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MARCH 2011
NEW FROM PEi TAKING HVDC TO THE

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NEXT LEVEL
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and helps them to continue Turbine technical specifications
supporting the free distribution
of your magazine. Product & Services listing
Company contact details
Calling all utilities and power plant owners and operators

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VOLUME 19, ISSUE 3
Gas turbine manufacturers are aiming for both operational As the power industry looks to go beyond ultra-
flexibility and high efficiency. An update on the latest supercritical technology what does this mean for the
advances in gas turbine technology is presented here. industry workhorse, the steam turbine?
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www.peimagazine.com March 2011
CONTENTS
www.peimagazine.com Volume 19 Issue 3 March 2011
:WLJPHS0ZZ\L!
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The inaugural Power Engineering
International Gas & Steam Turbine
)/(;,%,/,7<96()),&,(1&< 5$,6,1*7+(%$5 Directory special issue (directory
Gas turbine manufacturers are aiming for both operational
flexibility and high efficiency. An update on the latest
advances in gas turbine technology is presented here.
As the power industry looks to go beyond ultra-
supercritical technology what does this mean for the
industry workhorse, the steam turbine?
starts on p.24).
Photo credits: GE, Alstom
Features
HVDC Technology 16 Gas & Steam Turbine Technical Specifications 36
ABB claims the fourth generation of its HVDC Light technology marks PEi presents key performance data of both gas and steam turbines
an important advance in high voltage direct current technology, and in (larger than 1 MW) from manufacturers across the globe in an easy to
enabling it to contribute to the development of DC grids. read, comprehensive format.
Turbine Retrofit 20 Gas Products and Services Listings 42

Alstoms overhaul of low-pressure, intermediate-pressure and An extensive list of providers to the gas and steam turbine industries.
high-pressure turbines at the 30-year-old Jnschwalde lignite plant in
Germany has enabled a significant cut in specific fuel requirements
and therefore carbon dioxide emissions.
Company Addresses 52
An alphabetical listing of companies in the gas and steam turbine
sectors with full contact details.
Gas & Steam Turbine Directory
Ultra-supercritical Steam Turbines 24
The search for 50 per cent efficiency through higher pressures and
temperatures is driving the investigation of new materials that can
enable steam turbines to operate under such exacting conditions,
without necessitating additional costs that outweigh gains in efficiency. Regulars
Upfront 2
Advances in Gas Turbines 30 News Analysis 4
While a new breed of gas turbines such as the Siemens Energys
SGT5-8000H turbine, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries J-class machine World News 6
and GE Energys H System are making strides in terms of efficiency, Diary Dates 64
aeroderivative industrial gas turbines are offering the sector the benefits Genset Roundup 66
of enhanced flexibility. Equipment Roundup 68
20
16 30
PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom. Phone: +44 1992 656 600 Fax: +44 1992 656 700 www.peimagazine.com
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Tel: +44 1992 656 600. Fax: +44 1992 656 700. Copyright 2011 by PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112, USA. All rights reserved.
Subscriptions/circulation and reader enquiry office: Power Engineering International, PO BOX 3264, Northbrook, IL. 60065-3264, U.S.A. Paid annual subscription rates: Worldwide $59 Digital Version. E.U. $170,
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UP FRONT
Welcome to the Gas & Steam

Turbine Directory
I
t gives me great pleasure to introduce the inaugural Power for cycling applications and this presents a challenge for the power
Engineering International Gas & Steam Turbine Directory issue. industry.
Gas and steam turbines are the workhorses of the power The directory pages starting on p.36 present key performance data
industry, providing reliable baseload and peaking power for electrical of both gas and steam turbines from manufacturers across the globe,
grids and for distributed energy the world over. As the proliferation while the Products and Services section (p.42) features an extensive
of intermittent renewable energy increases, the role of fast-starting, list of providers to the gas turbine industry.
efficient, cost-effective gas and steam turbines has never been so The Company A to Z, which begins on p. 52, comprises an
important. alphabetical listing of companies, with their full contact details.
Therefore, the introduction into the Power Engineering International Paul Breezes highly informative article starting on p.32 provides an
stable of The Gas & Steam Turbine Directory could not be more timely. update on the latest advances in gas turbine technology including the
Ahead of the launch of this directory, Ricardo Cordoba, President new breed of big, high-efficiency gas turbines that edge towards 60
of GE Energy Western Europe & North Africa, said gas turbine per cent efficiency in combined-cycle operation.
technology is set to play a crucial role in securing the worlds long- As Paul notes, however, bigger is not always best. Echoing Ricardo
term energy future. Cordobas comments, there is an increasing trend towards flexibility.
The key will be in regards to flexibility, says Cordoba. Flexible The ever-increasing percentage of renewable energy on the grid brings
power generation allows utilities to match electricity supply to demand inherent instability and creates a need for fast-starting generation to
and flexible technology can reduce total fuel consumption and compensation for these fluctuations.
carbon emissions because it allows utilities to turn down power Meanwhile, ultra-supercritical coal fired plants mark an important
generation when less electricity is needed, and turn it up quickly when development in coal fired power generation. Such plants consume less
more is needed. coal than conventional plants to create the same amount of electricity,
Lothar Balling, head of Siemens gas turbine division, said that in and by using less coal they emit less carbon dioxide per kilowatt
the absence of adequate energy storage systems the only solution is generated.
the increased use of specially designed combined-cycle gas plants in Chris Webbs article starting on p.24 looks at the challenges this
two-shift operation, i.e. startup and shutdown on a daily basis, and creates for developments in steam turbine technology.
sometimes several times per day. We hope you find our Gas & Steam Turbine Directory a useful and
Guy Chardon, Alstom Powers chief technology officer, said steam informative tool.
turbines have also been impacted by the push for more efficiency
Kind regards,
and flexibility, and not only in combined-cycle applications. Higher
efficiency demands that the steam cycle have higher temperatures and
pressures.
It is vital, says Chardon, for the steam turbine to accommodate
increased steam parameters. Unfortunately, many steam turbine- Dr Heather Johnstone,
generator designs for power generation have not proven to be suitable Chief Editor
2 www.peimagazine.com March 2011- PEi

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__________________
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ANALYSIS
BY TIM PROBERT
Fukushima: Why the nuclear

industry must win the PR war
The knives are out for the nuclear power industry following the catastrophic events at the Fukushima
Daiichi plant in Japan. The industry will always attract brickbats, but talk of the end of days for
nuclear power is wide of the mark.
N
o amount of public relations spin can ill-fated Fukushima Daiichi plant, will be under This point of view is understandable, but
alter the fact: the disaster which struck pressure to fortify its aging fleet, particularly it is easy to see why television news, radio
the Fukushima Daiichi plant following on the West Coast. The stuttering new build bulletins and newspapers chose to lead with the
an earthquake and subsequent tsunami was an programme, which even before Fukushima had Fukushima incident. As horrific and deadly as
absolute catastrophe for Japan and the nuclear been rather half-hearted, may now grind to a halt they are, humans find it easier to comprehend
power industry. due to a lack of political will to support it. the destructive waves of a tsunami than
On March 11, Tokyo Electric Power Companys Southeast Asia, like Japan, is a region prone to malfunctioning nuclear reactors.
Fukushima Daiichi plant was hit by an earthquake geological instability where environmentalism is Nuclear physics is complex. Radiation
of a magnitude of 9 on the Richter scale and took strong. Politicians in ecologically sensitive nations is invisible. Sensational headlines about
a battering from a subsequent tsunami. like Malaysia, which has plans to build two meltdowns and fallout play to the laymans
When the earthquake struck, all six of the 1000 MW reactors by 2021, may now stand deep, almost irrational fears about nuclear plants
boiling water reactors shut down as expected to gain greatly by opposing nuclear power in going south.
but the tsunami knocked out the back-up power general elections, thus killing off new build plans. Coal plants, for example, throw far more
supply essential to maintain reactor cooling. This Even authoritarian China, which tends to radiation into the air than nuclear reactors, and
set in train a chain of events which, as PEi went to mould public opinion rather than follow it, coal mining kills and injures thousands every
press, caused the worst nuclear power accident announced that it would suspend approving new year. The explosion of the 1984 Union Carbide
since Chernobyl in 1986. nuclear projects until new safety rules are ready. chemical works in Bhopal, India was more
The knives are now being sharpened for the These measures may be mere politicking: many hazardous to human health and killed several
nuclear power industry. After Fukushima, public governments see the value of nuclear power and thousands more than the Chernobyl accident two
approval for nuclear power has reached a low are playing for time while the understandable years later, yet it is the latter which no one forgets.
not seen since 1986 and short-term prospects moral panic subsides. Nuclear power remains a mystery to most
appear bleak. Reactor vendors will be under pressure to re- people. Despite its many advantages, poor PR
Environmentalists were out in force to call evaluate their latest, Generation III designs. Some has always blighted the nuclear power industry.
for nuclear plants to be shut down. Politicians of these reactors promise passive safety systems Perhaps it always will. Nevertheless, the industry
were quick to see the votes to be gained from in the event of a reactor shutdown to keep the has done too little to put across the meticulously
being tough on nuclear power. Almost instantly, cooling system pumps operating. In reality, high safety standards to which nuclear plants
Switzerland placed a moratorium on plans to however, these reactors will still require back-up adhere and the strong record of recent years.
replace its fleet of reactors. power to avoid the potential for core failure. Too late now. Just as the talk of a global
Chancellor Angela Merkel firstly delayed plans For utilities seeking to invest in nuclear there nuclear renaissance was rapidly becoming
to extend the lifetimes of Germanys reactors and will, no doubt, be second thoughts. US utilities reality, the industry has taken a huge blow that
then closed seven reactors built prior to 1980. often talk about betting the firm to build nuclear could set it back by several years. There can be
Any dim flickers of hope that Germany would plants. Costs for nuclear now seem certain to no worse PR for nuclear power than live television
ever commence a programme of new build rise. The risks of a catastrophe which writes off images of not one, not two, but three reactor
nuclear have surely now been extinguished. valuable assets will have to be reconsidered, buildings exploding and mushroom clouds of
Italy voted to close down its nuclear plants in and the industry will watch with interest for any smoke billowing into a clear blue Japanese sky.
1987 following the Chernobyl incident. Ironically potential liability claims from irradiated persons It would be easy to abandon nuclear power.
there is another nuclear referendum scheduled in Japan. For most countries, however, that would be a
in June, planned well before Fukushima, and the Nuclear power stakeholders I spoke to mistake. Most nations do not suffer earthquakes
accident seems certain to boost voter turnout for immediately after the event were pretty angry and tsunamis on the scale of Japan and modern
a national poll on Enels plans to build four of that media coverage of Japans largest on-record reactor technology promises greater safety.
Arevas EPR reactors. earthquake initially focused on the Fukushima Nuclear power remains the most credible source
The US nuclear industry, home to several crisis and not the far greater death and of low-carbon generation offering baseload
boiling water reactors of similar design to the devastation caused by the tsunami. power and energy security.
4 www.peimagazine.com March 2011 - PEi

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INTERNATIONAL
WORLD NEWS
GCC: The GCC Grid Authority
plans to complete the GCC
power grid by the end of 2011,
Kepco to build 1600 MW
according to chairman Isa bin
Hilal Al Kuwari.
gas fired power plant in UAE
Israel: The Palestine Power
Generating Company (PPGC) has A consortium headed by Korea Kepco said in a statement. Work which includes Japanese trading
a licence from the Palestinian Electric Power Corporation on the plant, which will have a company Sumitomo, has signed
Authority to build and operate (Kepco) has signed a $1.43bn capacity of 1600 MW is scheduled a deal to sell electricity to be
a 600 MW power station in the
deal to build a combined-cycle gas to begin next month for completion produced at the plant to Abu
Jenin area. The power station will
initially generate 200 MW. turbine power plant in the UAE in March 2014, Kepco, South Dhabi Water and Electricity
and sell its output for 25 years. Koreas state power company, said. Company (ADWEC), a wholly-
Jordan: Kepco; AES; Acwa Power/ Under the deal with the The construction of the power owned unit of Adwea, for 25
Man Diesel & Turbo; Malakoff Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity plant will be farmed out to South years, the South Korea power
International/Jordan Dubai
Authority (Adwea), the power Koreas Daewoo Engineering firm said. The consortium was
Capital/Consolidated Contractors
Group; Saudi Oger/Korea East- station will be built in Shuweihat, & Construction and Siemens picked as the preferred bidder
West Power; and Sithe Global a city 260 km west of Abu Dhabi, of Germany. The consortium, for the plant in October 2010.
Power Ventures have prequalified
to build a 500-600 MW heavy
fuel oil IPP in Amman East. DEWA invites bids for its first IWPP Tanzania to
Saudi Arabia: Siemens has Dubai Electricity and Water meet rising electricity and secure 200 MW
received a $1bn order from Authority (DEWA) has floated water requirements in Dubai coal plant loan
Al Arrab and Sepco III Electric a tender for its planned large- and, through the involvement
Power to supply equipment for scale Hassyan power and seawater of the private sector, reduce its Tanzania is close to concluding
the 2400 MW Ras Az Zawr power
desalination complex, which will capital expenditure requirements. a $400m loan to finance a 200
plant. The scope includes 12
SGT6-5000F gas turbines. be developed by the private sector. The 1500 MW power station MW coal fired power project amid
The Hassyan complex will be and 120m imperial gallons a day chronic energy shortages in East
Syria: A 280m ($390m), 300 MW implemented on an independent desalination complex will be built Africas second largest economy.
gas fired power plant built by water and power project basis. by 2014 near the Abu Dhabi border The government has extended
Irans Mapna International will
The project will help DEWA and use natural gas as feedstock. nationwide power rationing after
be commissioned in the second
half of 2011. The plant is an a prolonged drought led to a
expansion of the Jandar plant Masdar secures $615m financing for 230 MW deficit on the national
near Homs. An additional grid. It was first announced in
50 MW unit will be commissioned 100 MW concentrating solar plant 2009, when officials said they were
next year.
UAE renewable energy firm Masdar and Abu Dhabi-based Masdar in talks with China for the loan.
Turkey: Wrtsil is to build a has secured $615m of bank financing plan to build a $600m plant, President Jakaya Kikwete
135 MW power plant for Odas for what could become the worlds named Shams 1, which will have said Tanzania was in talks with
Elektrik Uretim, an independent largest concentrated solar power a 100 MW capacity by 2013. private investors for a separate
power producer (IPP), at Urfa. (CSP) plant and $153m equity from Meanwhile, Masdar is expected 300 MW gas fired power plant
The plant, featuring seven
its Spanish and French partners. to invite bids to build its next in the southern town of Mtwara.
18V50SG gas engines, is
scheduled for completion this Frances Total, Spains Abengoa solar project, Noor 1, by early May.
autumn. Jordan to seek
Uganda: The 18 MW Mpanga partner for $5bn
hydropower plant in Kamwenge IPSA agrees PPA to restart nuclear project
district has been commissioned.
The $26m plant is owned by
CHP plant in South Africa
South Asia Energy Management Jordan Atomic Energy
Systems, based in California, USA. Independent power producer which will form 11.6 per cent of Commission (JAEC) is to issue a
IPSA has agreed a power the enlarged share capital, and request for a strategic partner for
Yemen: Indias BHEL has secured
purchase agreement with South announced it had secured a gas its planned $5bn nuclear plant.
a $436m contract to build the
400 MW Marib Gas Power Plant African state utility Eskom supply from Spring Lights Gas. Khaled Toukan, JAECs
Project (Phase II). The project is from its Newcastle gas fired The funds will be used to restart chairman, said the strategic
scheduled to be implemented combined heat and power plant. IPSAs subsidiary Newcastle partners stake in the project will
within 33 months. The UK-based companys power Cogeneration (NewCogen), which range between 50 and 75 per cent.
plant in Newcastle, KwaZulu was hit first by Eskoms refusal The signing of the projects
Yemen: Russias Inter RAO
UES plans to modernize the oil Natal, has been forced to stand idle. to buy its electricity and then contract is expected to take place
fired Al Hiswa power plant by IPSA said it had managed to by a 4m take or pay penalty in 2012, then the construction
increasing its capacity from raise 1m ($1.6m) by placing from Sasol for the gas that it phase would begin in 2014/2015,
50 MW to 125 MW. 12.5m new shares at 0.08 each, had been unable to consume. with commissioning due in 2019.
6 Visit www.peimagazine.com for more news March 2011 - PEi

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EUROPE
WORLD NEWS
Belarus: Minsk has asked Russia
for a government loan of $9bn
for a period of 25 years for the
EU seeks to curb glut in
construction of a 2400 MW
nuclear plant in the Hrodna region
near the Lithuanian border.
carbon emissions permits
Czech Republic: Installed output The European Commission emissions from factories and power according to EU sources, but the
of new photovoltaic plants has proposed culling surplus plants by issuing a fixed quota of climate department view prevailed.
was the third highest in the emissions permits from the permits, which are now in surplus The set aside has been re-inserted
EU and topped 1 GW in 2010,
European Unions Emissions after financial crisis cut pollution, and the levels being considered
behind only Italy and Germany,
according to state media. Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in causing carbon prices to fall. are the same as previously, said
20132020 under a long-term The fate of a plan to remove an unnamed source, referring to
Finland: Another milestone has plan for curbing greenhouse gases. several hundred million tonnes plans to remove 500m800m
been passed in the construction The proposal appeared in the of permits from 20132020 had ETS allowances. Annual allocation
of the first EPR nuclear reactor at
European Commissions Climate appeared uncertain after squabbling to industry totals about 2bn
Olkiluoto 3, with the installation
of all four of the plants steam Roadmap to 2050 published on 8 between the energy and climate EUAs, each equivalent to 1 tonne
generators. Olkiluoto 3 is March. The EU ETS caps carbon departments of the Commission, of carbon dioxide emissions.
expected to start up towards
the end of 2012, with grid
connection in 2013. Spain scraps phase-out of nuclear power Switzerland and
France: Paris has called upon Germany get
state-owned nuclear firms Spain has reversed a policy of phasing a prior government policy of nuclear jitters
Areva and EDF to concentrate out its 7.5 GW of nuclear generation, phasing out the nuclear plants.
on developing the mid-sized 18 per cent of total output, and Spains power grid is almost In response to a series of explosions
1100 MW Atmea nuclear reactor
has renewed operating licences for completely isolated from the rest at Japans Fukushima plant,
to expand export offerings.
Areva is developing the Atmea three of its eight nuclear reactors. of Europe, which makes energy Germany has temporarily shut
reactor with its Japanese partner Spains Congress has ratified security a leading factor in the nuclear plants that predate 1980
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. legislation that extends reactors decision. The financial collapse of while Switzerland has put approvals
operation beyond 40 years in its solar energy subsidy programme for three new plants on hold.
Germany: Siemens is to supply
a complete turnaround from may also have played a role. Seven German nuclear plants
up to 89 wind turbines for
Danish utility DONG Energy for will close at least until June,
the 320 MW Borkum Riffgrund 1 RWE given go-ahead to build giant leaving only ten in operation.
offshore wind farm in the North Chancellor Merkels decision
Sea about 80 km northwest gas fired power plant in UK reverses a recent decision to extend
of Emden and 55 km off the
The UK Department of Energy The plant, with up to four the life of German nuclear plants
German coast.
and Climate Change (DECC) has combined-cycle gas turbine units, beyond their scheduled phase
Italy: The country will install 5 GW approved RWE npower proposals each of about 500 MW, and four out. Switzerland has ordered extra
of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity to construct a 1bn ($1.62bn), open cycle gas turbine units, brings safety checks at its five nuclear
in 2011, according to industry body 2400 MW gas fired power plant new capacity consented by DECC plants and suspended the approval
GIFI. Total installed PV capacity is
at Willington, South Derbyshire. since May 2010 to 5456 MW. process for three new plants.
seen rising to 15 GW by 2015 from
about 3 GW at the end of 2010.
Portugal: Danish wind turbine

McKinsey report calls for ABB wins $180m
maker Vestas has signed an more gas, less wind order for Norway
agreement with WindPlus for the
first offshore project integrating
Denmark link
a V80-2.0MW wind turbine with Europe could save 900bn ($1.2bn) emissions by 80 per cent against
a full-scale semi-submersible and still hit its 2050 carbon 1990 levels by 2050 would ABB has won a $180m order from
floating structure. reduction targets if it built fewer require 60 per cent of energy to Statnett of Norway and Energinet.
wind farms and more gas plants, come from renewable sources. dk of Denmark for an HVDC Light
UK: Rolls-Royce is to supply
a coalition of gas producers has But the McKinsey analysis converter solution for connecting the
key components to the first EPR
reactors to be built in Britain by told the European Commission. suggests the same carbon emissions Norwegian and Danish power grids.
Frances EDF and partner utility The report, carried out by reductions could be achieved with The 500kV link is a new record
Centrica, under an agreement consultancy McKinsey for the far less renewable generation in transmission voltage using this
signed with Areva. European Gas Advocacy Forum, significantly less than half the total technology, says the Swiss-Swedish
describes gas as a clean, plentiful energy mix. It argues that emissions firm. The underwater link will
UK: E.ON has been granted
permission by the Department of and relatively cheap form of energy. could be cut by using less coal boost transmission capacity between
Energy and Climate Change to An authoritative study has fired generation, which is twice as the mainly hydropower-based
construct a 230 MW wind farm estimated that the EUs legally carbon intensive as gas, and three Norwegian system and the wind and
off the coast of Humberside. binding target of reducing carbon times as much gas generation. thermal power-based Danish system.

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ASIA-PACIFIC
WORLD NEWS
Australia: Australia will
introduce a tax on carbon
emissions on 1 July 2012,
Japanese nuclear power plant
in preparation for a trading
programme that could begin as
early as 2015.
catastrophe after tsunami hits
Bangladesh: China National Tokyo Electric Powers (Tepco) took an intense battering power accident since Chernobyl
Technical Import and Export Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant from the subsequent tsunami. in 1986. The reactor buildings
Cooperation and China National in Northeast Japan was crippled When the earthquake struck of units 1, 2 and 3 exploded,
Machinery Import and Export
after the catastrophic loss of its all six of the boiling water caused by a build-up of hydrogen
Corporation have made a
successful offer of $189m reactor cooling systems following reactors shut down as expected in the reactor pressure vessel.
to build a 300 MW dual fuel an earthquake and tsunami. but the tsunami knocked out Tepco technicians battled
peaking power station at On March 11, the east the back-up power supply to cool the reactor core with
Ghorashal, close to Dhaka. coast of Japan was struck by essential to maintain reactor seawater, but radiation levels
an earthquake of a magnitude cooling. This set in train a chain continued to rise. Water in spent
Indonesia: Indonesia will receive
a $500m loan from the Asian of 9 on the Richter scale and of events which, as PEi went to fuel pools evaporated, leading
Development Bank (ADB) to build the Fukushima Daiichi plant press, caused the worst nuclear to fears of a deadly re-criticality.
three geothermal power plants
with a total capacity of 165 MW.
Construction will begin in 2012. Larsen and Toubro to build 375 MW GE to supply
Japan: Chubu Electric Power gas fired plant in Gujurat combined-cycle
Company said it plans to build plant in Pakistan
a 3-4 GW nuclear power plant Indias Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Gujarat, on an EPC basis.
by 2030. The company plans to has received an order worth L&T`s scope includes design, GE will supply two Frame 9FA gas
invest 600800bn yen ($7.3bn
over 11bn rupees ($243m) detailed engineering, supply, turbines and associated generators
$9.7bn) in its overseas power
infrastructure business by 2030. from Gujarat State Electricity installation and commissioning for a 750 MW combined-
Corporation (GSECL) to build a of the complete power plant on cycle power plant in Pakistan.
Kazakhstan: A $46m contract has 375 MW gas fired power plant. a turnkey basis. The plant will The project will be developed
been awarded to a consortium of The plant will be built incorporate gas turbines and by the Pakistan Electric Power
South Korean firms to lay power
Dhuvaran, near Baroda in steam turbines from Siemens. Co. The turbines are expected to
cables. Kepco will work with
Hyundai to construct 327 km of be installed by September 2012.
220 kV lines to connect a hydro Alstom wins order to build 800 MW The plant should be fully
plant by October 2012. operational by mid-2013. GE
CCGT plant in Singapore will also include control systems,
Laos: Vietnams Viet Lao Power
Alstom has been picked by 500m ($689m) EPC contract installation services and performance
has started building a 332 MW
hydropower plant in Laos. The Sembcorp to build a gas fired includes all associated equipment, testing of the turbines. In February
$441m Xekaman power plant is combined-cycle cogeneration plant including a GT26 gas turbine, 2010, GE signed a memorandum of
being built 80 km from the border on Singapores Jurong Island. steam turbine, turbo generator, heat understanding with the government
between the two countries. Construction will be in two recovery steam generator and ALSPA of Pakistan to help meet projected
phases, each of 400 MW. The Series 6 integrated control system. demand of 54 GW by the year 2020.
Malaysia: The federal and Sabah
state governments have scrapped a
plan to build a 300 MW coal fired
power plant on environmental
World Bank: India can generate PetroVietnam to
grounds. State utility Tenaga has 68 GW from renewables build 1200 MW
been asked to come up with an
alternative solution to replace the
coal plant
proposed plant in Lahad Datu. The World Bank said 68 GW The report also suggested that
costing less than 6 rupees ($0.13) renewable energy development PetroVietnam Power Corporation
New Zealand: Canadas per kWh can be generated in India could become an important (PV Power) and PetroVietnam
SNC-Lavalin, in a joint venture from renewable energy sources. tool for regional economic Construction Joint Stock
with Parsons Brinkerhoff and
The study, Potential of development within the country. Corporation (PVC) have won a
McConnell Dowell, will build
a 166 MW geothermal power Renewable Energy in India, The states of Himachal $1.2bn EPC contract for the Thai
project at Te Mihi. The work is to said annual growth in Indias Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir Binh 2 coal plant in Vietnam.
be completed by 2013. electricity demand is expected to and Uttarakhand have 65 per Covering an area of 43 ha in
average 7.4 per cent in the next cent of Indias small hydropower My Loc commune, Thai Thuy
Philippines: San Miguel
25 years. Generation capacity will resources. Much of the district, Thai Binh northern
Corporation plans to expand and
convert its Limay diesel power have to increase five fold to keep economically attractive wind Province, the two-unit, 1200 MW
plant in the Philippines from the pace. Indias installed capacity potential in Orissa or the biomass plant has a total investment of
current 600 MW to a 1200 MW currently stands at about 170 potential in Madhya Pradesh more than $1.6bn. Construction
gas fired plant this year. GW from all sources of energy. is still largely undeveloped. commenced on 1 March.

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AMERICAS
WORLD NEWS
Brazil: The 720 MW Pecm I
coal fired plant is 85 per cent
complete. A 369 MW turbine is
Alstom signs 500m deal to kit
scheduled to operate from July
2011 and a second is set to start
before January 2012.
out Brazils Belo Monte dam
Canada: Ontarios government Alstom has signed a contract In conjunction with Germanys The Belo Monte hydropower
has put proposed offshore wind worth about 500m ($684m) Voith and Austrias Andritz, plant is expected to take eight
projects on hold. No applications with Norte Energia of Brazil Alstom will deliver fourteen years to be built and to meet the
for Renewable Energy Approvals
to provide power equipment 611 MW Francis turbine- electricity needs of 35m people
and feed-in tariff support will
not accepted until environmental for the Belo Monte dam, generator sets and six smaller when operating at full capacity.
research has been completed. the worlds third largest Bulb units. Alstom will also Renewable energy company
hydroelectric power plant with supply seven Francis units, IMPSA of Argentina landed a
Canada: The California Public a planned capacity of 11.23 GW. hydro-mechanical equipment, $450m contract in February
Utilities Commission has
The Belo Monte project as well as associated gas to supply the hydro plant with
approved Pacific Gas and
Electric Companys purchase of will dam the Xingu river in insulated substations for four generating units with a
renewable energy credits through Brazils northern Par state. the 14 large-scale units. combined capacity of 2500 MW.
three 20-year contracts with
Greengate Power for two Alberta
wind projects totalling 450 MW Congress blocks EPAs enforcement IMPSA to build
and due on-line in 2012.
of greenhouse gas regulations large-scale wind
Chile: Atacama Solar, a 250 MW farm in Brazil
project led by the communities The US House of Representatives has Meanwhile, the EPA has said
of Pica and Pozo Almonte, is voted to block the Environmental it will reconsider some aspects IMPSA, an Argentine-based EPC
undergoing environmental impact
Protection Agency (EPA) from of the boiler and commercial/ firm, has signed an agreement
assessment, said El Mercurio.
regulating greenhouse gas emissions industrial solid waste incinerator with Compania Hidroelectrica
Costa Rica: US company GTherm from power plants, refineries and (CISWI) rules it issued on 23 de San Francisco to build the
and the Costa Rican Institute of other stationary sources until February, 2011. The EPA estimates biggest wind farm in Brazil,
Electricity are in discussions over a the end of the governments its two sets of rules would affect according to Noticias Financieras.
12 MW geothermal pilot project.
fiscal year in September. 200 000 boilers and process heaters. The wind farm will in the
Mexico: State power company township of Casanova in the
CFEs 900 MW La Parota hydro California Senate backs renewable energy state of Bahia. IMPSA will
project in Guerrero state should provide 120, 1.5 MW wind
be doable, despite legal A bill that gives utilities ten years been responsible for implementing turbines manufactured by IMPSA
opposition from local residents,
to get 33 per cent of their electricity an order setting the 33 per cent Wind in the Brazilian state of
said the executive director of the
Global Energy Group of German from renewable energy sources has goal. Administrative rules are Pernambuco under an agreement
bank WestLB, which has financed been passed by Californias senate, considered more easily undone reported to be valued at $360m.
other hydro plants in the country. but still requires approval from the than laws approved by the This is Compania Hidroelectrica
states governor and its assembly. legislature. Some clean-air advocates de San Franciscos first entry
Nicaragua: State energy company
Until now, the appointed reportedly worried the bodys rules into the wind power market.
Albanisa is aiming to add 288 MW
to its 244 MW capacity through California Air Resources Board has offered loopholes for utilities.
projects including the 47.6 NW Chile signs a
Ernesto Che Guevara VI thermal
plant, the 80 MW Alba Rivas wind ODEC quits project to build nuclear training
farm and 90 MW biomass fired
plants in Chinandega and Len.
third reactor at North Anna deal with France
Paraguay: Itaipu Binacional, US utility Old Dominion Electric will not participate in the project. Chile has set up a training
operator of the Itaipu dam, Cooperative (ODEC) has pulled Dominion Virginia Power agreement with France as one
has received seven offers for out of the project to build a third owns the remaining 88.4 per of its first steps to prepare for
providing engineering services
nuclear reactor at the North Anna cent stake in the two existing making decisions on introducing
for the 500 kV Itaipu-Villa Hayes
transmission project, due to nuclear power plant in Virginia. units and is responsible for their nuclear power through the 2020s.
complete by 2013. ODEC has an 11.6 per cent operation. Dominion Virginias Under the deal, 17 Chilean
interest in the two existing parent group said that it is future energy experts will be
US: The Nuclear Regulatory reactors at North Anna and takes not changing its position on a trained in France from 2012.
Commission is to review GE
a corresponding share of the potential new unit at North Four reactors, about 1100 MWe
Hitachi Nuclear Energys
application to renew the design electricity they generate. The Anna, noting that new capacity each, would operate by 2030 under
certificate for its advanced boiling company had been expected to is needed to meet a substantial an outline formulated by the Nuclear
water technology for 15 years take a similar stake in the proposed shortfall in electric power Power Committee of Professional
beyond its June 2012 expiry. third reactor but has now said it generation in the next ten years. Association of Engineers of Chile.

