QUESTIONS

1. State whether the pressure is higher/lower/equal at the bottom of a tank filled with a gas than

at the top.

The pressure is higher at the bottom of a tank filled with a gas than at the top. This is because

higher pressure (mass of gas) is exerted at higher depth and surface area for molecules to contact

becomes bigger.

2. Differentiate absolute pressure and gauge pressure.

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

Absolute pressure (in Pascal) is actual pressure at given position and is measured relative to the

absolute zero pressure which the pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum. All calculation

involving the gas law requires pressure (and temperature) to be in absolute units.

Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure which often to measure pressure

difference between system and the surrounding atmosphere or ambient air. Therefore, gauge

pressure is measured from atmospheric and absolute is measured from 0 (as all absolute scales

are measured from). They both use the same scal the measuring. Standard atmosphere at sea

level is 14.7 lb/in2 of pressure absolute and 0 pressure gauge.

3. If the contents of a tank holding 20m3 of gas are transferred to a tank with twice as much

volume and all other factors remain unchanged, what will happen to gas pressure?

The gas pressure will decrease. When gas is compressed to a small volume tank, the pressure

will be higher due to high frequency collisions within gas molecules. However, when the gas is

filled in big volume tank the pressure will be lower due to low frequency collisions of gas

molecules which have more free space to move.

4. If the gas in a tank heated and all other factors remain unchanged, what will happen to the gas

pressure?

If the gas tank is heated, the gas pressure will be higher due to higher kinetic energy among gas

molecules which hits with tank wall.

5. What is the pressure measuring instrument used in this plant?

Manometer and pressure gauge were used as pressure measuring instrument in this plant.
6. Discuss briefly the possible errors affecting the accuracy in pressure measurement as observed

in the experiment.

Possible errors that might occurred in this experiment that may affecting the accuracy in pressure

measurement is error during pressing external hand pump to generate desired pressure. Constant

force has to applied to achieve the targeted pressure but unable to achieve due tired of pressing

for long period. Moreover, connection of tube from manometer to gas tank is very sensitive.

Sometimes, there is leakage and sometime it not well connected. Hence, reading accuracy will be

affected.
CONCLUSIONS

This experiment is run to investigate the relationship between gauge pressure, absolute pressure

and differential pressure and also to observe the pressure measurement and calibration system.

The experiment is conducted in two part where Experiment 1 for pressure measurement and

Experiment 2 and 3 for calibration system. In Experiment 1, it showed that gauge pressure

always smaller than absolute pressure (gauge pressure + vacuum pressure). Even though,

Experiment 1 runs for 7 times with different pressure of, psig 30.00, 25.00, 20.00, 15.00, 10.00,

5.00 and 0.00 each twice to obtain average result but there are always present deviations. Value

of deviations is quite high due to some factors such as sensitivity of the pressure measuring

instrument (manometer in this experiment) and the leakage in connectors which is not well fixed

to gas tank. In Experiment 2 and 3, all of the percentage deviation is above the permissible

limits. Most of them failed because of desired output values unable to achieve. The lowest

percentage deviation that can be obtained is 0.43125. This error occurred during pressing

external hand pump to generate desired pressure where constant force has to applied to achieve

the targeted pressure but unable to achieve due tired of pressing for long period.
RECOMMENDATIONS

First of all, the system must be checked regularly at least twice per week to be in good condition

where it can be used in future where maintenance has to do on system if needed. Next, the

pressure measuring instrument must be present in good condition with correct accuracy because

it will give fault result if not checked well. There must be insulation made on the hand pump

handle to reduce the friction between handle and hand palm to prevent the hand palm from

getting injured and force can be applied continuously without tired fastly. Moreover, make sure

that the readings becomes stable become record any measurements. Lastly, the connector from

manometer to gas tank must be in proper condition without any leakages.