&+$37(5,,,

&/$66,),&$7,212)9$50$0$1',760($685(0(176



$FFRUGLQJWRWKH3DOP/HDI0DQXVFULSWRI3RRUQD9DUPD%HHUDQJL

 YDUPDP LV FDXVHG GXH WR KXUW NLFN KLW FXW NQRFN RU EORZ RQ

YDUPD SRLQWV RQ KHDG OHJ KDQG RU DQ\ SDUW RI WKH ERG\ E\ D VSHFLILHG

SUHVVXUH :KHQ LW KDSSHQV WKH ERG\ ZLOO UHDFW LPPHGLDWHO\ EXW WKH

UHDFWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHPHDVXUHRISUHVVXUHDQGWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHSODFH

RI YDUPDP 7KHUH PD\ EH VZHOOLQJ VHYHUH SDLQ DQG EOHHGLQJ DQG HYHQ

VRPHWLPHVGHDWKPD\RFFXU9DUPDPPHDQVWKHNDWWXRUDLUWKHVHDWRI

OLIH DQG LI DQ\ REVWDFOH DULVHV RQ LWV ZD\ PRWLRQOHVVQHVV KDSSHQV DQG

VXFK REVWDFOH LQ  SODFHV FDXVHV GHDWK *HQHUDOO\ YDUPDP LV

FODVVLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI YDUPD WH[WV DQG DOO WKH YDUPD $DVDQV DFFHSW

WKDW YDUPDPVDUH QXPHURXVDQG QXPEHUHGPRUHWKDQ  7KH9DUPD

WH[WV H[SODLQ KRZ WKH YDUPDP KDSSHQV ZKDW DUH WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI

YDUPDP YDUPD NDD\D WKDODQJDO KRZ WKH\ EHFRPH YDUPD GLVHDVH KRZ

WRILQGRXWYDUPDPWKURXJKQDDGLFXUDEOHDQGLQFXUDEOHV\PSWRPVDQG

KRZWKH\FDXVHKDUPWRKXPDQEHLQJV

7KH6LGGKDUVOLNH$JDVWL\DUDQG3RJDUWKHIRUHUXQQHUVRIYDUPD

SRLQWV FODVVLILHG YDUPDP IURP YDULRXV SRLQWV RI YLHZ /DWHU RQ
 
1
Rasa, Neengalum Varmakali Karkalam, Chennai, 2002, p.9.
2
Palm Leaf Manuscript, Odivu Murivu Kattu Murai Saari 110, Poem 64.
3
Rasa, Op.cit., p.9.
4
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 111.

Personal Interview with Thankaraj Aasan, Varma Specialist, Chitharal, January 6, 2014.

Varma kaaya thalangal means varma injured places. P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram
1500, Poem 331.



7KLUXPRRODUDIDPRXVGLVFLSOHRI$JDVW\DULVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHFRQILUPHG

WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH ORFDWLRQV RI YDUPD SRLQWV FKDUDFWHUV

QDWXUHDQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHPHGLFDOXVHV

%DVLF&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI9DUPDP

9DUPDP LV D PHGLFDO VFLHQFH 9DUPD PHGLFDO VFLHQFH FODVVLILHG

YDUPDP LQWR WZR 7KH\ DUH YHWHULQDU\ YDUPD VFLHQFH DQG KXPDQ YDUPD

VFLHQFH $PRQJ YHWHULQDU\ YDUPD VFLHQFH VRPH YDUPD WH[WV LQGLFDWH

YDUPDP IRU DQLPDOV OLNH KHQ JRDW FRZ DQG HOHSKDQW %XW WKH\ DUH QRW

DFFXUDWHO\ PHQWLRQHG +HQ KDV QHFN VXOL YDUPDP QDGX NXODL YDUPDP

SDOODL YDUPDP DQG DUDLNXWKX YDUPDP *RDW DQG FRZ KDYH NXPEX

YDUPDP SDOODL YDUPDP SLGDUL VXOL\DGL YDUPDP HWWHOXPEX YDUPDP DQG

NXUXWKXYDUPDP(OHSKDQWKDVPHODGDQJDOYDUPDP

7KHKXPDQYDUPDVFLHQFHLVDVSHFLDOPHGLFDOVFLHQFHRI6LGGKD

PHGLFDO ILHOG ,WV IXQGDPHQWDOV DUH WR EH NQRZQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI YLWDO

SRLQWV RI KXPDQ EHLQJV 7KH\ DUH IRXQG RXW E\ WKH 6LGGKDUV DQG

6DQWRUV DQG YDUPDP DUH FODVVLILHG LQ YDULRXV ZD\V 7KH\ DUH GLUHFWO\

DQG LQGLUHFWO\ PHQWLRQHG DQG VR LW QHHGV D FDUHIXO VWXG\ 7KH\ DUH

FODVVLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKHLU QDWXUH ORFDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG

PHGLFLQDOXVHV

 
7
Thirumoolar is a Siddhar who composed Thirumanthiram which is considered as the first Siddha text
in Tamil. (Niranjana Devi R., Medicine in South India, Chennai, 2007, p.110).
8
Kannan Raja Ram T., Fundamentals of Varmam Medicine, Munchirai, 2007, p.203.
9
P.L.M., Varma Theerpu, Poem 32.

Santors means the enlightened and learned people.

(Sangam Literature, Purananuru 191, Poems 6-7)
11
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.203-204.



%DVLFDOO\ YDUPDP LV FODVVLILHG LQWR VHYHQWHHQ DV 0HGLFDO

FODVVLILFDWLRQ7UDXPDWLFFODVVLILFDWLRQ$HWLRORJLFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ5HJLRQDO

FODVVLILFDWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI QDDGLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH

EDVLV RI &KDNUDV RU ZKHHOV KXPHUDO RU 7UL'RVD FODVVLILFDWLRQ

FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI ILYH HOHPHQWV 3URJQRVWLF FODVVLILFDWLRQ

4XDOLWDWLYHFODVVLILFDWLRQ6WUXFWXUDOFODVVLILFDWLRQPHWULFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ

QXPHULFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ VH[XDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ VLQJOHPXOWLSOH

FODVVLILFDWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI QRPHQFODWXUH DQG

FODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIERG\SODQH

0HGLFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQV

0HGLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH PHGLFDO SXUSRVHV RI

YDUPDP 7KH\ DUH SDWKRJHQLF YDUPDP DQG WKHUDSHXWLF YDUPDP $OO WKH

YDUPDP RI YDUPD WH[WV DUH FDOOHG SDWKRJHQLF DQG WKH YDUPD $DVDQV RU

YDUPDQL H[SHUWV LQ YDUPD DUW FODVVLILHG WKHP EDVHG RQ WKH GLVHDVHV

FDXVHG E\ WKHP 9DUPDP FDXVHV DFXWH GLVHDVHV FKURQLF GLVHDVHV

XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV DQG HYHQ LQVWDQW GHDWK 7KH WKHUDSHXWLF YDUPDP LV

RWKHUZLVH FDOOHG YDUPD WKHUDS\ 7KHUH DUH  SODFHV DV YDUPDP DQG

SODFHV IRU LWV FXUH %XW LI LW LV IRUFHIXOO\ VWUXFN LW FDXVHV DVDDWK\D RU

LQFXUDEOH YDUPDP DQG LI VOLJKWO\ VWUXFN LW LV VDDWK\DP RU FXUDEOH

 
12
This is a new technique and is not invented either by the physicians or doctors but actually taken from
modern art. Body plane is a kind of method to find out varma locations accurately. They are
anatomical landmarks, proportional measurement, body planes and nomenclature, graphical
measurement method, locating by reference to adjacent varma points, location by classification,
finger breath measurement and thread measurement method.
Kannan Raja Ram T., Location of Varma Points, Munchirai, 2007, p.5.
13
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 279-280.
14
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Sara Suthiram 1200, Poem 303.



YDUPDP7KH\DUHRIWZRW\SHVDGDQJDOYDUPDPDQGDGDQJDOLODGDQJDO

YDUPDP ,I RQHYDUPDPLVDIIHFWHG DQRWKHUYDUPDP LV XVHGWRFXUHLW

NQRZQ DV DGDQJDO YDUPDP ,I WKDW DGDQJDO YDUPDP LV QRW FXUHG WKHQ

DQRWKHU YDUPDP LV XVHG WR FXUH WKH ILUVW YDUPDP FDOOHG DGDQJDOLO

DGDQJDO YDUPDP 7KH  SODFHV FDXVH GHDWK OLIH GLVHDVHV FXUH DQG

XQFRQVFLRXVQHVVDQGWKHVHDUHEDVLFWRDOOKXPDQEHLQJV

7UDXPDWLFFODVVLILFDWLRQ

7UDXPDWLFFODVVLILFDWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHLQMXU\RIYDUPDPDQGDOO

WKH YDUPD WH[WV DFFHSW WKLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ 7KH\ DUH SDGX YDUPDP WKRGX

YDUPDPWKDWWXYDUPDPPXULYXYDUPDPDQGXWKXYDUPDP7KHYDUPDP

FDXVHG E\ YLROHQW LQMXU\ LV FDOOHG SDGX YDUPDP DQG WKH\ DUH  LQ

QXPEHU7KHYDUPDPFDXVHGE\WRXFKSUHVVXUHDQGPDVVDJHDUHFDOOHG

DVWKRGXYDUPDPDQGWKH\DUHLQQXPEHU7KDWWXYDUPDPLVFDXVHG

E\VWURNHVHLWKHUE\VWLFNRUE\DQ\RWKHUPDWHULDO7KRVHWKDWWXYDUPDP

DUH DOVR LQFOXGHG LQ WKH OLVW RI SDGX YDUPDP 7KH YDUPDP FDXVHG E\

IUDFWXUH LV FDOOHG PXULYX YDUPDP 7KH YDUPDP FDXVHG E\ EORZ DUH

 
15
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Sara Suthiram 1200, Poem 304.

Adangal varmam is like a first aid to wake up one from varma attack or varma injury. If the affected
one is not waked up, yet another adangal is applied to rise him up from varma injury called adangalil
adangal. (P.L.M., Adi Varma Sucham, Poems 69-70).

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.205-209.

18
P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 399.
19
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 100, Poem 4.
20
P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poems 627-629.
21
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 16.
22
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, Poem 38.
23
Murivu varmam consists of head fracture varmam are eight, leg fracture varmam are eight, hand
fracture varmam are eight and fracture varmam from neck to anus are eight.
P.L.M., Odivu Murivu Kattu Suthiram 60, Poems 3-10.



FDOOHGXWKXYDUPDPWKH\DUHXVHGWRDWWDFNRUFXUHE\XVLQJHLWKHUDLURU

KHUEVRUPHGLFLQDOSRZGHUV0DLQO\DLULVXVHGWRFXUHRQO\WKHYDUPDP

DIIHFWHG SUHJQDQW ZRPHQ DQG FKLOGUHQ WKURXJK D VWUDZ RQ KHDG H\HV

HDU XPELOLFXV DQG QRVH 3V\FKR7UDXPDWLF YDUPDP LV FDXVHG E\ JD]H

ZLWKRXWPDNLQJDQ\H[WHUQDOLQMXU\FDOOHG0HLWKHHQDGDNDDODP

$HWLRORJLFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ

$HWLRORJLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV PDGH RQ WKH EDVLV RI WUDXPD WKH

ZD\V RQ ZKLFK WKH\ EHFRPH DV YDUPDP 7KH\ DUH RI WZR W\SHV QDPHO\

DQDWRPLFDOYDUPDPDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOYDUPDP7KHDQDWRPLFDOYDUPDP

LVUHOHYDQWWRERWKYDUPDPZKLFKSHUPDQHQWO\H[LVWLQDKLGGHQZD\ZLWK

YDDVLDQGLWVWUHDWPHQWDGDQJDOV7KHSK\VLRORJLFDOYDUPDPIXQFWLRQV

RQ WKH EDVLV RI QLQHW\ VL[ SULQFLSOHV DQG LV FODVVLILHG LQWR WZR QDPHO\

YDDVLQLODLYDUPDP DQGDPLUWKDQLODLYDUPDP9DDVLLVDGMXVWHGRQWKH

EDVLV RI UHVSLUDWLRQ DQG ZKHQ YDDVL LV ORFDWHG LQ D SDUWLFXODU SODFH

H[WHUQDOLQMXU\RQVXFKSODFHFDXVHVYDUPDPDQGVRLWLVRWKHUZLVH

 
24
It is otherwise known as nasiyam. They are sukku (dry ginger), millagu (pepper), thippili, samuthira
pazham and thurisu are powered for 5 gm each. Shell of eggs (after chicken produced) is alternatively
used. P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poem 1014.
25
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 672-675.