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COMPANIES
WORLD NEWS
E.ON: An assessment by The
Great Place to Work Institute
has picked E.ON as the fifth best
PPL to buy E.ONs UK grid
company to work for in Germany,
within the category of firms with
more than 5000 employees.
network for 3.5bn
EUAS: Four thermal plants US utility power PPL is to Britain in terms of regulated asset move into steadier, regulated
owned by EUAS, Turkeys state acquire E.ONs UK power value, at a combined $7.8bn. power provision and away from
electricity generation company, networks for 3.5bn ($5.7bn) in E.ONs business, Central the competitive business of
are to be privatized in the
cash to create one of the largest Networks, is the UKs second- power generation. Units with
first phase of process aimed at
transferring 16 GW in capacity. electricity distributors in Britain. largest electricity distributor regulated returns made up just
Reuters reports that PPL and delivers power to over 5m 27 per cent of earnings in 2010,
FirstEnergy: The firm has closed would also assume 500m customers. It would add to but are already forecast to make
its merger with Allegheny of debt in the deal, which is PPLs existing pool of 2.6m up half of this years earnings
Energy Inc, which is intended to
expected to close in early April customers in Southwest England after PPLs purchase of E.ONs
introduce the operating names
Mon Power, Potomac Edison and to create the largest network of and South and West Wales. Kentucky-based power unit
West Penn Power to Alleghenys electricity delivery companies in The acquisition furthers PPLs last year for $6.7bn in cash.
customers.
GE: The firm has completed RWE expects nuclear tax and stalled RWE to invest
its purchase from Wind Tower
Systems of technology aimed at prices to shrink profit by 30 per cent 900m in East
enabling taller towers and cutting Europe, Turkey
installation and transport costs. German utility RWE expects its tax on her countrys nuclear stations.
profits to fall about 30 per cent this RWE also faces slowing earnings as RWE, the German power generator
Jaiprakash Power Ventures: The
year because of a nuclear power plant fuel costs outpace wholesale power and distributor, plans to invest
Indian company has merged itself
with two of its subsidiaries Bina tax and stagnating power prices. prices in the region. RWE said 900m in central and eastern
Power Supply Company and Bloomberg reports that German it plans to reduce debt by selling Europe, including Turkey, by
Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corp to Chancellor Angela Merkel wants assets to raise as much as 8bn by 2013, said Andreas Radmacher,
consolidate the group's power to raise 2.3bn ($3.2bn) each year 2013 and will cut investments chief executive of the companys
generation under one umbrella.
over six years through 2016 with a through 2013 by 3bn to 18bn. Turkey unit, reported Bloomberg.
Japan Steel Works: The company The figure included a 500m
plans to start building larger, Nigeria privatization sparks interest investment in a 775 MW gas fired
102-metre-diameter wind power plant in Denizil in Turkey,
turbines with a 2.7 MW output in Six power stations and eleven power stations had attracted 174 due on line in 2012, Radmacher
a bid to attract overseas demand.
electricity generation firms expressions of interest, while 11 told a press conference in Istanbul.
The first turbine is due to be built
by the summer of 2012. being offered as part of a multi- distribution firms had garnered RWE has 70 per cent and Instanbul-
billion dollar privatization plan 157, said countrys privatization based Turcas Petrol 30 per cent
Mott MacDonald: The global have generated great interest, agency. Nigeria expects to need in the joint venture. RWE also
consultancy is to open an office said the Nigerian government. $10bn investment over the next aims to start an electricity sales
in Boston, US, to expand its
Four thermal and two hydro decade to meet its energy needs. business in Turkey soon, he added.
renewable energy presence in
North America. Tremain Tanner
vice president, Renewable Energy
has been appointed to oversee
GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy to EZ buys Romanian
the iniative. work with Lockheed Martin hydropower firm
Wrtsil: Bjoern Rosengren is to
take over as president and CEO on GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) The ESBWR is a frontrunner EZ Romania, a subsidiary of
1 September when Ole Johansson and Lockheed Martin are to work to become one of the first next- Czech-based energy group EZ,
retires. Rosengren, who is based together to design and build digital generation models to be fully has bought a 100 per cent stake
in Shanghai, works as senior control systems and nuclear reactors. certified for US construction in TMK Hydroenergy Power,
executive vice president of Atlas
Lockheed Martins nuclear by the US Nuclear Regulatory which operates the hydroelectric
Copco and business area president
for Atlas Copco Construction and systems and solutions division Commission, which is expected system in the Cara-Severin
Mining Technique. will design and manufacture the to complete its final rule country in western Romania.
main reactor control room systems making of the design by the TMK Hydroenergy Power has
Westinghouse: The firm has for GEHs Economic Simplified autumn of 2011, said GEH. four reservoirs with dams as well as
entered small modular reactors
Boiling Water Reactors (ESBWR). The design was recently four hydro plants. Its total installed
with a 200 MWe integrated
pressurized water reactor, which Lockheed Martin will also provide recommended for approval capacity is about 18 MW. EZs
applies lessons learned from its GEH with related simulation and by the Advisory Committee acquisition is in line with a policy
AP1000 plant under construction training support, as well as services on Reactor Safeguards of focusing on its core businesses in
in China, said the company. and replacement equipment. (ACRS) with no open items. countries with existing operations.
14 Visit www.peimagazine.com for more news February 2011 - PEi

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HVDC T&D Dr. Heather Johnstone, Chief Editor
Source: ABB
Latest development in
in HVDC transmission
ABB has implemented several commercial HVDC power transmission schemes based on VSC (Voltage
Source Converter) technology and is a pioneer in this field. Since the first project commissioned in
1997, its HVDC Light technology has evolved through three generations. It has now reached its fourth
evolutionary stage, based on CTL (Cascaded Two Level) topology.
H
VDC, which stands for high voltage direct current, is a well-proven improved the performance of HVDC transmission systems. And, in 1997,
technology used for transmitting electricity over long distances by a completely new converter and DC cable technology called HVDC Light
overhead transmission lines or underground/submarine cables, was introduced.
with minimal losses.
In an HVDC system, electric power is taken from one point in a three- THE INTRODUCTION OF HVDC LIGHT
phase AC network, converted to DC in a converter station, transmitted The HVDC Light transmission technology deploys a new IGBT (Insulated
to the receiving point by an overhead line or underground cable and Gate Bipolar Transistor) semiconductor-based converter in combination
then converted back to AC in another converter station and injected with XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) DC cable systems. This innovation
into the receiving AC network. complements the traditional bipolar semiconductor-based converter
Typically, an HVDC transmission system has a rated power of several technology and has proved to be a state-of-the-art power system with
hundred megawattsand many are in the 10003000 MW range increased controllability.
With an HVDC system, the power flow can be controlled rapidly and HVDC Light is easy to install and offers a number of environmental
accurately in terms of both power level and direction. This capability is benefits, including the use of underground or subsea power links, neutral
often used to improve the performance and efficiency of the connected electromagnetic fields, oil-free cables and compact converter stations. The
AC networks. technology also increases the reliability of power grids. The continuous
ABB pioneered HVDC technology and is a world leader in the field. In development of HVDC Light has in the meantime increased the power
total, around 140 GW of HVDC transmission capacity is installed in some range from tens of megawatts to 1200 MW at 320 kV with cables.
145 projects worldwide. HVDC Light has also opened up new applications for HVDC transmission,
The first commercial HVDC scheme, based on mercury arc valves was such as providing shore power supplies to islands and offshore oil & gas
commissioned in 1954. This was a link between the Swedish mainland platforms, enabling city centre in-feeds and more recently the integration
and the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The power rating was 20 of offshore wind farms.
MW and the transmission voltage 100 kV. In future, this technology is likely to play an important part in the
There was a significant improvement in HVDC technology in 1970 when development of DC grids. (multi-terminal DC connections)
thyristor valves were introduced in place of the mercury arc valves. This
reduced the size and complexity of HVDC converter stations substantially. THE NEXT GENERATION OF HVDC LIGHT
The use of microcomputer control equipment in todays projects has also Initially HVDC Light had around 3 per cent losses per converter station,
contributed to HVDCs current success as a powerful alternative to AC while in the latest generation it is now down to about 1 per cent.
power transmission. Reliability requirements have been driven by dynamic performance,
In 1995, ABB announced a new concept for HVDC converter stations, harmonic generation and the flexibility to accommodate changing
HVDC with Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC), which further grid conditions.

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HVDC T&D
HVDC Light converters today are based on CTL (cascaded two-level)

converter topology, eliminating the need for AC filters and enabling Initially HVDC Light had around 3 per cent
a more compact converter design with a low level of harmonics and losses per converter station, while in the
audible noise.
latest generation it is now down to
A special feature incorporated in HVDC Light is the IGBT module
(StakPak), which incorporates a fail-safe short-circuit mode, allowing about 1 per cent
operations to continue, even after failure of an IGBT
module, without auxiliary equipment. The latest
generation of converter stations, comprising two 1000
MW and 320 kV converters, has a footprint of 220
metres by 150 metres, which is substantially smaller than
previous generations.
MULTI-TERMINAL HVDC LIGHT

An important advantage of HVDC Light technology
is that the power direction is changed by switching
the direction of the current, and not by changing
the polarity of the DC voltage. This facilitates the
construction of multi-terminal HVDC Light systems.
The terminals can be connected to different points
in the same AC network or to different AC networks.
The resulting DC grids can be radial, meshed or a
combination of both.
Multi-terminal HVDC Light systems are particularly
attractive for integration of large-scale renewable
energy sources such as offshore wind farms and for
reinforcement of interconnected regional AC grids.
DC grids fall into two categories: regional DC grids
and interregional DC grids.
A DC regional grid is defined as a system that
comprises a single protection zone. Such a grid can
be realized today with proven technology and DC
breakers (to isolate the faulty part of the grid) are not
needed. There are, however, some regulatory issues
that need to be addressed.
An interregional DC grid is defined as a system
that needs several protection zones. There are some
technology gaps that need to be closed including:
DC breakers, power flow control, automatic network
restoration and DC/DC converters for connecting
different regional systems
It is interesting to see how ABBs MACH-2 control
system can maintain the power balance in a multi-
terminal system.
The power balance in a grid is maintained if the
power input is equal to the power output, including
losses. The power-balance indicator in a DC system
is the DC voltage if there is surplus power the DC
voltage increases and if there is a deficit it decreases.
___________________
Following a power change, the DC voltage will
fluctuate until the power balance is reached and then
remain at the new steady-state value.
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LY H[WLPOV[PTZJVT
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PEi - March 2011 www.peimagazine.com 17

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HVDC T&D
The powering of Norwegian oil company Statoils Troll A gas production platform via a DC link from the is the first time an offshore platform has been powered by such a link originating on land Source: ABB
To keep the voltage at a pre-set value, i.e. to keep the energy balance, installed wind capacity up to 194.4 GW, a 22.5 per cent increase
the MACH-2 system implements voltage control together with power on 2009.
control, where one terminal controls the DC voltage and the other Offshore wind power in particular experienced a new record
terminal(s) is controlling the power. The rectifier is used to control the DC growth in Europe last year. According to the European Wind Energy
voltage and the inverters are used to control the power to the pre-set values Association (EWEA), 308 new offshore wind turbines were installed,
at the two terminals respectively. representing an increase of 51 per cent on 2009s installed wind
When a new power level is requested the DC voltage will change, and power capacity. Approximately 883 MW of new capacity, worth in
the DC voltage controller will act depending on the change and reduce or the region of 2.6 billion ($3.6 billion), was installed in 2010 in nine
increase the power input to restore the voltage in the system. wind farms in five countries, making a total of 2964 MW.
The installed offshore wind power capacity now supplies the
PROVEN TRACK RECORD equivalent of 2.9 million average European Union households with
ABB has a strong track record in deploying its HVDC Light technology electricity from a total of 1136 offshore wind turbines. In an average
with 16 projects either in operation or in progress. Examples of those in year these turbines are expected to produce 11.5 TWh.
commercial operation include: EWEA forecasts continued strong growth with 1000-1500 MW of
new offshore wind power capacity expected to be fully grid-connected
Gotland, Sweden: a 70-km underground cable connection to a wind in Europe during 2011.
park Ten European wind farms are currently under construction representing
Murraylink, Australia: a 180-km underground cable link between grids a total of 3 GW, which will more than double the installed capacity of
Cross Sound, US: a 40-km subsea cable link from Connecticut to Long the 45 existing grid-connected offshore wind farms.
Island EWEA research shows that 19 GW of offshore wind capacity is
Troll A, Norway: a 70-km subsea cable to feed power to an offshore currently consented and could generate 66.6 TWh of electricity in
gas production platform a normal wind year once operational enough to supply 14 of the
Eagle Pass, USA: an interconnection between US and Mexican regional largest capital cities in Europe with electricity, including Paris, London
grids (two 138 kV transmission lines) and Berlin. Germany, the UK and several other countries around
the North Sea have several large offshore wind energy capacity
OFFSHORE WIND GROWTH PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES expansions planned.
Global wind power installations increased by 35.8 GW in 2010, Offshore wind is clearly an area that will see significant expansion
according to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), bringing total in coming years and ABB expects its HVDC Light to be a key enabler

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HVDC T&D
in integrating power from remote locations into mainland grids to feed DOLWIN1
consumer needs. TenneT Offshore GmbH awarded ABB an contract to supply a
One of the key characteristics of HVDC Light is its superior ability to 800 MW (320 kV) transmission link that will connect offshore wind
stabilize the AC voltage at the terminals. This is particularly important farms located in the DolWin1 wind farm cluster the 400 MW
for wind farms, where the variation in wind speed can cause severe Borkum West II wind farm, plus future wind farms in the North Sea
voltage fluctuations. to the German grid.
The wind farms will be connected to an offshore HVDC converter
BORWIN1 OFFSHORE WIND PROJECT station which will transmit electricity to the onshore HVDC station at
The first HVDC link to connect an offshore wind farm with an AC grid Drpen, on the northwest coast of Germany via 165 km of underwater
is the BorWin1 project in the North Sea. and underground DC cables.
Using HVDC Light technology, this 200 km link connects the Bard The Drpen/West converter station will in turn feed AC power to
Offshore 1 wind farm located off Germanys northern coast to the the mainland grid. At 320 kV this will be the highest voltage level of
380 kV high-voltage AC grid on the German mainland. The link has a extruded cable ever used for HVDC. Scheduled to be operational in
capacity of 400 MW and a DC voltage of 150 kV. 2013, this network of offshore wind farms is expected to avoid three
Once complete, the BARD Offshore 1 wind farm will comprise million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year by replacing fossil
80 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 5 MW. These will feed fuel based generation.
their power into a 36 kV AC cable system. This voltage will then be Germany currently meets in the region of 8 per cent of its electricity
stepped up to 155 kV AC before reaching the HVDC Light converter requirements with wind power and expects to double that by 2020.
station, which is located on a dedicated platform. The latest HVDC Light technology also has the potential to become
Here the AC power is converted to 150 kV DC and fed into two the preferred system for power in-feeds to cities for strengthening
125-km subsea cables, which then continue into two 75-km land power networks in areas where new overhead lines are not a practical
cables to the land-based converter station at Diele in Germany. or desirable option.
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Coal Power Plant Efficiency Roman Baumgaertner, Alstom Power, Germany
Turbine retrofit in the

Jnschwalde lignite fired power
plant in Germany
Increasing coal plants efficiency has been a focus for many years now and turbine retrofits
currently being executed by Alstom will make an important contribution to raising performance.
By overhauling low-pressure, intermediate-pressure and high-pressure turbines, the specific fuel
requirements and therefore the CO2 emissions of the 30-years old Jnschwalde lignite plant in
Germany, have been reduced significantly.

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Coal Power Plant Efficiency
L
ocated near the village of the same name in Brandenburg on low nitrous oxide combustion and the electrofilters were modernized.
the German-Polish border, the lignite fired Jnschwalde power The same measures were subsequently performed on the other
plant has an installed capacity of 3000 MW and consists of blocks. Half a decade later, decommissioning of the three old
six 500 MW units. It is the second-largest brown coal power plant chimney stacks and commissioning of flue gas desulphurization for
in operation in Germany and is owned by Swedish utility Vattenfall. all blocks marked a milestone in the history of the power plant. Its
Originally built to generate 500 MW each, Blocks A and D now emissions were now below the legal thresholds.
produce 535 MW with less steam. In future, despite lower fuel In the same decade, one modernization ensued which achieved
consumption, the six units will supply a total of 3210 MW instead of increased reliability and power. Block E began operation in 1994
3000 MW an increase equivalent to almost half a power block. as the first of the plants with new control technology and LP turbine
Retrofit projects replace or add equipment to existing power plants sections. The low-pressure sections in the other blocks also underwent
to improve their energy efficiency, increase their output and extend systematic modernization.
their lifespan, whilst lowering emissions. Alstom Power replaces older As a result, not only have LP turbine failures been avoided
turbine components including complete high, intermediate (IP) and their geometry and the medium makes LP final stages particularly
low-pressure (LP) turbines. susceptible to wear but also a further important contribution has
The key components at Jnschwalde have gradually been been made to increasing efficiency.
modernized since the plant entered commercial operation. A look
at the timeline confirms this: Block A of the plant went onstream MORE POWER FROM FEWER, NEW COMPONENTS
in March 1981, with the final block being completed some seven The second, fundamental step towards a power increase was taken
years later. Just three years after that, in 1991, major conversion between 2003 and 2006 when Alstom replaced the high-pressure
measures were implemented. turbines in the six blocks. Wear was not the main reason for this; the
Their key focus was environmental protection. Within the scope of actual deciding factor was the relationship of investment to efficiency
the comprehensive revision, the boilers in Block A were converted for gains, which proved to be particularly attractive.
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Measuring and precision tasks: mechanical wear, strength and form retention are checked by the service technicians on the LP turbines in intervals of around two years Source: Vattenfall
The power plant is currently midway through a phase in which plant components, all steam parameters including temperature and
all intermediate pressure turbines are being replaced, which will mass flow at the three extraction points were to remain the same.
complete the modernization of the turbine sets. The original impulse Alstom Power brought together impulse and reaction steam turbine
machines were produced by the Leningrad Metal Works (LMZ), technologies. This capability allows retrofit solutions to be supplied
St. Petersburg. Within the scope of the forthcoming revisions, these utilizing reaction technology, impulse technology or a combination
turbines are being upgraded using the latest technology. The results of both, irrespective of the original blading technology, to provide an
of the implementation in the first two blocks have been encouraging. optimum result.
Applying reaction blading design to the existing Jnschwalde units,
NEW DESIGN BOOSTS POWER BY MORE THAN 6 MW which originally had an impulse design, proved to be the optimum
Block D was the starting point of the project. It was subjected to a replacement. To ensure that the new design, which is equipped
major overhaul that involved the inspection of all turbines. There was with more stages, fits into the existing outer casing, the inner casing
little to do on the comparatively new high-pressure turbine, and work including the blades were renovated as well as the rotor.
was limited to testing and, where necessary, overhauling valves and Thanks to the two flows with a total of 19 blade rows (or pressure
other auxiliary equipment. stages) many options were available for steam extraction to preheat
However, on the low-pressure turbines, defects became apparent the feedwater and supply the district heating network in the city of
and investigations resulted in the rotors being transferred to the Alstom Cottbus. Complementing this, the outer casing was reworked, as it
plant for reworking. Because the damage was discovered at the start had been slightly deformed by decades of thermal stress.
of overhaul work, extension of the outage was kept to a minimum. The new IP steam path was designed to achieve maximum performance
The intermediate pressure turbine, which had completed around within the constraints of a given outer shell of an existing turbine. Advanced
70 000 operating hours since its last overhaul, was to be replaced 3D reaction type blading was applied to improve the aerodynamic
anyway. As the rotors and blade path exhibited advanced wear efficiency while maintaining enhanced mechanical properties. The rotor
in the first stage area, the retrofit made sense for this reason alone. and inner casing were designed to allow for optimum stage loading while
Furthermore, it was to lead to an increase in power. at the same time matching the steam conditions at the various extraction
The complete renovation of the inner workings, while retaining points to the overall steam cycle requirements.
the outer casing, proved to be the optimum economic and technical Besides blade twist to control span wise reaction, the advanced
solution. To ensure the increase in power had no impact on other power 3D reaction type blading also benefits from small fillet radii at the

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Braden Systems for

Gas Turbines
root and the top area of the blade profile, as well as from thin trailing
edges, all of which contributes to high efficiency figures. Castellated
ribs machined into the fixed and moving blades integral shrouding
in conjunction with sealing strips caulked into the outer surface of the
rotor and inside surface of the cylinder respectively form effective
labyrinth type sealing.
Thanks to the new design, improved blade geometry with modern Inlet
Filter House
3D reaction blades, as well as an optimized sealing arrangement for
both the stationary as well as the moving blade rows, the IP turbine is
now 3.3 per cent, or 6.3 MW, more efficient than before. Whilst this SCR & CO Catalyst Systems
may not seem much, it means that, for the same yield, 47 000 tonnes
less fuel is required each year.
That equates to the amount of coal carried by 50 coal trains, each
of 16 wagons, from the neighbouring open cast mine to the plant.
The reduced coal consumption also means a drop in emissions;
the IP retrofit spares the environment around 46 000 tonnes of
CO2 annually, illustrating the environmental benefits associated
with retrofit.
Diverter Damper
The modernizations performed over the last two decades have Exhaust Bypass
increased the block output of 500 MW by approximately 35 MW
and the net efficiency to around 36 per cent. Whilst this value may
not sound particularly high in comparison with todays new plants,
it actually represents very significant progress, given that the 1970s
design boilers limit the steam parameters and thus the efficiency.
Exhaust Stacks
AWARD-WINNING PROJECT
As a result of the significant amount and quality of work performed For over 40 years, Braden has designed,
on Block D in 2009, as well as adherence to the schedule, Vattenfall engineered and manufactured hundreds of GT
nominated Alstom Power Service, Berlin, for the VGB PowerTech auxiliary systems as the preferred supplier for
Quality Award 2010 and, from the many submissions, the project turbine OEMs.
emerged victorious.
The prize honours the work of the 40-strong Alstom team in the
Comprehensive Retrofit Solutions
major overhaul of the 500 MW turbine set in Block D and the minor Bradens full array of engineers (structural,
overhaul of the set in Block C. mechanical, electrical and acoustical) scrutinize
Retrofit work on Block A carried out in 2010 significantly exceeded every aspect of your retrofit design. Braden also
the contractually agreed efficiency values. The work performed on installs complete intake and exhaust systems.
Block A was essentially the same as that done on Block D the previous
year. The team pooled their experience and paid particular attention Air Filtration Bypass Stacks
to the low pressure turbine. The LP rotors were subjected to even more Inlet Cooling/Heating Diffusers and Plenums
rigorous examination in light of the results of the investigations of Block Silencing Installation
D in 2009 and were overhauled accordingly. Exhaust & Inlet Inspection and
However, things are still far from returning to normal for the Alstom Ductwork Reporting Services
team in Jnschwalde now that the overhaul and modernization Diverter Dampers SCR & CO Catalyst
of Blocks D and A is complete. It is planned to retrofit unit C Expansion Joints Systems
in summer 2011. Over the next few years, the remaining three
blocks will also be subjected to major overhauls, over the course
of which they will be equipped with new IP turbines. Then,
there should then be little to stand in the way of economic and
5199 N. Mingo Rd. Tulsa, OK 74117 USA
failure-free operation.
Tel: 918-272-5371 Fax: 918-272-7414
Email: Sales@braden.com
www.braden.com www.bradenfilters.com
The co-author of the article is Marco Rediess, Vattenfall, Germany.
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Beyond Ultra-Supercritical Chris Webb, UK
Developing USC: A Leap of Faith?

Ultra-supercritical (USC) technology is one answer to prolonging the reign of King Coal, the most
abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel on Earth. As we look beyond USC, PEi considers what
challenges lie ahead for the power plant workhorse, the steam turbine.
A
t a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) GE Energys manager of steam turbine design engineering. Additionally,
meeting in 1994, a group of 40 power generators and improved plant efficiency can help offset the costs of environmental
manufacturers agreed to investigate the potential of nickel-based programmes such as CCS, making such technologies more viable.
alloys as likely candidates for a new, advanced technology, named
AD700. It would become a landmark in the clean coal agenda and WHAT IS USC?
set the scene for further development of ultra-supercritical (USC) technology, Yet even the term USC, though it has been around for many years,
where power plant designers were struggling to punch a way through remains vague. GE typically considers USC to mean a combination
steam parameters in the range of 300 bar and 600 C a barrier that of temperature over 565 C and pressure over 241 bar, Stagnitti
had seemed impenetrable for some time. continues. Other definitions include 565 C/275 bar. In any case,
Now, though technically feasible, the world has yet to see a commercial USC conditions push the boundaries of pressure and temperature for
demonstration coal fired plant capable of operating at 700 C and 350 the steam turbine.
bar. And there is little apparent market appetite for the higher capital costs If consensus exists in the industry, however, it is that transition to higher
though manufacturers are reluctant to put a true figure on them that such levels of USC in terms of greater temperatures and pressures represents
a move is expected to bring. not a quantum leap, but a natural progression. It is a natural continuation
There is no doubt the European Unions target of a reduction in of our, and possibly other companies development path. GE has a long
greenhouse gas emissions of 20 per cent by 2020 will require an eclectic history of advancement in steam turbine USC technology, including,
mix of technologies, including the replacement of older, inefficient power in 1957 the first 1100 F (593 C) steam turbine in the USA and the
plants with new highly efficient units. While the selection of fuel for a new most efficient for its time, 40 per cent. In 2000, came the most efficient
power plant is increasingly driven by CO2 emissions, this is spurring all the USC turbine at 48.7 per cent, with steam parameters of 250 bar/
major turbine manufacturers to take USC to the next stage. 600 C/610 C, in Japan.
Until carbon capture and storage (CCS) becomes commercially GE continues to invest in fossil steam turbine platforms ranging from
available, increasing plant efficiency remains the only route to reducing small 100 MW designs to large 1000 MW configurations. Ongoing
CO2 emissions of coal fired power plants. Two of the main methods of work includes advancing state-of-the-art designs for turbine systems and
improving steam power plant efficiency are steam cycle optimization and components such as rotating and stationary airfoils, rotors, casings, valves
enhancing the behaviour of the steam turbine itself. and seals. Also, one of the key enablers for USC conditions is development
Today, coal fired power plants with USC steam cycle parameters and of speciality materials that have enhanced capabilities to sustain elevated
wet cooling tower can achieve net efficiencies of 45 per cent for hard coal temperature and pressures without sacrificing life and reliability.
and 43 per cent for brown coal at typical central European inland sites, Traditionally, cooling critical areas of the turbine has been an important
with direct cooling providing an additional one per cent being possible. part of high-temperature design. However, cooling is undesirable
But what of the move to that magic 50 per cent efficiency? Does it because of complexity and a negative impact on cycle efficiency, says
represent a quantum leap a leap of faith, some would say in USC Stagnitti. This is where new materials come in. Better materials will permit
technology and particularly in steam turbine design? thinner sections, lower weight and improved ability to handle thermal
Key USC advantages include higher efficiency, which lowers operating transients. This in turn will lead to more efficient and flexible turbines for
costs, reduces fuel consumption and cuts emissions, says James M .Stagnitti, our customers.

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Small on
size, big
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Impressive size to power ratio.

High in power, yet low in mass, the Rolls-Royce Trent 60 a steam turbine. Trent 60 also sports the twin Rolls-Royce
keeps the same dimensions whatever its power output. strengths of unmatched reliability and customer service.
With an engine weighing less than 15 tons, Trent 60 arrives For mechanical drive and power generation applications,
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Wet Low Emissions and up to 107MW when operating with enduring protability. Trusted to deliver excellence
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Beyond Ultra-Supercritical
together. Thats what the manufacturers are doing to make their products
commercially attractive and competitive.
In the case of USC, we need to have the boiler and steam turbine
technology that can work at those higher temperatures. We need the
steam turbine and all its associated pipework and systems that make up the
overall boiler/turbine cycle or system to function together at those elevated
temperatures. But were really some years away from achieving commercial
level operations.
A key impetus will be emissions legislation. I think there is a greater
sense of urgency and need in Europe because of the geopolitical structure,
in the sense that you have a number of countries, all of which are looking
for fuel diversity in their electricity production regime. Coal and lignite are
plentiful in a number of countries in Europe and there are issues around
gas supply. So I think there is more of a sense of urgency in Europe to find
A steam turbine for the Neurath power plant in Germany Source: Alstom solutions for cleaner coal than maybe in the US.
IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER DENSITY

ADVANCES IN MATERIALS To this end, improvements in the power density of steam turbines
Like all the other manufacturers, GE faces the challenges of coming up have been driven largely by the development of improved rotor and
with materials that offer the right combination of performance, supply bucket alloys capable of sustaining higher stresses and enabling the
chain and cost-effectiveness. A strong material supplier base is critical to construction of longer final stage buckets for increased exhaust area
provide the large forgings, castings and fabrications required for steam per exhaust flow. Improvements in efficiency have been brought about
turbines. Advances in machining and joining technologies are required. It largely in two ways.
is important to create a balanced plant design that keeps the turbine, boiler Firstly, improvements in mechanical efficiency by reducing aerodynamic
and other components in tune and technologically in sync. GE is part of and leakage losses as the steam expands through the turbine have been
a consortium working on a US Department of Energy initiative developing achieve. Secondly, there have been improvements in thermodynamic
1400 F (760 C) materials. Other programmes are targeting different efficiency by increasing the temperature and pressure at which heat is
temperature levels. added to the power cycle. This is where USC comes in.
Trevor Bailey is general manager of GEs steam turbine product line. He Siemens is focusing a great deal of effort on higher plant efficiencies
sees the higher efficiencies offered by USC and the viability of CCS as two in preparing for the coal fired power station of the future, which should
parts of a package that will underwrite coals future, both from an economic use as little fuel as possible in order to keep atmospheric emissions to a
and environmental standpoint. Thats really what drives this need for higher minimum. Crucially, the steam temperature needs to be increased from
efficiency, he says. To be able to make the overall scheme competitive to the level currently found in the best power plants, of around 600 C up
produce electricity at a comparable rate in terms of US cents/kWh as other to 700 C the temperature to which the metals are being subjected
sources of generation. in Siemens Mlheim laboratory, for instance. Only then will it become
Higher plant efficiencies are a goal the world over, not just in Europe or possible to achieve 50 per cent efficiency.
the US. Collaborative programmes elsewhere, including in the Far East, Temperature is the key factor, says Ernst-Wilhelm Pfitzinger, the project
are looking into developing materials that can operate at the much higher manager in charge of developing the 700 C turbine in Mlheim. There
temperatures and pressures that USC progression represents. are good practical reasons why designers are determined to leap from
The thing about materials development is that it is really about 600 C to 700 C and 285 to 350 bar pressure. Above 600 C, we
understanding the operating conditions and environment in which the have to use new materials anyway; traditional metals just wouldnt be able
material has to live. Materials have to undergo strength tests, creep to withstand the temperatures, says Pfitzinger. And we want to make as
characteristic tests, and satisfy a whole array of issues if we are to be able much use as possible of these materials, so were going to go straight to
to control a piece of machinery like a steam turbine and satisfy ourselves that 700 C.
they will remain within the limits we require for a 3035 year operating life. The higher pressure is necessary to optimize efficiency. The objective is
So its about playing with different material combinations. And you are to raise efficiency by four percentage points over that at 600 C, and to
really using base materials and small percentages sometimes fractions of cut coal consumption by 67 per cent, thus also reducing CO2 emissions.
a percentage of other metals that will change the characteristics of the
[base] material to achieve the properties we are looking for. NICKEL ALLOYS REQUIRED BUT AT A PRICE
The purpose of these programmes is to bring the materials progressively By new materials, Pfitzinger means nickel alloys, which are a sophisticated
to commercial availability. Once thats done, the materials issue goes mix of high-strength metals like nickel and chromium, with a pinch of iron.
away and it becomes a question of being able to pull that technology Such alloys are expensive. After a painstaking process they cost five to ten

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Beyond Ultra-Supercritical
times as much as the chromium steel used today. That is not exactly peanuts our projects in Germany like the RDK8 plant in Karlsruhe and Neurath near
in a turbine requiring some 200 tonnes of such alloys. Cologne. The key issues for the steam turbine at these very high pressures
To reduce material costs, the turbine need not be entirely of nickel alloy, and temperatures include how to keep your cylinder round. Being round
but can be composed of different alloys, depending on the temperatures is very important for clearance control and ensuring the machine doesnt
different areas are subjected to. For example, the inner and outer housings distort through high levels of stresses during transients and so-forth.
are to be thermally separated by a layer of cooler steam, so that normal With our HP construction, because we have the shrink ring design,
steel will be adequate for the outside, which will have to withstand a that wasnt a big issue. Again, for a long time weve had welded rotor
temperature of 550 C. In addition, the 1 metre-thick shaft can be forged construction which meant that we could have a different material on the
in several pieces, with the nickel alloy only employed in the hottest area. very hot part of the HP and then to have a material more suitable for
The need for action is urgent. On average, coal fired power plants the lower conditions lower down. Weve continued to use that concept.
consume 480 g of coal to produce 1 kWh. In doing so, they release We use more creep resistant and more oxidation resistant materials [where
between 1000 g and 1200 g of CO2 into the air, or some 8 billion tonnes necessary].
a year. The industry is responding. One of the most efficient coal fired
power plants in the world, the Block Waigaoqiao III in China, for which THE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
Siemens delivered two 1000 MW turbines, burns only 320 g of coal per Walker says the biggest challenges concerning building the first commercial
kWh, and thus emits only 761 g of CO2. demonstration 700 C plant are not to do with the steam turbines
In a project led by Trianel Power-Projektgesellschaft, Siemens is building themselves but are, in fact, to be found elsewhere. To understand the real
a comparable power plant for a consortium of 27 municipal utilities on challenges, he says, you need to step slightly away from the cycle question
a site at Lnen in northern Germany. The plant is scheduled to go into and focus on flexibility. The key issues facing the market right now, with all
operation by next year. However, with an efficiency of around 46 per cent, the renewables coming onto the grid, are to do with start-up and shutdown
even these power plants fall short of the Holy Grail of 50 per cent. times and low load idling.
The main problem, living with enormous pressures and thick walled
SIEMENS: 50 PER CENT IN SIGHT components is that plant components do not like fast transients, says
Siemens aim is to achieve 50 per cent efficiency by 2015. Such a power Walker. This is where we and other companies are focused on in terms
plant would consume only 288 g of coal per kWh, and thus produce only of technology development. So far as the 600620 C turbines are
669 g of CO2. Such a step would have significant consequences because concerned which are just coming online at the moment these machines
each percentage point in improved efficiency, if applied to all coal burning do represent a moderate step in technology, so we cant be sure that
power plants, would translate into an estimated 260 million tonnes of CO2 there will be absolutely no issues when they first operate. However, we
emissions mitigated each year. are very confident that the designs are robust so we dont expect any
Peter Walker is another who struggles with the ambiguities of the term significant problems. The step to 700 C in order to get that 2.5 per
USC. The director of Steam Turbine R&D Execution at Alstom, he says the cent or so increase in efficiency will call for more innovation in the design of
term has no real physical meaning. It is just somehow beyond supercritical. machines and materials. But even then, for Alstom it would be an evolution
Does the industry have a specific meaning for it? I think the answer today of the turbine design and not a revolution. Alstom already has its design
is no. People use it, but it doesnt have an agreed definition. In Alstom for ready for a 700 C at 500 MW size.
marketing purposes we define USC as having a live steam temperature The steam turbine wont be the limiting part of the cycle. What seems
above 600 C at boiler outlet, but this is not very meaningful in technical to control the economics of a 700 C machine is neither the turbine nor the
terms. So when we develop steam turbines or other components we refer boiler its the cost of the main steam pipe from the top of the boiler down
to a steam class by its pressure and temperature because that gives us to the turbine. It has to be flexible while carrying full steam temperature and
an exact meaning. Ive also heard USC used by other organizations for pressure. If the main steam pipe has to be made of a nickel alloy then you
[conceptual] plants up to 700 C, for example, and thats purely arbitrary. pay more for your main steam pipe than you do for your turbine.
While the progression to higher temperature and pressure will bring Whether or not the high cost of nickel alloy main steam pipe negates
efficiency gains with less fuel and CO2, Walker says these come with both the benefits of higher efficiency will depend on the market price of fuel
a higher capital cost and some technical consequences. It is a technical and CO2, Walker says. One of Alstoms strategic areas is CO2 capture
challenge to give you the same level of flexibility in terms of start-up and and weve done a lot of work on this. A more economical solution might
shutdown times, particularly, since the higher steam conditions tend to lead be a 620 C plant with carbon capture with the same amount of CO2 as
to worse load cycle fatigue. a 700 C plant without CCS. It depends on how capital cost balances
Nevertheless for Alstom, at least says Walker, and just as for GE, moving out against the cost of CO2 and fuel. The market conditions are changing
up to higher steam values represents merely a natural progression. Alstom rapidly today, with the cost of international fuels currently being very high
has a design that we have used in the supercritical range that is very robust and extremely volatile. Similarly there is a lot of uncertainty on the future
and that is relatively easily scalable to develop to these higher conditions. market for CO2 or the possibility of CO2 penalties and taxes. I personally
Thats not to say that developing it has not been hard work, but it was believe 700 C power plants will only be built once there is a very clear
not a quantum leap. These are the machines that weve supplied to many of regulatory framework that would justify the capital expenditure.

