Pyc1502 OctNov 2015 UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS. UNISA mea PYC1502 (475083) October/November 2015 RPY1502 (470474) PSYCHOLOGY IN SOCIETY Duraton 2 Hours 50. Marks EXAMINERS FIRST MRS VM NEKHAVHAMBE MR GM SKOSANA PROF SH VAN DEVENTER SECOND DR EM MOJAPELO-BATKA Closed book examination ‘This examination question paper remains the property of the University of South Africa and may not be jemoved from the examination venue ‘This paper consists of 14 pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading sheet The following information 1s very important 1. Please provide your student number here ot a 2 Please complete the attendance regster on the back page, tear off and hand it to the inviglator 3. This examnaton paper remains the property of the University of South Arica and may not be removed from the examination room AMter completing the examination, you must hand in the following © One mark.reading sheet (on which you indicatad your answers) ‘© This examination paper (all pages must be handed in) 4 The examination paper consists of ity multiple-choice questions. The mark you obtain will be converted automatically o @ percentage (in other words a mark out cf 100) 5 Answer the examination questions on a mark reading sheet You will receive @ mark reading sheet with this paper Read the attached instructions for completion of a mark reading sheet and follow these instructions carefully Ensure that you provide the following informaton on the mark reading sheet © Your student number 2 The course code © The paper's unque number [TURN OVER)PYC1502 OctiNov 2015 ‘Scenano You are the Manager of @ consulting company called TAMALI Consultancy Your company has been ‘awarded a tender to offer a range of psychological services to government departments Many of your ‘employees are registered psychologists, but you also employ psychology intems for practical expentence At the beginning of their ntemshi, the intern students are given some material to study Atthe end of the week they provide answers to the questions [Student Psychologist A gets to read on Groups Question 1 One ofthe charactenstics of group's socto-metnc structure is that group members bekeve thal the benefits of membership outweigh the disadvantages of membership This answer 1s correct incorrect The charactersstc is that there are pattems of liking and cisliking among group members. Incorrect The charactenstic is that group members are equally attracted to each other incorrect The charactenstic 1s that a group members share expectations about the kind of behaviours that are required from all members Question 2 ‘The strength of a relationship between a group and its members is known as group membership This answer 1s 1 correct 2 incorrect Its known as group process 3. incorrect Itis known as group norms 4 incorrect itis known 2s group cohesion Question 3 Which of the following statements doos not refer to the circular relationship between a group and its members? 1. Certain members of a group interact more strongly with other members of the group 2. The group's charactenstics come from the charactenstics of ts members ; 3. Theres a group norm that determines membership of the group 4 Theresa certain level of cohesion among the members of a group Question 4 ‘The interactions among group members and the fact that they share common goals havea moderating effect on their personal views This refers to group think group polarisation group cohesion group confict Rene {TURN OVER}PYC1502 OctiNov 2015 Question 5 ‘According to Student Psychologist A, socio-metne structures of a group are formulated by group leaders, are the product of group experience, and are transferred from other groups This answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect The statement refers to group memberships 3. incorrect The statement refers to group norms: 4° incorrect It refers to group communication pattems Question 6 In groups that are highly coheswe, group members may become overly aligned with the group's goals. This ‘can lead to a phenomenon known as group think This answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect It's group polansation 3. incortect It may lead to group confiict 4 incorrect Its group structure Question 7 ‘Which one of the following statements descnbes a process of social categonsation? Wanting to belong to a particular group in order to have a positve self-esteem ‘Thinking in oversimplified and biased manner about members of the out-group ‘Treating members of the out-group differently from members of the in-group Differentiating between groups by focusing on similares and differences among individuals kona Student Psychologist B gots to read on Psychology of work Question 8 Which of the following statements are true of the factors that influence the psychology of work ethics? ‘A An awareness of personal responsibility which includes the desire to be autonomous B_ The fulfilment of human needs lie self-development , achievement and self-actualisation © The locus of contro! of the individual, where the external locus 1s associated with the Protestant work ethic D_ These factors are linked and are influenced by socio-political and cultural factors ‘The student Psychologist states that all of the above statements are true This answer is correct incorrect, because only b, c and dare correct incorrect, because only a, b and d are correct, incorrect, because only a, b and c are correct Rone [TURN OVER]PYC1502 OctiNov 2015 Question 9 ‘With regard to the dynamics of unemployment, job loss 1s a process of transition marked by retraining, up- skiliag, and alcohol dependence This answer is 1 correct 2 partially correct But you