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Week 4 Slabs
5th February 2014
Outline Week 4
Tying systems
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Shear
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with a minimum of
VRd,c = (0.035k3/2fck1/2 + 0.15 cp) bwd (6.2.b)
where:
k = 1 + (200/d) 2.0
l = Asl/bwd
Asl = area of the tensile reinforcement,
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile
area [mm]
Cp = NEd/Ac < 0.2 fcd [MPa] Compression +ve
NEd = axial force in the cross-section due to loading or
pre-stressing [in N]
Ac = area of concrete cross section [mm2]
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Shear
- Table 7.1
fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
Shear in Slabs
Most slabs do not require shear
reinforcement
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Cl. 6.2.3
cw bw z 1 fcd Asw
VRd,max = VRd, s = z f ywd cot
cot + tan s
21.8 < < 45
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Punching shear
Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4 Figure 8.3
Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods (by way of adding contributions
from the concrete and the steel).
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
2d 2d 2d
u1 u1
u1
2d
bz
by
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Outer control
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
The outer control perimeter at
perimeter which shear reinforcement is not
0.75d
required, should be calculated
from:
kd 1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column) uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
A 0.5d
A
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
0.75d
Outer control within the outer control
perimeter
0.5d
kd perimeter.
Section A - A
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uout,ef
uout > 2d
2d 1,5d
d
1,5d
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Note: UK NA says first control perimeter, but the paper* on which this
guidance is based says basic control perimeter
The minimum area of a link leg (or equivalent), Asw,min, is given by the
following expression:
Asw,min (1.5 sin + cos)/(sr st) (0,08 (fck))/fyk Exp (9.11)
Punching shear
Worked example
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Punching shear
Punching shear
A few definitions:
u0
2d
uout
u1
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Solution
1. Check shear at the perimeter of the column
vEd = VEd/(u0d) < vRd,max C
= 1,5
= 1.15
u0 = 4 x 400 = 1600 mm
d = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm
B A
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(1600 x 250) = 1,4 = 1,15
= 3.46 MPa
vRd,max = 0.5 fcd
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-fck/250) x cc fck/m
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-30/250) x 1.0 x 30 /1.5 = 5.28 MPa
vEd < vRd,max ...OK
Solution
2. Check shear at the basic control perimeter
vEd = VEd/(u1d) < vRd,c
u1 = 2(cx + cy) + 2 x 2d
= 2(400 + 400) + 2 x 2 x 250 = 4742 mm
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(4742 x 250) =
= 1.17 MPa
from
vRd,c = 0.12 k(100l fck)1/3 flexural
calcs
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200/250)1/2 = 1.89
l = (lylx)1/2 = (0.0085 x 0.0048) 1/2 = 0.0064
vRd,c = 0.12 x 1.89(100 x 0.0064 x 30)1/3 = 0.61 MPa
vEd > vRd,c ...Punching shear reinforcement required
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Solution
3. Perimeter at which punching shear no longer required
uout = VEd/(dvRd,c)
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(250 x 0.61)
= 9085 mm
Rearrange: uout = 2(cx + cy) + 2 rout
rout = (uout - 2(cx + cy))/(2)
= (9085 1600)/(2) = 1191 mm
Position of outer perimeter of reinforcement from column face:
r = 1191 1.5 x 250 = 816 mm
Maximum radial spacing of reinforcement:
sr,max = 0.75 x 250 = 187 mm, say 175 mm
Solution
4. Area of reinforcement
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c)sru1/(1.5fywd,ef)
fywd,ef = (250 + 0.25d) = 312 MPa
Asw (1.17 0.75 x 0.61) x 175 x 4741/(1.5 x 312)
1263 mm2/perim.
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Solution
Serviceability
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Crack control
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Control of Cracking
Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These limits
can be met by either:
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Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size
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Crack Control
wk = 0.4
maximum bar diameter (mm)
40
30
wk=0.3 mm
20 wk=0.2 mm
10
0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
2
Reinforcement stress, s (N/mm )
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
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Crack Control
300
wk = 0.4
Maximum bar spacing (mm)
250
200 wk = 0.3
150
100
wk = 0.2
50
0
150 200 250 300 350 400
stress in reinforcement (MPa)
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
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Deflection control
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Deflection Limits
According to EN 1990 Deflection limits should be agreed with the Client. But in EN
1992-1-1, Cl 7.4.1 the following limits should generally result in satisfactory
performance of buildings (based on ISO 4356).