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Gas Turbine Technology Advances Paul Breeze, UK
Efficiency versus flexibility:

Advances in gas turbine technology
An update on the latest advances in gas turbine technology including the new breed of high-efficiency
gas turbines, such as the Siemens Energys SGT5-8000H turbine, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries J-series
machine and GE Energys H System, as well as the more modest but equally important aeroderivative
industrial gas turbines.
O
ver the past 20 years gas turbines configured as combined- turbine manufacturers are expecting these technologies to contribute
cycle power generation units have become one of the 20 per cent to 30 per cent of grid capacity in Europe by 2020, so the
mainstays of the power generation industry, particularly in combined-cycle plant, along with energy storage and hydropower, will
the liberalized electricity markets. This popularity has been driven by a be required to provide the main back-up for this intermittent capacity.
number of factors including the relatively low cost of natural gas during Efficiency and flexibility are not complementary. In order to obtain the
at least part of this period, the low cost of gas turbines and the speed flexibility that is required for this type of service, some efficiency must be
with which gas turbine-based power plants can be installed. sacrificed. The main manufacturers are responding to this by offering
Another key attraction of the combined-cycle power plant is energy complementary heavy gas turbine lines, one for ultimate efficiency and
conversion efficiency. A good modern plant can approach 60 per one that offers greater flexibility. Even so, high efficiency remains the
cent fuel to electricity conversion efficiency while the best coal fired equivalent of the space race within the gas turbine world, though one
plants will only achieve around 47 per cent efficiency. where gains are becoming increasingly difficult to find.
During the last decade carbon dioxide emissions have also
become a factor in the equation; gas turbines burning natural gas THE QUEST FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY
emit less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per unit of electricity For the past decade an important target for all the large gas turbine
than coal fired plants, and so this can assist governments and utilities manufacturers has been to achieve 60 per cent efficiency in a
to meet more stringent emission requirements. combined-cycle plant under standard (ISO) conditions. Although
During this same period the power generation market has seen several have now come close, that goal has yet to be achieved.
significant consolidation and this has affected the manufacturers of Efficiency is important because it affects both operating costs and
gas turbines. Major names such as Westinghouse and ABB have carbon emissions, both of which are important concerns for plant
disappeared from the large gas turbine marketplace and today the operators today. Achieving high efficiency requires optimization across
only companies manufacturing gas turbines in the 200400 MW the whole plant, including gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator
range are GE, Alstom, Siemens, Ansaldo Energia and Mitsubishi (HRSG) and steam turbine. Among these three, however, gas turbine
Heavy Industries (MHI). performance appears to be the key to pushing efficiency to 60 per
Meanwhile, aeroderivative manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce, cent and beyond.
Pratt & Whitney, as well as GE, concentrate on small and medium- A gas turbine comprises three main components, a compressor,
sized turbines (2-60 MW) alongside companies such as Kawasaki a combustion chamber and an expansion turbine integrated into a
Heavy Industries and Solar Turbines. single unit. Thermodynamic efficiency of this unit depends on both the
pressure and temperature drop of the working gas, air, from the turbine
EFFICIENCY VERSUS FLEXIBILITY stage inlet to outlet. Increasing one or both can be used to increase
Gas turbine design has advanced enormously in the last 20 years and efficiency. For this, all three components play their part.
progress continues. In the past higher efficiency was the primary aim The optimization of compressor design can be used to provide a
of gas turbine development. Around 1990, typical combined-cycle higher pressure at the turbine inlet and this is being exploited in high
efficiency was 50 per cent. By 2010 the best installations were above efficiency designs. Thus GE has increased the gas turbine pressure
59 per cent. ratio in its H system turbine to 23:1, aiming for 60 per cent efficiency.
Efficiency remains important to all manufacturers, but there has been The same pressure ratio is used by MHI in its J-series, but the higher
a significant shift towards products that can operate more flexibility turbine inlet temperature results in efficiency in excess of 61 per cent.
in load following and grid support roles. Whereas before combined- Siemens SGT5-8000H has a pressure ratio of 18.2, slightly higher
cycle plants were seen as baseload plants, now their role is equally than its SGT5-4000F. Meanwhile, Alstoms turbines have operated
likely to be for intermediate service and to provide ancillary services. since the mid 1990s with a pressure ratio of about 30:1.
A significant part of this shift is due to the increasing importance The combustion chamber controls the temperature of the gas entering
of variable output renewable capacity such as wind and solar the turbine so changes here can affect overall efficiency. While raising
power to grids across the world. As the proportion grows, and flame temperature is relatively straightforward compared to other

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Gas Turbine Technology Advances
Source: Siemens changes, combustor designs have tended to stabilize and all the main
companies now have proven designs which they utilize across their
turbine ranges.
This leaves the turbine as the component where the greatest gains in
efficiency are likely to be made, though gains here are becoming hard
to win. Modern computer design has led to the optimization of blade
profiles to gain maximum efficiency so there is little that can be done
there. Thus designers are forced to exploit the one area left to them,
turbine gas inlet temperature. Since thermodynamic efficiency depends
on the overall temperature drop across the turbine, raising the inlet
temperature should equate to an increase in efficiency.
The combustion gas temperature for GEs H-class gas turbine, one
of the 60 per cent contenders, puts it in the 1500 C class, roughly
100 C higher than the companys F-class machines, which constitute
the main large frame GE turbines in use today. Inlet temperature of the
Siemens new H-class machine, which is also hoping to achieve above
60 per cent efficiency, has not been released.
However, both are likely to be topped by MHI. The latters J-series
turbine boasts an inlet temperature of 1600 C, 100 C above that
of the same companys H-series machines and higher than any other
Siemens expects its H-class gas turbine to achieve 60 per cent efficiency in combined-cycle mode
product to date. This machine, which is being tested in Japan today, is
being marketed as capable of 61 per cent efficiency.
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At these temperatures, the materials used to manufacture gas turbine

components are being pushed to their limits. Blades, vanes and other
hot gas path components are commonly made from nickel-based alloys
cast in single crystal form to increase strength and resistance to fracture
and deformation. Although not by MHI for their large machines. Single
crystal blades do exhibit improved properties and MHI has used them
successfully in their small units, but the single crystal form is expensive
and has associated repair challenges so, says MHI, do not justify their
use in large frames.
These alloys will start to melt at anywhere between 1200 C
and 1400 C. In order to prevent the consequent damage at the
temperatures experienced within the gas turbine inlet, these components
must be coated with thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and then cooled
internally so that the actual metal does not approach its melting point.
Current TBCs are based on ceramics that are typically made from
zirconia doped with various other elements to create a heat resistant
layer with very low thermal conductivity that can maintain a 300 C
temperature drop to the metal beneath.
The TBC slows the rate at which heat is transferred to the metal
beneath. However in order to prevent the temperature rising too high,
the component must also be cooled internally, either with air or steam.
Air cooling is the most common type in use. This requires moderately
hot air which is extracted from the gas turbine and cycled to cool the
hot path components.
However, since this air is stolen from the gas turbine it has the effect
Mitsubishis J-series is designed for combined-cycle efficiency of about 61 per cent LHV Source: MHI
of lowering overall efficiency. Steam cooling, in which steam from the
steam cycle of the combined-cycle plant is used to cool the components
internally does not have the same efficiency cost. This is the solution both. This requires a higher gas turbine outlet temperature and so must
adopted by MHI, and by GE for their high-efficiency G-class and be balanced against any fall in gas turbine efficiency.
H-class machines. However Siemens are using air cooling for their latest A higher overall gas turbine operating temperature will help raise
H-class turbine and Alstoms turbines are also air cooled. efficiency in both components but as seen above techno-logical limits
Temperatures may be able to go higher still. MHI is taking part in appear to be approaching here. The HRSG design will also play a part
a Japanese government project which has the aim of increasing the in overall efficiency, while the type of HRSG may also affect another
turbine inlet temperature to 1700 C. The J-series turbine has already critical operational criteria for modern combined-cycle plants, flexibility.
exploited some of the developments from this programme but there are
expected to be others yet to be used. FLEXIBLE PLANT AND DIVERGENT PRODUCT LINES
Overall efficiency of these large industrial gas turbines in simple cycle Power plant flexibility involves a number of important parameters. A
mode is between 38 per cent and 42 per cent. Higher efficiency can flexible plant must be able to start-up quickly, so time from start-up to
be achieved. The best available today appears to be GEs LMS100 full load will be important. It must be able to ramp both up and down
with a simple cycle efficiency of 46 per cent. However, this is at the to meet different load demand levels with ease and speed. Efficiency
expense of a low gas outlet temperature which makes it less suitable for must be maintained, not only at full load but at part load down to
combined-cycle applications. 50 per cent or lower. Emissions must also be kept low when operating
at part load.
STEAM CYCLE IMPROVEMENTS In addition, companies are looking at ways of parking a combined-
In addition to improvements in gas turbine efficiency there are gains to cycle plant overnight so that it ticks over at low load. This avoids
be made within the steam bottoming cycle of a combined-cycle plant. the necessity of shutting the plant down, which has both speed and
The highest efficiency combined-cycle plants involve close integration of maintenance penalties, or continuous operation at say 50 per cent
gas and steam cycles and optimum efficiency is achieved by balancing load, which will often not be the most economical option. One of the
the two cycles effectively. technological advances which may need to be sacrificed for flexibility
As with the gas turbine, steam turbine efficiency depends on pressure is steam cooling of the inlet stage gas turbine components. Maintaining
and temperature of the working fluid, in this case steam. Raising the the cooling steam is vital during ramps but requires slower ramp speeds
overall flue gas input temperature to the HRSG can be used to increase due to the complexity and overall integration of gas and steam cycles.

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However, abandoning steam cooling is likely to result in a lower GE claims the new 7FA will be capable of 75 per cent output in ten
gas turbine inlet temperature and hence lower overall efficiency. This is minutes during hot start from an overnight shutdown and a ramp rate of
part of the reason why some companies offer more than one product 30 MW per minute. Overall gas turbine output is 211 MW. GE also
line, one using steam cooling for high efficiency and another with air has a 7FB gas turbine, launched several years ago to take advantage
cooling for greatest operational flexibility. of some H-class technologies in an F-class machine.
GE has six of its high-efficiency H-class combined-cycle machines This is now being positioned as an IGCC turbine and has been
operational, one at Baglan Bay in Wales, three in Japan at a Tokyo rebranded as the 7F-Syngas. Two of these are to be installed at a
Electric Power plant and two in California. According to GE, these are 618 MW IGCC facility at the Edwardsport power plant in Indiana
all operating at baseload and though none has achieved the magic owned by Duke Energy.
60 per cent efficiency, GE believes it has shown the machine to be Although efficiency is a primary development driver, all-round
capable of reaching this efficiency. operational flexibility is a key feature of Alstoms product line. It markets
At the same time the company has recently launched a new version its gas turbines as part of integrated combined-cycle packages and this
of is 60Hz 7FA turbine which features 57.5 per cent efficiency in rather than the simple cycle gas turbine is its primary product.
combined-cycle mode but fast start-up and ramp rates and a better The companys KA26 combined-cycle power plant for the 50 Hz
turn-down capability. market is marketed today with an efficiency capability of over 59 per
One of the keys that GE has identified for fast combined-cycle start- cent, while using air-cooling of its turbine blades. Several KA26 units
up is to decouple the gas turbine from the steam turbine bottoming in Europe, including the KA26 plant at Emsland in Germany, have
cycle. This enables the gas turbine to start quickly without the need achieved above 59 per cent efficiency and the company believes
to hold output while the steam cycle components heat up. It has also 60 per cent is potentially possible.
targeted emissions-compliant ramping as an important attribute and According to product manager Mark Stevens the KA26 technology
expects the gas turbine NOx emissions to be below 9 ppm over a utilizing the GT26 gas turbine can still maintain an efficiency of about
wide load range. 53 per cent per cent at around 50 per cent plant load.
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In addition, the gas turbine will typically maintain NOx emissions at

below 15 ppm when operating at this load point and even below due
to sequential combustion.
In addition, the KA26 is capable of being parked at a very low
load, typically in the range of 20 per cent plant load with close to
baseload emissions, as an alternative to shutting down completely and
with lower fuel consumption than running at higher minimum loads.
From this very low load point, the KA26 is able to ramp back up to full
load within 15-20 minutes, Stevens said.
As with GE, the company hopes the KA26 and KA24 products will
appeal to utilities and power plant operators who expect to operate in
both the power delivery and ancillary services markets.
Meanwhile, MHI has pinned its colours squarely on high efficiency. Its
high efficiency J-series turbine builds on experience with the companys
G-class machines which use steam cooling, though only in stationary
parts such as combustion liners and blade rings. In the J-series, this is
Rolls-Royces RB211-H63 will be ready to ship from the first quarter of 2012 Source: Rolls-Royce
promised to lead to 61 per cent efficiency.
Toshishige Ai of MHI says the quest for high efficiency has particular
value in Japan; the country has to import all its fossil fuel so efficiency is increasing maintenance intervals and dual-fuel switchover operation
recognized as extremely important from both a cost and an emissions has been improved. However, the company has no current plans to
perspective. Nevertheless, MHI has recently acknowledged that develop its own 60 per cent plus efficiency combined-cycle system yet.
flexibility is also important and has developed a fully air-cooled version AERODERIVATIVE DEVELOPMENTS
of the G- series turbine. As for the J-series, six units have already been While the largest heavy duty gas turbines and combined-cycle plants
sold, with the first starting up in 2013. often attract the greatest attention, there remains a market for smaller
Siemens has developed the SGT5-8000H (50 Hz), an air-cooled units. An important player here is Rolls-Royce, which has recently
gas turbine with a generating capacity of 375 MW, which is expected introduced a new version of its RB211 industrial gas turbine called the
to exceed 60 per cent efficiency in combined-cycle configuration. RB211-H63.
Single shaft combined-cycle output is 570 MW. This unit is rated at 44 MW with a wet low emissions (WLE) combus-
There is also an SGT6-8000H, a 60 Hz version rated at 274 MW tion system and 38 MW with a dry low emissions version. However,
and six of these have been ordered by Florida Light and Power with the company believes that uprating to 50 MW will be possible in the
the first start-up in 2013. future. The 44 MW, WLE version of this turbine will have an open
Meanwhile, Siemens is also paying attention to flexibility with its cycle efficiency of 41.5 per cent with a compression ratio of 25.1:1
own fast-cycling concept, development of which began in 2002. This and will be available in 2012 with the 38 MW version available for
has led to the introduction of features such as a once-through HRSG to delivery in 2013.
eliminate the high-pressure drum, which in a more conventional HRSG As with large turbine manufacturers, Rolls-Royce is aiming for
takes a considerable time to reach the desired temperature. Adding flexibility. In this case it claims the capability of reaching full power
a stack damper helps reduce the rate of heat loss during shutdown, from start-up in ten minutes. Stated NOx level is 25 vppm.
allowing faster hot start.
These techniques are being applied to combined-cycle plants based HOW HIGH CAN EFFICIENCY GO?
on the companys current F-class turbines. According to Siemens, two The ambitious Japanese National Project for high efficiency gas turbine
plants, one at Pont sur Sambre, France and the other at Irsching, development is aiming to develop the technology to achieve a turbine
Germany have demonstrated the capability of reaching full load after with an inlet temperature of 1700 C and an efficiency of 62 per cent
overnight shutdown in 30 minutes, with efficiencies of over 58 per cent to 65 per cent in combined-cycle operation.
and over 59 per cent respectively. Both targets still remain out of reach in commercial machines,
Siemens has been looking carefully at grid support requirements too, although MHI appears to be approaching both in its latest product.
and has developed methods to maintain power output in the event of Going beyond these targets is likely to require new ceramic materials
a drop in frequency as well as remaining in stable operation during to replace the metal components in the inlet stages of gas turbines.
islanding. Ansaldo Energia, whose turbines are based on Siemens The emphasis for many companies is shifting towards flexibility
the company was a licensee until 2004 is pursuing a similar path to and it is here that much development work is likely to concentrate in
other companies in regard to flexible operation. the coming years. So while efficiency will remain a key parameter,
New low NOx burners have recently been introduced, life-cycle advances in this area over the next 20 years look likely to be slower
analysis is used to improve efficiency, increase power output or than they have been over the previous 20 years.

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Gas Turbine Technical Data

GROSS OUTPUT NET OUTPUT NET OUTPUT HEAT RATE GROSS EFFICIENCY FREQUENCY SHAFT SPEED
MANUFACTURER MODEL
(MW) (CCGT) (MW) (OCGT) (MW) (KJ/KWH) (%) (HZ) (RPM)
GT26 296.4 - - 9091 39.6 50 3000

GT24 193.8 - - 9449 38.1 60 3600
ALSTOM POWER GT13E2 184.5 - - 9524 37.8 50 3000
GT11N2 113.6 - - 10 811 33.3 50 3610
GT11N2 115.4 - - 10 619 33.9 60 3600
KG2-3E 1.895 - - - 16.7 - 18800

VECTRA 30G 23.466 - - 9644 36.6 - 6200
DR-61G 23.871 - - 9589 36.4 - 3600
VECTRA 40G 31.395 - - 8980 39 - 6200
DRESSER-RAND DR-61GP 31.369 - - 9114 39.5 - 3600
VECTRA 40G4 34.229 - - 8936 39.2 - 6200
DR-61G4 33.852 - - 9104 38.4 - 3600
DR-63G PC 44.322 - - 8549 41.4 - 3600
DR-63G PG 49.83 - - 8566 41.3 - 3743
106B 43 64.3 - 6820 50 50/60 5163

106C 44.8 67.2 - 6281 54.3 50/60 7100
106FA 77.1 118.4 - 6119 55 50/60 5231
109E 124.3 193.2 - 6570 51.9 50 3000
GE ENERGY
109FA 254.1 390.8 - 5998 56.9 50 3000
109FB 284 437.1 - 5829 58.6 50 3000
107EA 83.5 130.2 - 6800 50.2 60 3600
107FA 183.2 274 - 5948 57.4 60 3600
H-15 (natural gas) 16.9 - - 10 500 34.3 - -

HITACHI POWER
H-25 (distillate oil) 30 - - 10 710 33.6 - -
GROUP
H-25 (natural gas) 31 - - 10 340 34.8 - -
FT8 25.5 - - 9440 38.1 - 7100/11 520

TM1304-10 9.7 - - 12 330 29.2 - 8600
MAN DIESEL & TURBO
TM1304-11 11.2 - - 11 610 31 - 8600
SE
TM1304-12 12.1 - - 11 320 31.8 - 8600
TM1304-14 13.2 - - 11 150 32.3 - 8600
M501DA 113.95 - - 10 320 34.9 - 3600

M501F3 185.4 - - 9740 37 - 3600
M501G1 267.5 - - 9211 39.1 - 3600
MITSUBISHI HEAVY
M501GAC 272 - - 9074 39.7 - 3600
INDUSTRIES
M701DA 144.09 - - 10 350 34.8 - 3000
M701F4 312.1 - - 9160 39.3 - 3000
M701G2 334 - - 9110 39.5 - 3000
OP16-3A 1.91 - - 13 382 26.9 - 2600

OPRA TURBINES
OP16-3B (DLE) 1.91 - - 13 382 26.9 - 2600
OGT 2500 2.85 - - 11 975 28.5 - 3000 /1800 /1500
ORENDA AEROSPACE OGT 6000 6.7 - - 10 835 31.5 - 3000

CORPORATION OGT 15000 17.5 - - 10 835 35.5 - 3000 /3600
OGT 25000 27.5 - - 9480 36 - 3000 /3600
PRATT & WHITNEY FT8-3 SwiftPac30* - 36.57 26.57 - 50.6% (net) 50/60 -
POWER SYSTEMS FT8-3 SwiftPac60** - 74.185 54 - 51.3% (net) 50/60 -
*1 x FT8-3, **2 x FT8-3

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TURBINE INLET EXHAUST

EXHAUST MASS FLOW NOX EMISSIONS START-UP TIME WEIGHT DIMENSIONS LxWxH
PRESSURE RATIO TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
(KG/S) (PPMV) (MINUTES) (TONNES) (METRES)
(C) (C)
33.3:1 - 644 621 <<25 - 370 12 x 5 x 6

33.2:1 - 447 616 <<25 - 230 11 x 4 x 5
16.9:1 - 565 505 <25 - 339 11 x 6 x 6
16.0:1 - 400 525 <25 - 190 9 x 6 x 10
15.9:1 - 400 526 <25 - 190 9 x 6 x 10
4.7 - - 1020 - - - -
17.9 - - 1013 - - - -
18.2 - - 992 - - - -
22.4 - - 987 - - - -
22.5 - - 959 - - - -
23.6 - - 1006 - - - -
23 - - 980 - - - -
27.9 - - 848 - - - -
29.7 - - 900 - - - -
12.6 - 141 - 15 Case by case 317.5 37 x 7 x 10

19.6 - 122 - 15 Case by case 351.5 25 x 8 x 12
15.6 - 212 - 15 Case by case 362 28 x 20 x 10
12.6 - 643 - 15 Case by case 861 35 x 23 x 12
16.6 - 655 - 15 Case by case 1088 34 x 7 x 14
18 - 299 - 15 Case by case 1088 34 x 7 x 14
12.7 - 436 - 9 Case by case 485 40 x 21 x 9
16.1 - 418 - 9 Case by case 744 54 x 22 x 9
- - 52.9 564 - - - -
- - 94.3 564 - - - -
- - 94 564 - - - -
- - 85.1 458 - - - -
- - 45.3 500 - - - -
- - 49.1 505 - - - -
- - 49.1 515 - - - -
- - 49.1 545 - - - -
14 - 354 543 25 30 145 12 x 6 x 4

16 - 468 613 15 30 195 14 x 5 x 5
20 - 612 601 15 30 333 15 x 6 x 6
20 - 612 614 15 30 270 15 x 6 x 6
14 - 453 542 25 30 200 13 x 5 x 5
18 - 720 597 15 30 420 17 x 6 x 6
21 - 755 587 15 30 480 18 x 6 x 6
6.7 - 8.7 555 15 1 1.6 2.4 x 1.6 x 1.2

6.7 - 8.7 555 15 1 1.7 2.4 x 1.6 x 1.2
12 951 14.9 435 - - - -

13.85 1015 31 420 - - - -
19.57 1075 71.3 433 - - - -
21.8 1227 87.6 475 - - - -
- - - - - - - -
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GROSS OUTPUT NET OUTPUT NET OUTPUT HEAT RATE GROSS EFFICIENCY FREQUENCY SHAFT SPEED
MANUFACTURER MODEL
(MW) (CCGT) (MW) (OCGT) (MW) (KJ/KWH) (%) (HZ) (RPM)
RB211-G62 DLE - 37.7 26.7 - 50.2% (net) 50/60 -

RB211-GT62 DLE - 39.7 28.6 - 51.4% (net) 50/60 -
RB211-GT61 DLE - 42.6 31.1 - 52.8% (net) 50/60 -
RB211-H63 WLE - 54 40.9 - 50.8% (net) 50/60 -
RB211-H63 WLE - 68.3 40.9 - 40.9% (net) 50/60 -
Trent 60 DLE - 64.2 50 - 52.7% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 DLE ISI* - 73.1 58 - 53% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 DLE - 89.4 50 - 50.2% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 DLE ISI* - 101.6 58 - 49.7% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 DLE - 64.6 50.4 - 52.5% (net) 60 -
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD Trent 60 DLE ISI* - 72.9 58 - 53.1% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 DLE - 90.3 50.4 - 50.1% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 DLE ISI* - 100.9 58 - 49.7% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 WLE* - 75.1 59.4 - 50.6% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 WLE ISI* - 76.9 62.2 - 50% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 WLE* - 102.7 59.4 - 48.7% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 WLE ISI* - 107.6 62.2 - 48.1% (net) 50 -
Trent 60 WLE* - 75.2 59.4 - 51% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 WLE ISI* - 77.2 62.4 - 50.5% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 WLE* - 101.8 59.4 - 49% (net) 60 -
Trent 60 WLE ISI* - 107.4 62.4 - 48.4% (net) 60 -
SGT6-8000H 274 - - - - - 3600

SGT5-4000F 292 - - 9038 - - 3000
SGT5-2000E 167.9 - - 10366 - - 3000
SGT-800 47.03 - - 9597 - - 6608
SGT-750 35.93 - - 8811 - - 6100
SGT-700 35.93 - - 9882 - - 6500
SGT-600 24.77 - - 10533 - - 7700
SGT-500 19.1 - - 10664 - - 3600
SIEMENS SGT-400 12.9 - - 10355 - - 9500
SGT-300 7.9 - - 11773 - - 14010
SGT-200 6.75 - - 11492 - - 11053
SGT-100 4.3 - - 12078 - - 16500
SGT-100 5.25 - - 11874 - - 17384
SGT-100 5.4 - - 11613 - - 17384
SGT6-2000E 113 - - 10606 - - 3600
SGT6-5000F 208 - - 9446 - - 3600
SGT5-8000H 375 - - - - - 3000
Saturn 20 1.21 - - 14,795 24.3 - 1800

Centaur 40 3.515 - - 12,910 27.9 - 1800
Centaur 50 4.6 - - 12,270 29.3 - 1800
Mercury 50 4.6 - - 9,351 38.4 - 1800
Taurus 60 5.67 - - 11,425 31.5 - 1800
Taurus 60 (mobile) 5.67 - - 11,425 31.5 - 1800
SOLAR GAS
Taurus 65 6.3 - - 10,945 32.9 - 1800
TURBINES
Taurus 70 7.52 - - 10,650 32.8 - 1800
Mars 90 9.45 - - 11,300 31.8 - 1800
Mars 100 11.43 - - 10,885 33 - 1800
Titan 130 15 - - 10,230 34.1 - 1800
Titan 130 (mobile) 15 - - 10,230 34.1 - 1800
Titan 250 21.745 - - 9,260 24.1 - 1800
VPS1 0.5 - - 17,280 20.8 - 1500/1800

VERICOR POWER
VPS3 3.1 - - 13,252 27.2 - 15400
SYSTEMS
VPS4 3.5 - - 12,562 28.7 - 15400
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TURBINE INLET
EXHAUST MASS FLOW EXHAUST NOX EMISSIONS START-UP TIME WEIGHT DIMENSIONS LxWxH
PRESSURE RATIO TEMPERATURE
(KG/S) TEMPERATURE (C) (PPMV) (MINUTES) (TONNES) (METRES)
(C)
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
20 - 600 600 - - - -
18.2 - 692 577 - - - -
11.7 - 531 536 - - - -
19.9 - 131.5 544 - - - -
23.8 - 113.3 462 - - - -
18.6 - 94 528 - - - -
14 - 80.4 543 - - - -
13 - 97.9 369 - - - -
16.8 - 39.4 555 - - - -
13.7 - 30.2 542 - - - -
12.3 - 29.2 466 - - - -
13 - 17.6 527 - - - -
14.2 - 20.8 534 - - - -
15.6 - 20.6 531 - - - -
11.8 - 365 545 - - - -
17.2 - 510 567 - - - -
19.2 - 820 625 - - - -
6.7 - 6.5 505 - - 9.98 5.8 x 1.7 x 2

9.7 - 19 445 - - 26.015 9.7 x 2.4 x 2.6
10.6 - 19.1 510 - - 27.08 9.8 x 2.4 2.8
9.9 - 17.7 377 - - 58.831 11.1 x 2.9 x 3.7
12.5 - 21.8 510 - - 33.87 9.8 x 2.7 x 3.0
12.5 - 21.8 510 - - 33.045 9.8 x 2.5 x 2.9
15 - 21.1 550 - - 52.175 10.4 x 3.1 x 3.6
16 - 26.9 485 - - 67.57 14.5 x 2.5 x 3.6
16.3 - 40.1 465 - - 67.57 14.5 x 2.8 x 3.6
17.7 - 42.2 485 - - 73.668 14 x 3.3 x 3.3
17.1 - 49.8 495 - - - -
- - - - - - 140.62 18.1 x 3.7 x 4.2
24.1 - 68.2 465 - - 9.1 4.4 x 1.7 x 3.5
10.5 - 3.5 487 - - 31.7 8.1 x 2.4 x 6.9

8.8 - 12.8 598 - - 31.7 8.1 x 2.4 x 6.9
10.1 - 13.7 580 - - - -

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Steam Turbine Technical Data

DIMENSIONS INLET GAS FLOW
POWER RATING SHAFT SPEED INLET TEMP
OEM MODEL TYPE/APPLICATION LxWxH PRESSURE RATE
(MW) (RPM) (0C)
(METRES) (BAR) (M3/H)
GRT Biomass/Industrial/Waste-to-energy/SCP 560 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
GST Geothermal 2060 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
TM2 Concentrated Solar Power 4560 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
MT Biomass/Industrial/Waste-to-Energy/SCP 50130 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
COMAX Cogeneration 100400 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
STF15C CCGT 100250 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -

ALSTOM POWER
STF30C CCGT 150400 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
STF25 Coal 100350 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
ARABELLE Nuclear 1800 50 and 60Hz applicable - - - -
125+ models available Multi-stage 100 kW75 MW 75018 000 - - - -

DRESSER-RAND
25 models available Single-stage 1 kW3 MW 50015 000 - - - -
- - - -
A Series Fossil Plants 250 50/60 - - - -
D Series Fossil Plants 200500 50/60 - - - -
GE ENERGY G Series Fossil plants Three casing 400750 50/60 - - - -
G Series Fossil plants Four casing 650 900 50/60 - - - -
N Series Nuclear 1500 50/60 - - - -
- -
SST-010 - 0.11 - 1.2 x 0.8 x 0.9 - - 15 000
SST-050 - 0.750 - 1 x 1 x 1.3 - - -
SST-060 - 6 - 1.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 - 131 -
SST-110 - 7 - 6 x 2.8 x 3.2 - 131 -
SST-120 - 10 - 9 x 2.8 x 3.2 - 131 -
SST-900 - 250 30003600 20 x 11 x 10 585 165
SST-600 - 100 300015 000 19 x 6 x 5 540 140 -
SST-700 - 175 300013 200 22 x 15 x 6 585 165 -
SIEMENS ENERGY SST-800 - 150 30003600 20 x 8.5 x 6 540 140 -

SECTOR
SST-300 - 50 12 000 12 x 4 x 5 520 120 -
SST-400 - 65 30008000 18 x 8.5 x 5.5 540 140 -
SST-500 - 100 15 000 19 x 6 x 5 400 30
SST-100 - 8.5 7500 8 x 3.7 x 3.4 480 65 -
SST-150 - 20 13 300 12 x 4 x 5 505 103 -
SST-200 - 10 - 4 x 2 x 2.5 520 110 -
SST-6000 - 300 1200 - 600 300 -
SST-5000 - 120750 - - 600 190 -
SST-3000 - 90250 - - 565 177 -

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________
Anytime, any-
where, we care!
MTUs industrial gas turbine
experts deliver excellent service.
MTU Maintenance Berlin-Brandenburg is committed to

the highest quality and reliability standards. We have
been repairing and overhauling GE LM2500, LM2500+,
LM5000 and LM6000 series gas turbines for decades.
As MTUs center of excellence for industrial gas turbines,

located near Berlin, we take pride in our customized
maintenance concepts, advanced repair techniques, out-
standing reliability, quality work and smoothly organized
logistics. Our highly mobile service team is available 24/7
wherever you need it. www.mtu.de

