Annotated Bibliography

Bassuk, Ellen. Domestic Violence: A Primary Path to Homelessness. The National Center on
Family Homelessness. 2001. Web. Accessed 21 February 2017.
http://www.endhomelessness.org/page//files/1135_file_Bassuk_Moses_20Presentation.p
df

This article consists of statistical study of how domestic violence during childhood, adulthood,
and lifetime can be factors of homelessness. The article focuses on various factors other than
financial problem, which is a reason of people assumed to lead into homelessness. However,
factors of homelessness involve various reasons such as health and human support system. The
author also provides some behavioral and emotional disorders study in this presentation as part
of risks of homelessness. This presentation is beneficial in the study of characteristics of
homelessness to examine the background of the homeless community and gaining an open mind
into their lifestyle.

Birchfield, Rick Andrew, and Brenda Manghane. "No Way Out For Chattanooga's Homeless -
And Response." The Chattanoogan, 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.
http://www.chattanoogan.com/2012/2/12/219297/No-Way-Out-For-Chattanooga-s-
Homeless.aspx

This article is saying that the government is not allowed to give funds to church based
organizations because they are just that, church based organizations. They also make the
argument that Chattanooga is not doing enough to solve its homeless problem. The solution they
propose is to give funding to churches only when it pertains to viable circumstances or fund
long-term self-improvement facilities. They also make arguments to create long term self-
improvement programs (which may already exist per the documentary).

Brown, Johnathan D., Lee Bone, Laura Gillis, Louis Treherne, Kevin Lindamood, and Linda
Marsden. "Service Learning to Impact Homelessness: The Result of Academic and
Community Collaboration." Public Health Reports 121.3 (2006): 343-48. Sage Journals.
Sage Publications, Inc. Web.

Health and human services agencies are often overburdened and understaffed. This article
highlights that students can play a vital role in the provision of services. The article evaluates a
1993 course called Health and Homelessness offered by John Hopkins University Bloomberg
School of Public Health (JHSHP) and Health Care for the Homeless of Maryland (HCH). The
initiative emphasized the importance of community-based aid over service-based aid. The
results show that academia and organizations serving the homeless are capable of collaboration;
moreover, this collaboration is a vital role in the community. Because of students service
experiences, the perspective of charity (i.e., what services do people need and how can we
provide more of them?) changes and develops into a greater understanding of justice (i.e., what
factors are responsible for homelessness in contemporary society and what policies and practices
can reduce or end this problem?). That means that the students perceptions changed positively.
Brush, Barbara L., Laura E. Gultekin, and Elizabeth C. Grim. "The Data Dilemma in Family
Homelessness." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 27.3 (2016):
1046-052. Web

This article is about how the estimated number of homeless people in America is greatly
underestimated. This leads to homeless people not having enough of the proper care they need.
The article focuses on particularly family homelessness. The main cause of family homelessness
is domestic violence and the effects of homelessness on the children can cause trauma. The
article ends with stating how important it is that America gets a more accurate way to keep count
of the rising number of the homeless.

Chattanoogas Homeless Challenge. Directed by Wes Rehberg, Wild Clearing, 2006.

A documentary including first hand accounts from those facing homelessness in the Chattanooga
community. The interviews are with presently and formerly homeless individuals as well as with
the people in the community who are working to help them.

DAVID A. SNOW, LEON ANDERSON, and PAUL KOEGEL. "Distorting Tendencies in

Research on the Homeless." American Behavioral Scientist 37.4 (1994): 461-475. Print.

This paper points out the flaws of the examiners normalizing gaze on the homeless population
during the early 1990s. They highlight one authors notion that we are entering the age of
infinite examination and of compulsory objectification. The paper argues that the stereotypes of
homeless as drunk, stoned, crazy, and sick is partly distorted and flawed. Furthermore, that
these stereotypes, negative perceptions, and fears lead to validate the sentiment of punishment
and neglect. The paper argues there are four distorting tendencies in past years conventional
research. The first tendency is allowing small segments of talk or behavior to imply
patterns. The second tendency is misdiagnosing psychiatric disorders, which should be much
more sensitively analyzed to the context of the homeless persons situation. The third tendency
is the imagination that it is possible to comprehend behaviors and communications [of the
homeless] apart from the context of street life. This, of course, is absurd (since we learned a
sense of home greatly affects ones perception of security). The fourth tendency is using the
language of disability rather than biographic vulnerability. These often cause a perceptual trap
that end up typifying the entire population based on the worst characteristics of the most
disabled. Considering our goal, it is clear that researchers have made an effort to track
homeless across time and space, make research longitudinal, and put effort to empathize with
the views of the homeless, but the general population, especially the student body should be
better informed.
Gienapp, Emmett. "Mayor Berke Claims Success in Pledge to End Chattanooga's Veteran
Homelessness." Times Free Press, 13 Feb. 2017. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.
http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2017/feb/10/berke-veteran-
homelessness-chattanooga/412148/

This article highlights the success of the mayors pledge to end veteran homelessness. He says
that on average the veteran homeless are placed into housing within 90 days or less, however, the
mayors plan doesnt track homeless people that go back into homelessness after going through
the program. Veterans make 15-20% of all of Chattanoogas homeless, so he says this
demographic is taken care of and its time to focus on another.

