Young Modulus

Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

UEME1132 Statics
Shear Force & Bending Moment
Experiment No. 2
Teams Name
Member ID
TAN JIA HUI 1604779
YOO JUN YI 1603587
LEE ZHI HONG 1603511
ONG JIN YUE ZACHARY 1705191
KEW JUN XIANG 1705126
Introduction
The Youngs Modulus Apparatus is a benchtop model designed for students to understand
and to determine the Youngs Modulus of given material samples. It consists of an epoxy coated
steel reaction frame complete with a meter long linear scale. Two adjustable supports provide the
variable span needed to perform the experiment. Stainless steel weights and hangers are provided
for loading of the beams. One sets of dial gauges to 0.01 mm resolutions complete with
mounting brackets are employed for the measurement of the beam deflection. A theory and
experiment work sheet provided for students to follow the correct procedure of operation and
computation.
A. Young Modulus
The elastic modulus is one of the most vital properties involved in carious aspects of
material engineering for design purposes. Every material undergoes elastic deformation. Elastic
deformation is mostly defined as temporary deformation of its physical shape and will able to
return to its original state. For elastic deformation, the material undergoes an amount of stress
without exceeding the elastic limit. Any deformation caused by further increases in load or stress
beyond the yield point of a certain material will be plastic permanent. C Consumable CH
Chemical W Labware, glassware, tool, and components E Equipment S Software 3 Latest
updated: 15th Feb 2017 (DLMSA) The Young modulus (elastic modulus) is the measurement of
the stiffness of a given material. It is defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of
stress with strain. Beside using the stress and strain graphs, the Young modulus of any material
can also be determined by using the deflection of the material (beam) when subjected to load.
The deflection of a beam depends on its length, its cross-sectional shape, the material, where the
deflecting force is applied, and how the beam is supported.
A. Moment of Inertia, I
Moment of Inertia, I, is the property of an object associated with its resistance to rotation.
It depends on the objects mass and the distribution of mass with respect to the axis of rotation.
For any beam, the inertia is calculated based on the cross sectional shape and the thickness. It
does not depend on the length and material of the beam. For a rectangular section beam, the I =
bh3 /12.
Moment of Inertia for rectangular section

I = bh 3 /12 b = width of beam
h = height of beam
Moment of Inertia for circular section

I = d 4 /64
d = diameter of the circular section
Deflection equation with different beam support

1. One fixed end and one simple support end
F = load applied
L = beam length
a= intermediate length of beam
= deflection
E = Young Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
The deflection at length a from the fixed

= Fa 3 (L - a) 2 (4L - a) / 12EIL3
For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a = L/2 in the above equation, the deflection is:
= 3.5FL 3 / 384EI 2.
Two simple supports end
The deflection at distance a from the left-hand support is:

= Fa 2 (L - a) 2 /3EIL
For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a = L/2 in the above equation, the deflection is:
= 3.5FL 3 / 384EI 2.
Objective
Part 1: To investigate the relationship between load, span, width, height and deflection of a
beam, placed on two bearers and affected by a concentrated load at the center.
Part 2: To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel, brass and aluminum.
Methodology
Part I
a) One fixed end and one simple support end.
1) The clamping length (L) to 800mm was set.
2) The width and height of the test specimen using a caliper was measured and the value was
was recorded
3) The test specimen on the bearers was placed.
4) One end as fixed end by tightens the screw was set.
5) The load (F) hanger on the center of the test specimen was mounted.
6) The dial gauge to the center of the test specimen was moved. The height of the gauge so that
the needle touched the test specimen was adjusted. The initial reading of gauge was recorded.
7) 5N weight was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.
8) Procedure (7) was repeated until the loads reached 25N. All the gauge reading must recorded.
9) After result taken, all the loads was removed.
10) Repeat the experiment once again to get the average deflection value.
11) Plot the graph of force versus deflection.
12) Calculate the experimental young modulus for respective beam/material and compare with
theoretical value.
13) Repeat the experiment by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel, brass)
Part II
b) Two simple supports end.
1) The clamping length (L) to 800mm was set.
2) The width and height of the test specimen using a caliper was measured and the value was
was recorded
3) The test specimen on the bearers was placed
4) The screw should not be tighten since both ends are simple support.
5) The load (F) hanger on the center of the test specimen was mounted.
6) The dial gauge to the center of the test specimen was moved. The height of the gauge so that
the needle touched the test specimen was adjusted. The initial reading of gauge was recorded
7) 5N weight was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.
8) Procedure (7) was repeated until the loads reached 25N. All the gauge reading must recorded.
9) After result taken, all the loads was removed.
10) The experiment was repeated once again to get the average deflection value.
11) The graph of force versus deflection was plotted.
12) The experimental young modulus for respective beam/material was calculated and compared
with theoretical value.
13) The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel,
brass)
Part III
One fixed end and one simple support end.
1.The experiment qas run by using different clamping length (L) (i.e 500mm).
Part 1/part 2 dimensions can be re-used.
2. The experiment was run by using different width (w) / height (h) beam with clamping length
(L) = 500mm.
Calculation
Part I
Clamping Length = 800 5 mm
Measurement of Steel Specimen
Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 800 6.28 25.82
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.84
3rd reading 800 6.04 25.88
Average reading 800 6.14 25.85
Measurement of Brass Specimen

