GENERAL CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY
Electron Dot Structure- developed by
Gilbert N. Lewis to show the number of
valence electrons.
Valence shell- an atoms highest
numbered energy level that holds the
electron.
Valence electron- an electron held in an
atoms valence shell.
Octet rule- atoms lose, gain and share
valence electrons in order to have eight
valence electrons. This provides the
same stable electron arrangement found
in inert gases.
Non-metal gain electrons because
it has high electron affinity.
Metals lose electrons because of
its low electron affinity
Example:
Flourine has 7 valence electrons, since it
is a non-metal it will form a monoatomic
cation because it will gain +1 charge.
Compounds- mater constructed of two
or more chemically combined elements.
Chemical change takes place
when elements or chemicals
combine to form a new compound.
The opposite charge of elements
provide ionic bond which holds the
elements together.
Binary Compounds- consist of only two
elements.
Covalent bond- shared pair of electrons.
This bonding occurs primarily between
nonmetals; however, it can also be
observed between nonmetals and
metals.
Formula weight- the sum of the atomic
weights of the elements in the formula.
Example:
Na- + Cl+ = NaCl
23.0 amu 35.5 amu 58.5 amu
The formula weight of AgNO3 is 169.9
amu. A sample containing 0.500mol og
AgNO3 has a mass of 85.0g.
Example:
169.9 3
0.500 3 = 85.0 3
1
A 7.28g sample of 3 is 4.28 10-2
mol.
Example:
7.28 3
1 3
= 4.28 102
169.9 3
Molecular weight- the sum of the atomic
weights of the elements.
Formula weight vs. Molecular weight:
Molecular weight is the sum of the
atomic weights of atoms in a molecule's
molecular formula.
Formula weight is the sum of the atomic
weights of the atoms in a molecule's
empirical formula.
Molecular formula is a notation that
indicates the type and number of atoms
in a molecule. The molecular formula of
glucose is C6H12O6, which indicates
that a molecule of glucose contains 6
atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen,
and 6 atoms of oxygen.
Empirical formulas show which
elements are present in a compound,
with their mole ratios indicated as
subscripts. For example, the empirical
formula of glucose is CH2O, which
means that for every mole of carbon in
the compound, there are 2 moles of
hydrogen and one mole of oxygen.