
<s |j Dd u< jT+. $<+ > #d deC m |j >|& T T+<
s> #]+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
ks, |eq, \, n\\ $<T<T >T]+q de#s d]+#+&. k|t
|d+ jsT#jT+&.
nDT$<TY |uy\ >T]+ MT b<jTT #]+#+&.
KC\T
u $T K eqsT\T bZ THsTT. qT>=&q, >T]+#&q # KC\T
]bjsTT. n\$TjT+, qTeTT jTT K \Te\T < K b\T
qTeTsT>bT+&&+ e\q y{ <s\T # |]bjT neX+ +~.
eT\\ jsT #d |]s\T, jT+\ jTT <s\ |], y{ =q&+
eT]jTT $j+#&+ wyTbT+~.
|s b+\ e\T #|{ |]\ eTqT s*+#&+ e\q
( ), s e\ e\q |sesD+ HXq
eTeT+~. H\qT, yTT\T, +Te\ yk\qT $<+d+ #ksTT. e\
e\q, $w skjTH\T |]ds esD eed #] sT, >* e+{ eqsT\qT
\Tw+ #dTHsTT.
sK+& e+{ | |fij\ sD\T +#+&.
+`3
sE |\T e\| dTeTTK+> sT . e\T sT>TTq b+
|\T s>&TTHsT. +{ d+|Tq\qT >+<\jT+ < ys |\
qT+& d]+, KC\ e\ |ue+| d$THsY @sT #jT+&.
u<jTyTq e $<H\T eT]jTT |<s\T |q'#jT |<T\T K
eqsT\qT d+s+ #&+ dV jT|& sTT. <VsD bH s j <sT,
{yTTufifl j y& |<s\qT |q'#jT+ #ksT. nyT]
nsTTq qTeTT dTesT> 1/3e e+T qTeTT {yTTufifl qT+& |q'#jT+
#jT&q<.
d+sD ` eTq u<jTTyTq dV
d+sD| d qeT+ <T. |sq \+q TTw\T L&
C e|]#sT. eqe, +T e sb\ < { eTT&|&
d++< * HsTT. B @ < ++ *q|{ n~ eTs=<|
|uy #|T+~.
` leT +~s>+B, 6 e], 1980q ]q ||+# d+sD $<q
s|\q deTjT+...
1960`69 d+es \+ # <X\T y{ |sesD eqsT\qT <w
+#T= JeH =qk+#sTT. , C n+#H\ |s+, eT&=+T\
eqe Hu |qsT<]+| $<+> eqsT\qT $jdTHsT. eqsT\
|qsT<sD | ] b +T+~.

10e s> dV eqsT\T

q n&T>T d+sD| >=| $j\ srksTT. d+sD eT]jTT
jeq+ >T]+ =|* >eT+ jTT n<jTq+ @+ \T|+~?
|sesD d+sD nedseTjT H\T>T (
) \ >T]+ \TdT+<+. n$
1. Z+#&+: eqsT\qT e< #jT+& $j+#&+. sTTq q\qT,
|+|\qT d]#jT &+, kH\ >~ wes y&+ +Z #&+ <s { $j>
+Z #e#T. neds+ deTj $<TBb\qT, bqqT s&+ e\q $<T#
b<T|> y&Te#T.
$<+> + @ eqsT\ $j> Z+#e#T?
2. ] y&&+ (|q]j>+): bsjT+& ] |j +#Te&+.
] y&&+ e\q yTT\qT b&&yT +& \Tc
Z+qyseTeeTT.
eTq eqsT\qT d+s+ #Te& ] @jT edTe \qT $j+#
e#TqT?
|+&T>\T, y\ d+<s\ |<mTq $<TY n\+sD\T
nedseT e u$dTHy?
3. |q'#jT+: ~ nksT k<+ be#T. <VsD bdqT |+-9: es\ #dq T
|q'#jT+ #jT&eTH~ # wyTq, |e<syTq |jT. bd
>\ d+w e\q deTd qeTeT+~. bd e\q m
|j>\THj n s\ qc\ HsTT. syTq bdqT
n< s+ qT+& |q'#jT+ #j*. eq, $$< s\ bd\qT
|q'#jT + #jT & eTT+<T ysT #j *. = < = s+ >
]d #j* +T+~. M{ ]d*+> |jT >T]#d|&T |+-10: |q'#jT+
C>> |s ysT#j*.
+{ #qT bsyd eTT+<T es\qT m+<T ysT#j*?
#T es\qT bsyjT& bd d+ |&+ eT+<H?
4. ] @sT#jT&+: s>s\T, s& sD+ d+ #qT ={ydq|&T,
n&e\qT q]ydq|&T |ejT+> eTs=# #qT |+#&+ neds+.
|sesD *> V =\+#& ] @sT#jT &+ @jT se\
<s k<eTeT+< #]+#+&.
|< |< e\qT #qT+& rd eTs=# H& |j +# k+
$Cq+ >T]+q de#s+ d]+ #]+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