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
st
1 reading 800 6.08 25.30
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.10
3rd reading 800 6.28 25.10
Measurement of Aluminum Specimen

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 800 6.30 25.70
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.70
3rd reading 800 6.48 25.40
Deflection of Steel Specimen
Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.28 0.32 0.31 0.303
10 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.603
15 0.99 0.98 1.01 0.993
20 1.33 1.24 1.39 1.320
25 1.66 1.67 1.70 1.677
Deflection of Brass Specimen

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.583
10 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.167
15 1.87 1.83 1.85 1.850
20 2.44 2.45 2.47 2.453
25 3.14 3.10 3.18 3.140
Deflection of Aluminum specimen

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.77 0.73 0.73 0.743
10 1.46 1.47 1.45 1.460
15 2.31 2.26 2.27 2.280
20 3.09 3.04 3.02 3.050
25 3.85 3.78 3.76 3.797
Part II

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 800 6.28 25.82
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.84
3rd reading 800 6.04 25.88

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
st
1 reading 800 6.08 25.30
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.10
3rd reading 800 6.28 25.10

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 800 6.30 25.70
2nd reading 800 6.10 25.70
3rd reading 800 6.48 25.40
Deflection of steel

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.583
10 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.153
15 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.740
20 2.34 2.37 2.34 2.350
25 2.93 2.94 2.94 2.937
Deflection of brass

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 1.25 1.22 1.27 1.247
10 2.42 2.43 2.48 2.443
15 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.680
20 4.89 4.90 4.89 4.893
25 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.130
Deflection of aluminum

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.493
10 2.98 3.03 3.00 3.003
15 4.51 4.50 4.51 4.507
20 6.00 6.00 6.01 6.003
25 7.51 7.50 7.45 7.487
Part III
(i) Table of Load Versus Deflection with Different Clamping Length.

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
st
1 reading 500 6.28 25.82
2nd reading 500 6.10 25.84
3rd reading 500 6.04 25.88

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 500 6.08 25.30
2nd reading 500 6.10 25.10
3rd reading 500 6.28 25.10

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 500 6.30 25.70
2nd reading 500 6.10 25.70
3rd reading 500 6.48 25.40
Steel Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.077
10 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.160
15 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.240
20 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.347
25 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.443
Brass Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.160
10 0.32 0.35 0.34 0.337
15 0.48 0.55 0.52 0.517
20 0.77 0.70 0.75 0.740
25 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.830
Aluminum Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.187
10 0.38 0.40 0.37 0.383
15 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.567
20 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.783
25 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.990
(ii) Table of Load Versus Deflection with Different Specimen Dimensions.
Clamping Length= 500 5 mm

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
st
1 reading 500 6.48 19.22
2nd reading 500 6.30 19.40
3rd reading 500 6.56 19.28

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
1st reading 500 6.84 19.20
2nd reading 500 6.60 19.34
3rd reading 500 6.62 19.40