Deflection Control
EC 2: Cl. 7.4 Concise: 10.5
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l 2
3
l 0 1 '
= K 11 + 1,5 f ck + f if > 0
d ' 12 ck 0
There are also adjustments to these expressions in cl 7.4.2 (2) for the
steel stress, flanged sections and long spans with brittle finishes.
Cantilever 0.4 6 8
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Factors to be applied
EC2: cl 7.4.2 & NA Concise 10.5.2
F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should
be multiplied by 0.8. {For beff/bw from 1 to 3 interpolate}
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should
be multiplied by 7.0/ leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3 s Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/ s 1.5 or As,prov/As,req 1.5
where s calculated using characteristic loads.
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Flow Chart
Determine basic l/d factor (including K)
Yes
Check complete
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2h
Workshop serviceability
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Introduction to workshop
problem
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Worked example
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Deflection
Structural K
System
0.51%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)
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Deflection
2. Determine Factor F1 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
F1 = 1.0 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.
3. Determine Factor F2 For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
(Assume no brittle support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
partitions) deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
F2 = 1.0 5.3.2.2 (1)).
Deflection
4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 1324 mm2 (ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 100 c/c (2010 mm2) to control deflection
F3 = As,prov / As,req = 2010 / 1324 = 1.52 1.5
36.9 36.5
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Cracking
Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
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252
Ratio Gk/Qk
Crack Widths
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Workshop problem
Workshop problem
Check this column-strip span
For the same slab
check the edge strip
indicated to verify
that:
deflection is OK and
the crack widths in
the bottom are also
limited.
As,req = 959 mm2/m B
d = 240 mm
G = 1.25
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Deflection
Structural K
System
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Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
Deflection
4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 959 mm2 (ULS)
Try H___ @ ____ c/c - As,prov = ____ mm2
F3 = As,prov / As,req = _____ / 959 = ____ 1.5
____ ____
OK or not OK or revise?
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Cracking
Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0.2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0.2 0
Ratio Gk/Qk
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Crack Widths
For For
loading or loading
restraint only
Outline Week 4
Serviceability
Workshop - serviceability
Tying systems
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Variations:
PT
drops (even drups)
column heads
partially precast
Voided
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Initial sizing
EC2: Annex I
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Distribution of moments
Column strip
Middle strip
Column strip
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Moment transfer
EC2: Figure 9.9, I.1.2(5) Concise Figure 5.12
Mtmax
z
be = c z + y
be = z + y/2
A
Moment transfer
EC2:1:1 cl 9.4.2
Mtmax = 0.168bed2fck (interpreted)
BS8110:1 cl 3.7.4
Mtmax = 0.15bed2fcu
Rebar arrangement
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Flexural Reinforcement
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Introduction to worked
example
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Flat slab
Worked example
Hogging reinforcement
at support 2
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Determine Cover
Use 30 mm cover
Analysis
Actions:
gk = 0.30 x 25 + 1.0 = 8.5 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
n = 1.25 x 8.5 + 1.5 x 4.0 = 16.6 kN/m2 NB. Exp(6.10b) used!
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Division of moments
MEd
Column strip Middle strip
+ve sagging 0.50 x 842.7/3.0 = 0.50 x 842.7/3.0 =
140.5 kNm/m 140.5 kNm/m
From analysis
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Hogging Moments
MEd
Column strip Middle strip
-ve hogging 0.70 x 952.8/3.0 = 0.30 x 952.8/3.0 =
222.3 kNm/m 95.3 kNm/m
Hogging Moments
0.047
(Using Concise table 15.5 )
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Reinforcement distribution
Total area of reinforcement:
As,tot = 2213 x 3 + 887 x 3 = 9300 mm2
50% As,tot = 9300/2 = 4650 mm2
This is spread over a width of 1.5 m
As,req = 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 100 ctrs T(3140 mm2/m)
Remaining column strip:
As,req = (2213 x 3 4650)/1.5 = 1326 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 200 ctrs T(1570 mm2/m)
Or use H16 @ 100 ctrs(1540 mm2/m)
Tying systems
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Tying systems
Peripheral ties (9.10.2.2) & NA: i.e. a Max of 60 kN. To UK NA cf
Corrigendum 1 to EN1992-1-1
Ftie,per = (20 + 4n0)li 60kN
where n0 is the number of storeys, li = end span
Tying Systems
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Tying Systems
Week 4: END
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Besides limits on
x/d, traditionally
z/d was limited to
0.95 max to avoid
issues with the
quality of
covercrete.
fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
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Structural K
System
F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds
3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 0.8. {For beff/bw from 1 to 3 interpolate}
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 7.0/ leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3 s Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/ s 1.5 or As,prov/As,req 1.5
where s calculated using characteristic loads.
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