INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL Process Connection: Process connection fittings includes all

TOPIC: TEMPERATURE standard fittings used with thermocouples (i.e.

compression, welded, spring-loaded, etc.)
TEMPERATURE measure of the intensity or degree of
hotness in a body. Wire configuration: RTDs are available in 2,3 and 4 wire
HEAT measure of the quantity of heat energy present in configuration. 3 wire configurations are the most common
a body. for industrial applications. Teflon and fiber glass are the
standard wire insulation materials. Teflon is moisture
TEMPERATURE SCALE resistant and can be used up to 400 F. Fiberglass can be
FAHRENHEIT (Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1714) used up to 1000 F.
Melting Point: 32
Boiling Point: 212 Cold end termination: RTDs can terminate on the cold
Absolute Zero: -460 ends with plugs, bare wires, terminal heads and any of the
CELSIUS (Anders Celsius, 1742) reference junctions common to thermocouples.
Melting Point: 0
Boiling Point: 100 Transmitter: Isolate, amplify, filter noise, linearize, and
Absolute Zero: 273 convert the input signal from the sensor then send
KELVIN (Lord kelvin, 1848) (transmit) a standardized output signal to the control
Often used by scientist because its temperature device.
reading begins at absolute zero and due to the fact
that this scale is proportional to the amount of DIAGRAMS
heat energy found in an object.
Melting Point: 273 Two wire Configuration
Boiling Point: 373 The simplest resistance-thermometer
configuration uses two wires. It is only used when high
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS accuracy is not required, as the resistance of the connecting
NON-ELECTRICAL METHOD wire is added to that of the sensor, leading to errors of
ELECTRICAL METHOD measurement. This applies equality to balanced bridge and
RADIATION METHOD fixed bridge systems.

DEVICES USED IN MEASURING TEMPERATURE Three wire Configuration

Thermocouple
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Pyrometer
Langmuir Probes (for electron temperature of a
plasma)
Infrared
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Resistance Thermometer
A device used to determine the temperature by
measuring the resistance of pure electrical wire. It works
by changing resistance with a change in temperature in a
repeatable manner. It is also called Resistance Temperature
Detector (RTD).
COMPONENTS
Resistance Element: This is the actual temperature setting
portion of the RTD commonly platinum. Elements range
in length from 1/8 to 3. There are many options. The
standard temperature coefficient is an alpha of .00385 and
the standard resistance is 100 ohms at 0 C.
Outside Diameter: The most common outside diameter is
in the US or 6mm (.236) for non-US application.
However, outside diameters range from .063 to .500.
Tubing Material: Stainless steel is commonly used for
assemblies up to 500 F.
In order to minimize the effects of the lead
resistance, a three wire configuration can be used. In this
method the two leads to the sensor are on adjoining arms.
There is a lead resistance in each arm of the bridge, so that
the resistance is cancelled out if the two lead resistance are
accurately the same.
Four-wire Configuration
The four-wire resistance thermometer
configuration increases the accuracy and reliability of the
resistance being measured: the resistance error due to lead
wire resistance is zero. In the diagram above a standard
two-terminal RTD is used with another pair of wires to
form an additional loop that cancels out the lead
resistance.
MEASUREMENT
A resistance thermometer or RTD operates on the
measurement principle that a materials electrical resistance
changes with temperature. The relationship between an
RTDs resistance and the surrounding temperature is highly
predictable, allowing for accurate and consistent
temperature measurement. By supplying an RTD with a
constant current and measuring the resulting voltage drop
across the resistor, the RTDs resistance can be calculated
and the temperature can be determined.
MEASUREMENT AND TESTING ERRORS
The measurement and testing errors on the resistance
thermometer are due to the following sources/error
sources:
Lead Wire Resistance
Insulation Resistance
Corrosion and Contamination
Shock and Vibration
Self-Heating