Mei theenda Kaalam is untouched bodily varmam caused by sight (gaze) at thilartha kaalam.
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, Poem 92.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.221.

Vaasi is the vital energy (force) which flows in the body veins. There are 12 prominent vein centers
called 12 vaasi centers.
P.L.M., Varma Saara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poems 4-5.

 When vaasi exists in a particular place, if that particular place (varmam) is affected by strike, that
place is called vaasi nilai varmam. According to the change of the Moon, the life energy stands at 30
places called amirthanilai. It is otherwise known as poorva pacham and amara pacham. If any of
those places are affected, that varma places called amirtha nilai varmam.
P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poems 208-209.



NQRZQDVNDDODP

9DDVLQLODLYDUPDPLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHQDPHO\HGDNDODLYDUPDP

SLQNDODL YDUPDP DQG VXOLPXQDL YDUPDP :KHQ WKH YDDVL H[LVWV LQ WKH

ULJKW VLGH RI WKH ERG\ WKH YLWDO HQHUJ\ DOVR H[LVWV DW WKH ULJKW VLGH $Q\

LQMXU\RQWKHULJKWVLGHDIIHFWVWKHULJKWVLGHRIYDDVLNQRZQDVHGDNDODL

YDUPDP:KHQWKHYDDVLH[LVWVRQWKHOHIWVLGHYLWDOHQHUJ\DOVRH[LVWVRQ

WKH OHIW VLGH RI ERG\ DQG DQ\ LQMXU\ RQ WKH OHIW VLGH DIIHFWV WKH SLQNDODL

YDUPDP 6X]KLPXQDL YDUPDP H[LVWV IURP DQXV WR VSLQDO FRUG 9DDVL LV

UXQQLQJ RQ WKH PHGLDQ SODQH RI ERG\ DQG DQ\ LQMXU\ PD\ DIIHFW WKH

VXOLPXQDLYDUPDP1HUYDUPDPPXGLVXGLYDUPDPVXQGXYDUPDPSDWWX

YDUPDPPXWKXWKDPDUDLYDODL\DYDUPDPDQGWKHQJDNDQQXYDUPDPDUH

VXEYDUPDPRI VXOLPXQDLYDUPDP9DDVLYDUPDPDUHWZHOYHLQQXPEHU

QDPHO\ PHVKD YDUPDP LQ NRQGDL NROOL YDUPDP UHVDSD YDUPDP LQ

WKLODUWKD YDUPDP PLWKXQD YDUPDP LQ WKXPPL NDDOD YDUPDP NDGDJD

YDUPDP LQ QHHU YDUPDP VLPPD YDUPDP LQ XUXPL NDDOD YDUPDP NDQQL

YDUPDP LQ NDOOLGDL NDDOD YDUPDP WKXODP YDUPDP LQ NXQGHOLQL YDUPDP

YLWXFKLJD YDUPDP LQ UDJDVL\D YDUPDP WKDQXVX YDUDPDP LQ OLQJD

YDUPDPPDKDUDYDUPDPLQFKLQDDVWKLFKXUXKLYDUPDPNXPSDYDUPDP

LQNDDQWKDYDUPDPDQGPHHQDYDUPDPLQQDFKDWKLUDYDUPDP

$PLUWKD QLODL YDUPDP DUH UHODWHG WR WKH PRYHPHQWV RI PRRQ 7KH

PRYHPHQWV RI PRRQ FUHDWHV DPLUWKD QLODL RQ WKLUW\  SODFHV RI RXU

 

 Kaalam means life span from which the term Kaalan (taker of life) is derived. If the effects of varma
hurt are not reversed within the stipulated time span, life will become extinct.
P.L.M., Varma Saara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poem 8.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.222-225.

P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikarana Pinnal 1500, Poems 614- 619.



ERG\EDVHGRQWKRVHPRYHPHQWV7KH\DUHYDODUSLUDLDPLUWKDQLODLYDUPDP

DQG WKHLSLUDL DPLUWKDQDLODL YDUPDP 2Q 9DODUSLUDL SRRUYD SDFKDP LW

VWDUWV IURP DPPDYDVDL WR SRXUQDPL IRU ILIWHHQ GD\V DQG VWD\V DW ILIWHHQ

SODFHVIURPELJILQJHURIOHJWRKHDG)RUPDOHVLWVWDUWVIURPULJKWOHJDQG

IRU IHPDOHV IURP OHIW OHJ 2Q WKHLSLUDL DPDUD SDFKDP LW VWDUWV IURP

SRXUQDPL WR DPPDYDVDL IRU ILIWHHQ GD\V DQG VWD\V DW ILIWHHQ SODFHV IURP

KHDGWRELJILQJHURIOHJ)RUPDOHVLWVWDUWVIURPOHIWVLGHDQGIRUIHPDOHV

IURPULJKWVLGH

5HJLRQDOFODVVLILFDWLRQV

9DUPDP RQ WKH EDVLV RI 9DUPD %HHUDQJL  9DUPD .DQQDGL

 DQG 9DUPD /DDGD 6XWKLUDP  LV FODVVLILHG LQWR ILYH SDUWV 9DUPD

%HHUDQJL  FODVVLILHG YDUPDP LQWR  7KH\ DUH  YDUPDP RQ WKH

KHDG WR QHFN  YDUPDP RQ VXSUDVWHUQDO IRVVD WR XPELOLFXV  YDUPDP

RQXPELOLFXVWRDQXVYDUPDPRQXSSHUOLPEVKDQGDQGYDUPDP

RQ ORZHU OLPEV OHJ 7KH WRWDO QXPEHU RI YDUPDP LV RQH KXQGUHG DQG

HLJKW

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH YDUPD WH[W 9DUPD .DQQDGL  VD\V WKDW WKH

YDUPDP DUH  DQG WKH\ DUH GLYLGHG LQWR  SDUWV 7KH\ DUH  YDUPDP

IURPKHDGWRQHFNIURPQHFNWRXPELOLFXVIURPXPELOLFXVWRDQXV

YDUPDPRQOHJDQGLQWKHKDQG9DUPD/DDGD6XWKLUDPDOVR

 

 Valarpirai is a period of becoming full moon day from Ammavasai to Pournami for 15 days.
Theipirai is reduction period of moon for 15 days from Pournami to Ammavasai. Ammavasai is a full
darkness night. Pournami is the full moon day and it is based on Tamil Calander.
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 60-65.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.227.

P.L.M., Varma Beernagi 100, Poems 7-19.

36
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poems 139-148.



WHOOV YDUPDP DUH  DQG WKH\ DUH FODVVLILHG LQWR  SDUWV 7KH\ DUH

YDUPDPRIWKHKHDGSDGXYDUPDPWKRGXYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKHUH

DUH  6HFRQG SDUW LV YDUPDPEHWZHHQWKH QHFN WR DQXVDQG DJDLQVXE

GLYLGHGLQWRWZR7KH\DUHYDUPDPEHWZHHQQHFNVWRXPELOLFXVDUHSDGX

YDUPDP  WKRGX YDUPDP DQG WRWDOO\ WKHUH DUH  YDUPDP EHWZHHQ

XPELOLFXVWRDQXVDUHSDGXYDUPDPWKRGXYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKHUH

DUH  9DUPDPRI WKHKDQG DUH  WKRGXYDUPDP DQG WRWDOO\ WKHUHDUH 

DQGYDUPDPRIWKHOHJVDUHWKRGXYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKHUHDUHDQG

WKXVWKHJUDQGWRWDOLVSDGXYDUPDPDQGWKRGXYDUPDP

9DUPD .XUX 1RRO 0XUDL FODVVLILHV  YDUPDP LQ KHDG  LQ

QHFN  LQ WKRUD[ DQG DEGRPHQ  LQ SHOYLV  LQ EDFN  LQ XSSHU

OLPEV KDQG DQG  LQ ORZHU OLPEV OHJ 7KH JUDQG WRWDO LV  9DUPD

6DDUL  WH[W FODVVLILHV YDUPDP LQWR  7KH\ DUH  YDUPDP LQ WKH

KHDG DQG QHFN  YDUPDP LQ DQWHULRU DVSHFWV RI WKH WKRUD[ DQG

DEGRPHQYDUPDPLQSRVWHULRUDVSHFWVRIWKHWKRUD[DQGDEGRPHQ

LQORZHUOLPEVDQGLQXSSHUOLPEVDQGDOWRJHWKHULWLV

9DUPD 9LWKL FODVVLILHV YDUPDP LQWR  RQ WKH EDVLV RI

$\XUYHGKDWH[W6XVUXWKD6DPKLWKD,WKDVYDUPDPRQORZHUOLPEVRU

RQOHJVRQXSSHUOLPEVRUKDQGYDUPDPRQDEGRPHQYDUPDPRQ

WKRUD[  YDUPDP RQ WKH EDFN DQG  YDUPDP RQ KHDG DQG QHFN DQG

WRWDOO\WKH\DUH

 

P.L.M., Varma Laada Suthiram 300, Poems 9, 16-18, 21.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.237, 240.

39
Varma Vithi is a Palm Leaf Manuscript in Ayurvedhic medicine. Susrutha Samhitha is also a
Ayurvedhic text written by Susrutha.
(P.L.M., Varma Vithi 67, Poem 2).





&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRI1DDGL

9DUPDP RQ WKH EDVLV RI 1DDGL LQYROYHV SUDQD SRZHU RU YLWDO

HQHUJ\ 7KH SUDQD SRZHU RU YDDVL UXQV LQ WKH ERG\ WKURXJK FKDQQHOV

)URPWKHEDVLFSULQFLSOHVRIWKHERG\QDDGLLVFODVVLILHGLQWRYDUPDP

EXWWKHYDUPDWH[WVDGGPRUHQDDGLVFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGYDUPDPWRWDOO\

SDGXYDUPDP(DFKSDGXYDUPDPKDVVXEYDUPDP FDOOHG

WKRGXYDUPDPEDVHGRQWKHYDUPDWH[W7KH\DUHRWKHUZLVHFDOOHGHTXDO

YDUPDPLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKSDGXYDUPDP7KH\DUHVX]KXPXQDLQDDGL

YDUPDPKDVDVXEYDUPDPNQRZQDVWKLODUWKDYDUPDPDQGHTXDOYDUPDP

DUH NRQGDLNROO\ YDUPDP FKHHUXPNROO\ VXQGL NDDODP SDDOD YDUPDP

VDQJXWKLUL YDUPDP NDQQDGL YDUPDP RWWX YDUPDP DQG VXUXWKL YDUPDP

3LQNDODL QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV QDFKDWKLUD YDUPDP

DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH SRUVDL YDUPDP NXWWL YDUPDP SRLJDL YDUPDP

NDPSRRUL YDUPDP DQQDDQ YDUPDP PLQYHWWL YDUPDP DPLUWKDODQWKDL

YDUPDPDQGPRRUWKLYDUPDP(GDNDODLQDDGLYDUPDPKDVDVXEYDUPDP

NQRZQ DV SLGDUL YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH YLURWKD YDUPDP DUDQL

YDUPDP PHQPDL YDUPDP NRQD YDUPDP SDFKL YDUPDP QHHU YDUPDP

PDQWKLUDYDUPDPDQGQHPDYDUPDP

6LQJXYDLQDDGLYDUPDPKDVDVXEYDUPDPNQRZQDVFKHYLNXWWL

YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH RRQDO YDUPDP SLQQDO YDUPDP DUDVD
 

Naadi means pulse. According to the Indian system of medicine, diagnosis can be identified through
pulse reading. There are three prominent naadis called vaatha naadi, pittha naadi and kapha naadi.
P.L.M., Varma Adangal Murai, Poem 5.
41
P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Pancikaruna pinnal 1500, Poem 61.
42
P.L.M., Ibid., Poem 98.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.251-252.