Goering, Paula. Characteristics of Persons Who Are Homeless for the First Time. Psychiatric
Services. November 2002. Web. Accessed 21 February 2017.

The article discusses the experiment involves the comparison between the homeless people who
are homeless for the first time and previously homeless. Two methods are used to obtain
information such as quantitative and qualitative interviews. A total number of 300 homeless
people were interviewed and characteristics were broken down into a table shown in the article
to differentiate the results that had been found such as current social conditions, legal problems,
etc. This article will be beneficial for our research since the design of experiment consist of
comparing two different situations of homeless people. By separating two groups of people, the
author was able to acquire information what both groups have in common in relation to the cause
of them being homeless. Thus, the results have shown that one of the main reasons of people
going homeless is certain childhood experience from family and friends.

Goodman, Lisa A. "The Relationship between Social Support and Family Homelessness: A
Comparison Study of Homeless and Housed Mothers." Journal of Community
Psychology 19.4 (1991): 321-332. Print.

This article presents the results and insights from a study of 50 homeless mothers and 50 housed
mothers receiving public assistance. Originally it was hypothesized that weak social networks
are a strongly contributing factor that lead to homelessness. However, throughout the paper, the
case is presented that social ties can cause burdensome dependence and may increase
vulnerability to homelessness. The homeless mothers in this study often reported to have the
same amount (as the housed mothers) of friends, family, and helping professionals they could
rely on. The result of the study revealed that out of the factors studied, a) size of the social
network, b) the nature of the support received, c) degree of contact with family, and d) the degree
of trust in that social network, the most important was the degree of trust in that social
network. The insights are that social isolation is more a consequence than a cause of
homelessness.
"Hamilton County, Tennessee (TN)." Hamilton County, Tennessee Detailed Profile - Houses,
Real Estate, Cost of Living, Wages, Work, Agriculture, Ancestries, and More. Onboard
Informatics, 2014. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.
http://www.city-data.com/county/Hamilton_County-TN.html

This is a breakdown of Hamilton countys demographic: employment, race, home cost, people in
group housing (homeless, halfway houses) etc. I believe this is a good place to extract statistics
and pull information together on what could be the root of the homeless issue.

Homeless Coalition, Chattanooga Regional. "FY2016 Project Ranking." Chattanooga Regional

Homeless Coalition, 2016. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.
http://homelesscoalition.org/?page_id=305

This is a statistical breakdown of Chattanoogas funding for the Regional Homeless Coalition by
project. It shows what their objectives are for the year of 2016 and where exactly the funding is
going to. About $100,000 is going to software and research (see HMIS) (which I think can be
way cheaper). But their focus is on supportive housing in which they spend well over half a
million. My question is how effective is this program really and what their metrics are for
success.

Knecht, Thomas, and Lisa M. Martinez. Engaging the Reluctant? Service Learning,
Interpersonal Contact, and Attitudes toward Homeless Individuals. PS: Political Science
and Politics, vol. 45, no. 1, 2012, pp. 106111., www.jstor.org/stable/41412730.

This article explains the results found when students participated in a service-learning course and
whether it affected their attitudes and opinions regarding the homeless. They looked to see if
students experienced an opinion change after spending a day with a homeless person. They
found that after a few hours of contact with a homeless person caused a significant number of
students to have fewer stereotypes. There were, however, some cases where the students had a
negative experience and failed to have their perceptions changed.

Lee, Barrett A., Townsand Price-Spratlen, and James W. Kanan. "Determinants of Homelessness
in Metropolitan Areas." Journal of Urban Affairs 25.3 (2003): 335-356. Print.

This article looks at the different rates of homelessness across metropolitan areas. Looking at a
past census for 335 metropolitan areas, local housing market, economic conditions, and
demographic composition information is found. The analysis of the data uncovers a correlation
of median housing rates of single person households and homelessness.

Lee, Barrett A., Sue Hinze Jones, and David W. Lewis. "Public Beliefs About the Causes of
Homelessness." Social Forces 69.1 (1990): 253-265. Print.