have to replace alcohol dependence with re-evaluation of one’s goals 3. partially ncorrect But you have to replace up-skillng wth re-evaluation of one’s values 4 incorrect None of the above factors relate to Job loss Question 10 ‘The organismic worldview of work encouraged freedom and led to postndustnal ethics This answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect Itled to mechanistic ethics 3. incorrect It led to market ethics 4 incorrect It led to self-development ethics Question 11 According to Lundberg and Peterson (1994, in Van DeVenter & Mojapelo-Batka, 2013), personal meaning of work can be understood in terms of work centrality, social norms and equity This answer is, 1 correct 2 incorrect The correct terms are instrumentality, valence, and expectancy 3 partially ncorrect But you have to replace social norms with self-esteem 4 partially correct But you have to replace equity with valued work goals [Stucient Psychologist C gets to read on Motivation Question 12 Motivated behaviour is defined as 4. an action that is chosen deliberately 2. a'state of tension brought on by biological needs 3a specific inborn behaviour pattern 4 tend 2 Question 13 People that act without realising the reasons for their actions are motivated by cognitive factors This answer 's 1 conect 2° correct The correct answer 1s extrinsic factors 3. incorrect They are motivated by unconscious factors 4 incorrect The correct answer 1s social factors [TURN OVER]Pyc1s02 OctNov 2015 Question 14 The optimum arousal theory states that motwated behaviour 1s mainly focused on reducing bodily tension This answer is 1 correct, 2 incorrect its the psychoanaiytc theory 3 incorrect its the homeostasis theory 4 incorrect itis Malsows hierarchy of needs theory Question 15 Student Psychologist C explains motivated behaviour from a cognitive approach a follows “Motivation 1s 2 matter of actively seeking stimulation to maintain levels of arousal that are particular to each of us * This answer is 4 correct 2 incorrect The description refers to the optimal arousal theory of motwation 3. incorrect The desertion refers to the homeostasis theory of motivation 4 incorrect The descnption refers to the psychoanalytic theory of motivation Question 16 The difference between intansic and extrinsic motivation is indicated by Tshepho who studies as he enjoys earning about new things and Cindy who studies in order to recene tuckshop money from her parents for good marks You agree, the above situations descnbe intrinsic and extrinsic motivations disagree, because Tshepho is extnnsically motivated and Cindy is intnnsically motivated disagree, because Tshepho and Cindy are both extrinsically motivated disagree, because Tshepho and Cindy are both intnnsically motivated RONs [Student Psychologist D gets to read on Self, a ] Question 17 Introspection means that self-censtructing 1s founded in the biological body This answer's 1 correct 2 incorrect Its founded m language 3 incorrect Its founded in consciousness 4 incorrect Its founded in self-organisation Question 18 ‘Which theonst 1s associated with the concept of identity formation between childhood and adulthood? 1 Enk Enkson 2 Sigmund Freud 3° Abraham Maslow 4 Carl Rogers [TURN OVER]PYc1502 ‘OctNov 2015 ‘Question 19 According to Johan's window which of the following statements are relevant to gain selfnsight? ‘A. {have to work on decreasing biinded knowiedge as well as hidden knowledge B_|have to listen to wnat others tell me about myself and to decrease hidden knowledge C__Idonot have to expenence new and unexpected events in order to allow myself and others to discover formerly unknown aspects of myself D (have to provide others wth knowledge about myself The correct answers 1 A,C,andD 2 B.C.andD 3. A,B,andD 4 AB C.andD Question 20 ‘When one refers to the thing called “self” one refers to the concept of self This answer is, 1 correct 2 incorrect Its the content of self 3. incorrect It is the dynamic of self 4 incorrect Its the foundation of self Question 21 In referring to itself, the self 41s both thinker and actor 2 1s both object and subject 3. remains constant and changes 4 allofthe above Question 22 Whieh of the following dimensions of self 1s.not one of the dimensions identified by Jordaan (1998, in Van Deventer & Mojapelo-Batka, 2013)? self-ahienation self-deception self-enticism self-disregard Bone [TURN OVER]Pyc1502 (OctiNov 2015 (Student Paychologist E gets to read on Social Question 23 ‘The difference between traditional and modem racism is described as symptomatic change because tis a change in the way racism is expressed tts a symptom of the legacy of racial discrimination Its expressed in unhealthy behaviours toward others Htindicates no change of the underlying attitudes. voor The correct answer is 1 Avandc 2 B,andD 3. Bland 4 AandD Question 24 Which one of the following statements vs incorrect about communities? 4 The community is more than a physical or geographical entity 2 There 1s a transactional relationship between a community and its members 3 The entity of the community is determined by its members 4 The communtty always co-operates when it comes to issues concerning the communty at large Question 25 ‘What do the concepts of privacy, terrtonality, personal space, and crowding have in common? All four concepts indicate a desire to be alone Indicate people's desire to make social contact relate to authonly over environmental space relate to the environment as a social systern ( Studiant Psychologist A gots to read on Stress ‘Question 26 ‘South Africa has recently experienced xenophobia This has led to some people fleeing the country and entenng neighboring countnes This is an example of a communty stressor This answer is correct incorrect It 1s a unversal stressor incorrect It 1s a micro stressor Incorrect It 1s a personal stressor [TURN OVER}PYC1502 OctiNov 2015 Question 27 Which of the following options about burnout 's incorrect? 