YDUPDP D]KDO YDUPDP PXGLFKX YDUPDP SDWWDL YDUPDP DQG QLPLODL

YDUPDP 3XUXGDQ QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV XUDNND

YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH VDGDSLUD YDUPDP PDODSLUD YDUPDP

WKDWWX YDUPDP SLQQDNNX YDUPDP YLOOXUXPL YDUPDP YDOOXUXPL YDUPDP

YLODQNXYDUPDPDQGNDNRWWDLYDUPDP.DQWKDULQDDGLYDUPDPKDVDVXE

YDUPDP NQRZQ DV WKXPL YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH VXPDL YDUPDP

WKLYDODL YDUPDP NDWKLUNDDPDYDUPDPDNNLQL YDUPDPPXQNDPPDQWKDQ

YDUPDP HQWKL YDUPDP PDUL YDUPDP DQG WKXFLND YDUPDP $WKL QDDGL

YDUPDPKDVDVXEYDUPDPNQRZQDVQHUYDUPDPDQGHTXDOYDUPDPDUH

PDLODGL YDUPDP DQXPDU YDUPDP NXPEX YDUPDP NDLNRRWL YDUPDP

XGDOVXUXNL YDUPDP PXQGDOOX YDUPDP YD\X YDUPDP DQG WKXGL

YDUPDP

$ODPEXGDL QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV

DGDSSD YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH PHKD YDUPDP NDLNRWWL YDUPDP

SDOODLYDUPDPQDUDQNXWWLYDUPDPDDQWKDLYDUPDPDQQDNDDODYDUPDP

YDODPSXUL YDUPDP DQG HGDPSXUL YDUPDP 6DQNLQL QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D

VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV NDOOLGDL NDDOD YDUPDP DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH

PXWKLUD YDUPDP DD\DQ YDUPDP UHWKD NDDOD YDUPDP DPLUWKD YDUPDP

NDYDOL YDUPDP ERRPL YDUPDP NXWKLUDL PXJD YDUPDP DQG WKHHWKD

YDUPDP .XJX QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV XUXPL

YDUPDPDQGHTXDOYDUPDPDUHNDULNDDOYDUPDPDDPDLYDUPDPNDDQWKD

YDUPDP SRUXWKX YDUPDP YLOOX YDUPDP WKDFKLQDL YDUPDP VXQWRWKDUL

 

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.253.

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poem 271.

P.L.M., Ibid., Poems 272-273.



YDUPDP DQG PLQROL YDUPDP 9DLVLQL QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP

NQRZQDVFKHUL\DDVWKLFKXUXNLYDUPDPDQGHTXDOYDUPDPDUHNXUXQDDGL

YDUPDP XLUDWKL YDUPDP PDQWKLUL YDUPDP WKLGDQDP YDUPDP PDGDNNX

YDUPDP NRFKDOYDUPDPWKDNNXYDUPDPDQGFKLOOLYDUPDP9LVXYRWKDQD

QDDGL YDUPDP KDV D VXEYDUPDP NQRZQ DV YDOL\D DVWKLFKXUXNL YDUPDP

DQG HTXDO YDUPDP DUH PXQNDPPDQWKDQ YDUPDP SLQNDPPDQWKDQ

YDUPDP NDDUHUDO YDUPDP YHOOHHUDO YDUPDP QXUDLHHUDO YDUPDP

PDQHHUDOYDUPDPNRRPEXYDUPDPDQGVDQJXYDUPDP

&ODVVLILFDWLRQVRQWKHEDVLVRI$DWKDUDP

9DUPD .DQQDGL  FODVVLILHV YDUPDP RQ WKH EDVLV RI

DDWKDUDPDUH0RRODWKDUDYDUPDPDUHNDQNDODQJLYDUPDPYLQWKX

RU DQGD YDUPDP DQG WKDQGX YDUPDP 6XYDWKLWWDQD YDUPDP DUH 

PXWKLUDYDUPDPNHHOFKXUXNLYDUPDPDUDLDSSXYDUPDPDQGSRUXWKX

YDUPDP  0DQLSRRUDJD YDUPDP DUH  LQ QXPEHU XUXPL YDUPDP

DQQD YDUPDP  DWKLFKXUXNL YDUPDP  PXQGHOOX YDUPDP  PXQSXUD

VXWWL YDUPDP  DQG NRGL VXWWL YDUPDP $QDJDWKD YDUPDP DUH  LQ

QXPEHU NXPX YDUPDP PDUSX YDUPDP  YDLYX YDUPDP  SRRWHOOX

YDUPDP  WKLYDODL YDUPDP  FKLWKLUD YDUPDP  VDNWKL YDUPDP QHUX

YDUPDPYHOHHUDOYDUPDPNDUHHUDOYDUPDPSLWKXYDUPDPDQGNDLNX]KL

YDUPDP  9LVXWKL YDUPDP DUH  LQ QXPEHU VXPDL YDUPDP WKXPPL

YDUPDP HUDQJX YDUPDP VDQJXWLUL YDUPDP NRNL YDUPDP WKRQGDL

 

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 279-280.

48
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit.,, pp.254-255.
49
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poems 79- 81.
50
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poems 83-85.
51
P.L.M., Ibid., Poem 86.



YDUPDP NDNRWWDL YDUPDP  PXGLFKX YDUPDP DUDLFKL YDUPDP SLGDUL

YDUPDP QDUDPEX YDUPDP  DQG NDQXWKDOOX YDUPDP  $DNLQD\

YDUPDP DUH  LQ QXPEHU XUDNNX YDUPDP  RWWX YDUPDP VX]KXPXQDL

YDUPDPNRPSHULYDUPDPSLQYHWWLYDUPDPNDGDLNDQYDUPDPVXWKLUD

YDUPDP  NDQQDGL YDUPDP WKLODUWKD YDUPDP SDFKL YDUPDP SRUXWKX

YDUPDPSDWKDSSXYDUPDPXFKLYDUPDPFKHHUXPNROOLYDUPDPFKHYLNXWWL

YDUPDP  FKDQQL YDUPDP  SRLJDL YDUPDP  QDFKDWKLUD YDUPDP 

FKHQQLYDUPDPNDQWKLYDUPDPDQGNXWWLYDUPDP7KHVHYDUPDP

DUH GLYLGHG DQG FODVVLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI  DDWKDUDPV DQG DUHD ZLVH

YDUPDP6RWKH\DUHFODVVLILHGDVDDWKDUDYDUPDPV

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRI+XPHUDORU7ULGRVD

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIKXPHUDORUWULGRVDV\VWHPVDUH

YDGDPSLWWDPNDSDPRUVLORWKDPFDOOHGDVWULGRVDVEDVHGRQWKHYDUPD

WH[WV 6DWKXUDPDQL 6XWKLUDP  9DUPD 6XGDPDQL HQQXP 3DQFKLNDUXQD

SLQQDODQG9DUPD$DQL6XWKLUDP$FFRUGLQJWRWKHYDUPD SDOPOHDI

PDQXVFULSW 9DUPD 6XGDPDQL (QQXP 3DQFKLNDUXQD 3LQQDO  YDUPDP

DUH7KH\DUHYDGKDYDUPDPSLWKDYDUPDPNDSKDYDUPDP

DQG SDGX YDUPDP DQG WKXV WRWDOO\  9DUPD $DQL 6XWKLUDP

FODVVLILHV YDUPDP LQWR WKRGX YDUPDP DQG SDGX YDUPDP DQG DUH

IXUWKHU VXEGLYLGHG LQWR YDGKD YDUPDP SLWKD YDUPDP DQG NDSKD

 

P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500Poems 87-88.

53
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poems 100-106, 119-134.
54
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 319-325.
55
Aatharam are 6 in number. They are otherwise known as Chakras or nerve plexus. They are
Moolatharam, Suvathittanam, Manipooragam, Anagatham, Visuthi and Aakinay.
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poem 21.

P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poem 494.



YDUPDP 7KH\ DUH ZKROO\ FDOOHG WKRGX YDUPDP  7KHQ WKHUH DUH 

SDGX YDUPDP NQRZQ DV YDGDGKHQWD YDUPDP SLWWDGKHQWD YDUPDP

DQG NDSDPGKHQWD YDUPDP WRWDOO\ WKH\ DUH  7KRGX YDUPDP  DQG

SDGX YDUPDP  WRJHWKHU EHFRPH D WRWDO RI   6DWKXUDPDQL

6XWKLUDP  LV GLYLGHV YDUPDP LQWR  SDUWV 7KHUH DUH  YDDWKD

YDUPDPSLWKDYDUPDPNDSKDYDUPDPXOODWKLORULQQHUYDUPDP

DQG WKXV D WRWDO RI  9DUPD 6XGDPDQL  VD\V WKDW WKHUH DUH 

YDDWKD YDUPDP  SLWWKD YDUPDP  NDSKD YDUPDP DQG  SDGX

YDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKH\DUH

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRI)LYH(OHPHQWV

9DUPDPRQWKHEDVLVRIILYHHOHPHQWVUHIHUUHGWRWKHYDUPD WH[W

9DUPDQL 6XWKLUDP  DUH FODVVLILHG LQWR  SDUWV 7KH\ DUH SLUXWKLYL

YDUPDP DSSX YDUPDP WKH\X YDUPDP YD\X YDUPDP DQG

DDND\DYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\LQQXPEHU

3URJQRVWLFFODVVLILFDWLRQ

3URJQRVWLF FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV D FODVVLILHG YDUPDP LQWR WZR EDVHG

RQ WKH YDUPD DWWDFN V\PSWRPV 7KH\ DUH VDDWK\D RU FXUDEOH SDGX

YDUPDP YDDWKD YDUPDP  DQG SLWWKD YDUPDP DQG DVDDWK\D RU

LQFXUDEOHYDUPDPSDGXYDUPDPDQGNDSKDYDUPDP7KH\PDNHD

GLYLVLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI ORFDWLRQ IRUFH DQG WLPH RI WKH YDUPDP )RU

H[DPSOH NRQGDL NROO\ LV DFWXDOO\ LQFXUDEOH YDUPDP EXW LW LV FXUDEOH LQ
 
57
P.L.M., Varma Aani Suthiram 100, Poem 57.
58
P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 557.
59
P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poem 494.

Five elements are Earth (piruthivi), water (appu), Fire (theyu), Air (vaayu) and Ether (Aakaya)
P.L.M., Varma Aani Suthiram 100, Poem 59.

P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 558.



ORZ IRUFH RI DWWDFN DQG LQFXUDEOH LI LW LV DWWDFNHG ZLOO KLJK IRUFH RU

EURNHQ )RUFHIXO DWWDFNV RQ SDGX YDUPDP RU EUHDNV DUH LQFXUDEOH DQG

GHDWK ZLOO EH FRQILUPHG 7KH\ FDQ EH LGHQWLILHG WKURXJK WKH VLJQ DQG

V\PSWRPVDIWHUWKHYDUPDPDWWDFNV

4XDOLWDWLYHFODVVLILFDWLRQ

4XDOLWDWLYHFODVVLILFDWLRQVDUHFODVVLILHGRQWKHEDVLVRITXDOLWLHV

RI KXPDQ EHLQJV $\XUYHGLF WH[WV DQG YDUPD YLWKL  FODVVLILHV LW

DFFRUGLQJO\ 7KH\ DUH DVDDWK\D SUDQDKDUD YDUPDP RU IDWDO YDUPDP

ZLWKLQKRXUVDUHNDDODQWKDUDSUDQDKDUDYDUPDPRUIDWDOYDUPDP

ZLWKLQ D IRUWQLJKW RU D PRQWK DUH  YHVDO\DKDUD YDUPDP RU IDWDO

YDUPDP DV VRRQ DV D GDUW YDUPDP DUH  YDLKDO\DKDUD YDUPDP RU

PDLPLQJ RU GHIRUPLQJ YDUPDP DUH  DQG UXMDKDUD YDUPDP RU SDLQIXO

YDUPDPDUH7KXVWRWDOO\WKH\DUHYDUPDP$DVDWK\DSUDQDKDUD

YDUPDP FDXVHV VXGGHQ GHDWK EHWZHHQ  KRXUV DQG  GD\V DIWHU WKH

DWWDFN 7KRVH YDUPDP KDYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI ILUH DQG PDNH LPPHGLDWH

GHVWUXFWLRQ 7KH\ DUH VLUXQJDGDJDP VDQJDQJDO PDDWKLULJDL

DWKLSDPNXWKDPLUXWKD\DPPXWKLUD\DVDPRUYDVWKLDQGQDELYDUPDP

.DODQWKDUD YDUPDP FDXVHV VORZ GHDWK IURP  WR  GD\V LI DWWDFNHG

7KH\KDYHWKHTXDOLW\RIILUHDQGZDWHUDQGWKHSDWLHQWGLHVGXHWRODFNRI

ZDWHU 7KH\ DUH VWKDQD PRRODP VWKDQD URKLWKDP DEDVWKDPEDP

DEDODEDPVHHPDQWKDPWKDODKLUXWKD\DPVLSUDPLQWKLUDYDVWKL

 
62
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.265-266.
63
P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 94.
64
P.L.M., Ibid., Poems 234-237.
65
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.268-270.
66
P.L.M., Varma Vithi 67, Poems 57-58.