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Products and Services

Classified Listing
Cogeneration systems EMKO Elektronik AS Leslie Controls Inc
PRODUCTS BEIRENS SAS TechniData AG Niagara Blower Heat Transfer
Combustion Energy & Steam Woodward GmbH Solutions
Actuators Welland & Tuxhorn AG
Specialists Ltd
AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG meters and instruments
Dresser-Rand Co Ltd
HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG
GE Energy - Jenbacher Gas Engines AMETEK Detection systems
Meggitt Control Systems/Whittaker DEIF A/S explosion
Controls Magellan Aerospace Corp (Orenda)
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE Endress+Hauser BV Chemetron Fire Systems
Power Jacks Ltd Espartec SA de CV
SDMO Industries Thermo Scientific
SIPOS Aktorik GmbH Huadian Measurement and Control
SES Tlmace
STI Srl Sherborne Sensors flame
Tefulong Group Co Ltd SITAL srl
Vaisala Oyj BFI Automation GmbH
Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG SKODA POWER
Zat as Chemetron Fire Systems
Young & Franklin Inc Solar Turbines Inc
Iris Systems Inc
TPS Termiska Processer AB temperature monitoring PIA Inc
Air cleaners, dryers and ACR Systems Inc
filters Combined cycles gas
Combustion Energy & Steam AEG Power Solutions
Advanced Filtration Concepts Inc AMETEK Chemetron Fire Systems
Specialists Ltd
Balcke-Drr GmbH BFI Automation GmbH Rongxin Power Electric Co Ltd
GE Energy
Camfil Farr Power Systems AB CIB Solar Ltd Thermo Scientific
Magellan Aerospace Corp (Orenda)
DEFITEC Sprl EMKO Elektronik AS
Donaldson Co Inc
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE intrusion
METKA Espartec SA de CV
GEAFILTRI Gasparini Associates United Process Controls Argon Security Technologies Inc
NEM Power-Systems
Air compressors SKODA POWER leak
Control systems
Doosan Infracore Portable Power Solar Turbines Inc ABB Pte Ltd Thermo Scientific
DATAKOM Ltd Zolo Technologies Inc
Air heaters and Combustion
Diamond Power International Inc Diagnostic systems
preheaters control and optimization Doosan HF Controls
Aerofin Corp systems Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co
Emerson Process Management KG
Balcke-Drr GmbH CBP Engineering Corp EMKO Elektronik AS
Gaumer Process Diamond Power International Inc
Gas Turbine Efficiency Espartec SA de CV
GEA Renzmann & Grnewald epro GmbH
SAS Global Corp Gas Turbine Controls Corp
GmbH Rovsing Dynamics A/S
systems and burners HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG
Kingsbury Repair & Service Drives
HEINZMANN UK Ltd
SES Tlmace Bromford Industries Ltd
Detroit Stoker Co
Honeywell Process Solutions dampers
Bearings L-3 Communications Mapps Inc NEM Power-Systems
OUESTime
Calnetix Inc Mega-Fabs Motion Systems Ltd SIPOS Aktorik GmbH
Kingsbury Repair & Service Compressors Meggitt Control Systems/Whittaker
Controls electronic
Mecos Traxler AG air
PAN Metallgesellschaft Baumgrtner MONICON Instruments Co Ltd Calnetix Inc
BORSIG GmbH
GmbH & CoKG NAT-COM LEROY-SOMER
Doosan Infracore Portable Power
Promec SRL Thomson Technology LLP Mega-Fabs Motion Systems Ltd
Kobelco EDTI Compressors Inc
Turbo Parts LLC Trihedral Engineering Ltd
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE
Woodward GmbH
fluid
Borescopes, Turbocam Europe Ltd Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG
Videoscopes, Fibrescopes gas Couplings mechanical
Karl Storz Industrial-America Inc Lufkin Industries Inc
BORSIG GmbH ATCO Structures & Logistics -
Lenox Instrument Co Ringfeder Corp
Dresser-Rand Co Ltd Environmental Systems
Ritepro Inc
GE Energy LEROY-SOMER
Castings Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH
Kobelco EDTI Compressors Inc MAN Diesel & Turbo SE
Doosan Heavy Industries & Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE Power Jacks Ltd
Construction Co Ltd
Fulmer Co
Minco UK Ltd Dampers Ringfeder Corp
SAMPI SpA Camfil Farr Power Systems AB Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH
Cleaning equipment ZOK International Group Ltd Lisega AG
variable speed
Rochem Technical Services Process Equipment - Barron Industries
Specialised Overhaul Service P/L
Condensers Welland & Tuxhorn AG
ABB Inc
Holtec International ABB Pte Ltd
ZOK International Group Ltd WES GmbH
Smithco Engineering Inc Converteam GmbH
Coatings/lining materials SPX Heat Transfer Inc Desuperheaters ELIN Motoren GmbH
CBP Engineering Corp Balcke-Drr GmbH SIPOS Aktorik GmbH
Henkel Corp/Loctite
Controllers Copes-Vulcan Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG
International Paint LLC energy management Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH &
DEIF A/S Co KG

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________
Bringing energy and the environment into harmony.
GREEN ENERGY IS ALL

AROUND YOU. YOU JUST NEED
TO KNOW WHERE TO LOOK.
Clients are looking for green energy solutions with high reliability, low maintenance and maximum
efciency. Dresser-Rand has considerable experience in steam turbine systems for combined cycle,
cogeneration and waste-to-energy, among other applications. Our turbine generator sets feature
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as well as universities and municipalities. If your vision is to develop clean, renewable energy, turn
to Dresser-Rand and see what we have to offer.
The Americas: (Intl +1) 713-354-6100 / EMEA: (Intl +33) 2-35-25-5225

Asia-Pacic: (Intl +60) 3-2093-6633 / info@dresser-rand.com
CompressorsTurbo & Reciprocating / Steam Turbines / Gas Turbines / Control Systems / Expanders www.dresser-rand.com

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other ALSTOM Power Process Plugins Inc level

Power Jacks Ltd Ansaldo Energia PSM, an ALSTOM Co AMETEK
Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) Thermamax Inc Clark-Reliance Corp
Expansion joints/ Bachmann Industries Inc THERMO ELECTRIC Co Endress+Hauser Instruments
breechings Belyea Co Inc Turbocam Europe Ltd International AG
Braden Manufacturing LLC Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd Unison Fozmula Ltd
Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co Burns & McDonnell Zambetti E Lumina SPA Huadian Measurement and Control
KG BWD Turbines Ltd Magnetrol International Inc
KE-Burgmann A/S Capstone Turbine Corp Gears
MTS Sensors
Process Equipment - Barron Industries Caterpillar Inc Allen Gears
Orion Instruments
Unison Centrax Ltd Lufkin Industries Inc
Piezo Technologies
Combustion Energy & Steam Philadelphia Gear
Fans Specialists Ltd Power Jacks Ltd pressure
BEIRENS SAS Copower LLC Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH Endress+Hauser Instruments
Boldrocchi Srl Dongfang Electric Corp International AG
Canadian Buffalo Heat exchangers Racine Flow Meter Group
Dresser-Rand Co Ltd Aerofin Corp
M-CTI GmbH Gas Turbine Controls Corp
The New York Blower Co Agni Inc temperature
GE Energy Alfa Laval AB
Process Equipment - Barron Industries Endress+Hauser Instruments
Hitachi Power Europe AMETEK Fluoropolyer Products
Ring Power Corp International AG
IHI Corp Anguil Environmental Systems
Smithco Engineering Inc Racine Flow Meter Group
International Energy Systems (1983) Aprovis Energy Systems GmbH Zolo Technologies Inc
Filters and filtration Ltd
Balcke-Drr GmbH
systems
International Power Machinery Co
EJ Bowman Ltd vibration
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Metrix Instrument Co
AAF International (American Air Filter) GEA Renzmann & Grnewald
LPP Combustion LLC GmbH Perpetuum Ltd
Advanced Filtration Concepts Inc
Magellan Aerospace Corp (Orenda) Haden Drysys International Ltd
Aquatech International Corp Inspection equipment
Maximum Turbine Support Inc Holtec International
Beaudrey FSI Technologies Inc
McLellan and Partners Ltd LHE Co Ltd
Blackthorn Environmental Ltd
Mee Industries Inc
Camfil Farr Power Systems AB
Mid America Engine Inc
Loterios SpA Instruments, measuring
CCI Thermal Technologies Inc Ormat Nevada Inc Albercorp
Minco UK Ltd Rely (UK) Precision Castings
Contec GmbH DEIF A/S
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Rosink Apparate- und Anlagenbau
Industrieausruestungen EMKO Elektronik AS
NPO Saturn GmbH
DEFITEC Sprl Endress+Hauser BV
OPRA Turbines BV Seawater Greenhouse Ltd
Dollinger Power Systems MTS Sensors
Orenda Aerospace Corp SKODA POWER
Donaldson Co Inc Orion Instruments
PCA Engineers Ltd Smithco Engineering Inc
Eimco Water Technologies Racine Flow Meter Group
PCC Structurals Inc Solarnetix Inc
Gaumer Process RST Instruments Ltd
Power Developments International Southport Equipment
GEAFILTRI Gasparini Associates Sherborne Sensors
FZCO SPX Cooling Technologies GmbH
Hilliard Corp Testo AG
Power Machines SRF Europe Ltd
Indufil BV Vaisala Oyj
Pratt & Whitney Sutton Stromart Ltd
Notox Ceramic Filters A/S Weston Aerospace
PSM, an ALSTOM Co TE Tecnologie per lEnergia srl
Orival Water Filters Zolo Technologies Inc
Rolls-Royce Vahterus Oy
Plenty Process Filtration
Shanghai Electric West Pomerenian University of Lube-oil systems
SAMPI SpA
Siemens AG Energy Sector Technology Ansaldo Thomassen BV
Gas compressors Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery GEA Renzmann & Grnewald
Belyea Co Inc Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Heat recovery/HRSGs GmbH
D&J Resources Ltd Aalborg Industries Oy Roper Pump Co
Gas and Air Systems Inc - GAS Solar Turbines Inc Anguil Environmental Systems Westfalia Separator AG
ITH GmbH Sulzer Turbo Services Aprovis Energy Systems GmbH
Minco UK Ltd TurboCare Bachmann Industries Inc Lubricants
PCA Engineers Ltd Turbomach Belyea Co Inc ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum
TurboCare Turbotect Ltd D&J Resources Specialties
Vooner FloGard Corp Volvo Aero Corp GEA Barr-Rosin Inc Henkel Corp/Loctite
ZOK International Group Ltd Wabash Power Equipment Co Hurst Boiler & Welding Co Inc Shell Lubricants
Wood Group GTS The Install TEAM
Gas turbine inlet cooling Woodward Kempen GmbH
Microturbines
Korridor Capital Investments LLC
AAF International (American Air Filter) Bowman Power Group Ltd
ZOK International Group Ltd Macchi
Advanced Filtration Concepts Inc Capstone Turbine Corp
Nebraska Boiler
Aerofin Corp Gas turbine parts, Rentech Boiler Systems Inc
FP Turbomachinery BV
AxEnergy Ltd components and Mecos Traxler AG
Southport Equipment
Camfil Farr Power Systems AB accessories PCA Engineers Ltd
Sutton Stromart Ltd
CAT PUMPS-High Pressure Pumps & Allied Power Group LLC Turbocam Europe Ltd
TesTex NDT Ltd
Systems Ansaldo Thomassen BV Volvo Aero Corp
Thermal Ceramics
Dectron Internationale Inc Braden Manufacturing LLC Monitoring equipment
Donaldson Co Inc Bromford Industries Ltd Heaters
FP Turbomachinery BV Doncasters Group Ltd Balcke-Drr GmbH combustion control
Gas Turbine Efficiency FIAV L MAZZACCHERA SPA CIB Solar Ltd AMETEK
GE Energy Gaumer Process Gaumer Process BFI Automation GmbH
Hitachi Power Europe GEAFILTRI Gasparini Associates Loesche GmbH Emerson Process Management
Mee Industries Inc GEA Renzmann & Grnewald Iris Systems Inc
SPIG SpA GmbH
Indicators M&W Asketeknik
SPX Cooling Technologies GmbH GE Energy flow PIA Inc
Turbine Air Systems Ltd KE-Burgmann A/S AMETEK QinetiQ
Turbomach Kingsbury Repair & Service Endress+Hauser Instruments SAS Global Corp
NORD-LOCK Inc International AG Zolo Technologies Inc
Gas turbines Power Developments International Magnetrol International Inc
Aerofin Corp FZCO Piezo Technologies
Allen Gears Racine Flow Meter Group

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Co-located with:
Conference & Exhibition

7-9 JUNE 2011 FIERA MILANO CITY, MILAN ITALY
REGISTER TODAY!
Register before the 20th May 2011 and SAVE 10% Supporting Organisations
Join us in Milan for Europes largest power industry networking event.

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Visit www.nuclearpower-europe.com for more information.
________
For further information on exhibiting

NUCLEAR POWER EUROPE and sponsorship at Nuclear Power
ADDRESSING THE HOT BUTTON ISSUES Europe, please visit
www.nuclearpower-europe.com,
or contact
Owned and produced by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Asim Niazi
T: +44 1992 656 679
E: asimn@pennwell.com

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continuous emission monitoring Pumps McLellan and Partners Ltd Valtorc International
equipment Boerger Pumps Asia Pte Ltd Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Velan
AMETEK Power Instruments Bran & Luebbe Power Machines Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG
DURAG GmbH CAT PUMPS-High Pressure Pumps & Shanghai Electric Weir Power & Industrial
ETR-Unidata Ltd Systems Siemens AG Energy Sector Welland & Tuxhorn AG
Industrial Accessories Co-IAC CIS (Holmatro UK) Ltd Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Woodward GmbH
MIDAC Corp D&J Resources SKODA POWER Young & Franklin Inc
TechniData AG Flowserve Corp TGM Kanis Turbinen GmbH
Friatec-AG Division Rheinhutte Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd Vibration
Thermo Scientific
Pumpen TurboCare analysis
emissions Gorman-Rupp Co Wabash Power Equipment Co CEMB SpA
Thermo Scientific Hayward Tyler Ltd Wood Group GTS Data Physics Corp
ITT Goulds Pumps Woodward Kempen GmbH Flowserve Corp
general Johnson Pump
ACR Systems Inc Steam turbine parts, GE Energy
Kolfor Plant Ltd HTRI Asia-Pacific
AP Sensing GmbH KRAL AG components and
ETR-Unidata Ltd HTRI EMEA
KSB Aktiengesellschaft accessories Metrix Instrument Co
Littelfuse Startco Process Plugins Inc FIAV L MAZZACCHERA SPA
Tyco Thermal Controls PCH Engineering A/S
Roper Pump Co Franco Tosi Meccanica SpA
Rovsing Dynamics A/S
temperature SAMPI SpA GEA Renzmann & Grnewald
ACR Systems Inc SDS Power Co Ltd GmbH control
Solarnetix Inc GE Energy CEMB SpA
AMETEK
SPX Flow Technology Process Plugins Inc PCH Engineering A/S
AP Sensing GmbH
Thompson Pump Promec SRL Ringfeder Corp
Diamond Power International Inc
Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG Rathbone Precision Metals Inc Technicon Acoustics
Littelfuse Startco
Vooner FloGard Corp Turbocam Europe Ltd
Roctest Ltd monitoring
Weir Power & Industrial Turbo Parts LLC
THERMO ELECTRIC Co ABB Inc
Weston Aerospace Reheaters Superheaters CEMB SpA
Balcke-Drr GmbH Babcock & Wilcox Co epro GmbH
Multipollutant emissions Balcke-Drr GmbH
Competitive Energy Insight Inc Flowserve Corp
control Metso Power
Gaumer Process GE Energy
Babcock & Wilcox Co
Industrial Control Solutions Ltd
Callidus Technologies by Honeywell Seals Temperature monitoring
Metrix Instrument Co
DCL International Inc Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co and measuring PCH Engineering A/S
MIDAC Corp KG equipment Perpetuum Ltd
Solvay Chemicals Inc Flowserve Corp ACR Systems Inc Rovsing Dynamics A/S
Zolo Technologies Inc Turbo Parts LLC AMETEK Tyco Thermal Controls
Nitrogen oxide control Fozmula Ltd
Sensors JNT Technical Services Inc
systems AMETEK
Airgas Specialty Products Fozmula Ltd
Littelfuse Startco SERVICES
THERMO ELECTRIC Co
ATCO Structures & Logistics - FSI Technologies Inc Alignment/balancing
Environmental Systems HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG Valves Fixturlaser AB
Babcock & Wilcox Co Sherborne Sensors Apollo Valves Sulzer Turbo Services
Callidus Technologies by Honeywell THERMO ELECTRIC Co Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Cormetech Inc Unison Bachmann Industries Inc Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH
DCL International Inc United Process Controls Bonetti SpA - NACB LLC
EmeraChem CIS (Holmatro UK) Ltd Bearings
Haldor Topsoe A/S Steam generators Copes-Vulcan Kingsbury Repair & Service
Nationwide Boiler Inc Babcock & Wilcox Co
CU Services LLC
NEM Power-Systems Hurst Boiler & Welding Co Inc
Flowserve Corp Cogeneration
Rentech Boiler Systems Inc Indeck Power Equipment Co GE Energy - Jenbacher Gas Engines
HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG
Solvay Chemicals Inc Nebraska Boiler Harris Group Inc
Hilliard Corp
Steuler Anlagenbau GmbH & Co Wabash Power Equipment Co METKA
Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH &
KG Co KG NEWPOLYGEN
Steam separators and
traps Imbibitive Technologies Combustion diagnostics
Piping
ITT Goulds Pumps
Ashland Inc CU Services LLC and testing
JASC: Jansens Aircraft Systems
Fabricated Plastics Ltd OUESTime
Federal Steel Supply Steam turbines Controls Inc
PSM, an ALSTOM Co
ALSTOM Power Kirloskar Brothers LLC
SRF Europe Ltd
Atomenergomash OJSC KSB Aktiengesellschaft Condensers
Thompson Pump
Belyea Co Inc Leslie Controls Inc
Tioga Pipe Supply Co Inc cleaning
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd Major Inc
Unison Balcke-Drr GmbH
Combustion Energy & Steam Maxon International BVBA
United Conveyor Corp Beaudrey
Specialists Ltd Meggitt Control Systems/Whittaker
VALLOUREC & MANNESMANN Eimco Water Technologies
Copower LLC Controls
TUBES Specialised Overhaul Service P/L
D&J Resources MK Consulting
ZCL Composites Inc
Dongfang Electric Corp Regeltechnik Kornwesthelm GmbH
Zeleziarne Podbrezova as repair
Dresser-Rand Co Ltd Rely (UK) Precision Castings
Balcke-Drr GmbH
Pressure monitoring, Franco Tosi Meccanica SpA Ritepro Inc
Plastocor-international SA
measuring Gas Turbine Controls Corp Rotork Controls Ltd
RetubeCo Inc
AMETEK Power Instruments GE Energy SIPOS Aktorik GmbH
Fozmula Ltd Hitachi Power Europe SK Valve retubing
Nasatka Security Inc International Energy Systems (1983) SPX Flow Technology Balcke-Drr GmbH
Roctest Ltd Ltd Swagelok Co Niagara Blower Heat Transfer
RST Instruments Ltd International Power Machinery Co Tefulong Group Co Ltd Solutions
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Turbo Parts LLC RetubeCo Inc
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE United Conveyor Corp SPX Heat Transfer Inc

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________
2009 Swagelok Company
Contrary to what you may think, were much more than a tube tting company.
And we have our obsession with Customer Focus to thank for that. Yes, were
In addition to tube ttings, known throughout the world for our tube ttings. And yes, weve been at it for over
60 years. But when companies are looking harder than ever for greater value, its
we also make valves, our broad range of products, including orbital welders, modular systems, and a
regulators, lters, complete line of hose, that helps us offer more than you expect. See for yourself
at swagelok.com/moreproducts.
and happier customers.

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Corrosion control and rebuilding Lube oil repair

monitoring Sulzer Turbo Services ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum Flowserve Corp
Aquilex Welding Services BV PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia Specialties Roper Pump Co
Nalco Shell Lubricants Sulzer Turbo Services
Plastocor-international SA
servicing PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Allied Power Group LLC Maintenance services
Structural Preservation Systems Thompson Pump
Ansaldo Thomassen BV Ansaldo Energia
Weir Minerals Netherlands bv
Gas turbine inlet cooling Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) Endress+Hauser BV
design/engineering ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum Energy Capital Repair services, general
Specialties ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum Ansaldo Thomassen BV
AAF International (American Air
GE Energy Specialties Flowserve Corp
Filter)
MTU Maintenance Berlin- GE Energy ITT Goulds Pumps
AxEnergy Ltd
Brandenburg Industrial Accessories Co-IAC Stork Turbo-Service GmbH
Camfil Farr Power Systems AB
Stork Turbo-Service GmbH Kingsine Electric Automation Co Ltd Structural Preservation Systems
Everest Sciences Inc
Sulzer Turbo Services Metso Power Sulzer Turbo Services
FP Turbomachinery BV
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia MWM GmbH PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Kiewit
PIA Inc WES GmbH
Mee Industries Inc Heat exchangers TIC-The Industrial Co
feasibility studies coil upgrading URS Steam generators,
Mee Industries Inc Aerofin Corp WES GmbH maintenance and repair
Balcke-Drr GmbH Babcock & Wilcox Co
maintenance/repair Mechanical failure Powertech Labs Inc
AAF International (American Air inspection analysis URS
Filter) Balcke-Drr GmbH ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum
AxEnergy Ltd Specialties Steam turbines
rebuilding
Camfil Farr Power Systems AB aligning
GE Optimization & Control Aerofin Corp Metal fabricating and
Fixturlaser AB
Power Developments International Balcke-Drr GmbH machining
Sulzer Turbo Services
FZCO RetubeCo Inc Daetwyler Custom Fabrication &
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Machining
Gas turbines retubing METKA blade repair
Balcke-Drr GmbH
blade repair Metso Power Power Machines
ESCO Tool TIC-The Industrial Co
Allied Power Group LLC Sulzer Turbo Services
RetubeCo Inc
BWD Turbines Ltd PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Smithco Engineering Inc Monitoring
MTU Maintenance Berlin- Wiromet SA Zaklady Mechaniczne
Ansaldo Energia
Brandenburg tube cleaning
PAS Technologies Inc
CITI - North America Corona installation
Balcke-Drr GmbH Inspection Training Institute
Power Machines Graycor
Beaudrey Elcon International AB
PSM, an ALSTOM Co Sulzer Turbo Services
Eimco Water Technologies Encore Networks
Sulzer Turbo Services PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Specialised Overhaul Service P/L epro GmbH
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia EUtech Scientific Engineering GmbH maintenance
TurboCare tube plugging
Iris Systems Inc Dresser-Rand Co Ltd
Turbotect Ltd Balcke-Drr GmbH
MIDAC Corp GE Energy
JNT Technical Services Inc
installation PIA Inc GE Optimization & Control
Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) Heat recovery/HRSGs Proton Energy System SKODA POWER
Graycor Clyde Bergemann Power Group PSM, an ALSTOM Co Stork Turbo-Service GmbH
Power Developments International GEA Barr-Rosin Inc Tyco Thermal Controls Sulzer Turbo Services
FZCO Innovative Steam Technologies Weston Aerospace PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Sulzer Turbo Services Kuttner LLC (also Kuttner North TorcUP Industrial Bolting Tools
America) Outage services TurboCare
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
METKA AREVA
Turbomach overhauling
Nalamwar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd BHI Energy
maintenance NEWPOLYGEN Climax Portable Machine Tools Promec SRL
Allied Power Group LLC Nooter/Eriksen Inc GmbH Sulzer Turbo Services
Ansaldo Thomassen BV Flowserve Corp PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) Inspection services GE Energy TorcUP Industrial Bolting Tools
DATAKOM Ltd Balcke-Drr GmbH Metso Power
SIPOS Aktorik GmbH
rebuilding
Dectron Internationale Inc Buckley Industrial
GE Energy URS Sulzer Turbo Services
Fixturlaser AB PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
FP Turbomachinery BV TV SD Industrie Service GmbH Westinghouse Electric Co
TorcUP Industrial Bolting Tools
MTU Maintenance Berlin- Pumps and compressors
Instrumentation and
Brandenburg testing
Rochem Technical Services control systems overhauling Sulzer Turbo Services
Sulzer Turbo Services calibration Flowserve Corp PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia Gas Turbine Efficiency Sulzer Turbo Services
TurboCare Kingsine Electric Automation Co Ltd PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia Vibration control
Turbomach Sensor Developments Inc Thompson Pump balancing
ZOK International Group Ltd TorcUP Industrial Bolting Tools CEMB SpA
maintenance Weir Minerals Netherlands bv
overhauling Gas Turbine Controls Corp monitoring
Everest Sciences Inc Honeywell Process Solutions rebuilding CEMB SpA
MTU Maintenance Berlin- SWAN Systeme AG Flowserve Corp Flowserve Corp
Brandenburg Sulzer Turbo Services GE Energy
PAS Technologies Inc
repair PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia Industrial Control Solutions Ltd
Sulzer Turbo Services Gas Turbine Controls Corp Thompson Pump PCH Engineering A/S
PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia Weir Minerals Netherlands bv Tyco Thermal Controls
Turbomach

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________
Hard at work
keeping quiet
Power doesnt have to be noisy or showy.
Alligators, for example, are experts at
masking their presence by maintaining
the lowest possible profile. And if you
want to do the same, we can help.
We make exhaust systems that lower

noise and reduce disturbance to an
acceptable level. So when you want
maximum performance with the
minimum of fuss, rely on us.
As leading manufacturers of exhaust

silencers, steam vent silencers, intake
attenuators, turbine silencers and heat Industrial & Marine Silencers Ltd
recovery systems, we can provide
solutions for a wide range of industrial Charnwood Edge, Syston Road
and marine applications, including Cossington, Leicestershire
customised solutions to minimise LE7 4UZ
specific or unusual noises. Telephone +44 (0)116 2604985
Fax +44 (0)116 2605151
Dont let noise spoil your reputation. E-mail sales @ silencers.co.uk
With our help you can keep the workload www.silencers.co.uk
up and the noise level down. Just like
the alligator.
IMS: when you dont want to attract attention to yourself

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Company Classified Listing
AAF International Advanced Filtration Alfa Laval AB AMETEK

(American Air Filter) Concepts Inc Market Unit Power Div, (div of Process Land Instruments Div, 150 Freeport
Power & Industrial Div, Bassington Ln, 7111 Telegraph Rd, Los Angeles, CA Technology), Rudeboksvgen Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15238,
Cramlington, Northumberland NE23 90640, USA, +1-323-832-8316, 1, PO Box 74, Lund SE-221 USA, +1-412-828-9040,
8AF, UK, +44-1670-713-477, tmoyer@advfiltration.com, 00 Sweden, +46-46-366500, michelle.rohm@ametek.com,
www.aafintl.com www.gasturbineinletairfilters.com lars.jeraeus@alfalaval.com, www.landinst.com
Contact: Sls Dir, Dave Carroll Contact: Gen Mgr, Teri Moyer www.alfalaval.com Contact: Mktg Spec, Michelle Rohm
Contact: Power Tech Mgr, Lars Jeraeus
AAF International AEG Power Solutions AMETEK Fluoropolyer
(American Air Filter) PO Box 82, Weerenweg 29, Allen Gears Products
10300 Ormsby Park Pl, Suite 600, Zwanenburg 1160 AB The (div of Rolls-Royce Plc), Atlas Works, 455 Corporate Blvd, Newark, DE
Louisville, KY 40232-5690, Netherlands, +31-20-4077-800, Station Rd, Pershore, 19702, USA, +1-302-456-4431,
USA, +1-502-637-0011, contact@aegps.com, Worcestershire WR10 2BZ, info.fpp@ametek.com,
mfas@aafintl.com, www.aafintl.com www.aegps.com UK, +44-1386-552211, www.ametekfpp.com
Contact: Proj Admin, Lee Coleman sales@allengears.com, Contact: Inside Sls/Bus Support Svcs,
Aerofin Corp www.allengears.com Frank Vito
Aalborg Industries Oy (sub of AMPCO Pittsburgh Corp), Contact: Mktg Mgr, Samantha Paul
Kaivopuistontie 33, PO Box 9, 4621 Murray Pl, Lynchburg, VA AMETEK Power
Rauma FI-26101 Finland, 24502, USA, +1-434-845-7081, Allied Power Group LLC Instruments
+358-10-838-3800, sales@aerofin.com, www.aerofin.com 10131 Mills Rd, Houston, TX 255 N Union St, Rochester, NY
sales@aalborg-industries.fi, Contact: VP Engr/Ch Eng, Gary 77070, USA, +1-281-444-3535, 14605, USA, +1-585-263-7700,
www.aalborg-industries.com Carroll dbartlett@alliedpg.com, power.sales@ametek.com,
Contact: Gen Mgr Bus Dev, Pekka www.alliedpg.com www.ametekpower.com
Lisk Aeroflo Inc Contact: Sls Mgr, Dan Bartlett Contact: Prod Mgr, Steve Bleier
12-205 Matheson Blvd E,
ABB Inc Mississauga, ON L4Z 3E3, Alpha Energy Anguil Environmental
Power Electronics Div, 10300 Henri Canada, +1-905-890-6192, (div of Alpha Technologies Services Systems
Bourassa Blvd W, St Laurent, aeroflo@aeroflo.com, Inc), 1628 W Williams 8855 N 55th St, Milwaukee, WI
QC H4S 1N6, Canada, www.aeroflo.com Dr, Phoenix, AZ 85027, 53223, USA, +1-414-365-6400,
+1-514-332-5350, Contact: Natl Sls Mgr, Bruce Gover USA, +1-602-997-1007, sales@anguil.com, www.anguil.com
pes@ca.abb.com, www.abb.com/ aerequests@alpha.com, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Kevin Summ
powerelectronics
_________ Agni Inc www.alpha.com/solar
Contact: Dir Sls/Svc NAM, Derek No 16, Lorong Keluli 1B, Kawasan Contact: Strategic Bus Dev, Larry Ansaldo Energia
Monk Perindustrian Bukit Raja, Section 7, Madsen Via N Lorenzi 8, Genova 16152
Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Italy, +39-10-6551,
ABB Inc 40000 Malaysia, +60-3-3361-8788, ALSTOM Power communication@aen.ansaldo.it,
Power Systems Power Generation Div, info@agni-inc.com, Brown Boveri Strasse 7, Baden www.ansaldoenergia.com
29801 Euclid Ave, Wickliffe, OH www.agni-inc.com CH-5401 Switzerland,
44092, USA, +1-440-585-8484, Contact: Dir, Luis Vieira +41-562057733, www.alstom.com/ Ansaldo Thomassen BV
pspmarketing@us.abb.com, power
____ (div of Ansaldo Energia),
www.abb.com Airgas Specialty Products Havelandeseweg 8D, PO Box
Contact: Mktg Mgr, Andy Gavrilos Gas Operations Div, (div of Airgas AMETEK 95, Rheden 6991 GS The
Inc), 6340 Sugarloaf Pkwy, Test & Calibration Instruments Div, Netherlands, +31-26-497-5800,
ABB Pte Ltd Suite 300, Duluth, GA 30097, 8600 Somerset Dr, Largo, FL info@ansaldothommassen.com,
Power Systems Div, 2 Ayer Rajah USA, +1-770-717-2200, 33773, USA, +1-727-536-7831, www.thomassenturbinesystems.com
Crescent, Singapore 139935 info@airgasspecialtyproducts.com, chatillon.fl-lar@ametek.com, Contact: Sls Mgr, Mark Kooister
Singapore, +65-6776-5711, www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com www.chatillon.com
gloria.eng@sg.abb.com, Contact: Mktg, Kelli Williams Contact: Prod Mgr, Scott Crone Apollo Valves
www.abb.com/powergeneration PO Box 247, Matthews, NC
Contact: Mktg Comms Mgr, Gloria Albercorp AMETEK 28106, USA, +1-704-841-6000,
Eng 3103 N Andres Ave Ext, Pompano Drexelbrook Div, 205 Keith Valley Rd, conbraco@conbraco.com,
Beach, FL 33064, USA, Horsham, PA 19044, www.apollovalves.com
ACR Systems Inc +1-954-623-6660, sales@alber.com, USA, +1-215-674-1234, Contact: Indl Prods Mgr, Mike Green
12960 84th Ave, Bldg 210, Surrey, www.alber.com drexelbrook.info@ametek.com,
BC V3W 1K7, Canada, Contact: Sls Mgr, Mark Scachetti www.drexelbrook.com
+1-604-591-1128, Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Bev Raisner
enquiry@acrsystems.com,
www.acrsystems.com
Contact: US Distribution Mgr, Nigel
Clare

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________
The Total Energy Solution Provider:
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Sole Distributor in the UK & Ireland for
Edina UK
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T: +44 (0) 161 432 8833 F: +44 (0) 161 975 1499
E: sales@edinauk.com
Web: www.edinauk.com