This article focusses on causal beliefs about urban homelessness. These beliefs are influenced in
varying degrees depending on ones social status, religious and political views, and exposure to
homelessness. A key factor highlighted here is the looseness of the definition of poverty by
different social groups different types of poverty are interpreted differently by the public.
The authors note that portrayals of homeless in American pop-culture often stress laziness,
immorality, and that its the individuals own fault in a society where everyone is assumed to
have equal opportunities to succeed. It was noted by their study however, that most people
blame society for causes of homelessness the authors note a plausible cause is that most people
cant imagine why someone would choose to endure the hardships on the street. Careful
consideration of the differences of three decades ago must be considered when reading this
article.

MacKnee, Chuck M., and Jennifer Mervyn. "Critical Incidents That Facilitate Homeless People's
Transition Off the Streets." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 11.4 (2002):
293-306. Print.

This study examines the enablers and the hindrances of 17 street people, 12 females and 5
males, who made a more permanent transition to mainstream society. In earlier years, such as
the past decade (relative to 2002), it was asserted by many that there were no obvious patterns
that show which people are more likely to get off the streets. These researchers used the Critical
Incident Technique (penned by J.C. Flanagan in 1954) the researchers recorded experiences
perceived to be very significant in enabling or hindering the 17 individuals towards life off the
streets. A few pertinent enablers were (as listed numerically): Having someone reach out (29
Incidents) participants felt cared for, special, accepted, and trusted.; Realizing ones
self-worth (15 incidents) participants realizing the value of ones self whether self-revealed or
pointed out by someone else; Realizing ones confidence and abilities (15 incidents)
understanding that they have something valuable, talents, and gifts to give back to society; and
Creating new relationships with mainstream people (12 Incidents).

MAIN, THOMAS. "ANALYZING EVIDENCE for the STRUCTURAL THEORY of

HOMELESSNESS." Journal of Urban Affairs 18.4 (1996): 449-457. Print.

This article uses the structuralist theory of homelessness to test if the rise of homelessness comes
from loss of reasonable renting rates and increasing number of people in poverty, or if there is
another main cause. Using micro data, the author concludes that rising rent is an issue, but not as
big of an issue as structuralist make it out to be. The article ends with stating how disabilities of
homeless people need to be more emphasized.

Main, Thomas. "How to Think About Homelessness: Balancing Structural and Individual
Causes." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 7.1 (1998): 41-54. Print.

This article begins with stating the two types of causes of homelessness, which are, structural
and individual causes. The article uses past information and examples of both causes for its data.
Some structural causes are unemployment and poverty, the housing market, the structure of the
economy generally, and large-scale social policies. Individual causes are mental illness,
alcoholism, substance abuse, and lack of a work ethic. The article concludes with how people
need to look past the type of cause and focus on the issues.
Mayock, Paula, Mary Louise Corr, and Eoin O'Sullivan. "Homeless Young People, Families and
Change: Family Support As a Facilitator to Exiting Homelessness." Child & Family
Social Work 16.4 (2011): 391-401. Print.

This article explains the result of a study of 30 young homeless people in Dublin, Ireland; 17 of
who achieved greater stability of housing. The article explains the importance of engagement
with pro-social peers and continued school attendance. It was also noted that help from
friends, family, and professional helpers was a critical enabler to their transition to stable
housing. The young people were interviewed based on telling their stories, which allowed them
to explain their personal experience and articulate their views. Family, friends and renewed
relationships are a driving factor in exit route of homelessness. This is interesting to consider in
the light of a How Might We question. Developing an avenue of student body outreach is a good
thing to consider.

Miller, Cynthia J. Images from the Streets: Art for Social Change from the Homelessness
Photography Project. Social Justice, vol. 33, no. 2 (104), 2006, pp. 122134.,
www.jstor.org/stable/29768374.

Images from the Streets: Art for Social Change from the Homelessness Photography Project
attempts to show the unseen aspects of homelessness through the photographs of people living
this hardship. The participants were unsheltered homeless and were given a disposable camera
and asked to capture images of significant people, places, and occurrences. The images captured
revealed that even though the homeless do not have a set place, they use their physical and
social environments as a tool to ground themselves and their identities. Miller makes the
statement that nearly all knowledge derived from being "place-less" is, in fact, based in place
(122). The ability to reclaim knowledge of place and a sense of ownership through photography
allows the homeless to ground themselves and find the connections to their place. It creates a
sense of belonging and community by documenting and sharing the shared histories and
struggles among the homeless community.