NDGLJDWKDUXQDQJDOSDUVDYDVDQWKLJDOYLULNDGLVDQGQLWKDPSDP

DQGWKH\DUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP9LVDO\DKDUDYDUPDPFDXVHVGHDWKRI

GHFD\LQJ RI IOHVK GXH WR ODFN RI DLU RU GHDWK RQ UHPRYLQJ WKH ZHDSRQ

YDUPDP DQG LW KDV WKH TXDOLW\ RI DLU 7KHUH DUH XWVRSKDP DQG

VWKDSDQ\YDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKH\DUHYDUPDP9DLKDO\DKDUDYDUPDP

KDYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI ZDWHU DQG FDXVH VWDEOH RU SHUPDQHQW GLVDELOLW\ RU

GHIRUPLW\SUREOHPVLILWLVDWWDFNHG 7KH\DUHORKLWKDVDDDQL VDDQX

 XUYHH NXUFKDP YLGDSDP NXUSDP NXNXQWKDUDQJDO

NDFKL\DWKDUDP YLWKXUDLJDO NLULNDGLJDO DPVDQJDO DPVD

SDODQJDO DSDQJDQJDO QHHOD PDQ\D SDDQDQJDO DQG

DYDUWKDQJDODQGWKH\DUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP5XMDKDUDYDUPDPJLYHVD

ORQJ SDLQ DQG KDV WKH TXDOLW\ RI ILUH DQG DLU 7KH\ DUH NXUSDP PDQL

YDQWKDPDQGNXUFKLUDVDQGWKH\DUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP

6WUXFWXUDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ

6WUXFWXUDO FODVVLILFDWLRQV DUH PDGH RQ WKH EDVLV RI PXVFOHV

MRLQWV YHLQV DUWHULHV OLJDPHQWV ERQHV XQLRQV DQG QHUYHV RI WKH ERG\

$\XUYHGLFWH[W6XVUXWKD6DPKLWDFODVVLILHVYDUPDPLQWRSDUWV7KH\DUH

PDQVD YDUPDP RU YXOQHUDEOH PXVFOHMRLQW YDUPDP VLUDL YDUPDP RU

YHLQV DQG DUWHULHV VQD\X OLJDPHQWV RU WHQGRQV YDUPDP DVWKL

YDUPDP RU ERQH XQLRQV YDUPDP DQG VDQWKL YDUPDP RU YXOQHUDEOH

 
67
P.L.M., Varma Vithi 67, Poems 59-60.

P.L.M., Ibid., Poem 61.

69
P.L.M., Varma Vithi 67, Poems 62-63.
70
P.L.M., Varma Vithi 67, Poem 64.



MRLQWVYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKH\DUH0DQVDYDUPDPRUYXOQHUDEOH

PXVFOHMRLQWYDUPDPH[LVWVLQPXVFOHVDQGFDXVHVPDQ\GLVRUGHUVZKHQ

LWLVDWWDFNHGLQWKRVHPXVFOHV7KH\DUHWKDODKLUXWKD\DPLQGUDYDVWKL

VWKDQDURKLWKDPDQGNXWKDPDQGWRWDOO\YDUPDP6LUDLYDUPDPRU

YHLQV DQG DUWHULHV YDUPDP RQ EORRG YHVVHOV DUH GDPDJHG WKURXJK KROH

FXW RU VTXHH]H ZKHQ LW LV DIIHFWHG 7KH\ FDXVH EORFNDJH SDUDO\VLV SDLQ

DQG DUH HYHQ IDWDO 7KH\ DUH QHHOD PDWKULJD VLUXQJDGDJDP

DSDQJDP VWKDSDQL SDDQDQJDO VWKDQD PRRODP DSDODQJDO

DSDWKDPSDP KLUXWKD\D QDDSL SDUVDYD VDQWKLJDO YLUXNDGLJDL

ORKLWKDVD DQG XUYL DQG WRWDOO\  YDUPDP 6QD\X YDUPDP RU YLWDO

OLJDPHQWV DUH UHODWHG ZLWK OLJDPHQW DQG WHQGRQ DQG FDXVH SHUPDQHQW

GHIRUPLW\ RU GLVDELOLW\ LI DIIHFWHG 7KH\ DUH DDQL YLGDSDP

NDFKL\DGDUDP NXUFKDP NXUFKLUDP YDVWKL VLSUDP DPVDQJDO

YLWKXUDLJDODQGXWVDSDDQGDUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP$VWKLYDUPDPRU

ERQHXQLRQ YDUPDP FDXVHV IUDFWXUH RU EUHDNV ZKHQ LW LV DIIHFWHG 7KH\

DUH NDGLJD WKDUXQDP QLWKDPSDP DPVD SDODJD DQG VDQJD DQG

DUH WRWDOO\  YDUPDP 6DQWKL YDUPDP RU YXOQHUDEOH MRLQWV YDUPDP

FDXVHV GLVORFDWLRQ DQG OLJDPHQW SUREOHPV ZKHQ LW LV DIIHFWHG 7KH\ DUH

MDQX NXUSDP VHPDQWKDP DWKLSDWKL NXUSDP PDQLYDQWKDP

DDYDUWKDP NLULNDGLJDL DQG NXJXQWDUDQJDO DQG DUH WRWDOO\ 

YDUPDP

 
71
Susrutha Samhita is an Ayurvedhic textwritten by Susrutha, one of the forerunners of Ayurvedha.
Ananda E. Wood, The Indian Tradition in Changing Kerala, Bombay, 1985, p.106.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.272..

Rajendren, Varmamum Thadavu Murai Ariviyalum, Moolachel, 2010, p.66.

Ibid., p.273.



0HWULFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ

0HWULFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQGLYLGHVYDUPDPLQWRWZRRQWKHEDVLVRIVL]H

RIYDUPDP 7KH\DUH 6LGGKD V\VWHP DQG$\XUYHGKLF V\VWHP 7KH 6LGGKD

V\VWHP PD\ EH FODVVLILHG LQWR WZR QDPHO\ YDUPD SRLQWV XVHG IRU YDUPD

DWWDFN RQ DFFXUDWH SRLQWV DQG YDUPD SDUWV XVHG IRU YDUPD DGDQJDOV

$\XUYHGKLF V\VWHP FODVVLILHV YDUPDP LQWR  QDPHO\ SDOP EUHDGWK

YDUPDPWKUHHILQJHUEUHDGWKYDUPDPWZRILQJHUEUHDGWKYDUPDP

RQHILQJHUEUHDGWKYDUPDPDQGKDOIILQJHUEUHDGWKYDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\

WKH\DUH

3DOP ILQJHU EUHDGWK YDUPDP DUH NXWKDP YDVWKL LUXWKD\DP QDEL

QHHODLVHHPDQWKDPPDWKLULJDLNXUFKDUDPVLUXQJDGDJDPDQG

PDQWKDLJDO DQG WRWDOO\ WKHUH DUH  YDUPDP 7KUHH ILQJHU EUHDGWK

YDUPDP DUH VDDQX DQG VXUSDUDP DQG WRWDOO\  YDUPDP 7ZR ILQJHU

EUHDGWK YDUPDP DUH PDQLYDQWKDP NXUSDP DQG VWKDQD PXODP DQG

DUH WRWDOO\  YDUPDP 2QH ILQJHU EUHDGWK YDUPDP DUH YLGDSDP

NDFKL\DGDUDPXUYLDQGNXUFKLUDPDQGDUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP+DOI

ILQJHU EUHDGWK YDUPDP DUH WKDODKLUXWKD\DP LQGUDYDVWKL

VWKDQDURKLWKDP DSDQJDP VWKDSDQL SDQDP DSDODQJDO

DSDWKDPSDP SDUYDVDVDQWKLJDO YLUXNDGLJDL ORKLWDVD DDQL

VLSUDP DPVDQJDO YLWKXUDLJDO XWVDED NDGLJD WKDUXQDP

QLWKDPEDPDPVDSDODJDVDQJDDWKLSDWKLDYDUWKDPNLULNDGLJDL

DQGNXJDQWKDUDQJDODQGDUHWRWDOO\YDUPDP


 

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.274-275.

Ibid., pp.276-277.



1XPHULFDOFODVVLILFDWLRQV

1XPHULFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI $JDVWL\DU 9DUPD 6DUL

FODVVLILHVYDUPDPDVIROORZVVLQJOHYDUPDPH[LVWVRQWKHPHGLDQ

SODQHRIWKHERG\RUJDQVDQGGRXEOHYDUPDPRQWKHEDVLVRIELODWHUDO

V\PPHWULFDODQGWRWDOO\

6LQJOH YDUPDP LV GLYLGHG LQWR  SDUWV QDPHO\ VLQJOH YDUPDP

DERYH QHFN  NRQGDLNROOL FKHHUXPNLOOL SLGDUL YDUPDP SLQPXGLFKX

YDUPDP WKLODUWKD YDUPDP QLPDL YDUPDP SDOD YDUPDP UHWKD YDUPDP

SDFKDL YDUPDP DGDSSX YDUPDP PXQPXGLFKX YDUPDP QDOOLUXSSX

YDUPDP RWWX YDUPDP PXQGUXNNL YDUPDP VXPDL YDUPDP DQG NLOLPHJD

YDUPDP VLQJOH YDUPDP IURP QHFN WR DQXV  NDWKLU YDUPDP

NDWKLUNDPD YDUPDP VDNWKL YDUPDP NROXWKX YDUPDP XUXPL YDUPDP

DQQD YDUPDP WKXGL YDUPDP NXPSX YDUPDP PXWKLUD YDUPDP DQG

NLOLSLUD YDUPDP VLQJOH YDUPDP RQ WKH EDFN  DUDOL YDUPDP HOPXGLFKX

YDUPDPDQGD]KDOYDUPDPVLQJOHYDUPDPRQOHJWKHNVLQDLYDUPDP

VXQGRWKDUL YDUPDP NXQGX YDUPDP PDQLSDQWKD YDUPDP SDFKDQL

YDUPDP PHJD YDUPDP NXWKLUDL YDUPDP NDUL YDUPDP DQWKDL YDUPDP

DQG VLOOL YDUPDP DQG VLQJOH YDUPDP LQ KDQG  WKHNVDQDL YDUPDP

VXQGRWKDUL YDUPDP NXQGX YDUPDP PDQLSDQWKD YDUPDP SDFKDQL

YDUPDP PHJD YDUPDP NXWKLUDL YDUPDP NDUL YDUPDP DQG DQWKDL

YDUPDPDQGWRWDOO\WKHUHDUH

 
77
Single and double varmam exist based on its location. Single varmam exists at the central part of the
body and double varmam exists on both sides.
P.L.M., Agastiyar Varma Saari 205, Poem 76.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.278-279.



7KHGRXEOHYDUPDPH[LVWVLQWKHULJKWDQGOHIWVLGHRIERG\RQ

DQ HTXDO EDVLV 7KH\ DUH GLYLGHG LQWR  SDUWV QDPHO\ GRXEOH YDUPDP

DERYH QHFN  VXUXWKL YDUPDP SRUVDL YDUPDP NXWWL YDUPDP FKHYLNXWWL

YDUPDP SRLJDL YDUPDP QDFKDWKLUD YDUPDP NDPSXUL YDUPDP PXUWKL

YDUPDP DQQDQ YDUPDP PLQYHWWL YDUPDP DPLUWKDODQWKDL YDUPDP

FKHPPDL YDUPDP YHWWL YDUPDP PDQWKLUD NDDODP SDFKD YDUPDP

PDQJDUL YDUPDP NDQNDODQJL YDUPDP DPLUWKD YDUPDP XWKLUD YDUPDP

XUDNNDNDDODPDQGNDNRWWDLYDUPDP

'RXEOH YDUPDP IURP QHFN WR DQXV  SXWKLUD YDUPDP WKLYDODL

YDUPDP HQWKLUD YDUPDP DQXPDQ YDUPDP DGDSSX YDUPDP YDOL\D

DVWKLFKXUXNL FKHUL\D DVWKLFKXUXNL VXUXWKL YDUPDP PXQNDPDQWKDQ

YDUPDP SDOOD YDUPDP HOOLGDL YDUPDP PXQGHOOX YDUPDP NRPSXNXWKL

YDUPDP YD\X NDDODP QDGXFKXUXNL YDUPDP FKLSSL NDDODP NDLNHWWL

YDUPDP HWWHOOX YDUPDP NDOOLGDL YDUPDP YDODPSXUL YDUPDP YDOOXUXPL

YDUPDP QDDQJX NXWWL YDUPDP DQXPDQWKD YDUPDP DQG DQL\DQ

YDUPDP'RXEOHYDUPDPRQEDFNPHQPDLYDUPDPYLURWKDYDUPDP

DOOL YDUPDP XOHOOX YDUPDP SLQHOOX YDUPDP DUDVD YDUPDP PXQDL

YDUPDP SRRQXO YDUPDP WKDWWX YDUPDP WKDSSLUD YDUPDP PDODSSL

YDUPDP WKXPSL YDUPDP DQG SLQDNNX YDUPDP GRXEOH YDUPDP RQ OHJ 

WKLODUWKD YDUPDP DQG GRXEOH YDUPDP LQ KDQG  WKLODUWKD YDUPDP

7KH\FDQEHHDVLO\FODVVLILHGRQWKHEDVLVRIH[SHULHQFH


 

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Sara Suthiram 1200, Poem 21.