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Aprovis Energy Systems Atomenergomash OJSC Belyea Co Inc Bowman Power Group Ltd
GmbH Bldg 3, 28 Ozerkovskaya 2200 Northwood Ave, Easton, PA Ocean Quay, Belvidere Rd,
Am Kraetzenstein 103, Weidenbach Embankment, Moscow 18045-2239,USA,+1-610-515-8775, Southampton SO14 5QY,
D-91746Germany,+49-9826-6559-22, 115184 Russian Federation, sales@belyeapower.com, UK, +44-23-8023-6700,
info@aprovis-gmbh.de, +7-495-668-20-93, www.belyeapower.com sales@bowmanpower.co.uk,
www.aprovis-gmbh.de www.aem-group.ru Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Michael www.bowmanpower.com
Contact: Gen Mgr, Steffen Hauff Edwards Contact: Sls Mgr, Tom Gerson
AUMA Riester GmbH &
AP Sensing GmbH Co KG BFI Automation GmbH Braden Manufacturing LLC
Herrenbergerstrasse 130, Boeblingen Aumastrasse 1, Mllheim, Eggerscheidter Str 57, Ratingen, (sub of Global Power Equipment
71034Germany,+49-7031-435-5910, Baden-Wuerttemberg 79379 NRW 40883 Germany, Group), 5199 N Mingo
info@apsensing.com, Germany, +49-7631-809-0, +49-2102-9682-0, Rd, Tulsa, OK 74117,
www.apsensing.com riester@auma.com, www.auma.com info@bfi-automation.de, USA, +1-918-272-5371,
www.bfi-automation.de sales@braden.com,
Aquatech International Aviation Power & Marine Contact: Dir Sls/Svc, Michael www.braden.com
Corp (AP&M) Thomas Contact: VP Sls, Jeff Trost
One Four Coins Dr, Canonsburg, PA 3030 SW 13th Pl, Boynton Beach,
15317, USA, +1-724-746-5300, FL 33426, USA, +1-561-732-6000, Bharat Heavy Electricals Bran & Luebbe
aic@aquatech.com, sales@apm4parts.com, Ltd (div of SPX), 611 Sugar Creed Rd,
www.aquatech.com www.apm4parts.com BHEL House, Siri Fort, New Delhi Delavan, WI 53115, USA,
Contact: Sls Dir Indl Solutions Contact: Gen Oper Mgr, Robert 110049 India, +91-11-66337000, +1-262-728-1900, bl@spx.com,
Americas, Patrick Randall Enslein www.bhel.com www.branluebbe.com
Contact: Dir Indl Sls, Allen
Aquilex Welding Services AxEnergy Ltd BHI Energy Daniszewski
BV (member of Walter Meier Group), 60 Industrial Park Rd, Plymouth, MA
(div of Welding Services Inc), (sub of Talstrasse 35-37, Pfaeffikon, 02360, USA, +1-508-591-1149, Bromford Industries Ltd
Aquilex), Marconiweg 16, Schwyz CH-8808 Switzerland, lauren.buckman@bhienergy.com, Pegasus House, Bromford Gate,
Hellevoetsluis 3225 LV The +41-55-416-6670, www.bhienergy.com Birmingham B24 8DW,
Netherlands, +31-88-278-4539, axenergy_ch@ctfog.com, Contact: Dir Eng, Chris Messier UK, +44-121-683-6200,
emarketing@wsi.aquilex.com, www.ctfog.com info@bromfordindustries.co.uk,
www.aquilex.com/services/ Contact: Pres, Philippe Schuermann Blackthorn Environmental www.bromfordindustries.co.uk
specialty-repair-overhaul
_____________ Ltd Contact: Engr/Bus Dev Mgr, Wes
Contact: Dir Sls Europe, Petter Ekhem Babcock & Wilcox Co Forum House, Stirling Rd, Chichester, Allen
20 S Van Buren Ave, Barberton, OH West Sussex PO19 7DN,
AREVA 44203, USA, +1-330-753-4511, UK, +44-870-0101-800, Buckley Industrial
4800 Hampden Ln, Suite 1100, info@babcock.com, contact@blackthorn.eu.com, Unit 1 Catheralls Estate, Buckley,
Bethesda, MD 20814, www.babcock.com www.blackthorn.eu.com Flintshire CH7 3PS, UK,
USA, +1-434-832-3702, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Steve Bryk Contact: Julian Hammond +44-1244-544080,
donna.gaddybowen@areva.com, sales@buckley-industrial.co.uk,
www.us.areva.com Bachmann Industries Inc Boerger Pumps Asia Pte www.buckley-industrial.co.uk
Contact: Mgr Bus Mktg NA, Donna 416 Lewiston Junction Rd, PO Box Ltd Contact: Gen Mgr, Steve Dransfield
Bowen 2150, Auburn, ME 04210-2150, 16 Boon Lay Way, 01-48
USA, +1-207-784-1903, TradeHub21, 609965 Burgmann Industries
Argon Security bachmann@bachmannusa.com, Singapore, +65-6562-9540, GmbH & Co KG
Technologies Inc www.bachmannusa.com asia@boerger-pumps.com, (sub of Freudenberg & Co), Aeussere
2922A Spring St, Port Moody, BC Contact: Intl VP, Roger Woodward www.boerger-pumps.com Sauerlacher Str 6-10, Wolfratshausen
V3H 1Z7, Canada, Contact: Dir, Dominik Straetling D-82515 Germany, +49-8171-23-0,
+1-604-461-0905, Balcke-Drr GmbH info@de.eagleburgmann.com,
general_info@argonsecurity.com, Ernst-Dietrich-Platz 2, Ratingen 40822 Boldrocchi Srl www.eagleburgmann.com
www.argonsecurity.com Germany, +49-2102-1669-0, Via Trento e Trieste 93, Biassono Contact: Press Officer, Ellen Klier
Contact: Sls Dir, Mike Smith bdinfode@cts.spx.com, 20046 Italy, +39-39-2202-1,
www.balcke-duerr.com bjgallagher@msn.com, Burns & McDonnell
Ashland Inc www.boldrocchi.it Energy Div, 9400 Ward Pkwy,
Ashland Performance Materials, Beaudrey Contact: NA Rep, Bruce Gallagher Kansas City, MO 64114,
5200 Blazer Pkwy, Dublin, OH 343 W Drake Rd, Suite 240, Ft USA, +1-816-333-9400,
43017, USA, +1-614-790-3361, Collins, CO, USA, Bonetti SpA - NACB LLC energy@burnsmcd.com,
tljohnson@ashland.com, c.roam@beaudreyas.com, Via Cesare Bonetti No 17, www.burnsmcd.com
www.derakane.com www.beaudrey.com Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, (MI) Contact: Pres, Walt Womack
Contact: Corrosion Resin Prod Mgr, Contact: Prog Coord, Chandra Roam I-20024 Italy, +39-2-990-72262,
Thom Johnson sales@nacbvalves.com, www.bont.it BWD Turbines Ltd
BEIRENS SAS Contact: USA Sls Mgr, Nelson 1-601 Tradewind Dr, Ancaster, ON
ATCO Structures & ZI Val de IIndre, Buzancais 36500 Agudelo L9G 4V5, Canada,
Logistics - Environmental France, +33-254-38-48-07, +1-905-648-9262,
Systems s.matheis@beirens.fr, BORSIG GmbH wilson@bwdturbines.com,
www.beirens.com Egellsstr 21, Berlin D-13507 www.bwdturbines.com
(formerly Higgot-Kane), 260 Holiday
Contact: Export Coord, Stphanie Germany, +49-30-4301-01, Contact: VP, Joe Daleo
Inn Dr, Unit 1, Cambridge, ON N3C
4E8, Canada, +1-519-220-0600, Matheis info@borsig.de, www.borsig.de
sales@atcosl.com, www.atcoet.com Callidus Technologies by
Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Mike Buetow Honeywell
7130 S Lewis, Suite 335, Tulsa, OK
74136-5488,USA,+1-918-496-7599,
chris.ferguson@honeywell.com,
www.callidus.com
Contact: SCR Mgr, Chris Ferguson

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Calnetix Inc Centrax Ltd Competitive Energy Insight Daetwyler Custom

23695 Via Del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA Gas Turbine Div, Shaldon Rd, Newton Inc Fabrication & Machining
92887, USA, +1-562-293-1660, Abbot, Devon TQ12 4SQ, 12025 Blue Diamond Ct, San Diego, 13420 Reese Blvd W, Huntersville,
sales@calnetix.com, UK, +44-1626-358000, CA 92131, USA, NC 28078, USA,
www.calnetix.com sales@centrax.eu.com, +1-858-566-0221, +1-704-948-1250,
Contact: VP Bus Dev Mktg/Adv, www.centrax.eu.com info@ceinsight.com, customfabrication@daetwyler.com,
Herman Artinian Contact: Sls/Mktg/Gen Mgr, Peter www.ceinsight.com www.daetwyler-usa.com/ms
Ward Contact: Pres, Steve Provol
Camfil Farr Power DATAKOM Ltd
Systems AB Chemetron Fire Systems Contec GmbH Yukari Dudullu Mah Kutup Sokak,
(sub of Camfil Farr), Viaredsvagen (sub of UTC Fire & Security), 4801 Industrieausruestungen #28 Umraniye, Istanbul 34775
22, PO Box 155, Bors SE-503 Southwick Dr, 3rd Fl, Matteson, IL Aegidienberger Strasse 69, PO Box Turkey, +9-216-466-84-60,
08 Sweden, +46-33-178-500, 60443, USA, +1-708-748-1503, 6148, Bad Honnef 53604 datakom@datakom.com.tr,
info.gt@camfilfarr.com, www.chemetron.com Germany, +49-22-24-98-93-0, www.datakom.com.tr
www.camfilfarr.com Contact: Dir Sls, Fred Hildebrandt info@contec-umwelt.de, Contact: Export Mgr, Deniz
Contact: Gen Mgr Sls, Jan-Peter www.contec-umwelt.de Hekimoglu
Nilsson CIB Solar Ltd Contact: Man Dir, Jochen Lehmkuhl
Development Div, Ousen Industry Park Data Physics Corp
Canadian Buffalo No 10, Yanchang Rd, Converteam GmbH 1741 Technology Dr, Suite 260, San
465 Laird Rd, Guelph, ON N1G Yanjiao, Sanhe 065201 Culemeyerstr 1, Berlin 12277 Jose, CA 95110, USA,
4WI, Canada, +1-519-837-1293, China, +86-10-6159-2294, Germany, +49-30-7622-0, +1-408-437-0100,
power@canadianbuffalo.com, jessie.wang@126.com, postoffice.de@converteam.com, sales@dataphysics.com,
www.canadianbuffalo.com www.cibsolar.com www.converteam.com www.dataphysics.com
Contact: Gen Mgr, Mark Glover Contact: Mgr, Jie Wang Contact: Bus Dev Power Generation, Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Per Lindberg
Michael Linek
Capstone Turbine Corp CIS (Holmatro UK) Ltd DCL International Inc
21211 Nordhoff St, Chatsworth, CA 25 Hatton Close, Moulton Park Copes-Vulcan 241 Bradwick Dr, Concord, ON L4K
91311, USA, +1-818-734-5300, Industrial Estate, Northampton, (div of SPX), 5620 West Rd, 1B2, Canada, +1-905-660-6450,
www.capstoneturbine.com Northamptonshire NN3 6SU, McKean, PA, USA, sales@dcl-inc.com, www.dcl-inc.com
Contact: Reg Sls Dir, Americas, Doug UK, +44-1604-642020, +1-814-476-5800, cv@spx.com, Contact: Acct Mgr, Tawnya Van
Demaret sales@700bar.com, www.copesvulcan.com Groningen
www.holmatro.co.uk Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Dale
Caterpillar Inc Contact: Sls Dir, Peter Williams Wodarski Dectron Internationale Inc
Caterpillar Electric Power Div, Bldg 3999 Cote-Vertu, Montreal, QC H4R
AC, Mossville, IL 61552, CITI - North America Copower LLC 1R2, Canada, +1-514-336-3330,
USA, +1-309-578-6298, Corona Inspection Training Ohaka 13, Muraste, Harku, info@dectron.com, www.dectron.com
cat_power@cat.com, Institute Harjumaa 76905 Estonia, Contact: Prod Mgr, Adel Homsy
www.cat-electricpower.com 16 Einsteing St, Nes Ziona 74000 +37-2517-1111, info@copower.ee,
Contact: Sls Mgr Americas, Rich Israel, +888-9505557, www.copower.ee DEFITEC Sprl
Robertson citi@seeing-corona.com, Contact: Dir, Aare Kirss 16 Rue Michel Verbeck, Waterloo
www.seeing-corona.com B-1410 Belgium, +32-23-540610,
CAT PUMPS-High Pressure Contact: CITI Coord, Hannah Cormetech Inc bd@defitec.com, www.defitec.com
Pumps & Systems Barzilay 5000 International Dr, Durham, NC Contact: Dir, Benoit Deffense
1681 94th Ln NE, Minneapolis, MN 27712, USA, +1-919-620-3000,
55449, USA, +1-763-780-5440, Clark-Reliance Corp sales@cormetech.com, DEIF A/S
powergen@catpumps.com, 16633 Foltz Pkwy, Strongsville, OH www.cormetech.com Frisenborgvej 33, Skive 7800
www.catpumps.com 44149, USA, +1-440-572-1500, Contact: Acct Mgr, Scott Rutherford Denmark, +45-9614-9614,
Contact: Mktg Mgr, Darla Jean sales@clark-reliance.com, info@deif.com, www.deif.com
Thompson www.clark-reliance.com COVENT Fans Inc Contact: PR Coord, Maos Peter
Contact: Prod Mgr, James Kolbus 684 Belmont Ave W, Suite 302, Madsen
CBP Engineering Corp Kitchener, ON N2M 1N6,
(div of The Greenbank Group), 185 Climax Portable Machine Canada, +1-519-884-7788, Detroit Stoker Co
Plumpton Ave, Washington, PA Tools GmbH dmckinnon@coventfans.com, 1510 E First St, Monroe, MI 48161,
15301, USA, +1-724-229-1180, Am Langen Graben 8, Duren 52353 www.coventfans.com USA, +1-734-241-9500,
halulko@cbpengineering.com, Germany, +49-2421-9177-0, Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Danny www.detroitstoker.com
www.cbpengineering.com info@cpmt.de, www.cpmt.de McKinnon Contact: Mgr Proposal/Engr, David
Contact: Sls Dir, Don Halulko Jackson
Clyde Bergemann Power Cummins Power
CCI Thermal Technologies Group Generation Inc Diamond Power
Inc Schillwiese 20, Wesel 46485 1400 73rd Ave NE, Minneapolis, International Inc
5918 Roper Rd, Edmonton, AB T6B Germany, +49-281-815-0, MN 55432, USA, 2600 E Main St, Lancaster, OH
3E1, Canada, +1-780-466-3178, info@clydebergemannpowergroup. +1-763-574-5000, 43130-0415, USA,
info@ccithermal.com, com, www.cyldebergemann www.cumminspower.com/local +1-740-687-6500, dpi_marketing@
www.ccithermal.com powergroup.com Contact: Mktg Comms, Madeline diamondpower.com,
Contact: Pres/CEO, Franz Bartels Foss www.diamondpower.com
CEMB SpA Contact: Gen Mgr Sls/Svc, Paul
Vai Risorgimento 9, Mandello del Combustion Energy & CU Services LLC Peoples
Lario 23862 Italy, +39-341706111, Steam Specialists Ltd 725 Parkview Cir, Elk Grove, IL
stm@cemb.com, www.cemb.com 77-79 John St, Stromness, Orkney 60007, USA, +1-847-439-2303,
Contact: Comms Dir, Enrico Coti Islands, UK, +44-1856-851-177, rcronfel@cuservices.net,
Zelati enquiries@cess.co.uk, www.cuservices.net
www.cess.co.uk Contact: Gen Mgr, Ramsey Cronfel
Contact: Man Dir, Mike Craigie

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D&J Resources Dresser-Rand Co Ltd Encore Networks ETR-Unidata Ltd

Coshelly, Rothienorman, Inverurie, (formerly Peter Brotherhood Ltd), (div 1500 Concorde Pkwy, Suite 1500, 6 Riverside Park, Sheffield S2 4BB,
Aberdeenshire AB51 8XB, of Dresser-Rand Group), 85 Papyrus Chantilly, VA 20151, UK, +44-845-053-0909,
UK, +44-1651-821520, Rd, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire USA, +1-703-318-7750, info@etr-unidata.com,
sales@dandjresources.com, PE4 5HG, UK, +44-1-733-292-200, info@encorenetworks.com, www.etr-unidata.com
www.dandjresources.com info@dresser-rand.com, www.encorenetworks.com Contact: Sls Dir, Cameron Stathers
Contact: CEO, Duncan Griffiths www.dresser-rand.com Contact: Dir Mktg Svcs, Tony Crane
Contact: Gen Mgr Compressor Sls, ETW Energietechnik GmbH
Dollinger Power Systems Tony Murphy Endress+Hauser BV Ferdinand-Zeppelin-Strasse 19, Moers
(div of SPX), 4647 SW 40th Ave, Nikkelstraat 6-12, 1410 AC D-47445 Germany, +49-2841-99900,
Ocala, FL 34474, USA, DURAG GmbH Naarden The Netherlands, info@etw-energie.de,
+1-800-344-2611, Kollaustrasse 105, Hamburg 20146 +31-35-695-87-70, www.etw-energie.de
dollinger.power@spx.com, Germany, +49-40-554218-0, sales@nl.endress.com, Contact: Sls Mgr, Marco Weiss
www.dollingerpowersystems.com info@durag.de, www.durag.de www.nl.endress.com
Contact: Global Bus Dev Dir, Paul EUtech Scientific
Sennett Eimco Water Technologies Endress+Hauser Engineering GmbH
M17, Executive Business Ctr, Bin Arar Instruments International Dennewartstrae 25 - 27, Aachen
Donaldson Co Inc Tower, Najda St, Abu Dhabi United AG 52068 Germany, +49-241-963-2380,
Gas Turbine Systems Div, 1400 W Arab Emirates, +971-2-495-2779, Kaegenstrasse 2, Reinach CH-4153 power@eutech.de,
94th St, PO Box 1299, info.ewtuk@glv.com, www.glv.com Switzerland, +41-61-715-81-00, www.eutech-scientific.de
Minneapolis, MN 55440, info@ii.endress.com, Contact: Prod Mgr, Francesco Turoni
USA, +1-952-887-3131, EJ Bowman Ltd www.endress.com
filterinfo@donaldson.com, Chester St, Birmingham B6 4AP, UK, Contact: Power Indl Mgr, Ravi Jethra Everest Sciences Inc
www.donaldson.com +44-121-359-5401,info@ejbowman.co.uk, 7737 E 42nd Pl, Suite H, Tulsa, OK
Contact: Aftermarket Sls Mgr, Barry www.ejbowman.co.uk Eneco Systems Inc 74145, USA, +1-918-270-9965,
Link Contact: Tech Sls Rep, John Whittaker Suite 600, 666 Burrard St, info@everestsciences.com,
Vancouver, BC V6C 2X8, www.everestsciences.com
Doncasters Group Ltd Elcon International AB Canada, +1-604-649-4518, Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Marcus
Millennium Ct, First Ave, Centrum High Voltage Circuit Breaker Testing eneco@eneco.ca, www.eneco.ca Bastianen
100, Burton-on-Trent, Div, Hyttrisvgen 27, Contact: Mktg Dir, Ross Dickinson
Staffordshire DE14 2WR, Nyhammar SE-770 14 Sweden, ExxonMobil Lubricants &
UK, +44-1332-864-900, +46-410-24654, harald@elcon.se, Energy Capital Petroleum Specialties
info@doncasters.com, www.elcon.se 48 Toh Guan Rd E, #03-114 Mobil Industrial Lubricants Div, 3225
www.doncasters.com Contact: Man Dir, Harald Sapieha Enterprise Hub, 608586 Gallows Rd, Room 6C0631, Fairfax,
Contact: Group Sls/Mktg Dir, Singapore, +65-6865-3951, VA 22037, USA, +1-703-846-1998,
Malcolm Gough ELIN Motoren GmbH sales@energycapital.net, mike.j.zinngrabe@exxonmobil.com,
Elin-Motoren-Strasse 1, Preding/ www.energycapital.net www.mobilindustrial.com
Dongfang Electric Corp Weiz, Styria A-8160 Austria, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Mike Zinngrabe
333 Shuhan Ave, Chengdu, Sichuan +43-3172-90-606-0, epro GmbH
Province 610036 China, contact@elinmotoren.at, Machine Monitoring Systems Div, Fabricated Plastics Ltd
+86-28-875-83603, www.elinmotoren.at Jbkesweg 3, Gronau 48599 2175 Teston Rd, Maple, ON L6A
email@dongfang.com.cn, Contact: Bus Unit Mgmt Power Plants, Germany, +49-2562-709-0, 1T3, Canada, +1-905-832-8161,
www.dongfang.com.cn Markus Schabler mms@epro.de, www.epro.de info@fabricatedplastics.com,
Contact: Man Dir, Bjoern Salomon www.fabricatedplastics.com
Doosan Heavy Industries EmeraChem Contact: VP Sls, G. Landry
& Construction Co Ltd 1729 Louisville Dr, Knoxville, TN ESCO Tool
838 Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-Gu, 37921, USA, +1-865-246-3000, (div of ESCO Technologies Inc), 75 Federal Steel Supply
Seoul 135-982 Korea, info@emerachem.com, October Hill Rd, Suite A, 747 Goddard Ave, PO Box 840,
+82-2-513-6229, www.emerachem.com Holliston, MA 01746, Chesterfield, MO 63005,
christina.kim@doosan.com, Contact: VP/Gen Mgr, James USA, +1-508-429-4441, USA, +1-636-537-2393,
www.doosanheavy.com Whitehorn millhog@escotool.com, sales@fedsteel.com,
www.escotool.com www.fedsteel.com
Doosan HF Controls Emerson Process Contact: Pres, Matt Brennan Contact: VP Sls, Vern Smith
(sub of Doosan Heavy Industries), Management
1624 W Crosby Rd, Suite Power & Water Solutions Div, 200 ESI Inc of Tennessee FIAV L MAZZACCHERA SPA
124, Carrollton, TX 75006, Beta Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, 1250 Roberts Blvd, Kennesaw, GA Via Archimede 45, Agrate Brianza,
USA, +1-469-568-6500, USA, +1-412-963-4000, 30144, USA, +1-770-427-6200, (MI) 20041 Italy, +39-39-3310-411,
sales@hfcontrols.com, powerwater@emersonprocess.com, info@esitenn.com, www.esitenn.com infoandsales@fiav.it, www.fiav.it
www.hfcontrols.com www.emersonprocess-powerwater. Contact: Bus Dev, Jay Garrett Contact: Sls Dept, Annamaria
Contact: Dir Mktg, Gary Persichini com Carabellese
Contact: Dir Comms, Susan Comiskey Espartec SA de CV
Doosan Infracore Portable (sub of FW Murphy), Blvd Antonio Fixturlaser AB
Power EMKO Elektronik AS Rocha Cordero 300, San (sub of Elos AB), PO Box 7, Moelndal
1293 Glenway Dr, Statesville, NC Dosab, Karanfil Sokak, No 6, Bursa Luis Potos 78384 Mexico, SE-431 21 Sweden,
28625, USA, +1-704-883-3586, 16369 Turkey, +90-224-2611-900, +52-444-820-6264, +46-31-706-28-00,sales@fixturlaser.se,
salesinfo@dii.doosan.com, emko@emkoelektronik.com.tr, ingenieria@espartec.com.mx, www.fixturlaser.com
www.doosanportablepower.com www.emkoelektronik.com.tr www.espartec.com.mx Contact: Mktg Mgr, Hans Svensson
Contact: Generator Prod Mktg Mgr, Contact: Mktg/Sls, Duygu Ispalar Contact: Dir Sls, Victor Herrera Cruz
Todd Howe

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Power Engineering
BEMaGS
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A
Power Engineering
BEMaGS
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Flowserve Corp Fozmula Ltd Friatec-AG Division Gas Turbine Efficiency

Flow Control Div, 1900 S Saunders Berrington Rd, Leamington Spa, Rheinhutte Pumpen 300 Sunport Ln, Orlando, FL 32809,
St, Raleigh, NC 27603, Warwickshire CV31 1NB, Rheingaustrae 96-98, Wiesbaden USA, +1-407-304-5200,
USA, +1-919-832-0525, UK, +44-1926-466-700, 65203 Germany, +49-611-6040, info@gtefficiency.com,
powervalves@flowserve.com, sales@fozmula.com, info@rheinhuette.de, www.gtefficiency.com
www.flowserve.com www.fozmula.com www.rheinhuette.de Contact: CMO, Marcus Turner
Contact: Prod Portfolio Mgr, Nuclear, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Werner Schuster
Floyd Bensinger FP Turbomachinery BV Gas Turbine Efficiency
Heliumstraat 148, Zoetermeer 2718 FSI Technologies Inc Datavagen 9A, Box 633, 175 27,
Flowserve Corp RS The Netherlands, 668 Western Ave, Lombard, IL Jarfalla Sweden, +46-8-546-10-500,
5215 N OConnor Blvd, Suite +31-79-3434455, 60148, USA, +1-630-932-9380, info@gtefficiency.com,
2300, Irving, TX 75039, info@fpturbo.com, www.fpturbo.com info@fsinet.com, www.fsinet.com www.gtefficiency.com
USA, +1-972-443-6500, Contact: Mgr, Michail Tsomos Contact: COO, Fred Turek Contact: Man Dir, Par Krossling
www.flowserve.com
Contact: Pres/CEO, Lewis Kling FP Turbomachinery Fulmer Co Gaumer Process
Consultants GmbH 3004 Venture Ct, Westmoreland 13616 Hempstead Rd, Houston, TX
Flowserve Corp Wiesenstrasse 57, Emmendingen Industrial Park #3, Export, PA 77040, USA, +1-713-460-5200,
Pump Div, 18305 Frontier Pl, Eden 79312 Germany, +49-7641-55346, 15632, USA, +1-724-325-7140, power@gaumer.com,
Prarie, MN 55347, contact@fpturbo.com, jroberts@fulmercompany.com, www.gaumer.com
USA, +1-952-975-2844, www.fpturbo.com www.fulmercompany.com Contact: VP Sls, Mark Crosby
www.flowserve.com Contact: Mgr, Oliver Platz Contact: VP, Michael Makrevski
Contact: Power Ind Sls Dir, Jim Cook GEA Barr-Rosin Inc
Franco Tosi Meccanica SpA Gas and Air Systems Inc 92 Prevost, Boisbriand, QC J7G
FLSmidth Inc Piazza Monumento, 12, Legnano, - GAS 2S2, Canada, +1-630-659-3980,
Pneumatic Transport Dept, 2040 Ave Milano Italy, +39-0331-522111, 1304 Whitaker St, Hellertown, PA sales.barr-rosin.ca@geagroup.com,
C, Bethlehem, PA 18017, marketing@francotosimeccanica.it, 18055, USA, +1-610-838-9625, www.barr-rosin.com
USA, +1-610-264-6800, www.francotosi.it info@gasair.net, www.gasair.net Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Colin
info-us@flsmidth.com, www.fls-pt.com Contact: Head Mktg, Anshul Pathania Contact: VP Sls, Robert OBrien Crankshaw
Contact: Mktg Mgr Ash Handling,
Glenn Lunger Gas Turbine Controls Corp
466 Saw Mill River Rd, Ardsley, NY
10502, USA, +1-914-693-0830,
sales@gasturbinecontrols.com,
www.gasturbinecontrols.com
Contact: Sls Rep, Samuel Leyton
EXPERTS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

On-line compressor washing for large gas turbines
Regular on-line washing reduces performance degradation of gas turbines operating

in polluted environments. For the largest gas turbines operating today, Turbotect has
introduced an air assisted nozzle which uses air jets to bracket the wash uid and
project it into compressor intakes with larger dimensions and faster air ows. The
new nozzle is designed to replace the existing nozzle, but fewer are required. For the
new system, only the same total volume of washing solution is needed to achieve
improved wetting of the surfaces to be cleaned.
TM
In addition to the TURBOTECTTM 950 water-based and TURBOTECT 927 solvent
based detergents a new, more powerful and environmentally friendly, water-based
detergent is being introduced. TURBOTECTTM2020 has been formulated to dissolve
the more aggressive pollutants which are now found at many sites. Extensive tests
show that TURBOTECTTM2020 is the most effective cleaner on the market today.
On our website see a 45 second video of the
new compressor washing system in action
on a 120 MW base loaded gas turbine.
Turbotect Ltd.

Turbotect (USA) Inc.
PO Box 1411 18811 N. Roselake Drive

30

CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland Tomball, Texas 77377
Phone: +41 56 200 5020 Phone: +1 281 255 6092
Fax: +41 56 200 5022 Fax: +1 281 516 0427
E-mail:turbotect@turbotect.com www.turbotect.com E-mail:andrew.bromley@turbotect.com
________

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Power Engineering
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Power Engineering
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GEAFILTRI Gasparini Graycor Hitachi Power Europe Imbibitive Technologies

Associates One Graycor Dr, Homewood, IL Schiffer Strasse 80, Duisburg, 8 Hiscott St, Suite 1, St Catharines,
Via Degli Artigiani 14, Brugherio, 60430, USA, +1-708-206-0500, Nodrhein-Westfalen 47059 ON L2R 1C6, Canada,
(MB) 20047 Italy, +39-39-2876145, info@graycor.com, www.graycor.com Germany, +49-203-8038-0, +1-905-641-2323,
gasparini@geafiltri.com, infobox@hitachi-power.com, imtech@imbiberbeads.com,
www.geafiltri.com Haden Drysys www.hitachi-power.com www.imbiberbeads.com
Contact: Export Sls Mgr, Michael International Ltd Contact: Head PR/Mktg, Helge Contact: Corp Prod Mgr, J. Chris Polis
Rummelin Environmental Div, Equipoint, Schulz
1506-1508 Coventry Rd, Indeck Power Equipment
GEA Renzmann & Yardley, Birmingham B25 8AD, Holtec International Co
Grnewald GmbH UK, +44-121-765-4040, 555 Lincoln Dr W, Marlton, NJ 1111 S Willis Ave, Wheeling, IL
GEA Heat Exchangers Div, (sub of environmental@hadenmac.com, 08053, USA, +1-856-797-0900, 60090, USA, +1-847-541-8300,
GEA Group AG), Industriestrasse www.hadenenvironmental.com j.devlin@holtec.com, info@indeck-power.com,
6, Monzingen, Germany 55569 Contact: UK Sls Mgr, Stephen www.holtecinternational.com www.indeck.com
Germany, +49-6751-9303-0, Pickavance Contact: Mktg Spec, Jennifer Devlin Contact: Sls Mgr, David Smith
wolfgang.siffring@geagroup.com,
www.renzmann.com Haldor Topsoe A/S Holter Regelarmaturen Indufil BV
Contact: Sls Dir, Wolfgang Siffring Catalyst Div, Nymollevej 55, Lyngby GmbH & Co KG PO Box 442, Zevenaar 6900 AK
DK-2800 Denmark, Power Technology Div, The Netherlands, +31-26-3190-800,
GE Energy +45-4527-2000, denox@topsoe.dk, Helleforthstrasse 58-60, Schloss indufil@indufil.com, www.indufil.com
Optimization and Control Div, 1631 www.topsoe.com Holte-Stukenbrock 33758 Germany, Contact: Sls Mgr, Erik van Regteren
Bently Pkwy S, Minden, NV Contact: Gen Mgr, Peter Lindenhoff +49-5207-89030, mail@hora.de,
89423, USA, +1-775-782-3611, www.hora.de Industrial Accessories Co-
bentlysales@ge.com, Harris Group Inc Contact: Sls Dir, Matthias Dirbach IAC
www.ge-energy.com/oc Energy Business Unit Div, 1999 4800 Lamar Ave, Mission, KS
Contact: Renewables Prod Leader, Broadway, Suite 1500, Denver, CO Honeywell Process 66202, USA, +1-913-384-5511,
Raegan MacVaugh 80202, USA, +1-303-291-0355, Solutions iaccorp@iac-intl.com,
energysolutions@harrisgroup.com, 1860 W Rose Garden Ln, Phoenix, www.iac-intl.com
GE Energy www.harrisgroup.com AZ 85027, USA, Contact: Pres, Glenn Smith Jr.
4200 Wildwood Pkwy, Atlanta, GA Contact: Sr VP, Edward Portaro +1-800-223-8947,
30339, USA, +1-678-844-6000, www.honeywell.com/ps Industrial Control
mary.gibson@ps.ge.com, Hayward Tyler Ltd Contact: Mike Abraham Solutions Ltd
www.ge.com/energy 1 Kimpton Rd, Luton LU1 3LD, UK, Enterprise House, Carlton Rd,
Contact: Mktg/Comms Program +44-1582-7311-44,info@haywardtyler.com, HTRI Asia-Pacific Worksop, Nottinghamshire S81
Leader, Michael Barker www.haywardtyler.com World Business Garden Marive E 7QF, UK, +44-1909-501188,
14F, Nakase 2-6, Mihamaku, sales@icsincontrol.co.uk,
GE Energy HEINZMANN GmbH & Co Chiba 261-7114 Japan, www.icsincontrol.co.uk
3 Omega Park, Alton Hants GU34 KG +81-43-297-0353, Contact: Sls Dir, Steven McDermott
2QE, UK, +44-1420-541-188, Engine & Turbine Management Div, htri.asia-pacific@htri.net, www.htri.net
info.atis@ge.com, Am Haselbach 1, D-79677 Innovative Steam
www.ge-energy.com/atinlet Schoenau Germany, HTRI EMEA Technologies
Contact: Comms, Michelle Navedo +49-7673-8208-0, The Surrey Technology Centre, 40 (sub of Aecon Industrial Group), 549
info@heinzmann.de, Occam Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU2 Conestoga Blvd, Cambridge,
GE Energy - Jenbacher www.heinzmann.com 7YG, UK, +44-1483-685100, ON N1R 7P4, Canada,
Gas Engines Contact: Man Dir, Markus Gromer htriemea@htri.net, www.htri.net +1-519-740-0757, sales@otsg.com,
(div of GE Energy), Achenseestrasse www.otsg.com
1-3, Jenbach 6200 HEINZMANN UK Ltd Huadian Measurement Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Michael Brady
Austria, +43-5244-600-0, (sub of HEINZMANN GmbH & Co and Control
jenbacher.info@ge.com, KG), Durham Tees Valley Airport, No 108, Beihuan Rd, Haigang The Install TEAM
www.gejenbacher.com Darlington, Durham DL2 1PD, District, Qinhuangdao, Project Innovators Div, 180 Taylor Dr,
Contact: Prod Mgr, Thomas UK, +44-1325-332805, Hebei 066000 China, Barrie, ON L4N 8L1,
Elsenbruch info@heinzmannuk.com, +86-15033542890, Canada, +1-705-734-6258,
www.heinzmann.com paulybg01@gmail.com, sales@theinstallteam.com,
General Physics Corp Contact: Gen Mgr, Peter Walsh www.hdsc.net/english/index.asp www.theinstallteam.com
6095 Marshalee Dr, Suite 300, Contact: Bus Dev Mgr, Chris
Elkridge, MD 21075, Henkel Corp/Loctite Hurst Boiler & Welding Co Thompson
USA, +1-800-727-6677, Industrial Maintenance & Repair Inc
energyservices@gpworldwide.com, Products Div, One Henkel Way, 21971 US Hwy 319 N, PO Box International Energy
www.energy.gpworldwide.com Rocky Hill, CT 06067, USA, 530, Coolidge, GA 31738-0530, Systems (1983) Ltd
Contact: Dir Bus Dev, Sid Sutherland +1-860-571-5316, www.loctite.com USA, +1-229-346-3545, 1387 Haywood Ave, West
jhurst@hurstboiler.com, Vancouver, BC V7T 1V4, Canada,
GE Optimization & Control Hilliard Corp www.hurstboiler.com +1-604-913-6618, ies@iesl.com,
301 Yamata Rd, Suite 4100, Boca Hilco Div, 100 W Fourth St, Elmira, Contact: Dir Mktg, Jeff Hurst www.iesl.com
Raton, FL 33431, USA, NY 14902, USA, Contact: Pres, K. Douglas Cullen
+1-561-999-3103, www.ge.com/ +1-607-733-7121, IHI Corp
energy
____ hilliard@hilliardcorp.com, Toyosu IHI Bldg, 1-1, Toyosu International Paint LLC
www.hilliardcorp.com 3-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8710 Ceilcote Products Div, 640 N Rocky
Gorman-Rupp Co Contact: Mktg Mgr, Rob Doud Japan, +81-3-6204-7800, River Dr, Berea, OH 44017,
600 S Airport Rd, Mansfield, OH www.ihi.co.jp/en USA, +1-440-234-2900,
44903, USA, +1-419-755-1011, www.international-pc.com
grsales@gormanrupp.com, Contact: Tech Sls Support, Dave
www.grpumps.com Brysacz
Contact: Engr Sys Sls Mgr, Vincent
Baldasare

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Power Engineering
BEMaGS
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Power Engineering
BEMaGS
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International Power Johnson Pump Kingsine Electric KSB Aktiengesellschaft