(5mm) (0.02mm) (0.02mm)
st
1 reading 495 6.68 19.40
2nd reading 505 6.34 19.52
3rd reading 500 6.52 19.20
Steel Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.383
10 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.157
15 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.740
20 2.34 2.33 2.34 2.337
25 2.93 2.94 2.94 2.937
Brass Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.150
10 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.287
15 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.430
20 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.570
25 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.707
Aluminum Specimen Deflection

(N) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (0.01 mm) (mm)
5 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.237
10 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.477
15 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.730
20 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.957
25 1.20 1.18 1.20 1.193
Graph
PartI
A. Steel
Graph of load (N) against average deflection (mm)

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Average deflection (mm)
Slope = 14.4130842 N/mm
14.413 N/mm
30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
B.
Brass
Slope = 7.80709222 N/mm
7.807 N/mm
C. Aluminium

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Slope = 6.49293908 N/mm 6.493 N/mm

Part II
A. Steel

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Slope = 8.46635475 N/mm
8.466 N/mm
B. Brass

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slope = 4.09286894 N/mm
4.093 N/mm
C. Aluminium
30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Slope = 3.33596341 N/mm
3.336 N/mm
Part 3
I. Different clamping length (L=500mm)
A. Steel
30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Slope = 54.2316 N/mm

54.232 N/mm
B. Brass

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Slope = 28.3371506 N/mm
28.337 N/mm
C. Aluminium

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Average deflection(mm)
Slope = 24.905889 N/mm

24.906 N/mm
II. With Different Specimen Dimensions.

A. Steel
30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Slope = 7.92679754 N/mm

7.927 N/mm
B. Brass
Graph of load (N) aganist average deflection (mm)

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Slope = 35.7891652 N/mm

35.789 N/mm
C. Aluminium

30
25
20
Load (N)
15
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Slope = 20.8970787 N/mm

20.897 N/mm
Calculation
Moment of Inertia, I for rectangular section
b = width of beam
h = height of beam
I = bh3/12
For steel,
b = 25.85 mm
h = 6.14 mm
I = (25.85 (6.14)3)/12
= 499 mm4
= 4.99 10-10 m4
Moment of Inertia, I (10-10)( m4)
Steel brass aluminium
4.99 4.88 5.31
Notation:
F = load applied (N)
L = beam length (m)
= deflection (m)
E = young modulus
I = moment of inertia (m4)
F/ = slope of graph line force versus deflection
Part I
One fixed end and one simple support end
= 3.5FL3/384EI
E = (F/) (3.5L3/384I)
L = 0.800 m
For steel,
Based on the graph, the slope is 14.413 N/mm
F/ steel = 14.413 N/mm
= 14.413 103 N/m
Esteel = (14.413 103)[3.5(0.8)3/384(4.99 10-10)]
= 135 109 N/m2
Percentage error = ( Etheoretical-Eexp ) / Etheoretical 100
= (200-135)/200 100
= 32. 5%
Steel Brass Aluminium

3
F/ (10 )(N/m) 14.413 7.807 6.493
Eexp (109)(N/m2) 135 75 57
Etheoretical (109)(N/m2) 200 125 69
Percentage Error (%) 32.5 40.0 17.4
Part II
Two simple supports end
= FL3/48EI
E = (F/ )(L3/48I)
L = 0.800m
For steel,
= 8.466 103 N/m
Esteel = (8.466 103)[(0.8)3/48(4.99 10-10)]
= 181 109 N/m2
= (200-181)/200 100
= 9.5 %

3
F/ (10 )(N/m) 8.466 4.093 3.336
Eexp (109)(N/m2) 181 89 67
Part III
One fixed end and one simple support end
I. With different clamping length

= 3.5FL3/384EI
E = (F/) (3.5L3/384I)
Different clamping length
L = 0.500 m
For steel,
= 54.232 103 N/m
Esteel = (54.232 103 )[(3.5(0.5)3/384(4.99 10-10)]
= 124 109 N/m2
= (200-124)/200 100
= 38.0 %

F/ (103)(N/m) 54.232 28.337 24.906
Eexp (109)(N/m2) 124 66 53
Percentage Error (%) 38 47.2 23.2
II. With different specimen dimension.