Rajendran Aasan, Varmamum Thadavu Murai Ariviyalum, Moolachel, 2010, p.65-66.

Ibid., 68-70.

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.280-281.



6H[XDOFODVVLILFDWLRQ

6H[XDO FODVVLILFDWLRQV DUH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR 7KH\ DUH DDQSDDO

YDUPDPDQGSHQSDDOYDUPDP:RPHQKDYHOHVVQXPEHURIYDUPDP

FDOOHG SHHMD YDUPDP 3HHMDP PHDQV WHVWLV DQG RWKHUZLVH FDOOHG YLWKX

YDUPDP IRXQG YHU\ QHDU WR NDOOLGDL NDDOD YDUPDP ZKLFK KDV RQO\ IRU

PDOHV $DQSDDO YDUPDP RU PDOH 6LYD FKDUDFWHU YDUPDP DUH XUDNND

YDUPDP QHHU YDUPDP DQG DGDSD YDUPDP 3HQSDDO YDUPDP RU IHPDOH

6DNWKL FKDUDFWHU YDUPDP DUH FKHYLNXWWL YDUPDP VXPDL YDUPDP XUXPL

YDUPDPYDOL\DDVWKLFKXUXNLDQGFKLQDDVWKLFKXUXNNL7KH\YDUPDPKDYH

ERWK PDOH DQG IHPDOH FKDUDFWHU EXW VRPH KDYH PDOH RU IHPDOH QDWXUH

RQO\

6LQJOHDQGPXOWLSOHFODVVLILFDWLRQV

$OPRVW DOO WKH YDUPDP KDYH GLIIHUHQW QDPHV DQG GLIIHUHQW SODFHV

EXWKDYHNQRZQDVVDPHQDPHV2QWKDWEDVLVWKH\DUHGLYLGHGLQWRWZR

QDPHO\ VLQJOH YDUPDP DQG PXOWLSOH YDUPDP )RU H[DPSOH LQGLYLGXDO

YDUPDP OLNH FKHYLNXWWL YDUPDP FKHHUXPNROOL YDUPDP DQG QDFKDWKLUD

YDUPDP KDYH ERWKVLGHV EXW KDYH WKH VDPH QDPH 0XOWLSOH YDUPDP KDV

PDQ\ORFDWLRQVEXWRFFXSLHVVLQJOHQDPHQDPHO\YDULHOOXYDUPDPYD\X

YDUPDP  HWWX YDUPDP  HWWHOOX YDUPDP  XGDO FKXUXNL YDUPDP 

SRRWHOOXYDUPDPFKHPDQWKDYDUPDPDQGWKDQGHOOXYDUPDP

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKH%DVLVRI1RPHQFODWXUH

9DUPDPDUHFODVVLILHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUQDPHVDQGZKHQLWLV
 

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Sara Suthiram 1200, Poem 22.

84
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.282-283

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 44.

86
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, Poem 131.



UHFLWHG LW LQGLFDWHV VRPH PHDQLQJ LQ PLQG 7KH\ DUH YDUPDP ZLWK WKH

QDPH RI ORFDWLRQ VLJQ DQG V\PSWRPV DSSHDUDQFH DQG YDUPDP ZLWK

PLVFHOODQHRXVQDPHV9DUPDPLVQDPHGRQWKHEDVLVRIORFDWLRQQDPHO\

FKHYLNXWWL YDUPDP SLGDUL YDUPDP PXWWX YDUPDP WKLODUWKD YDUPDP

NDNRWWDL YDUPDP DQG RWKHU YDUPDP 9DUPDP RI VLJQV DQG V\PSWRPV

LQGLFDWH WKH FDXVHV RI WKDW YDUPDP QDPHO\ FKHHUXPNROOL NDQXWKDOOX

YDUPDPXUDNNDYDUPDPWKXPPLYDUPDPDQGQDNNXWKDOOLYDUPDP,WD

YDUPDP QDPHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI DSSHDUDQFH LV DIIHFWHG WKH DSSHDUDQFH

ZRXOG EH OLNH WKRVH QDPHV QDPHO\ DDPDL YDUPDP WKDYDODL YDUPDP

QDDLWKDODL YDUPDP DQG NXWKLUDL PXJD YDUPDP 0LVFHOODQHRXV QDPHV DUH

XVHGWRFDOORWKHUYDUPDPZLWKRXWDQ\H[SODQDWLRQOLNHDQXPDUYDUPDP

QHWWLYDUPDPNDYDODYDUPDPDQGRWWXYDUPDP

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIERG\SODQH

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ KXPDQ ERG\ LV GLYLGHG LQWR

HTXDOO\GUDZLQJFRGHVIURPWRSWRERWWRPRIRQHILQJHUEUHDGWK7KH\DUH

ZULWWHQ IURP ORQJLWXGLQDO SODQH / WKH FHQWUH FRGH ZLOO EH LQ WKH PHGLDQ

SODQH / WKH QH[W FRGH ZLOO EH ///YDUPDP LV HDVLO\ LGHQWLILHG LWV

ORFDWLRQ DQG GLVWDQFH RI HDFK YDUPDP /R RU WKH PHGLDQ SODQH ORFDWHG

YDUPDPDUHVLQJOHYDUPDPDQG//DQG/FRGHOLQHYDUPDPDUHGRXEOH

YDUPDP7KLVLVWKHQHZV\VWHPWREHFUHDWHGWRNQRZWKHYDUPDPDQGLWV

ORFDWLRQHDVLO\RQWKHEDVLVRIUHFHQWUHVHDUFKHVDQGLVNQRZQRQWKH

 
87
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Sara Suthiram 1200, Poems 767-802.
88
P.L.M., Varma Beerangi 100, Poem 19.

P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, Poems 66, 79.

 Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.21-37.



EDVLVRIYDUPDWH[WV

*HQHUDO&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIYDUPDP

*HQHUDOO\YDUPDPFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRVL[WKH\DUH3DGXYDUPDP

7KRGXYDUPDP7KDWWXYDUPDP8OYDUPDP1RNNXYDUPDP

DQG 0D\\DNNX YDUPDP 7KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI YDUPDP LV EDVHG RQ

WKHWLPHGXUDWLRQDQGW\SHRIPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIV\PSWRP

7KRGX9DUPDP

:KHQ WKH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI V\PSWRPV RFFXUV DIWHU FHUWDLQ WLPH

SHULRGRIWUDXPDLVFDOOHGWKRGXYDUPDPDVWKHFKDQJHZLOOQRWEHIHOWDW

WKH WLPH LWVHOI ,W QRUPDOO\ JRHV XQUHFRJQL]HG +RZHYHU EDVHG RQ WKH

IRUFH V\PSWRPV PD\ PDQLIHVW 7KRGX YDUPDP KDSSHQV GXH WR WRXFK

IURPRSSRQHQWWKURXJKJLYLQJSUHVVXUHWKDGDYXWKDORUPDVVDJHKROGLQJ

KDQGV LH SRRWWX RU ORFNV FDUU\LQJ VLWWLQJ RQ ERG\ SXWWLQJ KDQG RQ

ERG\DWWDFNSXVKLQJRQWKHVHYDUPDP,WFDQEHPDLQO\XVHGWRYDUPD

DWWDFN RU DUW RI GHIHQFH 7KHUH DUH  QDDGLV UXQQLQJ LQWR KXPDQ ERG\

DQG HDFK RI WKRVH QDDGLV PHHWV DW  LPSRUWDQW YDUPDP SRLQWV

  6RLWLVFDOOHGDVWKRGXYDUPDP

3DGX9DUPDP

7KH\ DUH FULWLFDO DQG PD\EH IDWDO WRR RQFH DIIHFWHG LW ZRXOG

JHQHUDWHWKHV\PSWRPVLPPHGLDWHO\7KHWLPHOLPLWWRUHYLYHWKHYLFWLP


 

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., pp.288-290.

92
Rasa, Op.cit., p.9.

Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., External Therapies of Siddha Medicine, Chennai, 2010, p.242.
94
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 16.
95
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 100, Poem 5.
96
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 284-286.



IURPWKHVHYDUPDPLVYHU\VKRUW

3DGXYDUPDPDUHPRUHYXOQHUDEOHWKDQWKHWKRGXYDUPDP7KH

WHUPSDGXPHDQVWRGLH$QLQMXU\RIWKHSDGXYDUPDPNLOOVLQVWDQWO\

7KHVH YDUPDP DIIHFW WKH LQQHU SDUWV RI WKH ERG\ ZKLFK LV FRYHUHG E\

ERQHVQHUYHVDQGIOHVK0RUHIRUFHLVXVHGIRUWKHSDGXYDUPDPEHFDXVH

WKHVHSRLQWVDUHLQLQQHUSDUWVRIWKHERG\DQGYHLQVDUHSDVVLQJWKURXJK

WKHVHSODFHV7KH\DUHWKLODUWKD.DDODPEUDLQQDFKDWLUDNDDODPH\H

FKHYLNXWW\NDDODPHDUSLGDULNDDODPPHGXOODREORQJDWDXUDNNDNDDODP

WKURDW WKXPPLJORWWLV QHU YDUPDPKHDUW DGDSSD NDDODPOXQJV XUXPL

NDDODPVWRPDFK YDOL\D DVWL FKXUXNLNLGQH\ VHUL\D DVWL FKXUXNLNLGQH\

PRRWKLUDNDDODPEODGGHUNDOOLG\NDDODPWHVWLV

7KHYDDVLRUSUDQQDSRZHUIXQFWLRQVWKURXJKWKHVHFKDQQHOVRU

QDDGLV 7KH\DUHUHODWHGWRSDGXYDUPDPLHWKRVHSDGXYDUPDP

DUHVXEYDUPDPWRWKHQDDGLVRUFKDQQHOV7KH\DUHHGDNDODLQDDGL

YDUPDP SLQNDODL QDDGL YDUPDP FKX]KLPXQDL QDDGL YDUPDP

FKLQNXY\ QDDGL YDUPDP SXUXGDQ QDDGL YDUPDP NDQWKDUL QDDGL

YDUPDP DWKL QDDGL YDUPDP DODPSXG\ QDDGL YDUPDP FKDQNLQL

QDDGL YDUPDP NXJX QDDGL YDUPDP SDLVLQL QDDGL YDUPDP DQG

YLVYRWKDULQDDGLYDUPDP7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIFDQQHOQDDGLVLV

7KDWWX9DUPDPRU$DVDQ9DUPDP

7KHVHYDUPDPDUHXVXDOO\XVHGE\WKHPDVWHUVLQFRPEDW
 
97
Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.243.
98
Vasantha Kumar T., Siddha V(m)armology, Chuzhal, 2004, p.39.

P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poem 64.

100
Kannan Raja Ram T, Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.35.
101
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poems 115-117, 119-134.
102
Kannan Raja Ram T, Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.36.



RSHUDWLRQV DQGDUHNQRZQRQO\ WR WKHPDVWHUVDVWKH\ DUHEDVLFDOO\ NHSW

DV VHFUHW 7KH UHYLYDO LV SRVVLEOH RQO\ E\ WKH PDVWHU ZKR XVHV LW IRU WKH

SXUSRVH RI WUDXPDWL]LQJ DQ LQGLYLGXDO 7KH\ DUH FKHYLNXWWL NDDODP

XUDNND NDDODP VXPDL YDUPDP QHU YDUPDP XUXPL YDUPDP DGDSSD

YDUPDPDQGDVWKLFKXUXNLYDUPDP

8O9DUPDP

7KRVHXOYDUPDPRFFXUVRQO\WRZRPHQDQGLWKDSSHQVGXH

WR KLW DQG EHDW LQ WKH XSSHU SDUW RI WKH FKHVW ,W FDXVHV WR DDQDQWKD

YDD\X XWKLUD NDDODP SHUXPL YDUPDP XLU YDUPDP YLUVLJD YDUPDP DQG

DDPDLYDUPDP

1RNNX9DUPDPRU0HL7KHHQGD.DDODP

7KLVPHWKRGLVXVHGHLWKHUWRKHDORUWRLQMXUHDSHUVRQZLWKRXW

HYHQ WRXFKLQJ WKH SHUVRQ VWULNLQJ RU KHDOLQJ D SHUVRQ IURP D GLVWDQW

SODFH E\ D VKHHU ORRN RU JD]H 7KLV LV WKH SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK WKH OLIH

HQHUJ\ IORZV WUDQVIHUUHG IURP RQH SHUVRQ WR DQRWKHU $ KLJK GHJUHH RI

PHGLWDWLRQLVUHTXLUHGLQWKLVYDUPDPWREHDSSOLFDEOH

9DUPDSRLQWV

/LIH HQHUJ\ IORZV LQ WKH ERG\ LQ D SDUWLFXODU SDWKZD\ 7KHUH DUH

FHUWDLQ NH\ SRLQWV LQ WKH ERG\ ZKHUH WKLV OLIH HQHUJ\ VDUDP LV
 
103
Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.244.