1 Bumout anses from prolonged exposure to stress 2 Feeling of alienation, of being emotionally drained and feelings of emptiness are common 3. The development of burnout is rapid and easy to identity 4 Bumout s also associated with decreased levels of performance Question 28 ‘The general adaptaton syndrome (GAS) of stress process refers to 1. The appraisal of our abilty to cope ina stressful situation 2 The contextualisation of the stress process: 2 The way the human body reacts to stressful situations 4 Allof the above Question 29 ‘Some studies have established a relationship between stress and diseases Which of the following statement 1 incorrect? 1 Disease starts and develops in the presence of stress, with stress acting as the catalyst 2 Stress 1s the direct cause of diseases 3 Prolonged periods of interse level of stress are the determining factors for the onset of disease 4 None of the above Question 30 ‘The contextual model of stress 1s not based on which of the following assumptions? 1 Anevent does not have universal meaning independent of the person perceiving tt 2 There 1s a patiern in the way people react to stressors regardiess of the nature of the stressors 3. Stress can be viewed at a community level through the shared beliefs and meanings of stress. 4 The meaning (positive or negative) attnbuted to an event s an important factor of identifying stressors ‘Question 34 Response specificity refers to the tendency of some individuals to respond to stress with digestive difficultes Ths answer is, 1 correct 2 incorrect It refers to the unique way individuals respand to stress that adversely affects their health 3 meortect itrefers to the learned behaviours of individuals that live in adverse conditions for a prolonged period of time Incorrect It refers to the increased levels of arousal experienced in the presence of specific stimult a [TURN OVER]10 Pyc1so2 OctNov 2015 [ Student Psychologist 8 gets to read on Psychological programme } Your team conducted a study on stress and work absenteeism and the results indicate a significant correlation between the number of days an employee at entry level is absent from work and his/her stress score On the basis of the resuits, the National Treasury awards you a tender to design a stress ‘management programme to be implemented throughout government departments because they have expenenced low productiuty and a high rate of work absenteeism from the employee: Question 32 ‘Which one of the following statements is incorrect about the elements of a stress management programme? 1 Content - refers to things required to run the programme 2. Target population - refers to the people that would benefit from the programme 3. Objective - refers to an mdication of what the programme aims to achieve 4 Method - refers to the way the programme conveys its content Question 33, ‘What would the objective(s) of this programme be? 1 Increase productwity 2 Decrease employees’ absenteeism 3. Increase empioyees' abiity to handle stress: 4 Allotthe above ‘Scenano continues In the manual for the Directors on the implementation of the stress management programme the students, wrote the following ‘Stress management programme Target population Directors Target population need_ To lear how to implement stress management programme Programme objective To mcrease employees’ abiity to handle stress and decrease work absenteeism Programme resources Course matenal Directors Extemal funding Question 34 You wnte the following comment in the margin concerning the section entited “stress management programme” The target population should be the employees at entry level ‘The target population need should be to reduce employees’ absenteeism You make both points 1 and 2 in your comments ‘You do not wate 2 comment in the margin because the information 1s correct Bene (TURN OVER}" Pyc1502 OctiNow 2015 Question 35 You wnite the following comment in the margin about “Programme resources” + Directors are the primary beneficianes of the programme therefore they cannot be seen as @ programme resource 2. External funding is requrred fo run the programme but cannot be seen as a programme resource 3. You do not wnte a comment in the margin because the information provided 1s correct 4 You make both points 1 and 2 in your comments [Student Psychologist ¢ gets to read on Emotion Question 36 In Psychology emotions are conceptualised as follows 1 Emotions and mood are the same type of feelings 2 Emotions are a type of sensory feelings 3. The physiological arousal associated with emotions is regulated by the central nervous system 4 Anemation must be clearly inked to a meaning of a particular situation Question 37 According to cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, different coping strategies can be used to control the {ually and intensity of the emotion one experiences This answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect It refers to the humanistic theory 3 incorrect It relates to the two-factor theory 4 incorrect Itrefers to the biological theory Question 38 IMrs Jackson watches her daughter's facial expressions and body language to determine what emoton she is feeling This relates to the physiological component of emotion This answers, 1 correct 2 incorrect It relates to the behavioural component of emotion 3. incorrect It relates to the cognitive-perceotual component of emotion 4 incorrect It relates to the social component of