I = bh3/12
b = width of beam
h = height of beam
For steel,
b = 19.30mm
h = 6.45 mm
I = (19.30 (6.45)3)/12
= 432 mm4
= 4.32 10-10 m4
Moment of Inertia, I (10-10)( m4)
Steel brass aluminium
4.32 4.82 4.45
Notation:
F = load applied (N)
L = beam length (m)
= deflection (m)
E = young modulus
I = moment of inertia (m4)
F/ = slope of graph line force versus deflection

= 3.5FL3/384EI
E = (F/) (3.5L3/384I)
Different clamping length
L = 0.500 m
For steel,
= 7.927 103 N/m
Esteel = (7.927 103 )[(3.5(0.5)3/384(4.32 10-10)]
= 20.9 109 N/m2
= (200-20.9)/200 100
= 89.6 %

3
F/ (10 )(N/m) 7.927 35.789 20.897
Eexp (109)(N/m2) 20.9 84.6 53.5
Discussion
According to Thomas Young (1826), Young's Modulus, which is also known as modulus
of elasticity, is a measure of stiffness of a material, with unit of Newton per metre square in SI
unit and GPa in derived unit. In this experiment, we used three materials, which are aluminium,
brass and stainless steel to determine their elastic modulus respectively.
An experiment consists of three parts was performed to measure the Young Modulus of
the material. For part I of the experiment, the clamping length was set at 800mm with one fixed
end and one simple support end. For part II of the experiment, the clamping length was set to
800mm as well for two simple support ends. For part III of the experiment, the clamping length
was set to 500mm with one fixed end and one support end. Assuming the dimensions of the
beams are the same for all sets of experiments, loads ranging from 5N to 25N were implemented
at the middle of the beam. The deflection of beam was measured by dial gauge and
measurements were recorded. Three graphs of Load against Deflection were plotted. Relating the
3.5 L3
Youngs Modulus formula given: E= ( )(
F
384 I ) to the general linear equation, Y=mX+c,
F
we can know that the gradient of graphs represented by , with unit of Nmm-1. Substituting

values of gradient, L, and moment of inertia, I, the Youngs Modulus value, E can be determined.
Based on the formula, Moment of Inertia, I = bh x h / 12, width and thickness measured by
meter ruler in order to determine moment of inertia of the beams. From this formula, I is directly
proportional to the width and thickness of beams. Thus, I will increase as width and thickness of
the beam increase.
In the first part of the experiment, the clamping length was 800 mm with one fixed end
and one simple support end. By repeating the experiment with aluminium, brass and stainless
steel by using loads ranging from 5N to 25N. The Youngs Modulus obtained from the
experiment after calculations were as below:
E Al=57 GPa
EBrass =75 GPa

ES =135 GPa
For the second part, the experiment was repeated with both simple support ends. The
Youngs Modulus obtained from the experiment after calculations were as below:
E Al=67 GPa
EBrass =89 GPa
ES =181GPa
In Part III, same formula is applied as in Part I but the clamping length is reduced to 500
mm.
Thus L2=0.5m.
E Al=53 GPa
EBrass =66 GPa
ES =124 GPa
Gravitational force acting towards the centre of the Earth, thus there is weight force
acting on the surface of the beam at the centre of gravity. The weight can be determined by using
formula:
W=mg, which W = weight, m = mass of the object and g = gravitational acceleration
When force acting on the surface of beam of any material, this causes the beam to be deformed.
The surface facing to the load experiences tension while the surface against the beam
experiences compression.
Due to the deformation of the beam, dial gauge provides readings for the measurement of
deflection of the beam. Despite, there was a difficulty during taking readings on the gauge.
Therefore, a digital dial gauge indicator should be used in order to obtain more accurate
readings.
From the results of our experiments, we can deduce that both simple supports ends will
have larger deflection than one fixed end. For instance, in Part I, the deflection for aluminium
beam was 0.303mm while in Part II was 0.583mm when load implemented were 5N. Degree of
deflection will increase with amount of load as well. After a limit of deflection of the beam is
achieved, there will be no deflection again for any loads added. Longer clamping length will
have longer deflection.
Practically, according to John F Mann, reducing the length of the beam will cause most
apparent effect on reducing deflection of the beam, as deflection is extremely dependent on
length of beam. From the equation of Young Modulus, the deflection of the beam is proportional
to cubic of length of beam. After the experiment and comparing part 1 and 3, we found that,
there was only Aluminum which obey the rules of Youngs Modulus. Meanwhile, Brass and
Stainless Steel both have a higher deflection compared to part 1 when the beam length is shorter
which have disobeyed the theory. An assumption that have been made is when the experiment
was carrying out, instrumental error and human error might occur. For example, apparatus was
not balanced exactly on horizontal surface, the beam had already deformed before adding any
loads, and lack of experience in doing experiment.
From the experiments that have been done in part 1 which is one fixed end and one
simple supported end, the Young modulus, E for steel, brass and aluminium are 135, 75, and 57
respectively. All the value is different from the theoretical value that been calculated which is
200 for steel, 125 for brass and 69 for aluminium. Therefore, a percentage error occurs that up to
40% for the brass although we have repeated the procedure for several times. As for the part 2,
two simple supported end, the percentage error value is considered small which have a range
from 2% to 29% compared to part 1. These small errors may be due to inappropriate of the eyes
position when taking the results. In part 3 with different clamping length, the percentage errors
for steel, brass and aluminium are 38%, 47.2% and 23.3% respectively. Another reason why
percentage error occur is because that the load hanger is not exactly in the middle of the beam
that it can a little bit to the right or left due to some disturbance. Lastly, in part 3 with different
specimen dimension, the material that need to be highlighted is steel that the percentage error is
high which is 89.6% compared to brass, 32.3% and aluminium, 29.0%. The reason why there are
such big differences can be due to human errors. Human errors might occur as different persons
conducting the experiment might give different value of the results at the same time. The
reaction and method of handling the experiment is different from each person.
Graph of Deflection(mm) against Load(N)

