Subject: Analog Electronics

Student: Fabin Ros Miguel Ernesto

Teacher: Jorge Carlos Guas Noriega
Group: E-132

Santiago de Quertaro, Quertaro

Friday July 1th 2016
Design a Bipolar fixed source under the following conditions:

The source must withstand a current of 1A

The output voltage +12v and -12v DC

Ripple factor Kr=0.1

First we draw the electric diagram of bipolar fixed source.

The picture (1.1) shows the schematic representation with all required components to build the
bipolar fixed source.

Picture (1.1) Electric diagram of Bipolar fixed source.

Select the regulators through the given initial parameters.

Analysing the electrical characteristics of regulators in this case select the LM7812CT regulator for
positive output voltage and LM7912CT regulator for the negative output voltage which complies
with the initial conditions.

First, we start the analysis with the +12 v output voltage with the LM7812CT regulator, according
with the manufacturer this component has the following characteristics, watch picture 1.2.
 Picture (1.2) Datasheet of the regulator LM7812CT.

The manufacturer provides us the features for the operation of the regulator LM7812CT.

Characteristics for the regulator LM7812CT.

Where:
Vmin= 14.8
Vmin: minimum input Voltage to regulator.
Vmax= 35v
Vmax: maximum input voltage to regulator.
Iout= 1A
Iout: Output current of regulator.
IR = 6.5mA IR : Regulator consumption current.

We took a value of 22 v to work at the middle of the operating range of the regulator.
Picture (1.3) The manufactures datasheet for the LM7812CT show us the required values for the
capacitors at the input and output of the component.

Picture (1.3) Capacitors values of 7812

Next we proceed to calculate the total current of the circuit, to select the required diode for the
rectifier bridge.
Where: IT= Total current of the circuit
IT=IR+1A IR= Current of the regulator

IT = 6.5mA + 1A

IT = 1.006A

Picture (1.4) After analysing datasheets, we select the diode 1N5402 covering the defined
requirements. The diode begins to conduct from 0.7v, being a silicon diode and is able to
withstand a current of 3A.

Picture (1.4) Datasheet of rectifier diode

Obtain the peak voltage.

Vp= VR+2(Vd) Where:

Vp= peak voltage.

Vp= 22v+2(0.7v)
Vd= Voltage drop in the diodes. (Being silicon diodes,
Vp = 23.4v voltage drop in the diodes is 0.7v).
VR= Voltage of the regulator

Obtain the RMS voltage for the transformer.

+2 Where:
VRMST1=
2
(23.4) Vp= peak voltage.
VRMST1= Vd= Voltage drop in the diodes. (Being silicon diodes,
2 voltage drop in the diodes is 0.7v).
VRMST1=16.54v VRMS= output voltage of the transformer.

Obtain the Resistance from capacitor connected after bridge rectifier.

2() Where:
RLC=
Vp= peak voltage.
23.41.4 Vd= Voltage drop in the diodes. (Being silicon diodes, voltage drop in the
RLC =
1.006 diodes is 0.7v).
RLC =21.8687 RLC = Resistance from capacitor connected after bridge rectifier.

Once we got the total resistance we can proceed with the capacitors calculation using the
following formula, and so select its commercial value.
1 1
C= ( )(1+ ) Where:
(4)()() (3)()
1 1 C= Capacitor value
C= ( )(1+ ) F= Frequency at diode bridge output 2(60Hz) =
(4)(120)(21.8687 ) (3)(0.1)
120Hz
C=645.26f to 35V. RL= The total circuit resistance
C= commercial= 680 f to 35V. Kr= Ripple factor Kr=0.1

Until this point we already have the analysis for positive output voltage, for the bipolar fixed
source.
For the negative output we make the same analysis using the same components except for the
input and output capacitors for regulator LM7912CT, for these we used the values given by the
manufacturer.

Picture (1.5) Datasheet of regulator LM7912CT

Picture (1.6) Capacitors values of LM7912CT

The picture (1.7) shows the voltage measurement using a load resistance RL in the positive branch.

Picture (1.7) load RL voltage measurement.

When measuring the voltage in the positive branch, using a load resistance RL, the voltage
obtained is approximately what we expected at the initial conditions. That is, expected a voltage of
+12v DC, and we have a voltage in the positive branch of +11.722v DC, which Indicates that we are
having a voltage loss of 278mV.

The picture 1.8 shows the current measurement using a load resistance RL in the positive branch.

Picture (1.8) load RL current measurement.

When measuring the current in the positive branch, using a load resistance RL, the current
obtained is approximately what we expected at the initial conditions. That is, expected a current
of 1A, and we have a current in the positive branch of 976.868mA, which Indicates that we are
having a current loss of 23.132mA.