Machinery Co (div of SPX), 611 Sugar Creed Rd, Automation Co Ltd Johann-Klein-Str 9, Frankenthal
50 Public Sq, Terminal Tower, Suite Delavan, WI 53115, USA, F4.8-6C TianAn Cyber Park, Futian, D-67227 Germany,
834, Cleveland, OH 44113, +1-262-728-1900, jp@spx.com, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518048 +49-6233-862735, info@ksb.com,
USA, +1-216-621-9514, www.johnson-pump.com China, +86-755-83418941, www.ksb.com
kernx06@sbcglobal.net, Contact: Dir Indl Sls, Allen roger@kingsine.com.cn,
www.intlpwr.com Daniszewski www.kingsine.com.cn Kuttner LLC (also Kuttner
Contact: Pres, Alan Kern Contact: Mgr, Roger Xia North America)
Karl Storz Industrial- PO Box 343, Port Washington, WI
Iris Systems Inc America Inc Kirloskar Brothers LLC 53074, USA, +1-262-284-4483,
19138 26th Ave, Unit 205, Surrey, 2151 Grand Ave, El Segundo, CA (div of Kirloskar Brothers Ltd), Udyog www.kuttnerna.com
BC V3S 3V7, Canada, 90245, USA, +1-800-329-9618, Bhavan Tilak Rd, Pune, Maharashtra Contact: Pres, Robert Fechner
+1-604-584-4747, lschumann@karlstorzindustrial.com, 411002 India, +91-20-244-401-56,
flame@iris-systems.com, www.karlstorzindustrial.com manasi.chikhalikar@kbl.co, ____http:// L-3 Communications
www.iris-systems.com Contact: Off Mgr, Lauren Schumann web.kbl.co.in
________ Mapps Inc
Power Systems and Simulation Div,
ITH GmbH Kawasaki Heavy Kobelco EDTI Compressors 8565 Cote-de-Liesse, St
Unit 3, Plantation Rd, Burscough Industries Inc Laurent, QC H4T 1G5,
Indutrial Estate, Burscough, Lancashire World Trade Center Bldg 4-1, (div of Kobe Steel Ltd), 1415 Canada, +1-514-787-4999,
L40 8JT, UK, +44-845-634-6275, Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome, Lousiana St, Suite 4111, Houston, TX power.mapps@l-3com.com,
a.cunningham@ith.com, www.ith.de Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-6116 Japan, 77002, USA, +1-713-655-0015, www.l-3com.com/mapps
Contact: UK Sls Mgr, Thimo Schauf +81-3-3435-2111, www.khi.co.jp/ takao.koga@kobelcoedti.com, Contact: Mktg Coord, Isabelle Derry
english
____ www.kobelcoedti.com
ITT Goulds Pumps Contact: Gen Mgr Sls, Takao Koga Lenox Instrument Co
(formerly known as Goulds Pumps), KE-Burgmann A/S Boiler, Cameras & Borescopes Div,
(sub of ITT Corp), 240 Fall St, Expansion Joints Div, (sub of Kolfor Plant Ltd 265 Andrews Rd, Trevose, PA
Seneca Falls, NY 13148, USA, Burgmann Industries), Park Pearce Ave, W Pitkerro Industrial 19053, USA, +1-215-322-9990,
+1-315-568-2811, gpsales@itt.com, All 34, Vejen DK-6600 Estate, Dundee DD5 3SS, sales@lenoxinst.com,
www.gouldspumps.com Denmark, +45-75-36-18-11, UK, +44-1382-778999, www.lenoxinst.com
Contact: Mktg Mgr, John Manna info@ke-burgmann.dk, operations@kolfor.com, Contact: VP, Bill Lang
www.ke-burgmann.com www.kolfor.com
JASC: Jansens Aircraft Contact: Sls Mgr, Hans Hansen Contact: Gen Mgr, John Spink LEROY-SOMER
Systems Controls Inc Electric Power Generation Div, (div of
2303 W Almeda Dr, Tempe, AZ Kiewit Korridor Capital Emerson), Sillac, Angouleme 16015
85282, USA, +1-602-438-4400, 9401 Renner Blvd, Lenexa, KS Investments LLC France, +33-545-64-45-64,
engineering@jasc-controls.com, 66219, USA, +1-913-928-7000, PO Box 48747, Minneapolis, MN www.leroy-somer.com
www.jasc-controls.com www.kiewit.com 55448-0747,USA,+1-651-765-0300, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Serge Plat
Contact: Oper Mgr, Kevin Deutscher Contact: Sr VP Bus Dev, John Kruse info@korridorcapital.com,
www.korridorcapital.com Leslie Controls Inc
JNT Technical Services Inc Kingsbury Repair & (sub of Circor), 12501 Telecom Dr,
85 Industrial Ave, Little Ferry, NJ Service KRAL AG Tampa, FL 33637, USA,
07643, USA, +1-201-641-2130, 1402 Fairway Dr, Erie, PA 16505, Bildgasse 40, Industrie Nord, +1-813-978-1000,
sales@jnt.bz, www.jnt.bz USA, +1-215-956-0565, Lustenau 6890 Austria, cbrown@lesliecontrols.com,
Contact: Gen Mgr, G. Jorgensen repair@kingsbury.com, +43-5577-8664-40, info@kral.at, www.lesliecontrols.com
www.kingsbury.com www.kral.at Contact: Mktg Coord, Char Brown
Contact: Sls Eng, Doug Tuley Contact: Asst Mktg, Karin Riedmann
_______________
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Power Engineering
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Power Engineering
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LHE Co Ltd Major Inc Meggitt Control Systems/ MTS Sensors

Plant Div, 1089, Jangbang-ri, 2500 Main St Ext, Suite 12, Whittaker Controls 3001 Sheldon Dr, Cary, NC 27513,
Hallim-Myeun, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam Sayreville, NJ 08872, 12838 Saticoy St, North Hollywood, USA, +1-919-677-0100,
621-814 Korea, +82-55-3400-642, USA, +1-732-727-8165, CA 91605, USA, sensorsinfo@mts.com,
hellomrb@lhe.co.kr, www.lhe.co.kr www.majorincorporated.com +1-818-765-8160, www.mtssensors.com
Contact: Sls, Frank Ehlers paul.normand@meggitt.com, Contact: Prod Mktg Mgr, Lee Aiken
Lisega AG www.wkr.com
Hochkamp 5, Zeven 27404 MAN Diesel & Turbo SE Contact: Sls Dir, Paul Normand MTU Maintenance Berlin-
Germany, +49-4281-713-0, Steinbrinkstrasse 1, Oberhausen, Brandenburg
info@lisega.de, www.lisega.com North Rhine-Westphalia 46145 METKA (sub of MTU Aero Engines), Dr
Contact: Dir Intl Sls, Harald Lange Germany, +49-208-692-01, (div of MYTILINEOS Holdings SA), 11 Ernst-Zimmermann-Str 2, Ludwigsfelde
info@de.manturbo.com, Mar Antypa Str, Attiki GR-14121 14974 Germany, +49-3378-824-213,
Littelfuse Startco www.mandieselturbo.com Greece, info@metka.gr, mtu.maintenance@lud.mtu.de,
3714 Kinnear Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7P www.metka.gr www.mtu-berlin.com
0A6, Canada, +1-306-373-5505, Maximum Turbine Support Contact: Head Sls, Paul Smith Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Uwe
info@startco.ca, www.startco.ca Inc Kaltwasser
Contact: Sls Eng, Jeff Glenney 705 S Lugo Ave, San Bernardino, CA Metrix Instrument Co
92408, USA, +1-909-383-1626, (sub of Roper Industries), 8824 Multi-Wing America
Loesche GmbH maxturbsup@aol.com, Fallbrook Dr, Houston, TX 77064, PO Box 425, Burton, OH 44021,
Hansaallee 243, Dsseldorf 40549 www.maximumturbinesupport.com USA, +1-281-940-1802, USA, +1-440-834-9211,
Germany, +49-211-5353-0, info@metrix1.com, www.metrix1.com jphillips@multi-wing.net,
loesche@loesche.de, Maxon International BVBA Contact: App Engr, Minhu Tu www.multi-wing.net
www.loesche.com Luchthavenlaan 16, Vilvoorde 1800 Contact: Sls Eng, Jeff Phillips
Contact: Dir Sls, Carsten Schoessow Belgium, +32-2-255-09-09, Metso Power
info@maxon.be, (div of Metso Corp), 3430 Toringdon M&W Asketeknik
Loterios SpA www.maxon-europe.com Way, Suite 201, Charlotte, NC (div of M&W Group), Oldenvej 5,
Via Monte Grappa 44, Gerenzano Contact: Intl Sls Mgr, Bart Geyskens 28277, USA, +1-704-541-1453, Kvistgaard 3490 Denmark,
Varese 21040 Italy, +39-02-964-8281, info.power@metso.com, +45-491-39822, m-w@m-w.dk,
loterios.spa@loterios.com, McLellan and Partners Ltd www.metso.com/energy www.m-w.dk
www.loterios.com Energy Div, Sheer House, Station Contact: Natl Sls Mgr - Service, Eric
Approach, West Byfleet, Surrey Tanguay MWM GmbH
LPP Combustion LLC KT14 6NL, UK, +44-1932-343271, Carl-Benz-Strasse 1, Mannheim
8940 Old Annapolis Rd, Suite K, hq@mclellan.co.uk, MIDAC Corp 68167 Germany, +49-621-384-0,
Columbia, MD 21045, www.mclellan.co.uk 130 McCormick Ave, Suite 111, info@mwm.net, www.mwm.net
USA, +1-410-884-3089, Contact: Div Dir, Chris Breckon Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA, Contact: Head Comms/PR, Frank
info@lppcombustion.com, +1-714-546-4322, info@midac.com, Fuhrmann
www.lppcombustion.com M-CTI GmbH www.midac.com
Contact: CEO/Man Member, Rudolf-Diesel-Strasse 17-25, Wesel, Contact: VP, Carole Auth Nalamwar Energy
Richard Roby North Rhine-Westphalia 46485 Systems Pvt Ltd
Germany, +49-281-337474-0, Mid America Engine Inc Air Water Heater Div, Samyak
Lufkin Industries Inc info@m-cti.com, www.m-cti.de 2500 State Hwy 160, Warrior, AL Arcade, C-1-2, Cannaught Pl,
Power Transmission Div, 407 Kiln St, Contact: Commercial Mgr, Kenneth 35180, USA, +1-205-590-3505, Cidco, Aurangabad, Maharashtra
PO Box 849, Lufkin, TX Krallmann sales@maegen.com, 431003 India, +91-98220-10149,
75902-0849, USA, www.midamericaengine.com anup@nespl.com,
+1-936-637-5224, Mecos Traxler AG Contact: Sls Mgr, Art Sigler www.airwaterheater.com
gearsales@lufkin.com, Industriestrasse 26, Winterthur Contact: Dir, Anup Nalamwar
www.lufkin.com CH-8404 Switzerland, Minco UK Ltd
Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, George Adda +41-52-235-14-14, sales@mecos.com, The White House, Mill Rd, Goring on Nalco
www.mecos.com Thames, Berks RG8 9DD, 1601 W Diehl Rd, Naperville, IL
Macchi Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Bernhard UK, +44-20-8133- 3916, 60563-1198, USA,
Commercial Div, (div of Sofinter Spa), Mandel info@minco.org, www.minco.org +1-630-305-1000, www.nalco.com
Largo Buffoni 3, Gallarate, (VA) Contact: Global Mktg Mgr, Greg
21013 Italy, +39-0331-738111, Mee Industries Inc Mitsubishi Heavy Tranor
macchi@macchiboiler.it, Gas Turbine Div, 16021 Adelante St, Industries
www.macchiboiler.it Irwindale, CA 91702, 16-5 Konan 2-chome, Minato-ku, Nasatka Security Inc
Contact: Comm Dept Dir, Marco Fus USA, +1-626-359-4550, Tokyo 108-8215 Japan, 7702-B Old Alexandria Ferry Rd,
info@meefog.com, www.meefog.com www.mhi.co.jp/en Clinton, MD 20735,
Magellan Aerospace Corp Contact: CEO, Thomas Mee USA, +1-310-868-0300,
(Orenda) MK Consulting david.natelson@nasatka.com,
3160 Derry Rd E, Mississauga, ON Mega-Fabs Motion Gazi M 1328 St, No 2/8, Mersin www.nasatka.com
L4T 1A9, Canada, Systems Ltd 33130 Turkey, +90-532-584-5084, Contact: Pres, David Natelson
+1-905-673-4060, Bldg 13 Industrial Pk, PO Box 540, mustkavukcu@hotmail.com
ron.tingle@magellan.aero, Yokneam 20692 Israel, Contact: Engr Cons, Mustafa NAT-COM
www.magellanroi.com +972-4-989-1050, Kavukcuoglu (div of Cleaver-Brooks Inc), 8515
Contact: Sls/Bus Dev Mgr, Ron Tingle info@mega-fabs.com, Lafrenaie Blvd, St Leonard, QC H1P
www.mega-fabs.com MONICON Instruments Co 2B3, Canada, +1-514-326-2571,
Magnetrol International Contact: CTO, Max Sakhartov Ltd info@natcomonline.com,
Inc 19F-1 No 631, Sec 1, Chung Der www.natcomonline.com
5300 Belmont Rd, Downers Grove, IL Rd, Taichung 404 Taiwan, Contact: Pres, Robert St-Denis
60515-4499,USA,+1-630-969-4000, +886-4-22380698,
info@magnetrol.com, sales@monicon.com.tw,
www.magnetrol.com www.monicon.com.tw
Contact: Mktg/Comms Mgr, Kathleen Contact: CEO, Gene Wang
Cacciato

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Nationwide Boiler Inc The New York Blower Co NORD-LOCK Inc OPRA Turbines BV
42400 Christy St, Fremont, CA 7660 Quincy St, Willowbrook, IL 1051 Cambridge Dr, Elk Grove Opaalstraat 60, Hengelo 7554 TS
94538, USA, +1-510-490-7100, 60527, USA, +1-630-794-5700, Village, IL 60007, USA, The Netherlands, +31-74-245-2121,
info@nationwideboiler.com, nyb@nyb.com, www.nyb.com +1-224-875-3333, info@opraturbines.com,
www.nationwideboiler.com Contact: Mktg Asst, Margaret Norris info-usa@nord-lock-inc.com, www.opra.no/en
Contact: VP Mktg/Sls, Larry Day www.nord-lock.com
Niagara Blower Heat Contact: App Eng, Chris Tatak Orenda Aerospace Corp
Nebraska Boiler Transfer Solutions Magellan Repair, Overhaul &
(div of Cleaver-Brooks Inc), 6940 Wet Surface Air Coolers Div, 673 Notox Ceramic Filters A/S Industrial Div, 3160 Derry Rd
Cornhusker Hwy, Lincoln, NE Ontario St, Buffalo, NY 14207, Brovangen 2, Aakirkeby DK-3720 E, Mississauga, ON L4T 1A9,
68507, USA, +1-402-434-2000, USA, +1-716-875-2000, Denmark, +45-82-30-30-02, Canada, +1-905-673-3250,
sales@neboiler.com, sales@niagarablower.com, info@notoxcf.com, www.notoxcf.com information@orenda.com,
www.neboiler.com www.niagarablower.com Contact: COO, Lars Tinggaard www.orenda.com
Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Rocky Contact: WSAC Prod Mgr, Mark Johannesen
Bahramzad Vogel Orion Instruments
NPO Saturn (a Magnetrol Co), 6646 Complex Dr,
NEM Power-Systems Nol-Tec Systems Inc 163 Lenin Ave, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Baton Rouge, LA 70809,
(sub of NEM bv), (div of KC Green Holdings), 425 Region 152903 Russian USA, +1-225-906-2343,
Sibylla-Merian-Strasse 3, Apollo Dr, Lino Lakes, MN Federation, +7-48-55-296-100, www.orioninstruments.com
Recklinghausen 45665 55014, USA, +1-651-780-8600, saturn@npo-saturn.ru, Contact: Gen Mgr, Don Sanders
Germany, +49-2361-9869-0, sales@nol-tec.com, www.nol-tec.com www.npo-saturn.ru
info@nem-ps.com, www.nem-ps.com Contact: Natl Sls Mgr, Sorb-N-Ject Orival Water Filters
Contact: VP Sls, David Clay Technology, Jerry VanDerWerff ODonnell Consulting 213 S Van Brunt St, Englewood, NJ
Engineers 07631, USA, +1-201-568-3311,
NEWPOLYGEN Nooter/Eriksen Inc 2940 S Park Rd, Bethel Park, PA filters@orival.com, www.orival.com
PO Box 725, Kiryat-Ono 55000 1509 Ocello Dr, Fenton, MO 15102, USA, +1-412-835-5007, Contact: Mktg, R Schwartz
Israel, +972-3-5346-447, 63026, USA, +1-636-651-1000, info@odonnellconsulting.com,
info@newpolygen.com, sales@ne.com, www.ne.com www.odonnellconsulting.com Ormat Nevada Inc
www.newpolygen.com Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Mike Filla Contact: Pres, Bill ODonnell 980 Greg St, Sparks, NV
Contact: CEO, Stanislav Sinatov 89431-6039, USA,
+1-775-356-9029, info@ormat.com,
www.ormat.com
Contact: VP, Daniel Schochet
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OUESTime Piezo Technologies Process Plugins Inc Rentech Boiler Systems Inc
PO Box 15249, Fermandina, FL 8421 Georgetown Rd, Suite 300, 2519 S Shields St, Suite 166, Ft 5025 E Business 20, Abilene, TX
32035, USA, +1-206-260-5858, Indianapolis, IN 46268, Collins, CO 80526, 79601, USA, +1-325-672-3400,
ouestime@earthlink.net USA, +1-317-876-4670, USA, +1-970-266-8551, sales@rentechboilers.com,
Contact: Mgr, Xavier Dhubert info@piezotechnologies.com, info@processplugins.com, www.rentechboilers.com
www.piezotechnologies.com www.processplugins.com Contact: Pres, Jack Rentz
PAN Metallgesellschaft Contact: Dir Apps Engr, John Contact: Pres, Joe Devine
Baumgrtner GmbH & Helgland RetubeCo Inc
CoKG Promec SRL 6024 Ooltewah-Georgetown Rd,
Am Oberen Luisenpark 3, Mannheim Plastocor-international SA Via Marconi 35/G, Ponte San Pietro, Ooltewah, TN 37363,
68165 Germany, +49-621-42-303-0, Ave de la Gare 3, Sierre 3960 24036 Italy, +39-354376383, USA, +1-423-238-4814,
kontakt@pan-metall.com, Switzerland, +41-27-456-49-55, info@promecweb.it, sales@retubeco.com,
www.pan-metall.com info@plastocor-international.com, www.promecweb.it www.retubeco.com
www.plastocor-international.com Contact: Gen Mgr, Luca Gandini Contact: Pres, Ed Overmyer
PAS Technologies Inc Contact: Pres, Richard Kreiselmaier
IDA Business & Technology Park, Proton Energy System Ringfeder Corp
Carrigtwohill, County Cork Plenty Process Filtration 10 Technology Dr, Wallingford, CT (sub of VBG Group), 165 Carver
Ireland, +353-21-428-7300, (div of SPX), 19191 Hempstead Hwy, 06492, USA, +1-203-949-8697, Ave, Westwood, NJ 07675,
www.pas-technologies.com Houston, TX 77065, customerservice@ USA, +1-201-666-3320,
Contact: VP Global Industrial Gas USA, +1-281-469-0550, protonenergy.com, sales@ringfeder.com,
Turbines, Denis McGrath plentyfilters@spx.com, www.protonenergy.com www.ringfeder.com
www.plentyfiltration.net Contact: VP Hydrogen Prod Sls/ Contact: Pres, Carl Fenstermacher
PCA Engineers Ltd Contact: Natl Sls Mgr, Steven King Mktg, John Speranza
Studio 2, Deepdale Enterprise Pk, Ring Power Corp
Deepdale Ln, Nettleham, Lincoln Power Developments PSM, an ALSTOM Co Power Systems Div, 500 World
LN2 2LL, UK, +44-1552-596959, International FZCO 1440 W Indiantown Rd, Jupiter, FL Commerce Pkwy, St Augustine, FL
chris.robinson@pcaeng.co.uk, Office No LOB 16-504, Jebel Ali 33458, USA, +1-561-354-1100, 32092, USA, +1-904-737-7730,
www.pcaeng.co.uk Free Zone, PO Box 17204, power@psm.com, www.psm.com info@ringpower.com,
Contact: Man Dir, Chris Robinson Dubai United Arab Emirates, Contact: VP Strategy/Bus Dev, Jeff www.ringpower-systems.com
+971-4-8871891, info@pdi.ae, Benoit Contact: Asst Sls Mgr, Lyndon Schultz
PCC Structurals Inc www.pdi.ae
4600 SE Harney Dr, Portland, OR QinetiQ Ritepro Inc
97206, USA, +1-503-353-1019, Power Jacks Ltd Energy Div, Cody Technology Park, (sub of BRAY International Inc),
ecator@pcc-structurals.com, S Harbour Rd, Fraserburgh, Ively Rd, Farnborough, Hampshire 12200 Albert Hudon Blvd,
www.pcc-structurals.com Aberdeenshire AB43 9BZ, GU14 0LX, UK, +44-1252-393645, Montreal, QC H1G 3KY,
Contact: IGT Bus Unit Mgr, Edward UK, +44-1346-513131, gkalexander@qinetiq.com, Canada, +1-514-324-8900,
Cator sales@powerjacks.com, www.qinetiq.com strudel@bray.qc.ca, www.ritepro.com
www.powerjacks.com Contact: Sls Mgr, Serge Trudel
PCH Engineering A/S Contact: Cust Svc/Mktg Dir, Bruce Racine Flow Meter Group
Ved Klaedebo 9, Hoersholm Hamper 8635 Washington Ave, PO Box Rochem Technical Services
DK-2970 Denmark, 081580, Racine, WA 53406, 11 Sun Valley Business Park, Winnall
+45-45-76-87-76, Power Machines USA, +1-262-639-6770, Close, Winchester S023 0LB,
pch@pch-engineering.dk, Vatutina Str 3A, St Petersburg info@racinefed.com, UK, +44-1962-890089,
www.pch-engineering.dk 195009 Russian Federation, www.racinefed.com/flow sales@rochem.net,
Contact: Dir, Leif Schaap +7-812-340-70-37, Contact: NA Sls Dir, Tracy Lagona www.rochemltd.com
mail@power-m.ru, Contact: Reg Dir, Bob Auguston
Perpetuum Ltd www.power-m.ru/eng Rathbone Precision Metals
Epsilon House, Enterprise Rd, Contact: Deputy Gen Dir/Sls Dir, Inc Roctest Ltd
Southampton Science Pk, Hampshire Alexey Barvinok 1241 Park St, Palmer, MA 01069, 665 Pine Ave, St Lambert, QC J4P
SO16 7NS, UK, +44-2380-765888, USA, +1-888-283-8961, 2P4, Canada, +1-450-465-1113,
info@perpetuum.com, Powertech Labs Inc richard.leger@ info@roctest.com, www.roctest.com
www.perpetuum.com 12388 88th Ave, Surrey, BC V3W rathboneprofiles.com, Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Francois
Contact: Dir Bus Dev, Kevin Marzano 7R7, Canada, +1-604-590-6641, www.rathboneprofiles.com Cordeau
hugh.zhu@powertechlabs.com, Contact: Dir Sls, Glenn Eberly
Philadelphia Gear www.powertechlabs.com Rolls-Royce
901 E 8th Ave, Suite 100, King of Contact: Prin Eng, Hugh Zhu Regeltechnik 65 Buckingham Gate, London SW1E
Prussia, PA 19406, USA, Kornwesthelm GmbH 6AT, UK, +44-20-7222-9020,
+1-610-337-5678, Pratt & Whitney Max-Planck-Str 3, Kornwesthelm D www.rolls-royce.com
www.philagear.com 400 Main St, East Hartford, CT 70806 Germany,
Contact: VP, Gerald Matteson 06108, USA, +1-860-565-4321, +49-7154-1314-0, info@rtk.de, Rongxin Power Electric Co
help24@pw.utc.com, www.rtk.de Ltd
PIA Inc www.pw.utc.com Bldg 8, Guiguliangcheng, No 1,
7958 16th Ave, Montreal, QC H1Z Rely (UK) Precision Nongdanan Rd, Haidian
3P5, Canada, +1-514-251-8169, Process Equipment - Castings District, Beijing 100084
info@piacanada.ca, Barron Industries 31 Glenacre Cescent, Uddingston, China, +86-28-8505-7399,
www.piacanada.ca 2770 Welborn St, PO Box 1607, Glasgow G71 6EH, UK, zwhuang@rxpe.com, www.rxpe.com
Contact: Sls Mgr/Tech Dev, Christian Pelham, AL 35124, USA, +44-1698-303010,
Fabry +1-205-663-5330, rely_uk@blueyonder.co.uk,
www.processbarron.com www.rely.co.za
Contact: Pres, Ken Nolen Contact: Bus Dev Mgr, William Keir

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Roper Pump Co Sensor Developments Inc SKODA POWER SPIG SpA

(div of Roper Industries), 3475 Old 1050 W Silver Bell Rd, PO Box 290, (a Doosan co), Tylova 1/57, Plzen Piazza San Graziano 31, Arona,
Maysville Rd, PO Box 269, Lake Orion, MI 48359, 30128 Czech Republic, (NO) 28041 Italy,
Commerce, GA 30529, USA, +1-248-391-3000, +420-378-185-000, +39-322-245401, info@spig-int.com,
USA, +1-706-336-3368, sales@sendev.com, www.sendev.com info.power@doosanskoda.com, www.spig-int.com
bflavelle@roperpumps.com, Contact: Sls Mgr, Ken Winczner www.doosanskoda.cz Contact: Mktg Mgr, Marianna
www.roperpumps.com Contact: Dir New Build, Braham Caputo
Contact: Mktg Asst, Mark Tingle SES Tlmace Bhushan
Tovarenska 210, Tlmace 935 28 SPX Cooling Technologies
Rosink Apparate- und Slovak Republic, +421-36-638-2490, SKODA POWER Private Ltd GmbH
Anlagenbau GmbH marketing@ses.sk, www.ses.sk 2nd Fl, Tower B, DLF Bldg No 8, DLF Ernst-Dietrich-Platz 2, Ratingen 40882
Fintube Div, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 23, Contact: Vladimir Adamec Phase II, DLF C, Gurgaon, Germany, +49-2102-1669-0,
Nordhorn 48529 Germany, Haryana, UP 122 002 cw@spx.com, www.spxcooling.com
+49-5921-88-20-0, info@rosink.de, Shanghai Electric India, +91-124-6650500,
www.rosink.com 30F Shanghai Maxdo Center, 8 Xing info.indiapower@ SPX Flow Technology
Contact: Sls Dir, Rene Boone Yi Rd, Shanghai 200336 doosanskoda.com, 611 Sugar Creek Rd, Delavan, WI
China, +86-21-5208-2266, www.doosanskoda.com 53115, USA, +1-262-728-1900,
Rotork Controls Ltd service@shanghai-electric.com, ft.amer.info@spx.com, www.spxft.com
Brasmill Ln, Bath, Somerset BA1 3JQ, www.shanghai-electric.com/en SK Valve Contact: Global Mkt Mgr - Power
UK, +44-1225-733-200, 2381 Fillmore Ave, Buffalo, NY Generation, SPX Flow Technology,
mail@rotork.co.uk, www.rotork.com Shell Lubricants 14214, USA, +1-716-795-8111, Paul Sennett
Contact: Tony Scott 700 Milam, Houston, TX 77002, jpetrik@skvalveusa.com,
USA, +1-713-546-6908, www.skvalveusa.com SPX Heat Transfer Inc
Rovsing Dynamics A/S sandy.laughery@shell.com, Contact: US Sls Mgr, John Petrik 2121 N 161 East Ave, PO Box
Marielundvej 41, 2730 Herlev www.shell-lubricants.com 3158, Tulsa, OK 74116-4802,
Denmark, +45-46-90-7200, Contact: Power Sector Mgr, Sandy Smithco Engineering Inc USA, +1-918-234-6000,
info@rovsing-dynamics.com, Laughery (div of Hudson Products), 6312 S custinfo@spxht.com, http://
____
www.rovsing-dynamics.com
_______________ 39th West Ave, Tulsa, OK spxheattransfer.com
Contact: Sls Mgr, Lennart Neistgaard Sherborne Sensors 74132, USA, +1-918-446-4406, Contact: VP Sls, Sam Naifeh
Unit 1, Ringway Centre, Edison Rd, info@smithco-eng.com,
RST Instruments Ltd Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 www.smithco-eng.com SRF Europe Ltd
200-2050 Hartley Ave, Coquitlam, 6YH, UK, +44 (0)870 444728, Contact: Sls/Projects Coord, Jim Hyde House, The Hyde, Rush Grove
BC V3K 6W5, Canada, sales@sherbornesensors.com, Matthews Ave, London NW9 6LH,
+1-604-540-1100, www.sherbornesensors.com UK, +44-208-905-8020,
info@rstinstruments.com, Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Robin Butler Solarnetix Inc info@srfeurope.com,
www.rstinstruments.com 777 Warden Ave, Store 6, Toronto, www.srfeurope.com
Contact: VP Sls, Pierre Choquet Siemens AG Energy Sector ON M1L 4C3, Canada,
Freyeslebenstrasse 1, Erlangen +1-416-699-6746, SRF Manufacturing
SAMPI SpA 91058 Germany, +49-9131-18-0, info@solarnetix.com, Gungur Calisir Cad No 4, Manisa
Idex FLuid & Metering Technologies support.energy@siemens.com, www.solarnetix.com 45030 Turkey, +90-236-233-44-56,
Div, (div of Liquid Controls Group), www.siemens.com/energy Contact: Pres, Viktor Tchernikov srf@srf.com.tr, www.srf.com.tr
Via Amerigo Vespucci 1, Lucca Contact: Corp Comms, Monika
I-55011 Italy, +390-58-324751, Wood Solar Turbines Inc Steuler Anlagenbau GmbH
info.sampi@idexcorp.com, (sub of Caterpillar Inc), 2200 Pacific & Co KG
www.sampi.it Siemens Industrial Hwy, PO Box 85376, George-Steuler Str,
Contact: ES Sls Mgr, Giorgio Magni Turbomachinery San Diego, CA 92186, Hoehr-Grenzhausen D-56203
Slottsvagen, Finspong SE-612 83 USA, +1-619-544-5352, Germany, +49-2624-13302,
SAS Global Corp Sweden, +46-122-81000, powergen@solarturbines.com, service@steuler.de, www.steuler.de
21601 Mullin Ave, Warren, MI lynne.anderson@siemens.com, www.solarturbines.com
48089, USA, +1-248-414-4470, www.powergeneration.siemens. STI Srl
justinb@sasglobalcorp.com, com/industries Solvay Chemicals Inc Via G Pascoli, 10 a/b, Gorle
www.sasglobalcorp.com 3333 Richmond Ave, Houston, TX 24020 Italy, +39-35-29282,
Contact: Mktg Mgr, Justin Bennett Siemens Industrial 77098, USA, +1-713-525-6500, www.stistrumentazione.com
Turbomachinery Ltd david.henry@solvay.com, Contact: NA Rep, Bruce Gallagher
SDMO Industries Oil & Gas Div, Energy, Ruston House, www.solvaychemicals.us
12 bis rue de la Villeneuve, PO Box 1, Waterside South, Contact: Bus Mgr H202, David Stork Turbo-Service GmbH
CS92848, Brest 29228 Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN5 7FD, Henry (div of Stork), Econova-Allee 1, Essen,
France, +33-2-9841-4141, UK, +44-1522-584000, NRW 45356 Germany,
sdmo@sdmo.com, www.sdmo.com geraldine.roy@siemens.com, Southport Equipment +49-201-8667-1000,
Contact: Export Mgr, Patrick Le Guen www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/ 5704 Fairview Pl, Agoura Hills, CA info@turbo-service-gmbh.com,
industries-utilities/ 91301, USA, +1-818-706-1400, www.turbo-service-gmbh.com
SDS Power Co Ltd tbuttke@southportequipment.com, Contact: Head Sls Turbomachinery,
1805-06 Founder Tower, 1122 New SIPOS Aktorik GmbH www.southportequipment.com Andreas Denner
Jinqiao Rd, Pudong, Shanghai Im Erlet 2, Altdorf 90518 Germany, Contact: Sls Eng, Tim Buttke
201206 China, +86-21-61052072, +49-9187-9227-0, info@sipos.de, Structural Preservation
sales@sdspower.com, www.sipos.de Specialised Overhaul Systems
www.sdspower.com Contact: Intl Sls Mgr, Steffen Koehler Service P/L 7455 New Ridge Rd, Suite T,
15 Randall Ct, Collaroy, NSW 2097 Hanover, MD 21076,
Seawater Greenhouse Ltd SITAL srl Australia, +612-9981-4010, USA, +1-410-850-7000,
2A Greenwood Rd, London E8 1AB, via dellArtigianato 1, Ponte dellOlio sos@bigpond.net.au, www.spsindustrial.net
UK, +44-20-7249-3627, Piacenza 29028 Italy, www.sostubecleaners.com Contact: VP Energy Div, Bill
charlie@seawatergreenhouse.com, +39-0523-878421, Contact: Mgr, Steven Smith Blennerhassett
www.seawatergreenhouse.com commerciale@sital.it, www.sital.it
Contact: Dir, Charlie Paton Contact: Gen Mgr, Bruno Sbalbi