Mobley, Catherine. Breaking Ground: Engaging Undergraduates in Social Change through

Service Learning. Teaching Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, 2007, pp. 125137.,
www.jstor.org/stable/20058547.

Clemson University engaged undergraduates in a project called Breaking Ground. The two main
goals of the project were to change students perceptions regarding the homeless and to
encourage them to engage in social advocacy. Through Breaking Ground, students formed a
partnership with advocates and homeless clients to raise public awareness about homelessness
and to organize advocacy and fundraising events for the agency partners (125). The study used
pretests and posttests to assess the changes in the students beliefs and perceptions regarding
homelessness. When the answers of the students who participated in Breaking Ground were
compared to the answers of students who did not, it was found that those students who
participated had a profound, positive change regarding their perceptions of homelessness. The
students both took the same class, Policy and Social Change, but did not participate in Breaking
Ground did not experience change. This shows that personal experiences with the homeless have
a greater impact than just educational classes.
Murphy, Joseph F., and Kerri J. Tobin. Homelessness Comes to School: How Homeless
Children and Youths Can Succeed. The Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 93, no. 3, 2011, pp. 32
37., www.jstor.org/stable/23048917.

This article lays out some of the facts about childhood homelessness and lays out some of the
ways to help children facing this better succeed. Per the facts about Chattanooga homelessness
on the Chattanooga Community Kitchens website, there are over 1,000 homeless students in
public schools and children make up 39% of the homeless population. Their plan includes
developing awareness about homelessness and homeless children and youth; attending to basic
needs; creating an effective instruction program; developing a stable and supportive
environment; providing additional supports; collaborating with other agencies and organizations;
and promoting parental involvement.

National Coalition for the Homeless. Domestic Violence and Homelessness. National
Coalition for the Homeless. July 2009. Web. 6 March 2017.
http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/domestic.html

This article discusses the study of how domestic violence may cause homelessness. The research
involves statistics to provide evidence of the study. Approximately 63% of women who are
homeless have experienced domestic violence. Domestic violence occurs in workplace, home,
and public places. However, some people may ignore that these experiences happen because
some people avoid getting involved in other peoples business. The study examines that with a
long-term benefit for homeless people the homeless community will have a better relationship
with other people.

NCBI. Behavioral Health Services for People Who Are Homeless.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138716/. 2013. Web. 6 March 2017.

This article presents the Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) is a designed behavioral health
study for the people who are homeless, formerly homeless, and at risk to be homeless. The
experiment focuses on the experiences that may be factors for people leading into homelessness.
The experiences that are risk factors for homelessness consist of mental abuse, physical abuse,
conduct disorder, mood disorder, and health disorder. In this article, the author also provided
some references of different homelessness studies that relate to behavioral health disorders,
which will be useful in finding some statistical and explanation evidences for the research.

Phelan, Jo, et al. "The Stigma of Homelessness: The Impact of the Label "Homeless" on
Attitudes Toward Poor Persons." Social Psychology Quarterly 60.4 (1997): 323-337.
Print.

The authors give Goffmans (1963) definition of stigma: an attribute that is socially defined as
deeply discrediting, spoiling ones identity and disqualifying one from full social acceptance.
The authors note that strength of the stigma attached to the homeless label is equal that of
mental hospitalization. The authors argue most people (two decades ago) tend to blame the
homeless for their situation. This is an increase in the individualist belief from 1990 as noted by
Lee, Jones, and Lewis. The authors also point out how most people base their stereotype of
homelessness off the small minority of disruptive, unappealing, and dangerous homeless
people (Lee, Link, and Toro 1991) this causes people to overestimate the prevalence of these
characteristics among the homeless. This is known as the availability heuristic (Tversky and
Kahneman 1973).

Rayburn, Rachel L., and Nicholas A. Guittar. "This Is Where You Are Supposed to Be: How
Homeless Individuals Cope with Stigma." Sociological Spectrum 33.2 (2013): 159-174.
Print.

This article shares the results of a 2007 2009 study that reveal ways in which homeless people
manage stigma of being homeless. Ervin Groffmans definition of stigma is having a
discrediting characteristic that spoils ones identity; in this sense, it is not the qualities of the
individual, but the associated stereotype. The researchers interviewed the 20 individuals, audio-
recorded the responses, analyzed the data, and came up with three categories of how homeless
people manage stigma: 1) Distancing homeless people often say, Those homeless people,
implying hierarchies and stratification among homeless. Homeless people are subject to a so-
called claim of relative acceptability, the dirtier, and more negative are often looked down
upon among the homeless society; 2) Embracement homeless people often come to a
realization of their situation as what has happened, and look forward to a better life in the
future some abstract concept of reward; 3) Fictive storytelling Andersons findings reveal
that homeless often embellish the past and present, and fantasize about the future. Finally, the
authors of this article also highlight Groffmans insights of two strategies for managing stigma:
passing and covering. To pass as normal, homeless often control sharing of information about
themselves. Deflecting attention away to make homelessness less obvious is covering. There
seem to be many similarities between communities of homeless and communities of normal
mainstream society members.