d+sD deTV\T
H\qT @$<+> |j+#, @jT b+\ H\qT <qeH\,
d+sD +<\ {sTT+# |uT+ #{\qT sb+~dT+~. |]XeT\
\Tw jT+D |]s\qT neTsTe&+ e+{ $<H\ <s |sesD
\Tw+ qT+& b&& L& |uT+ #{\qT #dT+~. es>, eqsT\qT
d+s+# y] |sesD$T e+{ VQeTT\qT L& dT+~.
mH n+srjT d+d\T d+sD| X< #|THsTT. essD\qT
b&&+, +Te\T n+]+b+& d+s+#&+ eT]jTT >* Xu|s#&+
e+{ sb\qT d+d duT\T \|sTdTHsT. 1948 |uT, |yT
deTV\ dyT fiq+ < +swq jTjTH |s Y < qswH |t H#s Y ( )
@s&+~. 1980 ~, ||+# d+sD $<H |b~++~. mH <X\
|uT\T y{ d+sD |<\qT n_e~ #dTe&+ $<H\H
nqTd]+#sTT. n++& nH d+d |e<+ n+#Tq q eqCT\qT,
CrjT <qeH\T, d+sD +<\T, |sesD d++~+q n+X\
ksTT |]o*dT+~.
=|* >e <VsD> rdT=, >eTdT\ eT]jTT s d+d\
bqT #]+#+&.
n+srjT, CrjT, sw d+d\T eyT eqsT\ jeq+ b
eVkj? jeq |jT yTT+ mesesT bZ+{sT?
e, dVT\T @jT esZ\ <s eqsT\qT d+sksT? | eTq+
L& |<q eqsH? @$<+>?
MT +{ sE m s { y&TTHs qT+&. n fi y&&+
nedse ? CrjT |eD\ |s+ m+ sT neds+ ? eTq u< qT >T]<+.
dVeqsT\qT d+s<+.
\ |<\T
+&T #sT e, d d<+, usTue\T, dTds n_e~ Je +<H \T, +sY |{| + \
$<q+, >T, \ sVD.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
eqsT\ d+sD, eqsT\ jeq+ # neds+.
eqsT\T k+> $w>\$. k | y{| jT+D * +&*.
eqsT\ $j> Zd, eqsT\qT ] $jd |sesD+| & Z+# $<+> |\qT
d+d<+ #jT&+ neds+.

10e s> dV eqsT\T

u>TZ, |{*jT+ e+{ +<H\qT eTq+ |P]> ]b+& $#D |j+#Ty*.
sc\T, <X\ eT< q $u<\T eqsT\ n+<TuT n&+ s<T.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. ||+# +<q eqsT\ >D+ $es\ y~ |s+ 2010 H{ ||+# y|+> 188.8 $T*jTH
qT\ qH \e\T HsTT. $ sujT 46.2 d+es\ eyT d]bsTT n *jTCXsT.
qH eqsT\qT b<T|> |j+#T&q e d+# #s\T @$T{? b<T|> y&TqsTT
]> |]De\T @${?( )
2. +< e&q de#s #~$, +< e&q |X\ yT*e+&.( )
lfi+ s+&T eT+&\ sy |> >e\ qT+& |\T #], |yT +|

deTT< rs+ \|{q dT e re+> es+#sT. |uT + bC q T s<T #jT b,
y] bsTqT res+ #keT V#]+#sT. rs b++ qT+& $\Tyq KC\qT y*rd <X + H
dT e #|<*#sT. dT e+ yTT<\T|{q nM d]V<T b++H |\T
edksT .
(m) >eT |\T $<+> es+ bs&&+ dsq<H?
(_) bs&&+ e\q >eTdT\T @ eqsT\qT b&T>\sT?
(d) dT qT+& y*rdq $\Tyq KC\ e\ >eTdT\T @yTH u+ b+<Ts?
(&) rs b++ |yT +| m+<T e\qT #|{\qT+~?
() B |uT b @$T{?
(m|t) dT e+ n& |\ Jeq+| m+{ |ue+ #|T+~?
3. dTds_e~ n+f @$T{? eqsT\ jeq+ @$<+> |j>|&TT+~?( )
4. dV eqsT\ d+sD`jeq+| $es+> sjT+&.( )
5. k+> q eqsTqT |q]j+#TH = esZ\qT d+#+&.( )
6. n&e\qT, eqJe\qT m+<T d+s+#Ty*?( )
7. n&e\ d+sD $<H\qT =+{ d+#+&.( )
8. dV eqsT\T # y>+ > n+]+bTHsTT <! B e\q ]> |]De\qT }V+#+&.( )
9. |{\T + y[fl sV& +<H\ $j>+ >T]+ +s #jT&

|Xe[ sb+~+#+&.( )
10. +<q eqsT\T, H\ks+ b&&+, es|sT u<|s#&+ e+{ @<H n+X |<]+#&
qeTHqT jsT#jT+&. MT #q\ y~ sjT+&.( )
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3. ]b +<q eqsT <VsD ......................
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