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Sulzer Turbo Services Sulzer Turbo Services TGM Kanis Turbinen TorcUP Industrial Bolting
Zrcherstr 12, Winterthur CH-8401 Venlo BV GmbH Tools
Switzerland, +41-52-262-3444, Spikweien 36, AD Lomm NL-5943 Am Flachmoor 6, Nuremberg 90475 1025 Conroy Pl, Easton, PA 18040,
sulzerts@sulzer.com, The Netherlands, +31-77-473-8666, Germany, +49-911-239-568-741, USA, +1-610-250-5800,
www.sulzerts.com sulzertsvenlo@sulzer.com, sales@tgmkanis.com, info@torcup.com, www.torcup.com
Contact: Mktg/Comms, Sue Hudson www.sulzerts.com www.tgmkanis.com
TPS Termiska Processer AB
Sulzer Turbo Services Sutton Stromart Ltd Thermal Ceramics PO Box 624, Nykping 611 10
Argentina SA 8 Carson Ct, Brampton, ON L6T Tebay Rd, Bromborough, Wirral, Sweden, +46-8-53524811,
Talcahuano 736, 7, Buenos Aires 4P8, Canada, +1-905-458-0470, Merseyside CH62 2PH, per.magnus.wicen@tps.se
C1013AAPArgentina,+54-114-373-6327, sssales@mclgroup.com, UK, +44-151-334-4030, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Per Magnus
sulzertsargentina@sulzer.com, www.suttonstromart.com marketing@thermalceramics.co.uk, Wicn
www.sulzerts.com Contact: Sls Mgr U.S., Rick Dezek www.thermalceramics.com
Trihedral Engineering Ltd
Sulzer Turbo Services Swagelok Co Thermamax Inc 1160 Bedford Hwy, Bedford, NS
Brazil 31500 Aurora Rd, Solon, OH 1005 N Commons Dr, Aurora, IL B4A 1C1, Canada,
Rua dos Cardeais 78 - Sala 4, 44139-2764,USA,+1-440-349-5934, 60504, USA, +1-630-405-0600, +1-902-835-1575,
Vinhedo SP13280 Brazil, publicrelations@swagelok.com, rlasner@thermamax.us, vts@trihedral.com, www.trihedral.com
+55-19-3876-2740, www.swagelok.com www.thermamax.com Contact: Dir Mktg, Patrick Cooke
flavio.romero@sulzer.com, Contact: Mktg/Comms Mgr, Heather Contact: US Oper Mgr, Ronny Lasner
www.sulzerts.com Gaynor Triveni Engineering &
THERMO ELECTRIC Co Industries Ltd
Sulzer Turbo Services SWAN Systeme AG 1193 McDermott Dr, West Chester, Steam Turbine Div, 12-A Peenya
Canada Ltd Studbachstrasse 13, Hinwil 8340 PA 19380, USA, +1-610-692-7990, Industrial Area, Peenya, Banglore
5218 68th Ave NW, Edmonton, AB Switzerland, +41-943-62-00, info@te-direct.com, www.te-direct.com 560058 India, +91-80-22164000,
T6B 2X7, Canada, systems@swansystems.ch, Contact: CMO, Jose Alberto mktg@tbg.trivenigroup.com,
+1-780-577-9200, www.swansystems.ch www.trivenigroup.com
sulzertscanada@sulzer.com, Contact: CEO, Peter Kaminski Thermo Scientific
www.sulzerts.com Air Quality Instruments Div, (div of Turbine Air Systems Ltd
Technicon Acoustics Thermo Fisher Scientific), 27 4300 Dixie Dr, Houston, TX 77021,
Sulzer Turbo Services 4412 Republic Ct, Concord, NC Forge Pkwy, Franklin, MA 02038, USA, +1-713-877-8700,
Houston Inc 28027, USA, +1-704-788-1131, USA, +1-508-520-0430, marketing@tas.com, www.tas.com
11518 Old LaPorte Rd, LaPorte, TX, sales@tcnind.com, www.tcnind.com customerservice.aqi@ Contact: Mgr Sls Oper, Ingrid Cortes
USA, +1-713-567-2700, Contact: Sls, Matt Plickert thermofisher.com,
sulzertshouston@sulzer.com, www.thermoscientific.com/aqi Turbocam Europe Ltd
www.sulzerts.com TechniData AG Contact: Mktg Comms Mgr, Abbie (div of Turbocam International), 155
EH&S ENVINET Div, Hans-Pinsel-Str Martin Highlands Rd, Fareham, Hampshire
Sulzer Turbo Services 4, Haar D-85540 Germany, PO15 6JR, UK, +44-1329-845800,
India +49-89-45-66-57-801, Thompson Pump uk@turbocam.com,
7 Purushottam Apt, Plot No 78, envinet@technidata.com, 4620 City Center Dr, PO Box www.turbocam.com
Bhusari Colony, Kothrud, Pune www.technidata.com 291370, Port Orange, FL Contact: Fred Kinchin
411-038 India, +91-20-2528-5676, Contact: VP ENVINET, Claus 32129, USA, +1-386-767-7310,
rajesh.moghe@sulzer.com, Holzheimer sales@thompsonpump.com, TurboCare
www.sulzerts.com www.thompsonpump.com Via Don Lorenzo Perosi 4/A,
Tefulong Group Co Ltd Contact: Inside Sls, Robert Hennessy Scandicci, Florence 50018
PT Sulzer Turbo Services 4th Section of Hi-Teck Park, Wenzhou Italy, +39-557-595627,
Indonesia Economy & Technology Dev Zone, Thomson Technology LLP sales@turbocare.com,
Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011 Power Generation Div, (sub of www.turbocare.com
Kawasan Industri Kota Bukit Indah,
China, +86-577-8658-9988, Regal-Beloit Corp), 9087A 198th Contact: Mktg Dir, Marco Turella
Blok A 11, Kav 1C - 1D,
greatork@greatork.com, St, Vancouver, Langley, BC V1M
Purwakarta 41181 Indonesia,
www.greatork.com 3B1, Canada, +1-604-888-0110, TurboCare
+62-264-351-920,
Contact: Sls Eng, Lisa Xie info@thomsontechnology.com, 2140 Westover Rd, Chicopee, MA
sulzertsindonesia@sulzer.com,
www.thomsontechnology.com 01022, USA, +1-413-593-0500,
www.sulzerts.com
TesTex NDT Ltd sales@turbocare.com,
Sulzer Turbo Services New Maritime House, Lancaster Approach, TIC-The Industrial Co www.turbocare.com
North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire 2211 Elk River Rd, PO Box 774848,
Orleans Inc
DN40 3JZ, UK, +44-1469-541586, Steamboat Springs, CO 80487, Turbomach
1516 Engineers Rd, Belle Chasse,
testexuk@aol.com, USA, +1-970-879-2561, Via Campagna 15, Riazzino, Ticino
New Orleans, LA 70037,
www.testex-ndt.com reedweber@ticus.com, 6595 Switzerland, +41-91-851-15-11,
USA, +1-504-392-1800,
Contact: Simon Mackenzie www.tic-inc.com contact@turbomach.com,
sulzertsneworleans@sulzer.com,
Contact: Corp Mktg Mgr, Melinda www.tubomach.com
www.sulzerts.com
Testo AG Reed Weber Contact: Mktg/Comms Spec, Nadia
Via F lli Rosselli, 3/2, Settimo Mazzucchi
Sulzer Turbo Services
Milanese 20019 Italy, Tioga Pipe Supply Co Inc
Rotterdam BV
+39-2-33519-1, info@testo.it, 2450 Wheatsheaf Ln, Philadelphia, Turbo Parts LLC
Moezelweg 190, Europoort,
www.testoindia.com PA 19137, USA, +1-215-831-0700, (sub of Mechanical Dynamics &
Rotterdam NL-3198 The Netherlands,
jshaw@tiogapipe.com, Analysis LLC), 767 Pierce Rd,
+31-181-282-000,
TE Tecnologie per lEnergia www.tiogapipe.com Suite 2, Clifton Park, NY 12065,
sulzertsrotterdam@sulzer.com,
srl Contact: Mgr Sls, Jeff Shaw USA, +1-518-885-3199,
www.sulzerts.com
Via Montanaro 24, Torino 10154 info@turbopartsllc.com,
Italy, +39-11-2485166, www.turbopartsllc.com
t.e.srl@ipsnet.it, www.pagiregielle.it/ Contact: VP Sls, Jerry Johnson
tetecnologie
______
Contact: Dir, Elio Tessitore

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Turbotect Ltd Vaisala Oyj Weir Minerals Netherlands Woodward GmbH

PO Box 1411, Baden CH-5401 PO Box 26, Helsinki FI-00421 bv Handwerkstr 29, Stuttgart 70565
Switzerland, +41-56-200-50-20, Finland, +358-9-8949-1, Weir Minerals Div, Egtenrayseweg 9, Germany, +49-711-78954-0,
turbotect@turbotect.com, sales@vaisala.com, www.vaisala.com PO Box 249, PH Venlo NL-5928 The stgt-info@woodward.com,
www.turbotect.com Contact: Field Sls Eng, Tracy Cleland Netherlands, +31-77-389-52-00, www.woodward.com
Contact: Sls Dept, Katrin Hufschmid m.cox@weirminerals.com, Contact: Sls Dir Power Gen/Dist,
VALLOUREC & www.weirminerals.com Clemens Grosskinsky
TV SD Industrie Service MANNESMANN TUBES Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Ernst van
GmbH 27 Ave du Gnral Leclerc, Koert Woodward Kempen
Westendstrae 199, Mnchen Boulogne, Billancourt 92660 France, GmbH
80686Germany,+49-89-579-121-54, +33-1-4909-3753, Weir Power & Industrial Krefelder Weg 47, Kempen 47906
katrin.halboth@tuev-sued.de, vincent.delcour@vmtubes.fr, 2360 Millrace Ct, Mississauga, ON Germany, +49-2152-1451,
www.tuev-sued.com www.vmtubes.com L5N 1W2, Canada, muriel.mitschele@woodward.com,
Contact: Gen Mgr Power Gen, +1-905-812-7100, www.woodward-seg.com
Tyco Thermal Controls Vincent Delcour marc.chenier@weirgroup.com,
Capacisense Div, (div of Tyco Flow www.weirpowerindustrial.com West Pomerenian
Control), 3 Rutherford Rd, Valtorc International Contact: Sls Mgr, Marc Chenier University of Technology
Stephenson Industrial Estate, 3105 Carter Cir NE, Kennesaw, GA Faculty of Maritime Technology Div, Al
Washington, Tyne and Wear NE37 30155, USA, ajbental@valtorc.com, Welland & Tuxhorn AG Piastow 41, Szczecin 71-065
3HX, UK, +44-1914-198310, www.valtorc.com Gtersloher Str 257, PO Box Poland, +48-91-449-44-31,
paul.seccombe@tycothermal.com, 141020, Bielefeld 33630 wojciech.zenczak@zut.edu.pl,
www.capacisense.com Velan Germany, +49-521-9418-0, www.zut.edu.pl
Contact: Tech Mgr, Paul Seccombe 7007 Cote de Liesse, Montreal, QC info@welland-tuxhorn.de, Contact: Wojciech Zenczak
H4T 1G2, Canada, www.welland-tuxhorn.de
Unison +1-514-748-7743, www.velan.com Contact: Head Proj Dept, Manfred Young & Franklin Inc
(sub of GE), 150 Redfern Rd, Tyseley, Contact: Dir Sls, Don Bowers Pluczynski 942 Old Liverpool Rd, Liverpool, NY
Birmingham B11 2HN, 13088, USA, +1-315-457-3110,
UK, +44-121-706-3333, Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe WES GmbH info@yf.com, www.yf.com
kevin.messenger@unisonec.com, GmbH Am Bahnhof 1, Nordkirchen 59394 Contact: Dir New Bus Dev, Eric
www.unisonenginecomponents.com Hans-Boeckler-Strasse 7, Sonthofen Germany, +49-2599-9359-0, Sohne
Contact: Sls Dir, Kevin Messenger 87527 Germany, +49-8321-802-502, wes@wes-online.net,
info.bhs@voith.com, www.wes-online.net Zambetti E Lumina SPA
United Conveyor Corp www.bhs-getriebe.de Contact: Tech Dir, Bernhard Schaefers Metrio Div, Via Cesare Cant 29,
2100 Norman Dr W, Waukegan, IL Contact: Sr Mgr Strategic Sls, Tome Cinisello Balsamo, (MI) 20092
60085, USA, +1-847-473-5900, Stanic Westfalia Separator AG Italy, +39-2-66012407,
uccinfo@unitedconveyor.com, Werner-Habig-Str 1, Oelde 59302 p.zani@zambettielumina.com,
www.unitedconveyor.com Voith Turbo GmbH & Co Germany, +49-252-277-0, www.zambettielumina.com
Contact: Mktg Comms Spec, Beverly KG stoeckl.oliver@gea-westfalia.de, Contact: Sls Dir, Paolo Zani
Richards Industry Div, Voithstrasse 1, Crailsheim www.westfalia-separator.com
74564 Germany, +49-7951-32-0, Zat as
United Process Controls industry@voith.com, Westinghouse Electric Co K podles 541, Prbram VI 261 80
8904 Beckett Rd, West Chester, OH www.voithturbo.com/industry 1000 Westinghouse Dr, Cranberry Czech Republic, +420-318-652-111,
45069, USA, +1-513-772-1000, Township, PA 16066, hana.tureckova@zat.cz, www.zat.cz
info@group-upc.com, Volvo Aero Corp USA, +1-412-374-3373,
www.group-upc.com Turbines (UK) Ltd Div, Ground Fl The www.westinghousenuclear.com ZCL Composites Inc
Contact: VP Sls Heat Treatment North Mill, Abbey Mill Business Park, Lower Contact: Comms Cons, Karen 1420 Parsons Rd SW, Edmonton, AB
America, Pat Torok Eashing, Godalming, Surrey GU7 Fischetti T6X 1M5, Canada,
2QJ, UK, +44-1252-733-883, +1-780-466-6648, www.zcl.com
Universal Accoustic & david.hague@volvo.com, Weston Aerospace
Emission Technologies www.volvo.com (sub of Esterline Sensors), 124 Zeleziarne Podbrezova as
Hwy 51/138, PO Box 411, Contact: Mgr, David Hague Victoria Rd, Farnborough, Kolkre 35, Podbrezov 976 81
Stoughton, WI 53589, Hampshire GU14 7PW, Slovak Republic, +421-48-645-1111,
USA, +1-608-873-4272, Vooner FloGard Corp UK, +44-1252-544-433, admin@zelpo.sk, www.zelpo.sk
americas@universalaet.com, 4729 Stockholm Ct, Charlotte, NC david.lewis@esterline.com,
www.universalaet.com 28273, USA, +1-704-552-9314, www.westonaero.com ZOK International Group
info@vooner.com, www.vooner.com Contact: Sls Acct Mgr, David Lewis Ltd
URS Contact: Sls, Michael Berardi Elsted Marsh, Midhurst, West Sussex
510 Carnegie Center, PO Box Wiromet SA Zaklady GU29 0JT, UK, +44-1730-811920,
5287, Princeton, NJ 08543-5287, Wabash Power Equipment Mechaniczne zok@zok.com, www.zok.com
USA, +1-609-720-2000, Co ul.Wyzwolenia 27, Mikolow 43-190 Contact: Gen Mgr, Robert Johnson
power@wgint.com, www.urscorp.com 444 Carpenter Ave, Wheeling, IL Poland, +48-32-3240-740,
Contact: Pres/Power Group, George 60090, USA, +1-847-541-5600, wiromet@wiromet.pl, Zolo Technologies Inc
Nash info@wabashpower.com, www.wiromet.com.pl 4946 N 63rd St, Boulder, CO
www.wabashpower.com Contact: Proj Mgr, Jakub Rakoczy 80301, USA, +1-303-604-5818,
Vahterus Oy Contact: Pres, Richard Caitung sales@zolotech.com,
Pruukintie 7, Kalanti 23600 Finland, Wood Group GTS www.zolotech.com
+358-2-840-70, sales@vahterus.com, (div of John Wood Group Plc), Contact: Mktg Mgr, Ron Zimmerman
www.vahterus.com Pavilion 2 Craigshaw Business Park,
Craigshaw Rd, Aberdeen AB12
3QH, UK, +44-1224-367200,
gts@woodgroup.com,
www.woodgroupgts.com
Contact: Mktg Dir, Mick Conway

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DIARY DATES
April O&M and Lifecycle Management Nuclear Industry Forum October

Strategies for CCGT Power Plants 15th 16th June
Renewable Energy Forum 10th 12th May London, UK The Energy Forum
4th 5th April Birmingham, UK www.marketforce.eu.com 11th 12th October
St. Andrews, UK www.tacook.com/CCGT London, UK
www.ij-renewablesforum.com www.marketforce.eu.com
European Smart Metering Forum
Nuclear Services and Supply Chain 21st 22nd June
Small Hydro 2011 11th 12th May London, UK Low Carbon Earth Summit
13th 14th April London, UK www.marketforce.eu.com 19th 26th October
Vancouver, Canada www.smi-online.co.uk Dalian, China
www.arena-international.com www.lcesummit.com
Clean Power Asia 2011
Indo-POWER 2011 28th 30th June
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13th 14th April Jakarta, Indonesia www.cleanpower-asia.com
24th 26th October
Vienna, Austria www.indo-power.com
Doha, Qatar
www.acius.net/aci/conferences/ www.power-gen-middleeast.com
eu-ebp1.asp
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WEPower 2011
15th 17th May Renewables Forum
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South East European Congress on 6th 7th July
www.wepower-sa.com 26th 28th October
Energy Efficiency & Renewable London, UK
Warsaw, Poland.
Energy Source www.marketforce.eu.com
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13th 15th April
Sofia, Bulgaria All-Energy 2011
www.viaexpo.com 18th 19th May August November
Aberdeen, UK
www.all-energy.co.uk Guangzhou International Solar
Nuclear New Build Forum
European Construction Institute: Photovoltaic Expo
25th November
Profit From Experience 11th 13th August
14th 15th April June Guangzhou, China
London, UK
www.marketforce.eu.com
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.gzxny.com
www.eci-online.org ASME Turbo Expo
6th 10th June
Vancouver, Canada Carbon Capture and Storage
COAL-GEN
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European Nuclear Renaissance 16th 18th August
30th November
27th 28th April Columbus, USA
London, UK
Rome, Italy www.coal-gen.com
19th European Biomass Conference www.marketforce.eu.com
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& Exhibition
6th 10th June September
May Berlin, Germany December
www.conference-biomass.com 26th European Photovoltaic Solar
Energy Conference and Exhibition Smart Metering Forum
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5th 9th September 6th 7th December
5th 7th May
Nuclear Power Europe Hamburg, Germany London, UK
New Delhi, India
7th 9th June www.photovoltaic-conference.com www.marketforce.eu.com
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Milan, Italy
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Infrastructure Asset Management
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia HydroVision Brazil
6th 7th December
5th 7th May 20th 22nd September
POWER-GEN Europe London, UK
New Delhi, India Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
7th 9th June www.marketforce.eu.com
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POWER-GEN International
Renewable Energy World India POWER-GEN Asia
5th 7th May 6th 8th December
Renewable Energy World Europe 27th 29th September Las Vegas, NV, USA
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7th 9th June Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.power-gen.com
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Milan, Italy www.powergenasia.com
com
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________________
europe.com
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27th 29th September Las Vegas, NV, USA
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.nuclearpowerinternational.
www.renewableenergyworld-asia. com
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eurelectric
annual conference
stockholm 13-14 june 2011
delivering investments
to meet europes energy
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Gold Sponsor
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GensetRoundup
Aggreko beats big freeze to power US footballs big game
The Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh broadcasting the event to a worldwide approximately 3000 medium-sized
Steelers American football teams were television, internet and radio audience. homes as well as 4600 kW of
not the only power on display at the This is Aggrekos 21st year heating and about 80 km of cable
Cowboys Stadium in Dallas during last supporting the big game and its many distributed in and around the stadium
months Super Bowl. festivities, and each event brings This job required finding creative
As the Dallas/Fort Worth area a unique experience, said Gordy ways to distribute 50 miles of cable in
experienced some of the coldest winter Broussard, vice president, National and around the building and installing
temperatures in decades, Aggreko Sales and Marketing, Aggreko North temporary utilities while keeping the
provided large-scale power generation America. As they say, everything area safe and not detracting from the
and heating for the entire event, is bigger in Texas, and the sheer beauty of this amazing facility, said
including the half-time show. size of the new stadium makes this Broussard.
Following months of planning and one of Aggrekos largest supply of Aggreko had the support of its
preparation, Aggrekos major events uninterrupted power and heating for a national network of more than 50
division powered everything from single event. service centres and a team of 12
lighting and video during The Black Aggreko also powered both dedicated employees, who began
Eyed Peas half-time performance to teams practice facilities and installing the complex array of
stadium security. Aggreko also provided several celebration sites and VIP equipment weeks prior to the game.
power and temperature control for areas. Services included 13 MW Dismantling required an additional two
the international media compounds of generator power enough for weeks after the final whistle blew.
Wrtsil receives 170 MW Rolls-Royce diesel

engine and equipment gensets to supply power
orders from Timor-Leste to Tanzania, Madagascar
Wrtsil has received an order to well as other related equipment. The Rolls-Royce has been awarded for disposal due to the high cost of
supply engines and other equipment Hera Power Plant is expected to be contracts to provide 11 Bergen maintenance.
for a power plant project in Hera in fully operational in the first quarter of B32:40 diesel gensets to the The contract for the 11th Bergen
the Democratic Republic of Timor- 2012, with 50 MW operational by the electrical authorities of Tanzania and B32:40 powered generating set
Leste, formerly known as East Timor. end of 2011. Madagascar. was awarded by Broadcrown, an
In addition to this order, Wrtsil The Betano Power Plant is Their role will be to help both independent manufacturer of power
has also signed a contract for another expected to be fully operational countries meet their increasing generation systems with group
power plant project in Betano, also in by the third quarter of 2012. While demand for electricity to support headquarters in England.
Timor-Leste, for which the notice to initially the power plants will run on economic and industrial growth from This generating set will use a nine-
proceed is expected in the first half heavy fuel oil (HFO), it is expected late 2011 onwards. cylinder engine, also burning heavy
of 2011. that they will be later converted to Working with its consortium fuel oil, and will be installed at the
The power plant order for Hera natural gas operation. partner, Semco Maritime, Rolls-Royce Mahajanga power station operated
in the northern part of the country These power plant projects are will install ten B32:40V16 sets, each by Jirama, the Madagascar Electric
has been placed by Puri Akraya an important part of the Timor- rated at 6.29 MW, in Mwanza, the Utility. The contract awarded to Rolls-
Engineering Ltd, a company Leste governments modernization second largest city in Tanzania. The Royce by Broadcrown includes the
contracted by the Timor-Leste programme. The aim is to improve 60 MW power plant is scheduled to supply of strategic spare parts and
government for the project. the countrys infrastructure and to be completed within 12 months from the labour required to commission
Wrtsils scope of supply includes achieve national electrification. the contract date. the installation, which will be sited
seven Wrtsil 18V46 generating sets This includes the construction of The flexibility of the engines to on the northwest coast of the Indian
with a gross output of some 120 MW, power stations and the development burn heavy fuel oil was one of the Ocean island, the fourth biggest
as well as generators, auxiliaries, of a national grid. Timor-Leste, key reasons the countrys electrical island in the world.
control systems and various with a population of 1 million, supply company, Tanesco, selected We are extremely pleased to be
related equipment. The Betano site is rich in natural resources and the Rolls-Royce Bergen B32:40 helping the people of Tanzania and
project, to be delivered to the same the development of oil and gas engines for the new station. Madagascar by providing a much
contractor, includes eight Wrtsil production in its offshore waters This repowering project will needed supply of electricity, said
18V46 generating sets with a gross has enabled the modernization replace a number of older diesel Charlie Athanasia, executive vice
output of more than 135 MW, as programme to be initiated. generating sets that are scheduled president of power generation.
66 www.peimagazine.com PEi - March 2011

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24-26 October 2011
Doha Exhibition Center Doha, Qatar
www.power-gen-middleeast.com
www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
CHANGING
POWER&WATER
SOLUTIONS IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO ATTEND For exhibition and sponsorship
opportunities contact:
Be part of one of the Middle Easts most important events for the power and water industries as Kelvin Marlow
POWER-GEN Middle East celebrates its 10th anniversary and WaterWorld Middle East launches Exhibit Sales Manager (Power)
its first co-located event at Doha Exhbition Center, Doha, Qatar. T +44 (0) 1992 656 610
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
POWER-GEN Middle East and WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts E exhibitpgme@pennwell.com
to address strategic and technical issues facing the power and water industries and help meet
Roy Morris
the ever increasing demand for power and water associated with the exponential growth and
Exhibit Sales Manager (Water)
vitality in Qatar and greater Middle East.
T +44 (0) 1992 656 613
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
Be a part of the rapid investment across the region by attending these premier events to
E rmorris@pennwell.com
discuss and explore topics such as market trends; market structure and regulation; fossil fired,
renewable and nuclear power technologies; desalination; water and wastewater treatments as For information about participating at
growth and demand for power and water intensifies the conference as a speaker or delegate,
please contact:
POWER-GEN Middle East and WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will also provide the perfect
Samantha Malcolm
opportunity to establish new business contacts with prominent local and international
Conference Manager
companies and to introduce and demonstrate pioneering technologies.
T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
If you are involved in the power or water industries, dont miss this prime opportunity to stay F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E paperspgme@pennwell.com
ahead of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
Supporting Regional
Owned and Produced by: Co-Host: Supported by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Publication:
________

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EquipmentRoundup
Self-contained tensioner eases pressure for US nuclear plant
One of the more critical aspects of hoses and hook them up, said
nuclear reactor maintenance work Blenkinsopp. That would take us an
at Browns Ferry, a 3.4 GW boiling hour on its own. Now all we do is
water reactor plant near Decatur, run a 480V cable to each tensioner,
Alabama, USA, and every other plant, which takes ten minutes.
is opening and resealing the vessel Outage performance for stud
head flange, which consists of many tensioning at Browns Ferry
large studs and nuts. previously fell into the 150270
These are tensioned to a very minutes range, even with the
high load by applying hydraulic industry-leading QD-H units. But
stud tensioners. Tensioning these after training and experience of the
accurately is a huge undertaking, new system, Browns Ferry reduced
requiring technicians to operate in At each pass four studs can dose to the crew members. Typically, tensioning to 85 minutes in the
high radiation dose areas. be tensioned, each at 90 degrees this system is operated by one or autumn 2010 outage.
The studs are tensioned and nuts to each other, offering optimum two men per stud tensioner and a Industry outages used to take
are seated to elongate the stud; the positioning to reduce stresses. The central pumping system operator, 6090 days and stud tensioning
correct tension signifying the reactor units are then re-positioned several plus plant radiation technicians and would take two to three shifts,
flange is properly seated and sealed. times, each time working on four supervisors. he said. In plants that dont have
Browns Ferry refuelling floor studs at optimum spacing, until the The system is linked by heavy quick-disconnect tensioners, the
manager John Blenkinsopp was vessel is completely resealed. hydraulic lines running from each unit has to be physically screwed
keen to try the latest Biach tensioner Further trim passes might be tensioner to a distribution manifold down on to the stud and that takes
from Hydratight. This Biach Quick- required if the final elongation mounted on the central carousel and a long, long time. The reduction in
Disconnect-Helical (QD-H) design readings do not meet the required from there to the control unit, on tensioning time alone saves Browns
has four stud tensioners mounted on specification. Completing this the refuel floor, where space is at a Ferry in the region of $50 000
a circular carousel supported by the operation quickly means reduced premium. We used to have to fly the an hour per outage, across three
reactor head flange lifting lugs. critical path cost and lower radiation carousel in, then run all the hydraulic scheduled outages every two years.
$'9(57,6(0(17,1'(;
$0(5,&$1%86,1(66&21)(5(1&(6 078)5,('5,&+6+$)(1*0%+
$3 0 0780$,17$1$1&(%(5/,1
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0(0%5$1$ <281* )5$1./,1,1&

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GE Energy
Jim Plummer, Product Application Manager

Filtration Technologies
With the demands youre facing, you cant risk a supplier who will just drop off
a product, hope it works, then disappear. GE Energys Filtration Technologies
team leverages our 40 years of application expertise to think beyond simple
product-based solutions. Instead, we offer a complete system approach that
can help lower your energy and maintenance costs. So you can rely on us for
long-term dust collection solutions that help make you more protable.
Thats not just a promise. Its the promise of something better.
See what our team can do for you at PeopleBehindThePromise.com/Jim
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
10 12 May, 2011, Birmingham, UK CONFERENCES
O&M AND LIFECYCLE

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CCGT POWER PLANTS
SOLUTIONS FOR COST EFFECTIVE AND FLEXIBLE GAS-FIRED OPERATIONS
BEST-PRACTICE CASE STUDIES FROM A RANGE OF MAJOR OPERATORS, ON: FEATURING HIGHLY
The balance between OEM and third party contracting EXPERIENCED
Gas turbine technology and hot gas path component management strategies SPEAKERS FROM:
Plant flexibility and the impact on lifecycle management and balance of plant O&M Centrica Energy
Reducing outage downtime and using outages strategically to extend plant life Cranfield University
Learning the O&M and life extension lessons from a coal-fired power plant
Maintenance approaches and techniques, such as availability centred O&M, and DG Energy, EU
how this can impact best practice Commission
E.ON UK
PLUS EXPERT INSIGHTS ON: Essent
The prospects and challenges for demonstrating Carbon Capture and Storage
at gas-fired power plants in Europe Emirates CMS
Rotor life assessment, life time limiting processes for gas turbines and the Power Company
relationship with operational hours Intergen
Attracting, training and retaining the next generation of O&M professionals in
the power generation industry Laborelec, GDF Suez
Insurance and risk implications in the third party market Marsh
National Skills
Academy for Power
PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS, 10 MAY 2011
A: Gas Turbine Life Assessment, Life Extension and Life Management RWE npower
Led by: ERA Technology Siemens Energy
B: Maximising Maintenance and Lifecycle Management Strategies Service Fossil
with Enterprise Asset Management Solutions
Led by: SAP Sulzer Turbo Services
Venlo BV
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BECOME PART OF THE COMMUNITY:

INVITATION EXTRA VALUE, BENEFITS AND TAKE-AWAYS
DEAR SIR/MADAM
PRIOR TO THE CONFERENCE:
As Europe stands on the cusp of a major period of transition in its power
generation infrastructure, CCGT power plants are set to play a key role If you have any particular questions for our expert speakers let us
in a future of diverse and exible low carbon power generation. The know before the event and we will try to arrange a time during
challenging commercial environment however, means that cost effective the conference where you can discuss your issues directly with
O&M and life-cycle optimisation are central to running a commercially the experts.
successful operation.
We are delighted to invite you to this insightful conference on O&M and AT THE CONFERENCE:
Lifecycle Management Strategies for CCGT Power Plants. With 36% of In addition to educational best practice content you will have
Europes electricity production predicted to come from gas-red power optimal access to the experts during the sessions and the breaks,
plants by 2020, it is essential that operators execute an efcient and cost plus time to talk through your challenges with your peers at the
effective long term O&M strategy in order to maximise plant exibility
and life. evening networking event.
Bringing together a range of operators, take this opportunity to share AFTER THE CONFERENCE:
best practice, benchmark your O&M performance and optimise gas
turbine and plant lifecycle management. Whether you are an operator of Our team speaks daily with maintenance and asset management
a new build CCGT or are maintaining an aging eet, the agenda is built to professionals. After the event you can contact our team to
offer you crucial insights into: keep you connected to the community by introducing you to
OEM and third party contracting, and the associated nancial and risk any conference attendee you did not get to meet at the event.
implications Alternatively, join our LinkedIn conference group to meet with
Gas turbine life assessment, life limiting processes, technology and fellow attendees.
hot gas path component management strategies
Mid-life upgrade case studies and the role of outage management
during mid-life upgrades WHO SHOULD ATTEND
Maintenance management approaches and techniques, such as
availability centred O&M, and how this can impact best practice
Attracting, training and retaining the next generation of O&M This event targets operators of CCGT power plants, looking to
professionals in the power generation industry optimise life-cycle management, benchmark O&M strategy and
discover opportunities available in the OEM and third party market.
The event is designed to allow optimal time for networking and to support
discussion on critical issues. Interactive pre-conference workshops will It is designed for organisational leaders in positions such as
allow you time to discuss your issues and challenges with like-minded the following:
industry colleagues, while the main conference will feature networking Fleet, portfolio and generation director
breaks and an evening event for all attendees, to ensure that you have Station management
optimum time to network and share your challenges and approaches. Generation management
Engineering management
Gas-red power generation offers a cost effective and exible solution Operations management
for operators. We look forward to welcoming you in Birmingham for Production management
discussion on our how you can get the most out of your asset.
Corporate engineering
Yours sincerely, Technical gas turbine specialists and metallurgists
Outage strategy
Commercial and trading
Furthermore, we expect the event to attract those within the
Thomas Cook OEM and third party market, including those with responsibility
Managing Director
T.A. Cook Conferences for the following:
Technical performance
O&M
Strategy
Sales, marketing and business development
For more information or to register online, please visit our website www.tacook.com/CCGT ____________________

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PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS
TUESDAY 10 MAY, 2011
These simultaneous workshops will run from 9.00 am to 5.00 pm with refreshments and lunch provided
Workshop A: Workshop B:
GAS TURBINE LIFE ASSESSMENT, LIFE EXTENSION AND MAXIMISING MAINTENANCE AND LIFECYCLE
LIFE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES WITH ENTERPRISE
This workshop intends to give a comprehensive review on damage ASSET MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
mechanisms concerning key components of a gas turbine. The life This full day workshop will provide you with an extensive review of the
assessment approach will be presented by highlighting critical life limiting usage of SAP EAM in power generation plants. Develop your knowledge
parameters using several practical examples. Evolution of the alloy on the solution techniques for structuring system and equipment
microstructure in line with changes in mechanical properties and the information and learn about how to capture and design operational
coatings protection life are covered in connection with any life extending documentation, work with corrective and preventative orders, build
programme. In addition, damage mechanisms and approach to ling for and use preventative maintenance strategies and understand SAP EAM
the turbine compressor will be discussed. analytics.
The workshop will be ideal for those with a background in gas turbine The workshop will demonstrate how by modeling the application for
operation, asset management, maintenance and repair. This is an maintenance planning and processing, companies can achieve:
Better planning, reduction and monitoring of their maintenance budgets
opportunity for gaining insight on ling of gas turbine components and A better view of how to manage the effect of plant unavailability and
improving the strategies for reducing the costs. damage
Reduction of unplanned unavailability caused by damages How
The workshop agenda includes the following themes: much time did we not produce electricity due to unplanned failures
Gas Turbine Hot Components vs actual after implementation of SAP EAM?
Introduction to hot section life management issues Reduction of the shutdown processing time
Materials and components Designed to allow you optimal time to have your questions answered
Degrading and life limitations in an interactive environment, the workshop will also allow time
Hot section life assessment for discussion on how the goals of implementing Enterprise Asset
Hot section life extension Management are moving beyond the conventional scope, to target:
Improvement of maintenance strategies by obtaining real-time
Compressor Condition Assessments predictive asset health information
Compressor durability The creation of an analytical platform for engineering activities
Compressor assessments Performing condition-based maintenance
The reduction of IT costs
Workshop led by: Siavash Pahlavanyali, Gas Turbine Senior Metallurgist, The standardization and harmonization of maintenance procedures
ERA Technology and processes among a eet of power stations
Dr Siavash Pahlavanyali has been working on gas turbine components for Workshop led by: Miquel Carbo, Utilities Industry Business Specialist, SAP
over 15 years. His PhD research was involved in developing coating for With more than 15 years experience at SAP, Miquels current role as Senior
turbine blades. As a research associate at Cambridge University (2003- Industry Principal is to support the SAP industry practice for power
2004) he was involved in a Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Program in an EU generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas and water
funded project. Siavash then worked at Rolls-Royce UTP at Cambridge for the EMEA and India region. His role includes responsibilities for value
University on oxidation lifing of blade alloys and coatings. He joined ERA engineering and roadmap studies, presales and demo support, partner
Technology in May 2008 and has been involved in gas turbine failure alliances management and specic consulting activities
assessment, and lifing turbine critical components such as blades and
rotors and extending the component life.
For more details of the workshops and for detailed agendas, please visit _______________
www.tacook.com/CCGT