emotion Question 39 Which one of the following statements about gender and emotions 1s incorrect? + Women are more emotionally expressive than men and are therefore, less likely to seek help when dealing vith emotional issues 2. Men and women tend to react with very different emotions fo the same situation 3. Women are better skiled than men in noticing and interpreting facial expressions of emotions 4 Boys are trained to suppress their emotions in public whereas girs are encouraged to express them [TURN OVER]12 Pyc1602 OctiNov 2015 Question 40 The use of a lie detector (polygraph) in police investigations 1s related to the physiological component of ‘emotions This answer is 1 correct 2 Incorrect It reiates to the cognitive component of emotions: 3 Incorrect It relates to behavioural component of emotions 4 Incorrect It relates to the social component of emotions. Question 41 According to the behavioural theory of emotions the meaning attached to the stimulus situation is an important requirement for the mterpretation of an emotion Ths answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect It rafers to the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion 3° incorrect It refers to the two-factor theory emotion 4 incorrect it refers to the biological theory of emotion Question 42 Which of the following statements are correct about the concept of emotons? ‘A Emotional intensity experienced by people 1s not influenced by gender B Emotional expression is culture-specific Emotion is expressed the same way, regardless of the context in which it occurs D__ External displays of emotions are not always reflective of internal states ‘The correct answers A,B, and D AC and D B,C, and D A.B, C, and D ( Student Psychologist D gots fo read on Interpersonal Peychology Question 43 ‘Adam and Eve work in the same department They regularly visit each other in the office to talk about work This is an example of a casual relationship This answer is 1 correct 2 incorrect Its a love relationship 3 incorrect itis a fnendship relationship 4° mcorrect Its a famuly relationship (TURN OVER]3 PYC1502, ‘OctNev 2015 Question 44 ‘There ate two main approaches to understanding aggressive behaviour, namely Instinct approaches and frustration-aggression approaches This answer 1s, 1 correct 2 incorrect, because there are no instinct approaches to understanding aggressive behaviour 3 incottect, because the frustration-aggression approach is not an approach to understanding aggression, itis a theory about frustration 4 incorrect, because there Is a third approach to understanding aggression, namely the observational- learning approach Question 45, ‘One of the factors that determine interpersonal attraction is complementanty Which option describes this factor? People may be attracted to each other for physical and psychological reasons ‘The more people come into contact with each other, the more likely they would be frends People that have similar attitudes, personality traits, and demographics tend to like each other Interpersonal attraction 1s mediated by verbal and non-verbal communication and people may like each other through chatting Question 46 Which one of the following statements 1s incorrect about interpersonal communication? 1. Communication 1s @ pattern within an ongoing process 2. The meaning of a message 1s independent of the context in which it occurs, 3. Itis impossible not to communicate 4 Communication occurs at different levels Question 47 People are less likely to act prosocially when 1 there s diffusion of responsibilty 2 the situation 1s socially ambiguous, 3. the cost versus benefit trade-off is likely to be negative 4 allofthe above Question 48 When James sees somebody getting his way by acting aggressively, he ts likely to imitate this behaviour when he finds himself in a similar situation This is an example of attaining aggressive behaviour through frustration-aggressive learning This answer 1s, correct incorrect 1s through observational learning meorrect Its through conditional learning incorrect Its through instinctive-behavioural learning (TURN OVER}4 Pyo1so2 OctiNov 2015 Student Psychologist E gets to read on Psychological science _ SEE Student Psychologist E is required to conduct a study on stress and work absenteeism for National ‘Treasury Department in the meeting the student hands out the following proposal Proposal for the National Treasury Department Thus study will be conducted in two phases Phase One Fifty National Treasury employees willbe selected for this study Each employee will be asked to complete a stress questionnaire ‘The group's average stress score willbe calculated to determine whether or not the group has high stress level Phase Two To save costs and time the same group of employees will be used in the second phase of the ‘study In this phase the employees wil be classified as those with a high stress or those with a low stress level, and this will be correlated with how healthy they are, generally, to determine whether there is a zelationship between stress and general health status Question 49 ‘The Director of National Treasury reads the research proposal and remarks to the student “I really ike the epistemological aspect of your study " You disagree with the Director because the proposal does not refer to the epistemological aspect, but to the operationalisation of the key concepts of the study the conceptualisation of the key concepts of the study the methodological component of the study You make both comments 1 and 3 Bone Question 50 From the scenario above what would make you struggle to design the research study properly? 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