4
3.8
3.5
3.05 3.14
3
Steel
2.5
Deflection, mm
2.45 Li near (Steel )

2.28
2 Bra s s
1.85 Li near (Bra ss )
1.68
1.5 1.46 Al umi ni um
1.32 Li near (Al umi ni um)
1.17
1 0.99
0.74
0.58 0.6
0.5
0.3
0
5 10 15 20 25
Load,N
Figure 1 Represent the Graph of Load(N) against Deflection(mm) in Part I

By observing Figure 1, the trendline or also called as line of best fit of the aluminium is the
steepest followed by brass and steel. This trend is also followed by other parts of the experiment
which is Part II and also Part III (I). This trend shows that the aluminium has highest deflection
followed by brass and steel thus aluminium also has the lowest Young Modulus
Graph of Deflecton(mm) against Load(N)

8
7.49
7
6 6 6.13
Steel
Deflection,mm
5 4.89 Li near (Steel )

4.51
4 Bra s s
3 3 2.94 Al umi ni um
2.44 2.35 Li near (Al umi ni um)
2
1.74
1.49
1.25
1 1.15
0.58
0
5 10 15 20 25
Load,N
Figure 2 Represent the Graph of Deflection(mm) against Load(N) in Part II

By comparing Figure 1 and Figure 2, the steepness of the Figure 2 is higher than Figure 1.
In the same meaning, the same load can cause more deflection in the Part II. This is because the
support at the end of the beam is different in both part. In Part II, the both ends of the beam were
supported by two simple supports. Due to both simple supports provide less resisting force than
the reaction force, the three materials have more deflection.
1.2
1 0.99
0.83
0.8 0.78 Steel
0.74
Deflction,mm
Li near (Steel )
Bra s s
0.6
0.52
Al umi ni um
0.44
0.4 Li near (Al umi ni um)
0.38
0.34 0.35
0.24
0.2
0.19
0.16 0.16
0.08
0
5 10 15 20 25
Load,N
Figure 3 Represent the Graph of Deflection(mm) against Load(N) in Part III (I)
The gradient of Figure 3 has lowest steepness compared to other figure of other parts. In this
part, the clamping length of the beams had been changed. Based on the equation (E = (F/)
(3.5L3/384I)),
the Young Modulus is directly proportional to clamping length. When the clamping length is
decreased, the Young Modulus is decreased too.
3.5
3 2.94
2.5
2.34
Deflection,mm
2
1.74 Steel
1.5 Bras s
Al umi ni u
1.16 m 1.19
1 0.96
0.73 0.71
0.5 0.57
0.48 0.43
0.38
0.24 0.29
0.15
0
5 10 15 20 25
Load,N
Figure 4 Represent the Graph of Deflection(mm) against the Load(N) in Part III (II)
By using the same clamping length as Part III (I), the dimension of the beam changed.
This results in different Young Modulus. The theory behind is actually when the beams
dimension changed, the moment of inertia is changed too. Through calculation, the moment of
inertia is decreased as well as Young Modulus. Hence, the deflection is more compared to the
Part III (I).
There are several precaution steps that need to be taken from this experiment. Firstly, the
dimension of the materials used should be the same with not more than 0.1cm differences. Then,
parallax error need to be avoided when taking the result from the Vernier callipers and dial
gauges. Therefore, the eyes should be always parallel to the readings that need to be taken. Next,
the Vernier callipers and dial gauges should be pointing zero when doing the experiment to
prevent zero errors. Moreover, the load hangers should be directly in the middle of the beams.
Lastly, the dial gauges should have an appropriate distance with the beam. The dial gauges
should not be too far or too near the beams.
Recommendations
One of the recommendations to improve the accuracy of the experimental values is to