P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, poem 131.

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 152-159.

P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 206, Poems 89-92.

107
There are many exaggerations prevailed among the people in society. Medias also implies it wrongly
regarding this varmam. According to the varma text Varma Suthiram 206 tells that a herb is put in the
mouth, apply footsteps along with recitation of manthiram and then gaze in the face of enemy. He
will be unconscious and later he will die if not proper care to be taken. (Poems 89-92.)
Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.245.



FRQFHQWUDWHG 1RUPDOO\ WKHVH DUH WKH SRLQWV ZKHUH WZR ERQHV MRLQ RU D

PXVFOH LQVHUWV LQWR D ERQH RU ZKHUH WKH EORRG YHVVHOV RU WKH QHUYHV DUH

SURPLQHQW 7KHVH SRLQWV DUH FDOOHG YDUPDP SRLQWV DQG EH FRQVLGHUHG

DVUHIOH[DQDWRPLFDOSRLQWVRU UHIOH[ DQDWRPLFDO SRLQWV GLUHFWO\UHODWHG WR

RUJDQV O\LQJ ZLWKLQ ,Q VLPSOH WHUPV WKH SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH OLIH IRUFH

UHVLGHVDQGIORZVLQWKHKXPDQERG\DUHNQRZQDVYDUPDP9DUPDPDOVR

PHDQVZKHUHEUHDWKLQJHQHUJ\UHVLGHVLQWKHERG\

+XQGUHGV RI QHUYH FHQWUHV OLIH FHQWUHV LQ WKH KXPDQ ERG\ OLH

GRUPDQW ZLWKLQ ERQHV QHUYHV YHLQV PXVFOHV MRLQWV DQG LQQHU RUJDQV

DQGDUHIRXQGHLWKHUGHHSRUDWWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHERG\9LWDOOLIHFHQWUHV

DUHGRUPDQWRQERQHVDQGMRLQWVPHGLXPOLIHFHQWUHVRQQHUYHVVWULNLQJ

OLIHFHQWUHVRQYHLQV,QQHUOLIHFHQWUHVRQPXVFOHVDQGFKURQLFOLIHFHQWUHV

RQEORRGFORWVIRUPHGGXHWRLPSDFWVRQWKHERG\

7KHVH SRLQWV ZKHQ WUDXPDWL]HG LQWULQVLF RU H[WULQVLF FDXVH

REVWUXFWLRQWRWKHIORZRIOLIHHQHUJ\WKDWOHDGVWRGLVHDVHV'HSHQGLQJRQ

WKHORFDWLRQRIWKHSRLQWDQGIRUFHZLWKZKLFKWUDXPDKDVRFFXUUHGLWFDQ

PDQLIHVWLQWRGLVHDVHLPPHGLDWHO\RUDIWHUDORQJGXUDWLRQORFDOO\RULQD

UHJLRQWKURXJKZKLFKLWLVOLQNHGWRE\WKHVXEWOHFKDQQHORIHQHUJ\IORZ

0DQ\ V\VWHPLF GLVHDVHV DOVR RFFXU GXH WR WKH WUDXPD DW YDUPDP SRLQWV

DQG WKHVH V\VWHPLF GLVHDVHV FRXOG DOVR EH LGHQWLILHG RU GLDJQRVHG E\

H[DPLQLQJWKHYDUPDPSRLQWV

 

P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poems 695-696.

Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.241.

110
P.L.M., Vaagata Nithanam, Poem.31.
111
Chidambarathanu Pillai, Siddha System of Diseases, Chennai, 1992, p.143.

Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.242.



0HDVXUHPHQWRIYDUPDP

9DUPDXQLWRIIRUFHLVFDOOHGPDWKLUDL7KHDUURZVKRRWHUFDOFXODWHV

WKHGLVWDQFHRIDLPDQGDFFRUGLQJO\RQHLQFUHDVHRUGHFUHDVHVWKHIRUFHRI

WKH EORZ ,I D ZHLJKWOLIWHU FDUULHV  NJ ZLWK KLV IXOO VWUHQJWK IXOO RU

PX]KXHUDLNJPXNNDORUTXDUWHUSDVVHUDLFDQEHFDUULHGZLWKVRPH

GLIILFXOW\NJDULDRUKDOIHUDLFDQEHHDVLO\FDUULHGDQGNJNDDORU

TXDUWHUHUDLFDQEHYHU\VLPSO\FDUULHG/LNHZLVHPDWKLUDLRUHUDLPHDQV

D XQLW RI YDUPD DWWDFN IRUFH 7KLV IRUFH FDQ EH XVHG HLWKHU WR PDNH WKH

YLFWLP XQFRQVFLRXV RU WR ZDNH XS IURP XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV 7KDW XQLW RI

IRUFH FDQ EH SUDFWLFHG LQ EDQDQD WUHH DQG WKH\ DUH FDOOHG HUDL RU

PDWKLUDL7KDWFDQEHFDOFXODWHGE\VSHHGDQGGLVWDQFHGLYLGHGE\WLPH

6SHHGPHDQVRQHVHFRQGGLVWDQFHPHDQVILQJHUEUHDGWKVRUPXODP

RU DURXQG  FP ,Q VKRUW WKRGX YDUPDP KDV OHVV IRUFH DQG SDGX

YDUPDPKDVPRUHIRUFH

(UDL RU ,UDL LV D NLQG RI PHDVXUH ZLWK WKXPE ILJXUH EUHDGWK RU

ZLGWK RU GHSWK (DFK DQG HYHU\ YDUPDP KDV LWV PHDVXUH 7KH\ DUH

FDOOHG DV NDDO DUDL PXNNDO DQG PX]KX TXDUWHU KDOI TXDUWHU SDVV DQG

IXOO.DDOHUDLLVWKHSUHVVXUHGHSWKRITXDUWHU,ILWJHWVDKLWDWNDDO

WKHLQMXU\JRHVWKURXJKHGDNDODLRQHDPRQJWKHQDDGLVDQGUHDFKHV

 

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.318.

114
2 nellu alavu=1 viral alavu (or) 1 finger breath (or) 1 ankulam, 10 viral alavu=1 ottai chann, 12 viral
alavu =1 chann, 2 chann= 1 mulam (or) 24 viral alavu, 8 Chann=1 man8 height (or) 96 viral alavu,
2 ottai chann=1 mulam, 4 mulam=1 man height (or) 96 viral alavu.
115
Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Varmam 108, (Tamil), Munchirai, 2010, p.10.
116
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poem 64.
117
P.L.M., Poora varma Beerangi 100, poem 2.



PDUURZ ,I DUDL HUDL RU KDOI SUHVVXUH GHSWK WKH LQMXU\ JRHV WKURXJK

SLQNDODL DQG UHDFKHV WKH QHUYHV 0XNNDO HUDL SUHVVXUH GHSWK WKURXJK

VX]KLPXQDLUHDFKHVERQHV0X]KXHUDLRUIXOOHUDLLQMXU\UHDFKHVEUDLQ,I

WKH SUHVVXUH RI KLW JRHV EH\RQG WKH IXOO HUDL WKH V\PSWRPV DUH H[SRVHG

OLNH DSRSOH[\ YRPLW XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV VZHDWLQJ WKLUVW DQG S\UH[LD

7KH NDDO DQG DUDL HUDL FDQ EH WUHDWHG ERWK PXNNDO DQG IXOO HUDL DUH

GDQJHURXV EXW LW FDQ DOVR EH WUHDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH QDWXUH RI LQMXU\ DQG

SUHVVXUHSRLQWV

:KHQ D KLW LV JRW EH\RQG IXOO HUDL LW H[SRVHV PDQ\ V\PSWRPV LQ

RQH ,W FDQ EH VDLG DV FRXQWGRZQ LH RQH PD\ GLH RU EHHQ DOLYH ,I KH

DSSOLHVDGDQJDOKHFDQVXUYLYHRWKHUZLVHLWFDQEHDVDDWK\DRUFDQQRW

EHWUHDWHG%XWVRPHWLPHVQRRQHFDQWRXFKZLWKLQDSUHVFULEHGWLPH

E\VHHLQJVRPHV\PSWRPVRIDYLFWLP,WLVWKHWLPHEHWZHHQWKHYDUPD

KLWDQGWUHDWPHQWJROGHQWLPHIRUSUHVHQWWUHDWPHQW,QVKRUWLWLVWKH

UHVXOWRIYDUPDLQMXU\$YDWKLFDQEHPHDVXUHGDVQDOLNDLRUNDGLJDL

7KH SDUWLFXODU YDD\X RU DLU DIIHFWHG E\ YDUPDP VSUHDGV WR WKH

VDSWDGKDGXNDO RI WKH ERG\ DQG VWULNHV WKH UHODWHG SDUWV RI WKH ERG\
 
118
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poem 36.
119
P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 94.
120
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 332-333.
121
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poems 65-70.
122
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poems 19-20.
123
P.L.M., Beerangi Thiravukol 16, poem 3.
124
P.L.M., Sathuramani Suthiram 600, Poem 85.
1 naaligai=24 minutes, 60 naaligai=one day or 24 hours, 2 naaligai=1 hour, 60 naaligai =1440
minutes (or) 1 day ie.. 24*60=1440. (Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.11).

      Saptadhadukal means nine dhadukal. They are subdued due to the varma attack. They are ninam
(lymph), kapham (saliva), majjai (marrow), suklam (sperm), moothiram (urine), pethi (faeces),
veyarvai (sweat), tear and blood.



FDXVLQJ XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV GHDWK RU RWKHU V\PSWRPV RI IHYHU FRQYXOVLRQ

GHSUHVVLRQ RU WKH FDVH PD\ EH OHDGLQJ WR WKH GHDWK RI WKH YLFWLP RU

DFFRUGLQJWRWKHFKDUJHPDGH

.D\D7KDODQJDO

9DUPD WUDXPD FDXVHV SDLQ ZRXQG VZHOOLQJ RU SV\FKLF SDLQ

SDUDO\VLV FDXVHV WKURXJK DWWDFNV RU LQFLGHQWV LV FDOOHG WUDXPD 8VXDOO\

DQ LQMXU\ H[SRVHG ZLWK EORRG LV FDOOHG H[WHUQDO LQMXU\ EXW LQ YDUPDP

WKHUHDUHPRVWO\LQQHULQMXULHVWKURXJKWKRGXYDUPDP%XWSDGXYDUPDP

WKDWWX YDUPDP DQG PXULYX YDUPDP FDQ FDXVH H[WHUQDO LQMXULHV $Q\

RUGLQDU\LQMXU\DQGYDUPDLQMXU\FDQEHGLIIHUHQWEXWDQ\RUGLQDU\LQMXU\

LQ YDUPD SRLQWV FDQ EH YDUPD LQMXU\ 2UGLQDU\ LQMXU\ FDQ EH HDVLO\

FXUDEOHEXWWKHYDUPDLQMXU\VKRXOGEHFXUHGWKURXJKLWVRZQSURFHGXUHV

PHGLFDO WHFKQLTXHV EHFDXVH LW LV PRUH GDQJHURXV 2UGLQDU\ LQMXU\

FDXVHV SDLQVZHOOLQJ UHGGLVKQHVVDQG KHDW LQ WKHLQMXUHGSODFH EXW WKH

SODFH RI YDUPD LQMXU\ LV FROG 6RPH YDUPDP DUH FDOOHG NDDODP

EHFDXVH WKH\ FDQ EH FXUHG RQO\ LQ VRPH SUHVFULEHG WLPH DORQH ,W LV

EHFDXVHWKHYDDVLRUDPLUWKDQLDOLSUDQDSRZHUSDVVHVWKURXJKRQHVLGH

RI WKH ERG\ DW WKDW WLPH RI DWWDFN DQG WKDW VLGH ZKLFK FDXVHV NDDOD

YDUPDP,IWKHSUDQDQGRHVQRWH[LVWRQWKDWSODFHWKHDWWDFNVPDNHRQO\

H[WHUQDOLQMXU\DQGWKXVLWGRHVQRWEHFRPHDYDUPDP

 
127
Immanuel M., The Dravidian Lineages; The Nadar Through the Ages, Nagercoil, 2002, p.217.

P.L.M., Varma Sara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poem 9.