Rog, Debra. Characteristics and Dynamics of homeless Families with Children. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. 1 October 2007. Web. Accessed 21 February
2017.
https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/characteristics-and-dynamics-homeless-families-children

In this article, existing data sets have been studied to utilize the typology of the homeless
families. Previous studies and research also beneficial in providing evidence in some of the
points that were discussed. There are three basic steps proposed in this research on how to figure
out the characteristics and typology of the homeless families. The steps include: exploring
existing data and data collection, utilizing existing datasets, and developing approaches based on
existing data. This article examines various studies and the impact of previous lifestyles of
homeless people. The homeless community consists of various experiences that might have
affected their lifestyle. The study revealed that the homeless community encountered many
factors in leading them to homelessness such as lack of family support, domestic violence, and
other more. Thus, we cannot assume that financial status was the only reason for their lifestyle.
Ryan, Shawn. "Faith-based Groups Crucial in Homeless Help, Report Says [photos]." Times
Free Press, 11 Feb. 2017. Web. 18 Feb. 2017.
http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2017/feb/11/taking-slack-
faith-based-groups-crucial-homel/412079/

This article explains that the backbone of Chattanoogas homeless effort is the church support.
The government does some, but at the end of the day the church is taking care of the day to day.
My question is how many of these efforts sort of imply religious participation in exchange for
goods. In effect, part of the article argues that the church is picking up slack on behalf of the
government (which it could be argued). On another side of the argument though, faith based
groups can use tax evasion methods inherent in nonprofits and religious organizations to do an
even more effective job.

Tessler, Richard, Robert Rosenheck, and Gail Gamache. "Gender Differences in Self-Reported
Reasons for Homelessness." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 10.3 (2001):
243-254. Print.

This article is about how the path to homelessness is socially structured. The article looks at the
reasons why males and females are homeless; it also looks at their social class, age, and other
demographics. Males reasons for homelessness are most commonly: loss of a job, discharge
from an institution, mental health problems, and alcohol or drug problems. Womens reasons for
homelessness are most commonly: eviction, interpersonal conflict, and someone no longer able
or willing to help. Using this information, finding solutions to building relationships with
homeless people and figuring out the best approach to help them will be easier.

The Blueprint to End Chronic Homelessness in the Chattanooga Region in Ten Years
http://www.hmissummit.net/coc/10%20Year%20Plans/chattanoogaTN.pdf

This is a link to The Blueprint to End Chronic Homelessness in the Chattanooga Region in Ten
Years. It was created in 2004, and I am unsure of anything has been done with it since then. It
offers statistics regarding homelessness specifically in Chattanooga along with organizations that
partnered with the blueprint. It also offers recommendations to end homelessness in 10 years:
Expand Permanent Housing Opportunities, Increase Access to Services and Supports, Prevent
Homelessness, and Establish a Mechanism for Planning and Coordination.

"What Is the Official Definition of Homelessness?" What Is the Official Definition of

Homelessness? National Health Care for the Homeless Council, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.
https://www.nhchc.org/faq/official-definition-homelessness/

This page is legalese for homelessness. It states that homelessness is, in laymans terms, when
you have unstable housing OR you are living in a location deemed unfit for human habitation.
It also generalizes to include housing that is in public shelters Anything that is 1, unstable /
temporary OR 2, not built for humans.
Wuenschel, Peter C. "Houston Homeless Street Outreach." Journal of Community Practice 4.4
(1997): 69-80. Print.

The Homeless Street Outreach was a collaborative project of several service agencies in the
greater Houston area. This innovative outreach program in Houston Texas had key features such
as: including the homeless in planning and development and encouraging the service agencies to
take ownership of the project. The authors of this paper agree with four factors that contribute
to effective community-based care for the homeless: 1) meeting the needs of the homeless
despite service agency inconveniences, 2) coordination within service delivery system, 3) easy
accessibility to services, and 4) having a wide spectrum of services and care provided. The
authors conclude that coordinated outreach can bring more comprehensive services to this had-
to-reach population. They also affirm the imperative that services should meet the needs of the
clients rather than be solely based on convenience for service providers. The authors note that
improvements could be made by allowing the homeless to provide feedback and
evaluations. This will be a crucial document to consider during the prototyping phase.