repeat the experiment several times and calculating the average of the readings for each beam. If
the values of the readings for the same beam differ too much, there might be a defect in the
apparatus. This can be eliminated by calibrating it with standard apparatus or replacing the
defected apparatus with another one. Human errors can be resolved by conducting the
experiment with an experienced person to supervise. The needle on the dial gauge must be reset
to 0 before each measurement to prevent zero errors. A digital dial gauge can also be used to
increase the accuracy and precision of the deflection value. Furthermore, every load must be
weighted before being loaded onto the hanger to prevent possible errors due to mislabeled loads.
Conclusion
The deflection of beam is directly proportional to the load, as deflection increased the
greater the load that was applied to the beam. Steel was tested to be the strongest and most rigid
of the three materials when the clamping length was set at 800mm regardless of how the beam
was supported. The Youngs modulus of steel was calculated to be the highest amongst the 3
materials. Whereas, Brass was tested as the strongest and most rigid material when the clamping
length was changed from 800 mm to 500 mm. In this part of the experiment, Brass was
calculated to have the largest Youngs modulus amongst the 3 materials. By using the formula
above, we know that the length of deflection is inversely proportional to the Young modulus of
the material. The longer the clamping length, the larger the deflection.
The coefficient of elasticity ascertain from this experiment is 135 G N /m2 for Steel,
75 G N /m2 for Brass, and 57 G N /m2 for Aluminum in Part 1. Whereas for Part 2, 181
G N /m2 is ascertained for Steel, 89 G N /m2 for Brass and 67 G N /m2 for Aluminum.
Followed by Part 3, 20.9 G N /m2 for Steel, 84.6 G N /m2 for Brass and 53.5 G N /m2
for Aluminum.

Young Modulus

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Young Modulus

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

TAN JIA HUI 1604779

YOO JUN YI 1603587

LEE ZHI HONG 1603511

ONG JIN YUE ZACHARY 1705191

KEW JUN XIANG 1705126

Moment of Inertia for rectangular section

Moment of Inertia for circular section

Deflection equation with different beam support

The deflection at length a from the fixed

The deflection at distance a from the left-hand support is:

Clamping Length = 800 5 mm

Measurement of Steel Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Brass Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Aluminum Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Deflection of Steel Specimen

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Deflection of Brass Specimen

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Deflection of Aluminum specimen

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Clamping Length = 800 5 mm

Measurement of Steel Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Brass Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Aluminum Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

(i) Table of Load Versus Deflection with Different Clamping Length.

Clamping Length = 500 5 mm

Measurement of Steel Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Brass Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Aluminum Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Steel Specimen Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Brass Specimen Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Aluminum Specimen Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

(ii) Table of Load Versus Deflection with Different Specimen Dimensions.

Clamping Length= 500 5 mm

Measurement of Steel Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Brass Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Measurement of Aluminum Specimen

Length, L Thickness, h Width, b

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Brass Specimen Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Aluminum Specimen Deflection

Load Deflection#1 Deflection#2 Deflection#3 Average Deflection

Graph of load (N) against average deflection (mm)

Slope = 14.4130842 N/mm