129
Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.293.
130
Kaalam is equated with Kaalan of Tamil who is considered as the bringer of life.
P.L.M., Varma Sara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poem 9.
131
P.L.M., Varma Sudamani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poem 208.



7KH .DD\D WKDODQJDO RU LQMXUHG SODFHV RI YDUPD SRLQWV DUH PRUH

GDQJHURXV WKDQ WKH RUGLQDU\ SODFH DQG DOO WKH  SODFHV DUH

GDQJHURXV 7KH\ FDXVH GHDWK OLIH GLVHDVHV FXUH YDDVL DQG

XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV ,I LW LV QRW WUHDWHG ZLWKLQ D SUHVFULEHG WLPH WKHQ LW

FDXVHVGLVHDVH)RUHYLGHQFHVL[W\IRXUYDUPDPSURGXFHYDDWKDPUHODWHG

GLVHDVHV  YDUPDP SLWWKDP DQG  YDUPDP FUHDWHG VLORWKDPD RU NDSKD

GLVHDVHV7KHLPSRUWDQWSRLQWVRIYDUPDPDUHVWLOOKLGGHQLQRXUERG\

7KH\ DUH DGXNNX WKDODQJDO PXGLFKX WKDODQJDO DPLUWKD QLODL

XUXSSX WKDODQJDO YDUPD WKDODQJDO GDVD QDDGL GDVD YDD\X

SRUXWKXDVLYXNDO

$GXNNX WKDODQJDO LV VLWXDWHG YHU\ QHDU WR RUJDQV DQG VR LW LV

FDOOHGVR,WLVWKHSODFHEHWZHHQVWRPDFKDQGDQXV7KHQDDGLVDUHLQ

WRXFKZLWKRXUERG\DQGWKH\DUHFDOOHGPXGLFKXRUMRLQWV7KHUHDUHILYH

PXGLFKXV NDUXQDWKL PXGLFKX  D MRLQW EHWZHHQ KHDG DQG QHFN VDDUD

PXGLFKX  EHORZ WKH FKHVW WKXQQDO PXGLFKX  ZLWKLQ WKH VSLQDO FRUG

SDVXSDWKL SDDVD PXGLFKXZLWKLQ WKH KLS NXPSDJD PXGLFKXEHORZ WKH

JHQLWDO RUJDQ 7KHUH DUH  PXGLFKXV RU MRLQWV LQ RXU ERG\ $PRQJ

WKHP  DUH SURPLQHQW FDOOHG DGDQJDOV ZKLFK KHOS WR KHDO GLVHDVHV

$PLUWKD QLODL SODFHV DUH DOVR FDOOHG YDUPD SODFHV 7KHUH DUH  SRLQWV LQ

RXUERG\IXQFWLRQLQJOLNHPRRQVURWDWLRQ3RRUYDSDFKDPVWDUWVIURPOHJ

 
132
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poem 24.
133
P.L.M., Varma Beerangi 100, Poem 1.

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 331

135
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poem 132.
136
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 89-90.
137
P.L.M., Saara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poem 5.



ILQJHU ELJ WR KHDG DQG DPDUD SDFKDP VWDUWV IURP KHDG WR OHJ ILQJHU

)RU WKH PDOHV LW HQWHUV IURP ULJKW WR OHIW DQG IRU WKH IHPDOHV LQ WKH

UHYHUVHRUGHU7KHUHDUHSODFHVFDOOHGXUXSSXWKDODQJDOLQRXUERG\

'DVDQDDGLZLOOEHSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHP,WLVYHU\VHYHUHDQGGLIILFXOW

WR EH DOLYH IRU WKH SHUVRQ ZKR JHWV VWULNH LQ LW ,W VKRXOG EH WUHDWHG

FDUHIXOO\

$OOWKHYDUPDWH[WVXQDQLPRXVO\LQGLFDWHWKDWYDUPDSRLQWVDUH

7KH\ DUH FODVVLILHG DV SDGX YDUPD DQG WKRGX YDUPD  (YHQ

WKRXJK WKH DLU LV EHLQJ GRQH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU ZRUN DQG SODFH LW LV

GLYLGHGLQWR,IRQHLVDIIHFWHGLQLWLWDIIHFWVWKRVHYDD\XVDQGNLOOV

LI LW LV EH\RQG IXOO HUDL 2WKHUZLVH LW FDQ EH WUHDWHG SURSHUO\ 3RUXWKX

DVLYXNDO DUH  SRLQWV IURP KDQG WR OHJ DQG RQ ERG\ LQ KXPDQ

ERG\

1DDGLIRU9DUPDP

1DDGLPHDQVFKDQQHOV,WLVQRWEORRGYHLQVEXWSUDQDQRUYDDVL

SDVVHV WKURXJK LW DQG LW LV RWKHUZLVH FDOOHG QHUYH FKDQQHO 7KH GDVD

QDDGLVDQGGDVDYDD\XFRXQWVDV%XW9DUPD6XGD0DQLDGGVWZR

PRUHFDOOHGQDUDPELQGKDQDP 7KH\DUHSDLVLQLDQGYLVYRWKDUDP7KH

'DVD QDDGLV DUH HGDNDODL SLQNDODL FKX]KLPXQDL FKLQNXY\ SXUXGDQ

 
138
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 32-33.
139
P.L.M., Laada Suthiram 300, Poem 15.

 P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 285-294.

141
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 389-390.
142
Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.15.
143
P.L.M., Poora Varma Beerangi 100, Poem 55.
144
Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.15.
145
P.L.M., Adi Varma Sucham 500, Poem 11.
146
P.L.M., Varma Sudaa Mani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poem 78.



NDQWKDULDWKLDODPSXG\FKDQNLQLDQGNXJX7KHILUVWWKUHHQDDGLVDUH

FDOOHGNXUXQDDGLV7KH\DUHGLYLGHGLQWRWHQHDFKDQGUDLVH

,WLVWKHWRWDOFRXQWRIQDDGLQHUYHV7KHMRLQWSODFHVDUHFDOOHGPXGLFKX

7KRXJK PXGLFKXKDYHEHHQLQQXPEHUWKHUHDUHPDLQMRLQWVWR

KHDOKXPDQGLVHDVHVFDOOHGDGDQJDOV7KHVHQDDGLVFDQEHLQFOXGHG

ZLWK  JURXSV FDOOHG YDDWKDP HGDNDODL SLQNDODL DQG FKX]KLPXQDL

SLWWKDP FKLQNXY\ NDQWKDUL DWKL DQG DODPSXG\ DQG NDSKDP SXUXGDQ

FKDQNLQL DQG NXJX $PRQJ WKH  QDDGLV FKX]KLPXQDL FKLQNXY\

FKDQNLQL DQG NXJX KDYH ERWK ULJKW DQG OHIW QDDGLV DQG RWKHUV KDYH RQO\

VLQJOHQDDGL

9DUPD,QMXU\'LVHDVHV

9DUPD LQMXU\ RI DQ RUJDQ HQWHUV LQWR VNLQ IOHVK DQG EORFNV WKH

EORRGYHVVHOVDQGVORZO\UHGXFHVWKHEORRGLQYHLQWRPDNHLWDGU\RQH

7KH YLFWLP ZLOO VXIIHU DVWKPD FRXJK DQG GHDWK ZLOO EH WKH ODVW UHVXOW

ZLWKLQ WKUHH \HDUV ,I DQ\RQH JHWV VWULNHV LQ D YDUPD SRLQW YDDWKDP

SLWWKDPDQGNDSKDPZLOOEHFUHDWHGEHFDXVHWKH\DUHLQWHUUHODWHGDQGDV

DUHVXOWLWFUHDWHVDORWRISUREOHPVOLNHSDUDO\VLVDVWKPDFRQVXPSWLRQ

GLHUHVLVSLOHVG\VSHSVLDDQGWUXLVPV

 
147
P.L.M., Urpathy Naramporai 1000, Poems 14-16.
148
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 66-67.
149
P.L.M.,Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 284-286.

 P.L.M., Varma Sara Suthira Thiravukol 36, Poem 5.

151
Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.17.
152
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 279-280.
153
P.L.M., Adi Varma Sucham 500, Poem 13.
154
P.L.M., Varma Suthiram 100, Poems 63-66.



1DDO SDWWD YDUPDP FKURQLF LOOQHVV LV UHVXOWHG LQ DVWKPD JDVWULF

SUREOHP FORWWLQJ RI EORRG LQ YDUPD SRLQWV DQG WKH LQMXUHG SODFHV JHW

GULHG ,W FUHDWHV SDUDO\VLV RI OHJ IDWLJXH LQIODPPDWLRQ EOHQRUUKDJLD

FRQVXPSWLRQGLHUHVLVDQGHYHQGHDWK6R LWPXVWEH WUHDWHG DV VRRQ DV

SRVVLEOH 9DUPD DWWDFN UHVXOWV LQ DVWKPD SDLQ FRXJK JDV IHYHU

S\UH[LD ORVV RI DSSHWLWH VHYHUH IDWLJXH HPDFLDWLRQ FORVXUH RI OHIW QRVH

GLIILFXOW\ LQ EUHDWKLQJ FRQVWLSDWLRQ GLIIHUHQFH LQ XULQH DQG NLWVFK LQ

WKURDW  7KHVH DUH VRPH RI WKH VLJQV DQG V\PSWRPV RI YDUPD LQMXU\

%DVHGRQWKHVHULRXVQHVVRIYDUPDLQMXU\DGDQJDOVVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGWR

KHDOLW

6DDGK\DDQG$VDDWK\DV\PSWRPV

6DDGK\D PHDQV DEOH WR FXUH WKH LQMXU\

 EXW WKHUH LV D FRQGLWLRQ

WKDWDIWHUJHWWLQJYDUPDDWWDFNVH[FUHWLRQRIXULQHWHDUVDOLYDIDHFHVDQG

VSHUP PXVW IXQFWLRQ ZHOO DQG WKHQ RQO\ LW FDQ EH FXUHG ,I WKH\ GR QRW

IXQFWLRQ ZHOO SUDQDQ PD\ EH GHYLDWHG DQG WKH YLFWLP PD\ SDVV DZD\

ZLWKLQWKUHHGD\VDQGOLIHZLOOQRWEHJXDUDQWHHG$PRQJWKHSDGX

YDUPDP  YDUPDP FRXOG QRW EH FXUHG DQG DPRQJ  WKRGX YDUPDP 

YDUPDPDUHQRWEHFXUDEOH

7KH $VDWK\D V\PSWRPV FDQQRW EH WUHDWHG DQG GHDWK ZLOO EH WKH

RQO\ UHVXOW %UHDN LQ WKH YDUPD SRLQWV OLNH EURNHQ QHFN ERQH WKDW

WXUQVVKRXOGHUDQGFKHVWSUHVVHGEURNHQDVWKLFKXUXNLSRLQWLQMXU\DQG
 
155
P.L.M., Adi Varma Sucham 500, Poems 12-13.

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 360-365.

157
P.L.M., Varma Saari Suthiram 200, Poem 149.
158
Kannan Raja Ram T., Mohana Raj T., Op.cit., p.33.
159
Bala Subranaiyam (Ed.), Research Collections, Varma Kalai-A View, Trichy, 2004, p.38.
160
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poems 217-224.



EURNHQ WHVWLV EURNHQ HDU VWXE FXW LQ H\HV DQG QHDUHVW SODFHV EURNHQ

SDQFKDYDUQD NXJDL UHVSLUDWRU\ VSDVP F\DQRVLV H[SRVXUH RI IDHFHV

VSHUP XULQH DQG URZV RI H\HV DUH FDOOHG IDWDO GLDJQRVWLF SRLQWV RU

DVDDWK\DVLJQV

'LVHDVHVWKURXJK7ULGRVDV

7REHJLQZLWKWKHUHLVDQDFFXPXODWLRQRIWKHGRVDVKXPRXUV

7KHQ WKHUH LV DQ H[FLWDWLRQ RI WKHVH GRVDV WKHQ D VSUHDG RI WKH H[LWHG

GRVDV WR GLIIHUHQW SDUWVRI WKHERG\DQG ODVWO\WKHUH LV WKHORFDOL]DWLRQ RI

WKHVHH[LVWHG GRVDV KXPRXUV LQ GLIIHUHQW SDUWV RI WKH ERG\ ZKHUH WKH\

SURGXFH GLVHDVHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QDWXUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV FRQWDLQHG LQ

WKHVH SDUWV 7KH PRPHQW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ GRVDV KDV EURXJKW DERXW E\

WKH ZLQG YDD\X ZKLFK LV WKH FDXVH RI DOO PRWRU DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKH\ DUH

FDUULHG IURP SODFH WR SODFH WKURXJK WKH YHLQV RI WKH ERG\ VLUDV RU VPDOO

QHUYHVVURWDVPRWRUQHUYHDQGGKDPDQLVRUDUWHU\

2YHU LQGXOJHQFH LQ JULHI H[FHVVLYH VH[XDO LQWHUFRXUVH SK\VLFDO

H[HUFLVHV LPSURSHU IRRGHWF DOO WHQGV WR YLWLDWH RU DJLWDWH WKH YDD\X

ZLQGDQGEORRGLQSHUVRQVRIGHOLFDWHFRQVWLWXWLRQV7KHYLWLDWHGEORRG

WHQGV WR VSHHGLO\ REVWUXFW WKH SDVVDJH RI WKH IOHHW FRXUVLQJ YDD\X 7KH

YDD\X WKXV LPSHGHG LQ LWV FRXUVH EHFRPHV PRUH DQG PRUH DJLWDWHG DW

HDFKPRPHQWDQGLV SURQHWRVSHHGLO\ DJLWDWHWKH EORRG LQ D VLPLODU ZD\

DQGFDXVHVLUUHJXODULW\DQGGLVHDVHV

 
161
P.L.M., Odivu Murivu Kattu Murai Saari 110, Poem 47.

P.L.M., Varma Sudaa Mani Ennum Panchikaruna Pinnal 1500, Poem 264.
163
Subba Reddy (Ed.), Indian Journal of the History of Medicine, Madras, Vol.VI, June, 1961, p.7.