PRESENTORS: ABARCA & SENTIN-EE5

ELECTRIC SET-UP
In an electric set-up of a four-wire RTD bridge. If
wires are matched properly in terms of length and cross
section area, then their impedance effects will cancel
because each wire is in opposite position. So that the
dummy wire acts as a sense lead to measure the voltage
drop across the RTD resistance and carries no current. In
this circuit, the output voltage is directly proportional to
the temperature. So, we need one calibration equation to
find the temperature.
MAGNETIC SET-UP
The resistance thermometer is used as a detecting
element and is mounted by a built-in magnet to an object.
The temperature of a place, where a magnet is absorbed
of refrigerators and motors can be measured.
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Resistance thermometers are supplied with 1,2 or
sometimes with 3 measuring resistors. The measuring point
is isolated. The connection between resistance
thermometer and measuring instrument is mostly of the 2-
wire type. To obtain accurate measurements, the 3-wire
technique is used. If highly accurate measurements are
desired, the 4-wire technique with constant current and
high-resistance voltage pick-up are used.
CONDITIONING
Resistance thermometer must be brought into
contact with the medium to be measured in the best
possible manner. To avoid thermal conduction errors, the
immersion depth should be:
In fluids 6.8 times greater
In gasses 10.15 times greater
Than the protective tube diameter. If only very short
insertion lengths are possible, special designs should be
applied. It is often helpful to install in a pipe bend,
whereby the protective tube must be positioned against
the flow of the medium.
LOGGING AND RECORDING
Temperature logging and recording can be done
in two different ways. The Analog recording and the
Digital Recording.
In analog recording the transmitted spikes per
minute are converted to a voltage by counting circuit. This
voltage is recorded on a pen-and-ink strip chart recorded
as the temperature trace. In Digital recording, the spikes
per minute from the logging cable are counted digitally at
the surface, and the resulting count rate is converted to a
temperature trace by the computers program.
DATA ACQUISITION AND RETRIEVAL OF DIGITAL
DATA
The data from RTD reader is transmitted via serial
port to the computer using a LabVIEW virtual instrument
application. The data that have been collected are directed
to a specified path file of the application and are being
saved at Microsoft excel.
MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF NON-ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES
All metals increase in resistance with temperature,
so their resistance change can be used to measure
temperature. The resistance of metals is almost directly
proportional to absolute temperature which is a measure
of the average density of heat in an object in relation to
the absolute zero point at which all molecular motion
stops.
Absolute temperature is measured in Kelvin, a unit
of equal size to degrees Celsius, but with zero kelvin
representing the absolute zero point, whereas zero degrees
Celsius represents the freezing point of water. Absolute
temperature must be specified in Kelvins calculation, but
for the difference between two temperatures, Kelvin and
degrees Celsius are interchangeable. Temperatures
specified in Kelvin are never negative, and may be
translated to and from degrees Celsius by subtracting and
adding the absolute temperature of the freezing point of
water, 273.15K (alternatively, absolute zero in degrees
Celsius at -273.15C):
0C = 273.15K
0K = -273.15C
TELE-METERING
The resistance thermometer can give output for
remote indication and monitoring with the use of a signal
converter that can be connected to the remote indicator
and SCADA system.
Temperature sensors are used to collect
temperature constantly and to send it to the
microcontroller which is interfaced with the PC. If the
temperature exceeds the predefined temperature limits,
then the microcontroller sends to the relay driver which in
turn activates the relay to turn the lamps on or off. If this
system fails, then an AV alarm generates from the PC using
high-limit and low-limit features.
Hence, the mechanism of industries can be
controlled more efficiently and safely by using SCADA,
which is more economical and time saving technology.
CONTROL CONFIGURATIONS
All RTDs usually come in a red and black or red
and white wire-color combination. The red wire is the
excitation wire and the black or white wire are ground
wires. If you are not sure which wire are connected to
which side of the resistive element, you can use a digital
multimeter (DMM) to measure the resistance between the
leads. If there is close to 0-ohm resistance, then the lead is
attached to the same node. If the resistance is close to the
nominal gage resistance (100 ohms) then the wire is in the
opposite side of the resistive element.
RTD is a passive measurement device, therefore, it
must be supplied with an excitation current.
Connect the red RTD lead to the excitation positive.
Place a jumper from the excitation positive pin to the
channel positive on the data acquisition device. Connect
the black (white) RTD lead to the excitation negative.
Place a jumper from the excitation negative to the channel
negative on the data acquisition device.
ALGORITHMS
Calibration equation. Commented [C1]: If we know the values of Vs and Vo,
we can find Rg and then we can find the temperature
value using calibration equation.
Get the expression for Rg.;
Commented [C2]: If R3=Rg; then Vo=0 and the
bridge is balanced. We can now solve the equation 3 to
It assumes; RL=0 get the expression for Rg.
Suppose, if RL is present
Commented [C3]: Suppose, if RL is present in a
situation, then the expression Rg becomes,
So,
there is an error in the RTD resistance value because of the
RL resistance.
PRESENTORS: ABARCA & SENTIN-EE5