7/4/2017 EC Formula

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Eddy Current Inspection Formula
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Magnetic
Ohm's Law Impedance Phase Angle
Permeability

Where: Where: Where: Where:

I = Current (amp) Impedance f = Phase Angle (deg) Magnetic

Z = m = Permeability
V = Voltage (volt) (ohm) XL = Inductance
Impedance Resistance Reactance(ohm) (Henries/meter)
Z = R = Magnetic Flux
(ohm) (ohm) R = Resistance (ohm) B =
XL = Inductance Density (Tesla)
More Information Reactance(ohm) More Information H = Magnetizing
Ohm's Law Calculator Phase Angle Calculator Force
More Information (Am/meter)
Electrical Electrical
Relative Conductivity &
Conductivity Conductivity
Magnetic Permeability Resistivity
(%IACS) (%IACS)
When resistivity is When conductivity in
S/m or mS/cm is known

or
known
Where: Where: Where:
Relative Magnetic Electrical Electrical Where:
mr = Permeability s = Conductivity s%IACS = Conductivity
(dimensionless) Siemens/m (% IACS) Electrical
Any Given r = Electrical Electrical s%IACS = Conductivity
Magnetic Resistivity r = Resistivity (% IACS)
m =
Permeability (ohm-m) (mohm-cm) Electrical
(H/m) Electrical sS/m = Conductivity
Magnetic smS/cm = Conductivity (Siemens/meter)
Permeability in (mSiemens/cm) Electrical
mo = Free Space smS/cm = Conductivity
(H/m), which is (mSiemens/cm)
More Information
1.257 x 10-6 H/m
More Information More Information

More Information
Standard Depth Standard Depth Standard Depth
Current Density
of Penetration of Penetration of Penetration
When electrical When electrical When electrical
conductivity (S/m) is conductivity resistivity
known. (%IACS) is known. (mohm-cm) is known.

In In
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mm mm
Where:

Current Density
Jx = In
(amps/m2) In inches
Jo Current Density at inches
Where:
= Surface
(amps/m2) Standard Where: Where:
Base Natural Log d = Depth of
e = Penetration (m) Standard Depth of Standard Depth of
= 2.71828 d = Penetration (mm or
Distance Below p = 3.14 d = Penetration (mm
x = in) or in)
Surface Test Frequency
f = Test Frequency Electrical
d = Standard Depth of (Hz) f =
(Hz) r = Resistivity
Penetration Magnetic
Relative Magnetic (mohm-cm)
Permeability mr = Permeability
More Information (H/m) (1.257 x Test Frequency
m = (dimensionless) f =
10-6 H/m for (Hz)
Electrical Relative Magnetic
nonmagnetic s = Conductivity
mat'ls) mr = Permeability
(%IACS) (dimensionless)
Electrical
s = Conductivity More Information
(Siemens/m) More Information

More Information
Depth of Pen Calculator

Standard Depth of Penetration Versus Frequency Chart

Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Current

Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag
When electrical When electrical When electrical
In conductivity (S/m) is conductivity resistivity
Radians known. (%IACS) is known. (mohm-cm) is known.

In
Degrees In In
mm mm
In
inches In
inches
Where:
Where:
Phase Lag (Rad Where: Where:
q =
or Degrees) Phase Lag
Distance Below q = Phase Lag Phase Lag
(degrees) q = q =
x = Surface (in or (degrees) (degrees)
Distance Below
mm) x = Distance Below Distance Below
Surface (m) x = x =
d = Standard Depth of Surface (mm) Surface (inch)
p = 3.14
Penetration (in or Test Frequency Electrical Resistivity
Test Frequency f = r =
mm) f = (Hz) (mohm-cm)
(Hz)
Relative f = Test Frequency (Hz)
Relative Magnetic
More Information mr = mr = Relative Magnetic
Magnetic Permeability mr = Permeability
Permeability (dimensionless) (dimensionless)
s = Electrical Electrical
Conductivity s = Conductivity More Information
(Siemens/m) (%IACS)

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More Information More Information

Material Thickness Frequency Selection Frequency Selection
Standard Depth of Requirement for for Thickness for Flaw Detection
Penetration and Resistivity or Measurement of Thin and Nonconductive
Phase Angle Conductivity Materials Coating Thickness
Measurement Measurements
Relative When measuring Selecting a frequency that Defect Detection
Std. Phase resistivity or produces a standard A test frequency that puts
Strength
Depth Lag conductivity, the depth of penetration that the standard depth of
of EC
0 rad = thickness of the exceeds the material penetration at about the
0 e0=100% o material should be at thickness by 25% will expected depth of the
0 least 3 times the produce a phase angle of defect will provide good
1 rad = depth of penetration approximately phase separation between
d e-1=37%
57.3o to minimize material 90obetween the liftoff the defect and liftoff
2 rad = thickness effects signal and the material signals.
2d e-2=14% thickness change signal.
114.6 o
3 rad =
3d e-3=5%
171.9 o Where: Nonconductive Coating
4 rad = Thickness Measurement
4d e-4=2% Material To minimize effects from
229.2 o t =
Thickness the base metal the highest
5 rad =
5d e-5=0.7% Standard Depth practical frequency should
286.5 o d=
of Penetration be used.
More Information
More Information

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Partial support for this work was provided by the NSF-ATE (Advanced Technological Education)
program through grant #DUE 0101709. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily those of the National Science Foundation.

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