P.L.M., Adi Varma Sucham, Poem 4.

165
Subba Reddy (Ed.), Op.cit., p.8..



,QMXU\FDQEHGLYLGHGLQWR WZR 7KH\DUH SK\VLFDO YDUPD WUDXPD

DQG SV\FKLF YDUPD WUDXPD 7KH SK\VLFDO YDUPD WUDXPD KDSSHQV GXH WR

WKH DWWDFNV LQ ERQHV MRLQWV QHUYHV QHUYH FHQWUHV EORRG YHVVHOV DQG

YDDVLZLWKVSHFLILHGIRUFH*HQHUDOO\WKH\KDSSHQE\IRUFHIXODWWDFNFDOOHG

SDGX YDUPDP DQG WKHUH DUH  YDUPDP ORFDWLRQV /LJKW WRXFK FDXVHV

YDUPDP FDOOHG WKRGX YDUPDP DQG WKHUH DUH  WKRGX YDUPDP ORFDWLRQV

/LJKW NQRFN FDXVHV YDUPDP FDOOHG WKDWWX YDUPDP DQG KDYH  YDUPD

ORFDWLRQV %UHDNLQJ RI ERQHV FDXVHV YDUPDP FDOOHG PXULYX YDUPDP

3V\FKLF YDUPDP LV FDXVHG E\ H\HV ZLWKRXW DQ\ SK\VLFDO WRXFK DQG LW LV

FDOOHGPHLWKHHQGDNDDODP

9LROHQWWUDXPDGXHWREORZZLWKDVWLFNRUGXHWRIRUFHIXOKLWE\DQ

REMHFWLQFOXGLQJDEDOODWDSRUSXQFKE\DQLQGLYLGXDORUWUDXPDGXHWR

DFFLGHQW IDXOW\ SRVWXUHV H[FHVVLYH SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\ DQG GLIILFXOW ODERXU

DIIHFWV WKH KXPDQ EHLQJV /LIH LV ERXQG XS ZLWK ILUH ZKLFK RULJLQDWHV

IURP SQHXPDWLF DQG LV LQKHUHQW LQ WKH EORRG 7KLV LV IRUFHIXOO\ GULYHQ

WKURXJK WKH ERG\ DQG KDV LWV VRXUFH LQ WKH KHDUW ZKHUH DOO WKH YHLQV

PHHW:KHQWKHZLQGVWULNHVDJDLQVWSODFHVWKDWDUHQRWXVXDOO\DWWDFNHG

E\ LW LW SLHUFHV WKH IOHVK OLNH DQ DUURZ DQG FDXVHV IOHVK DQG FKHVW

KDHPRUUKDJHV :KHQ PXFK ZLQG LV FRPELQHG WKURXJKRXW WKH ERG\

ZLWK DOO WKH EORRG PDQ\ EDUULHUV DULVH LQ PDQ\ SODFHV LQ WKH YHLQV

WKURXJKWKHKLWVVRWKHEORRGLVSUHYHQWHGIURPSDVVLQJRQ,IRQHVLGHLV

EORFNHG WKHQ DOO NLQG RI LUUHJXODULWLHV RFFXU 6R WKHUH LV D JUHDW

 

Kannan Raja Ram T., Op.cit., p.295.

167
Thirunarayanan T., Sudha R., Op.cit., p.245.
168
Subba Reddy (Ed.), Op.cit., pp.2-3.



GLVWXUEDQFH RI WKH DLU ZKLFK SROOXWHV WKH EORRG )RDP QDWXUDOO\ FRPHV

WKURXJK WKH PRXWK $LU DGGUHVVHG DV YDD\X LQ 5LJ 9HGKD ; 

VWDWHVWKDWWKHZLQGLVWKHVRXUFHIRUFUHDWLRQDQGGHVWUXFWLRQ,WFDXVHV

DOO H[LVWHQW WR VWDUW LQWR OLIH DQG DOVR EULQJV DERXW WKHLU GHVWUXFWLRQ

:KHWKHU LW LV NQRZQ RU QRW FRQVHQWHG RU QRW GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\

QDWXUDOO\RUXQQDWXUDOO\PDGHDWWDFNVKLWRUNQRFNVFDQEHLGHQWLILHGE\

WKH9DUPDQLWRFXUHLW

$FFLGHQWV DUH XQDYRLGDEOH LQ WKH OLYHV RI KXPDQ EHLQJV 7KH\

IUHTXHQWO\ RFFXU GXH WR YDULRXV UHDVRQV 6RPHWLPHV D FURFRGLOH VHL]HV D

SHUVRQ LQ WKH EDFNZDWHUV ILVKHUPHQ DUH ZRXQGHG E\ VKDUNV DQG ILVKHV

FDUSHQWHUV DQG FRROLHV DUH RIWHQ VHULRXVO\ LQMXUHG ZKHQ ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH

VKLS\DUG RU PHUFKDQWV \DUG HLWKHU E\ KHDY\ EORFNV RI ZRRG IDOOLQJ RQ

WKHPRURWKHUFDXVHV'XULQJWKHPRQVRRQWLPHWRGG\WDSSHUVIUHTXHQWO\

IDOO IURP SDOP DQG FRFRQXW WUHHV DQG UHFHLYH VHYHUDO DQG RIWHQ IDWDO

LQMXULHV9DUPDPLVWKHSODFHRIOLIHFHQWUHV:KHQLWLVEORFNHGWKHUHLV

QRPRWLRQRQWKDWDUHD7KHUHDUHVXFKSODFHVLQRXUERG\,ILWLVKLW

LQ D IXOO RU EH\RQG WKDW HUDL IRUFH PHDVXUHPHQW GHDWK ZRXOG EH WKH

UHVXOW,IWKHUHLVDKLWLQORZHUDLDQGQRWFRYHUVIRUWKHSUHVFULEHGWLPH

QDDOLJDLDQDOWHUQDWLYHYDUPDPDGDQJDOLVDSSOLHGWRWKHYLFWLPWRFOHDU

WKHOLIHFHQWUHV


 
169
P.L.M., Varma sara Suthita Thiravukol 36, Poems7-8.
170
Subba Reddy (Ed.), Op.cit., p.5.
171
The expert in varma art is called Varmani or Varma Aasan.
Manikkavasakam R., Alternative Medicines, Part-I, Chennai, 2001, p.160.

Francis day, The Land of the Perumals or Cochin Its past and present, Delhi, 1863, p.425.
173
Manikkavasakam R., Op.cit., p.160.



9DUPDPDQG0HQ

9DUPDP LV FDXVHG WR PHQ GXH WR UHFHLYLQJ EORZV SXQFKHV IURP

HQHPLHV RU IULHQGV GRLQJ H[HUFLVHV FDUHOHVVO\ VHWWLQJ IRRW LQ JXWWHUV RI

XQIDPLOLDU SDWKZD\V MXPSLQJ D OHQJWK\ OHDS IRUZDUG DQG EDFNZDUG

NQRFNLQJ FDUHOHVVO\ UXQQLQJ IDVW IRU D ORQJ GLVWDQFH MXPS FOLPELQJ XS

RQ KRUVHV DQG HOHSKDQWV IUDFWXUHV E\ IDOOLQJ GRZQ FRLWLRQ ZLWK OXVWIXO

ZRPHQ VXFFXPELQJ WR FRQWLQXRXV KLS KRS FDUU\LQJ KHDY\ KHDG ORDG

ZLWKIDWLJXHDQGSUDFWLFLQJPDUWLDODUWVZLWKRXWFRQFHQWUDWLRQ

9DUPDPDQG:RPHQ

9DUPDP FUHDWHV ZRXQGV LQ ZRPHQ GXH WR ZHLJKW OLIWLQJ E\

EHQGLQJ RYHU SRW FRQWDLQLQJ ZDWHU TXLFNO\ DQG EHQGLQJ IURP WKH ZDLVW

DIWHU OLIWLQJ WKH SRW EHFRPLQJ VXVFHSWLEOH WR EH HPEUDFHG LQ RUJDQ E\ D

PDQZKRLVVWURQJHUWKDQKHUWXUQLQJWKHZDLVWEDVKIXOO\LQUHVSRQVHWR

DSLQFK\DZQLQJKHDYLO\ZLWKDORXGQRLVHZDONLQJDQGUXQQLQJTXLFNO\

ZLWK IDWLJXH VZLPPLQJ ZLWK XQFRQWUROOHG EUHDWK LQGXOJLQJ LQ H[FHVVLYH

VH[XDO SOHDVXUH JURDQLQJ DW WKH WLPH RI GHOLYHU\ VREELQJ LQ WKH ZDNH RI

ORQJLQJIRUDFKLOGDQGXWHUXVEHFRPLQJGLVORFDWHG

:RPHQ KDYH OHVV QXPEHU RI YDUPDP 7KH\ KDYH  YDUPDP

7KH\KDYHXOYDUPDPNDUSDNDDODDPRQJWKHSDGXYDUPDPWKDWGRHV

QRW KDYH IRU PHQ $QG VRPH YDUPD VHFUHWV VKRXOG QRW EH GLVFORVHG WR

 
174
P.L.M., Varma Kannadi 500, Poems 318-319.

 P.L.M., Sathura Mani Suthiram 600, Poems 561-564.

176
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saara Suthiram 1200, Poems 362-364.
177
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 226.
178
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram, Poem 152.



ZRPHQ 7KHUH DUH  SDGX YDUPDP DQG DPRQJ  WKRGX YDUPDP 

YDUPDPFRXOGQRWEHFXUDEOH:RPHQJHWYDUPDLQMXU\ZKHQWKH\EHDUD

FKLOG7KHUHDUHGLVHDVHVIRUKXPDQEHLQJV&KLOGUHQDOVRKDYH

YDUPD GLVHDVHV DQG LW LV FOHDUO\ PHQWLRQHG LQ 9DUPD 2GLYX 0XULYX 6DUD

6XWKLUDP  7KHVH DUH WKH YDUPD FODVVLILFDWLRQV EXW PDQ\ GR QRW

KDYHDFRUUHFWLGHDDERXWYDUPDPDQGWKH\IROORZRWKHUQDPHV6RWKHUH

LVDGLIILFXOW\VWLOOH[LVWLQJLQGHWHUPLQLQJYDUPDP

9DUPDPLVXQDYRLGDEOHLQGD\WRGD\OLIHRIKXPDQEHLQJV,WDIIHFWV

RXUOLIHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHQDWXUHRILWVKLW,WFDQEHFXUHGEXWEDVHGRQWKH

LUDL 6DDWK\D PHDQV FXUDEOH DQG DVDDWK\D PHDQV LQFXUDEOH DIWHU WKH

WHVWVDQGFKHFNXSV9DUPDPLVYDULHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVLQJOHDQGGRXEOH

YDUPDP$Q\KRZE\FODULI\LQJYDGDQWKDSLWWDQWKDDQGRWKHUYDUPDPFDQ

LGHQWLI\ ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH DIIHFWHG E\ YDUPDP RU QRW DQG FXUH LW IRU ORQJ

OLIH

 
179
P.L.M., Sathura Mani Suthiram 600, Poem 76.

P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 306.

181
P.L.M., Urpathy Naramporai 1000, Poems 14-16.
182
P.L.M., Varma Odivu Murivu Saari Suthiram 1500, Poem 592.