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CONFERENCE
WEDNESDAY 11 MAY, 2011
08:30 REGISTRATION AND COFFEE

09:00 CHAIRMANS OPENING REMARKS
Thomas Cook, Managing Director, T.A. Cook Conferences
09:10 KEYNOTE ADDRESS
CONTRACTING STRATEGIES, LIFE EXTENSION OF MATURE ASSETS AND O&M PHILOSOPHY AT RWE NPOWER
Introduction to RWE npowers CCGT portfolio
Contracting strategies: Working with OEMs
Operational requirements
O&M approaches, strategies, and challenges
Life extension
Kevin Nix, Director of Asset Operations and Technology, RWE npower
Siemens designs, manufactures and operates a range of CCGT power plants around the world. In this presentation, Siemens will outline their capabilities and
view on the market as an OEM, with a focus on upgrades available and gas turbine life extension methodology. The second half of the presentation, will
then focus on Siemens experiences as an operator of CCGT and in delivering mid-life upgrades at assets around the world.
10:10 SIEMENS MODERNISATION AND UPGRADES AT CCGT POWER PLANTS
The Siemens CCGT fleet overview
Key OEM upgrades available to the maturing fleet
Gas turbine Life Time Extension methodology and details
Kirsty Buddle, Head of Programme Business, Siemens Energy Service Fossil
10:40 EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING MID-LIFE UPGRADES AND O&M SUPPORT
Introduction to Siemens O&M - Experiences, structure and contract types
Experience implementing mid-life upgrades at a global level - Case studies
David Buggie, Head of O&M UK, Siemens Energy Service Fossil
11:10 MORNING REFRESHMENTS
11:40 GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS, O&M CHALLENGES AND LIFE EXTENSION BEST PRACTICE - AN OPERATORS VIEW
Hot gas path component management strategies
Life extension methodologies
Difficulties and pitfalls
Useful sources of information
Direct and indirect benefits and implementations
Some case studies
Sigrid Gjibels, Technology Manager Conventional Power Plant Materials, Laborelec, GDF Suez
12:25 NETWORKING LUNCH
13:30 GAS TURBINE LIFE TIME ASSESSMENT: ROTOR LIFE TIME, LIFE LIMITING PROCESSES AND STRATEGIES FOR LIFE TIME EXTENSION
Potentially life time limiting processes in gas turbine rotors:
Examples of some of the key processes, such as thermal fatigue, high cycle fatigue, etc
Possible end-of-life criteria
Addressing their relationship to Operational Hours (OH)
Determine OH-based life-limiting processes
Detection and assessment of degradation / damages
Requirements for life time extension programs
Third party options and risk implications
Sjef Matteij, Technical Director, Sulzer Turbo Services Venlo BV
14:15 MANAGING GAS TURBINE AVAILABILITY, PERFORMANCE AND LIFE USAGE VIA ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS
Managing gas turbine availability
Gas path diagnostics methodology and advances
Performance simulation and coupling to component level degradations
Using gas path analysis to manage turbine life
Professor Riti Singh, Head of Gas Turbine Engineering and Technology, Cranfield University
15:00 AFTERNOON REFRESHMENTS
15:30 LONG TERM THIRD PARTY O&M PROVISION - IS THIS A CREDIBLE ALTERNATIVE FOR OPERATORS?
A tailored service provision
How can plant flexibility be maintained in the third party market?
Potential cost savings in the third party market
The RWE model and where TSG have been involved
Michael Marshall, Technical Engineer, RWE npower, Technical Support Group
16:15 INSURANCE AND RISK ISSUES WHEN MOVING INTO THIRD PARTY CONTRACTING
Perceived risk appetite of the insurance market
Differing approaches to differing situations:
Hot gas path/gas turbine overhauls & Life Time Extension issues
Reversed engineered spares and replacements
Legacy issues and OEM
Comparing risk implications for OEM / third party contracting
John Chinnock, Risk Engineer, Risk Consulting Practice, Marsh
17:00 CHAIRMANS CLOSING REMARKS AND CLOSE OF DAY ONE
18:45 DEPARTURE FOR EVENING NETWORKING EVENT

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CONFERENCE
THURSDAY 12 MAY, 2011
08:30 REGISTRATION AND COFFEE

09:00 CHAIRMANS OPENING REMARKS
Thomas Cook, Managing Director, T.A. Cook Conferences
09:10 KEYNOTE ADDRESS

DEMONSTRATING CCS IN EUROPE: WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR GAS?
CCS policy and demonstration activities in Europe
Funding opportunities in Europe
Expanding CCS demonstrations to gas fired power plants and the wider industrial community - Is this a feasible prospect?
Kai Tullius, Policy Coordinator, Carbon Capture and Storage, DG ENERGY, EU Commission
09:55 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR A LOW RETURN MARKET

Investment justification
Lower costs per equivalent operating hour
Life assessment and extension
Risk reduction techniques
The future?
Tony Lyon, Generation Manager, South Humber Power Station, Centrica Energy
10:40 MORNING REFRESHMENTS

11:10 USING OUTAGES STRATEGICALLY TO EXTEND PLANT LIFE MOERDIJK POWER PLANT CASE STUDY
- Background to the outage - Overall scope, life extension and need for regular maintenance turnarounds
- Planning and scheduling best practices
- Delivering the outage project on time and to budget
- Approach to insourcing and outsourcing
- Reducing risk
- Team building of a turnaround team
Jac Weggen, Turnaround Manager, Essent
11:55 THE EFFECT OF PLANT FLEXIBILITY ON LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT AND BALANCE OF PLANT RIJNMOND POWER PLANT CASE STUDY
Study on the impact of cycling to power plants
Future market demand and the impact on operating profile
The impact of cycling on:
Power plant equipment, e.g. Heat Recovery Steam Generator, boilers
Maintenance costs and availability
Measures to influence the impact on cycling
Flexibility and lifecycle management
Andr van der Niet, Long Term Plant Engineer, Rijnmond Energie, Intergen
12:40 NETWORKING LUNCH

14:00 CONTINUING OPERATIONS BEYOND DESIGN LIFE LEARNING THE O&M LESSONS FROM A COAL-FIRED PLANT
Operating beyond original design life What can a maturing CCGT do to optimise life extension:
O&M best practice
Component O&M and lifecycle management
Contactor management
Maintaining flexible operations, while reducing the impact on component life
How has plant flexibility effected operations at Ironbridge?
David Bryson, Station Manager, Ironbridge Power Station, E.ON Generation UK
Tony Higgins, E,C&I Team Leader, Ironbridge Power Station, E.ON Generation UK
14:45 AFTERNOON REFRESHMENTS

15:00 AVAILABILITY CENTRED O&M AS APPLIED TO AN INTEGRATED WATER AND POWER PLANT (IWPP) IN THE MIDDLE EAST
O&M strategy as influenced by business drivers at the Taweelah A-2 combined cycle power and desalination plant
Availability Centred Maintenance and Availability Centred Operations
Human resources development strategy to complement O&M
Adapting O&M strategies as per plant lifecycle status
Krishnan Balakrishnan, Operations Manager, Emirates CMS Power Company
15:45 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: ATTRACTING, TRAINING AND RETAINING THE NEXT GENERATION OF O&M PROFESSIONALS
IN THE POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY
Where are we now and what are the industry doing to address the problem:
Apprenticeships
Engagement with education and universities
How does the power generation industry compete with other industries, e.g. financial services and petro-chemicals?
What are the different needs and requirements across the industry?
What is the National Skills Academy for Power doing to address these challenges?
Sue Guest, Head of Strategy and Engagement, National Skills Academy for Power
16:30 CHAIRMANS CLOSING REMARKS AND CLOSE OF CONFERENCE

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To register for this conference please fax this registration form to:
REGISTRATION +44 (0) 845 094 0443

O&M AND LIFECYCLE
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CCGT POWER PLANTS Or register online at:
10-12 May, 2011 www.tacook.com/CCGT
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Company
Address 1 Two day conference 11-12 May, 2011
Pre-conference Workshop 10 May, 2011
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Full Name
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Postcode Telephone
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Invoice Address (if different from above):
2 Two day conference 11-12 May, 2011

Pre-conference Workshop 10 May, 2011
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Signature a copy of the conference documentation for 350 (no VAT).
FEES & PAYMENTS VENUE & ACCOMMODATION

Price includes conference documentation, lunch, refreshments and an evening event on CROWNE PLAZA HOTEL
the rst conference day. Please note that accommodation and travel are not included in Birmingham City Centre
the registration fee. Holliday Street
Birmingham B1 1HH
Operators Early Bird Fee** Standard Fee
United Kingdom
Conference 850* 995*
Pre-conference workshop 495* 595*
Phone +44 (0)870 4009150
OEM and Third Party Service Providers Early Bird Fee** Standard Fee Fax +44 (0)121 643 9018
Conference 1050* 1195*
Pre-conference workshop 495* 595*
Discounts are available for Public Sector and Group bookings.
Please contact us for further details. * + 20% UK VAT **Early bird deadline is 25th March, 2011
HOW TO GET THERE
METHODS OF PAYMENT From Birmingham International Airport, a short train ride will bring you to Birmingham
Credit Card. Please debit my Mastercard Visa AMEX New Street Station. From there the hotel is 5-10 minutes walk or a short taxi ride away.
Card No:________________________________________________________
Expiry Date: _____ / _____ Security No: __________________________ Please book your accommodation directly with the venue by calling The Crowne Plaza,
on +44 (0)121 224 5000 and quoting the following code: TAC. A list of alternative hotels
Cardholders Name: _______________________________________________
can be distributed if requested.
Signature: ______________________________________________________
Cheque Bank Transfer Payment upon receipt of the invoice CONFERENCE ORGANISERS
T.A. Cook Conferences Phone +44 (0) 845 094 0442
Payment must be received BEFORE the conference
Cornwall Buildings Fax +44 (0) 845 094 0443
Data Protection Personal data is gathered in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. 45 Newhall Street Email info@tacook.com
Cancellations All cancellations have to be conrmed in writing. Cancellations two weeks prior Birmingham www.tacook.com
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Conference Code: OMG1_11
to the beginning of the conference will entitle you to a refund less 175 administration fee. B3 3QR
Regrettably, no refunds can be made for cancellations received less than two weeks prior to the
conference. Should the registered person not be able to attend the event you may easily assign Please tick the box if you wish to be removed from our mailing list.
another person as a replacement. Organisers Changes We reserve the right to make alterations (when doing so please write your name above)
to the programme if necessary. It may be necessary for reasons beyond the control of the organisers T.A. Cook Consultants Ltd . VAT registered in England, No. 781495788
to alter the contents and the timing of the programme or the identity of the speakers. The organiser
reserves the right to cancel the conference, in the event of an insufcient number of delegates.

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March 2011
Private Power Pioneer:

New challenges

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Advanced Technology Gas Turbine Field Overhaul.
Advanced technology is our daily business! Sulzer Turbo Services

Venlo BV
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Sulzer Turbo Services has the capability to perform eld NL-5943 AD Lomm
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Contents
PennWell Global Energy Group March 2011
The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill

Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN,
United Kingdom.
Phone: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
Worldwide Web: http://www.peimagazine.com
Group Publisher
Ralph Boon
Chief Editor
Heather Johnstone
Private Power Pioneer:
heatherj@pennwell.com
New challenges As the leader
Deputy Editor in developing
Tim Probert privatized power
timprobert@pennwell.com in the Gulf region,
Oman now faces
Associate Editor
Nigel Blackaby a new set of
nigelb@pennwell.com challenges (p.4).
Production Editor
Piers Evans
Advertisement Sales Manager

Anthony Orfeo
Departments
anthonyo@pennwell.com 2 Frontline
Advertisement Sales Manager 3 News
Asif Yusuf
asify@pennwell.com
US National Sales Manager

Country Focus
Rick Huntzicker 4 Oman
rickh@pennwell.com
The next challenge for the regional pioneer in privatized power will be to
Studio/Production Manager shift its generation mix away from natural gas as it expands its capacity
Karl Weber
to keep pace with a growth in electricity demand now running at
Design 67 per cent per year.
Rebecca Crews
Production
Shirley Gamboa Nuclear in the Middle East
Corporate Headquarters 8 Consultancies weigh up the risks and opportunities
PennWell Corporation
1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa
As GCC countries consider the potential contribution of nuclear
OK 74112 USA technology to meeting a looming capacity shortfall, consultancies
Telephone: +1 918 835 3161 should adopt a careful and methodical approach to assessing the
Fax: +1 918 831 9834
market opportunity this may present.
Circulation Director
Gloria Adams
Circulation Manager
Janet Orton
Chairman
Frank T. Lauinger
President/CEO
Robert F. Biolchini
This is a supplement to Power Engineering International, ISSN 1069-4994,

published monthly by PennWell Global Energy Group,
The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN,
United Kingdom. Tel: +44 1992 656 600.
Fax: +44 1992 656 700.
Copyright 2011 by PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK
74112. All rights reserved.
Power Engineering International editorial offices are located at: PennWell Global
Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 1992 656 600. Fax: +44 1992 656 700.
Power Engineering International is a registered trademark of
PennWell Corporation.
Member
American Business Press
Printed in the U.K.
MEE March 2011

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FrontLine
The new kid on

the block
A fter years of sitting on the sidelines watching much
of the rest of the GCC privatize their electricity and
water industries, Dubai has finally launched its first
Independent Power Producer (IPP) project, which will
see at least part-private ownership of a major generating facility
in the emirate for the first time. The Dubai Electricity and Water
Authority (DEWA) plans to float a tender for Hassyan 1, a green-field
Having pointed out some of the challenges, it is only fair to make
the point that the Hassyan 1 project has quite a lot going for it. It
is a very solid proposition, based on a real demand for electricity
and will benefit from a good Power Purchase Agreement (PPA).
Other IPPs in the region have shown that it is perfectly possible to
make money from such projects after construction risks have been
worked through, with some demonstrating innovative ways to
gas fired 1500 MW power station with a view to commissioning the profit from re-financing deals along the way.
plant in three years time. Earlier plans to include a desalination
aspect were dropped after DEWA reassessed future water demand. After years of sitting on the
Expressions of Interest (EOI) are sought by 30 March. Given Dubais
shaky financial condition, it is a change of strategy brought about sidelines, watching much of the
by necessity rather than choice, but will it be a successful one?
For the first 50 years of its history of providing electrical and rest of the GCC privatize their
water services, DEWA has retained full ownership of all its faculties,
resisting the temptation to contract out services and only retaining electricity and water industries,
sub-contractors as required on an EPC basis. And it has done so
pretty successfully, having underpinned the spectacular growth of Dubai has finally launched its first
Dubai in recent decades with reliable supplies to its customers. Since
2005 it has managed to double installed capacity from 3822 MW to IPP project
7830 MW today.
Now, with its coffers depleted, DEWA is seeking help in the
next stage of its planned development. But this in unlikely to It is also the case that developers interested in the region are
proceed without some difficulties. Experienced advisors have been unlikely to be spoilt for choice for projects in the coming years
appointed to smooth the process, in the form of bankers HSBC, law with only Taweelah C yet to be tendered in Abu Dhabi and
firm Clifford Chance and engineering consultant Mott MacDonald. only small pipeline-projects left in Oman. Qatar has a surplus of
DEWA lacks experience in launching tenders of this sort and will electricity at present although the World Cup may add to future
need people with a new skill-set within its mid-upper management. demand, which just leaves Saudi Arabia in the GCC as a hunting
Its relationship with the potential partners in this new venture will ground for projects. After that, developers may be looking at
be very different from those in past projects, which were more one projects arising in Syria, Jordan and Syria, which could raise the
of master and servants, rather than co-venturers. Some prospective Dubai IPPs relative appeal.
bidders are understood to have concerns that the DEWA mindset It will be interesting to see if the project finance market has
will struggle to adapt to the new relationship. recovered enough to support DEWAs proposition, coming not long
Another big obstacle to getting this deal away will be providing after Abu Dhabi postponed its Taweelah C tender, which would
sufficient financial comfort to potential bidders. With rating agency need to raise $4 billion in debt. It will also be fascinating to see
Fitch about to withdraw its rating from DEWA, the spotlight falls which developers and consortium partners are willing to throw their
on the need for some sort of sovereign guarantee. Fitch said the hat in the ring and work with DEWA in an unaccustomed way.
withdrawal is due to the lack of information to assess the emirate of
Dubai: DEWAs creditworthiness has historically been a reflection
of the agencys view on the creditworthiness of the sovereign. So
will Dubai offer such a guarantee and if so, will it be enough? There
is a fair chance that some lenders will have a problem with this for
such a big project and that the spotlight will then fall on the rulers
of neighbouring Abu Dhabi to step in a move unlikely to be well
received in either emirate.
The issue of developers securing project finance will undoubtedly
impact the price being bid and if there are real concerns, this could
lead to a delay. Finding sufficient lenders willing to live with the
lack of a sovereign guarantee may be a problem and those willing
to participate will want a higher return. The stage may be set for
a developer that can bring to the table some state-backed finance,
which most likely points to one of the Asian-based consortia, several Nigel Blackaby
of which have been active in the Middle East region in recent times. Associate Editor
2 MEE March 2011

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NEWS/ Middle East Update
Kepco consortium to build DEWA to invite bids for its

$1.43bn, 1.6 GW CCGT in UAE first IPP in March
A consortium headed by Korea The 1600 MW plant is Dubai Electricity and Water The Hassyan complex
Electric Power Corporation scheduled to complete in Authority (DEWA) has floated will be implemented on an
(Kepco) has signed a $1.43bn March 2014. Its construction a tender for its planned large- independent power producer
deal to build a combined-cycle will be contracted out to scale Hassyan power complex. (IPP) basis. The project will help
gas turbine power plant in the Daewoo Engineering & We will float a tender DEWA meet rising electricity
United Arab Emirates and sell Construction and Siemens. in March and we expect to demand in Dubai and, through
its electricity for 25 years. The consortium, which commission it (the plant) in the involvement of the private
Under the deal with the includes Japanese trading three years by 2014. There has sector, reduce its capital
Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity company Sumitomo, will been good interest shown from expenditure requirements.
Authority (ADWEA), the sell electricity from the plant local and regional developers, The 1500 MW power station
power station will be built in to Abu Dhabi Water and DEWAs managing director and will be built near the Abu Dhabi
Shuweihat, a city 260 km west Electricity Co., a wholly owned CEO, Saeed al-Tayer, told Zawya border and use natural gas as
of Abu Dhabi, said Kepco. unit of ADWEA, for 25 years. Dow Jones. feedstock.
Masdar secures $615m finance Palestinians propose 600 MW

for 100 MW CSP plant gas fired power plant in Jenin
UAE renewable energy firm per cent. Construction began in
Masdar has secured $615m of the third quarter of 2010 and is The Israeli government has a licence from the
bank financing for a 100 MW expected to take about two years, is considering allowing Palestinian Authority to build
concentrating solar power (CSP) said Masdar. Palestinian investors to build a and operate a 600 MW power
plant, plus $153m equity from Meanwhile, Masdar is expected $250m gas fired power plant in plant in the Jenin area. The
its Spanish and French partners. to invite bids for its next solar the Jenin area. power station will initially
Total, Abengoa and Abu project, the 100 MW Noor 1, by The developers want to buy generate 200 MW.
Dhabi-based Masdar plan to early May. Masdar has issued a Israeli natural gas and are in The project also includes
build the $600m Shams 1, which request for qualification (RFQ) talks with the partners in the expanding the Palestinian
would qualify for carbon credits for the photovoltaic project. A Tamar gas field, Noble Energy, power station in Gaza, and
under the United Nations request for proposals (RFP) will Delek Group, Isramco and is intended to help the
Clean Development Mechanism follow at the end of April or early Alon Natural Gas Exploration, Palestinian Authority meet its
(CDM). Masdar has a 60 per cent May. The facility will be tendered according to Globes. own electricity needs, as well
stake in the project, while the as an engineering, procurement The Palestine Power as to bring it into the era of
European partners each hold 20 and construction project. Generating Company (PPGC) natural gas.
RFP issued for Amman East MAPNAs Syria plant due on line in 2011
The National Electric Power 350 MW plant with a 60 per A 300 MW gas fired power three more plants in the
Company (NEPCO) of Jordan cent annual capacity factor; and plant built by Irans MAPNA coming years, including a
has issued a request for a 200250 MW peak demand International will be 750 MW plant at Deir Ali built
proposals (RFP) to build the option using diesel engine commissioned in the second by Metka and Ansaldo Energia.
countrys third independent technology or combustion half of 2011. BHEL expects to add 400 MW
power project (IPP). turbines in simple cycle, with The 280m ($390m) plant at the Tishreen plant in the
The selected developer will a 40 per cent annual capacity is an expansion of the same year. Metka and Ansaldo
build the plant on a build-own- factor. Both options would have Jandar plant near Homs. An will also start building a 670m
operate (BOO) basis in Amman heavy fuel oil as main fuel, additional 150 MW unit will plant in Deir Ezzor in the first
East. Bidders have been asked for natural gas as secondary, and be commissioned next year. half of 2011, to raise capacity by
two bids: a base bid for a 300 light distillate as tertiary fuel. Syria expects to commission 750 MW.
BHEL to build 400 MW Phase II of Jordan seeks nuclear partner

Yemens Marib gas plant
Jordan Atomic Energy will range between 50 per
Indias BHEL is to implement government and the Yemeni Commission (JAEC) is to cent and 75 per cent.
the 400 MW Phase II of the government. issue a request for a strategic The signing of the projects
Marib gas fired power plant The project is scheduled to partner for its planned contract is expected to be
in Yemen at a total cost of be implemented within 33 nuclear plant, which is concluded in 2012. The
$392.7m. months. Phase I of the Marib expected to cost between construction phase would
The project is being project was launched in 2009 at $4bn and $5bn. then initiate in 2014 or 2015.
funded by the Saudi Fund a capacity of 260 MW. Khaled Toukan, JAECs The project is scheduled to be
for Development, the Arab Yemen plans to add another chairman, said the strategic completed in 2019, according
Fund for Economic and Social 3000 MW of installed capacity partners stake in the project to Toukan.
Development, the Omani within the next five years.
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Country Focus: Oman Penny Hitchin
Oman leads Gulf States in

reform and privatization of
electricity and water sectors
Oman is a pioneer of private power in the GCC, having seen the first IPP
in the Sultanate begin generating electricity in 1996. Demand for power
has been growing at 67 per cent per annum in recent years, fuelled by
private industrial activity. However, Oman is facing a need to change its
generation mix away from natural gas.
T
Source: L. Plougmann
he Sultanate of Oman has been a
pioneer in electricity markets reform
in the Middle East. The whole
system approach it has adopted for the
reorganization and privatization of its
electricity and water sectors makes it one
of the most highly developed privatization
programmes in the Gulf region. Oman
has used a four-step model to unbundle
the countrys generation, distribution and
transmission assets, establish a regulatory
regime and introduce commercialization
and privatization.
Privatization of the electricity sector
actually started in 1996 when the Manah
power project was developed on a build,
operate, own, transfer (BOOT) basis by the
United Power Company. In 2002, private
sector companies were invited to invest in
the Salalah Power System.
Until 2004, Omans Ministry of Housing,
Electricity and Water was responsible for
generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity. Privatization of its state-owned
electricity and water industry was driven
by a rising demand for power and water, a
requirement for investment to modernize
facilities and the need for structural reform
and reduction of subsidies. In 2005, the
Sector Law came into force providing a new
framework for the electricity and seawater
desalination infrastructure sectors.
In 2006, the Al-Rusail Power Company
was privatized through a 100 per cent share
sale the first such sale of an operational
generation asset in the Middle East. It paved
the way for the privatization of more of
Omans power companies, a process that is
still underway.
The governments approach to
privatization has been to allow 100 per cent
private ownership for an initial period,
with an obligation to make public offerings
of stipulated shareholdings through
the Muscat Securities Market. However, A watchtower in the form of a giant incense burner at Al Riyam Park in Omans capital Muscat.
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there currently are no plans to

privatize the Electricity Holding
Each of these three distributors
supplies customers in its
Braden Comprehensive
Company, Oman Power and Water
Procurement Company or Rural
own area.
In its Seven Year Statement,
Retrofit Solutions
Areas Electricity Company. covering the period 20102016,
the Oman Power and Water
Electricity market structure Procurement Company (OPWPC)
The electricity sector is made up predicts the maximum power
of three separate and distinct demand for the MIS will grow from
markets: the Main Interconnected 3424 MW in 2009 to 6043 MW by
System, the Rural Systems and 2016, an average annual increase
the Salalah Power System. As part of around 8.5 per cent.
of the Gulf Cooperation Council The Oman Electricity
(GCC) scheme to interconnect the Transmission Company (OETC) is a
electricity systems of six monopoly provider of transmission
Gulf States, progress is underway services to the MIS. OETC owns Expansion Joint
to link the three Oman systems and operates the 220 kV/132 kV
into a Gulf Peninsula network, interconnected transmission
which in due course will extend system in the north of the country,
further afield. and is responsible for the central
All of Omans domestic energy dispatch of generating and
consumption is supplied by natural desalination facilities connected
gas and oil, reflecting the countrys to the MIS. The OETC system
abundant reserves. Electricity operator functions are managed Exhaust Stack
generation is mainly gas powered, from a load dispatch centre in
although diesel generation is Al Mawalleh.
used in rural areas and to provide
Exhaust Plenum
reserve (non-contracted) Rural Power Systems Before After
generating capacity. The Rural Areas Electricity
The Authority for Electricity Company (RAECO) is responsible
Regulation, Oman has had full for generating, transmitting and
responsibility for the regulation distributing power in the areas
of the electricity and related water where the MIS transmission system Filter House
sector since May 2005. has not operated, although the MIS
Regulated activities include is now linked to RAECO through For over 40 years, Braden has designed,
generation, transmission, the Petroleum Development
engineered and manufactured hundreds of GT
distribution, export, import or Omans system.
supply of electricity; generation RAECO is also responsible for the auxiliary systems as the preferred supplier for
of electricity combined with electrification of rural areas, funded turbine OEMs.
water desalination; generation of through a special mechanism
electricity co-located with water in the Sector Law. Most of the Bradens full array of engineers (structural,
desalination; central dispatching; electricity supplied to RAECOs mechanical, electrical and acoustical) scrutinize
development and/or operation of 60 rural systems is generated by every aspect of your retrofit design. Braden
international interconnections; and diesel fuelled plant. For some
also offers turnkey solutions.
the activities of the Oman Power rural systems RAECO purchases
and Water Procurement Company. electricity from Petroleum
Air Filtration Bypass Stacks
Development Oman.
Main Interconnected System The total capacity is 447 MW. Inlet Cooling/Heating Diffusers and Plenums
The Main Interconnected The forecast for the RAECO area is Silencing Installation
System (MIS) serves around half approximately 350 GWh in 2012. Exhaust & Inlet Inspection and
a million customers. It covers Demand for electricity in RAECO
Ductwork Reporting Services
the Governorate of Muscat, the areas could increase considerably
Governorate of Buraimi and most when the development projects Diverter Dampers SCR & CO Catalyst
of the Batinah, Shariqiya and in the Duqum area and Masirah Expansion Joints Systems
Dhahirah regions. Island take off.
The MIS consists of a single
220 kV/132 kV transmission grid Salalah Power System
owned and operated by Oman The Salalah Power System serves
Electricity Transmission Company 64 000 customers in the city of
(OETC) and three generation Salalah and the Governorate of
and distribution networks owned Dhofar. It comprises an integrated 5199 N. Mingo Rd. Tulsa, OK 74117 USA
Tel: 918-272-5371 Fax: 918-272-7414
and operated by Muscat generation, transmission and
Email: Sales@braden.com
Electricity Distribution Company distribution system owned by the
www.braden.com www.bradenfilters.com
(MEDC), Mazoon Electricity Dhofar Power Company.
Company (MZEC) and Majan The system was isolated from the
Electricity Company (MJEC). rest of the countrys networks until -VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[TLLOV[PTZJVT
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2010 when it was connected with the power Oman comprising about 600 circuit km of The interconnection could serve as a
system of the Petroleum Development 220 kV and in the region of 2700 circuit km gateway to a regional and pan-Arab power
Oman, which is connected by a 132 kV of 132 kV transmission lines. pool and bring in new investment. This
single circuit to the MIS. Demand on the could allow private investors to develop
Salalah Power System is expected to grow Interconnection links Oman to other larger projects with access to a bigger
from 297 MW in 2009 to 615 MW by 2016, Gulf States market, including the GCC and other pools
an average annual increase of around 11 per Oman is a member of the GCC, which is such as the EJILST (Egypt, Jordan, Iraq,
cent. Significant development of the system working to achieve an interconnection Lebanon, Syria and Turkey) and ENTSO-E
will be taking place as the new 445 MW system linking all six members. Linking (Europe).
Salalah power and water plant is phased in. the electrical power networks in the GCC
A Five Year Business Plan submitted to member states will enable a reduction of the Ensuring water supplies in an
OPWPC for the years 20112015 sets out electrical generation reserve of each of the arid area
RO297 million ($770 million) in member states and improve power supply The OPWPC, established in 2002, is a
investments in the development of the security and economic efficiency in wholly-owned subsidiary of the Electricity
Salalah Power System as demand escalates the region. Holding Company (EHC) and is 100 per
over that period. The system consists of an AC cent owned by the government. It has a
interconnection of the 50 Hz systems of monopoly on the sale of desalinated water.
First Middle Eastern transco to be Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman OPWPC estimates that the demand for
privatized? with a back-to-back HVDC interconnection desalinated water will rise from
The Omani government has plans to to the 60 Hz Saudi Arabian system. 22.5 billion gallons a year in 2008 to
privatize the OETC a first for a Middle The North Grid, the first phase of the 53.5 billion gallons a year in 2015,
Eastern transmission company. Interconnection Project, connecting Kuwait, necessitating additional desalination
In 2008, it appointed KPMG to oversee Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, was capacity of 31 billion gallons per year.
the privatization. At that time the completed in 2009. The second phase, the OPWPC has been working towards the
request for proposals (inviting potential South Grid, involves interconnection of the development of new independent water
international bidders to submit expressions independent systems in the United Arab and power projects (IWPPs), but the global
of interest) was expected to be floated the Emirates (UAE) and Oman. financial downturn led to revisions in
following year. The third phase, interconnection of the its ambitions. In August 2010, OPWPC
But the global financial crisis appears to GCC South Grid with the GCC North Grid, dropped the plans to build an IWPP at
have delayed the plans, which are currently started in 2010 and is expected to finish in Al Ghubhrah and decided to re-tender it as
on hold. OETCs existing transmission the middle of 2011. The original plan was a desalination plant only.
system extends across the whole of northern to connect Oman to the GCC Grid via the A proposed facility at Duqum Port was
UAEs internal grid originally planned to be a 1000 MW coal
but a new proposal to fired plant (the first in the GCC region);
connect it directly to however in February 2010, OPWPC
the GCC grid is now announced that it was changing the fuel
under technical and source from coal to gas. In April 2010,
commercial feasibility however, the plan was put on hold and in
study. the second quarter of 2010 it was
e Omans first step delayed indefinitely.
Oil Mist Eliminator t Th
M e e pean in the proposed OPWPC is seeking proposals for an
) 2 23 33 o
Eur ssion interconnection independent power project (IPP) at Sur.
i
4 02 + 53 E m ards system was a 220 kV It wants in the region of 400 MW of
d
0 6 33 3 7+809 Stan interconnection electricity to be available ahead of the
between MIS and summer peak demand in 2013, and full
separation degree of 99.7% at 0.3 m by pressure llost off only l Abu Dhabi in the commissioning of 1500 MW in time for
5 mbar and you get oil-free exhaust air. UAE completed in summer 2014. In October 2010, nine
save money through longer maintenance intervals of the turbocharger early 2007. A link companies tendered to build and operate

*0 536330 :+'2 to the Petroleum the plant.
constant underpressure in oil tank and bearings & clean air in the machine hall Development At the start of 2011 the contract to build
Oman system in the and operate the $1 billion Salalah IWPP
Dhofar area became was signed with Sembcorp Salalah Power
operational in 2010. & Water Company (SSPWC). The 445 MW
As well as improving gas fired power plant and reverse osmosis
economic efficiency, desalination plant will be owned by a join
streamlining venture formed between Sembcorp Utilities
operations and and the Oman Investment Corporation.
strengthening Commercial operation is projected to begin
reliability, the GCC in 2012.
interconnection will The electricity and water output from
promote a the facility will be sold to OPWPC under
Filter on a steam turbine closed-cranccases-ventilation with
oil tank package for Siemens high ltration degrees for MWM common GCC a 15-year power and water purchase
electricity market agreement. SSPWC is 60 per cent owned by

! to pave the way Sembcorp Utilities and 40 per cent
" #$%&'(%%)*#$%&'(%% for additional owned by the Oman Investment
+,# /01#01
_______ developments. Corporation.
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Size Location Technology Developer Development basis

500 kW Masirah Island Wind Gulf Renewable Energy BOO
100 kW Hij Solar PV (50 kW of thin film; Itochu Corporation EPC
50 kW of mono crystalline)
4200 kW Saih Al Khairat, Wilyiat of Thumrait Wind Zubair, Tefirom, Suzlon BOO
292 kW Al Mazyonah Solar DSME/Conergy/Bahwan Engineering, BOO
1500 kW To be confirmed Solar Centrotherm Photovoltaics AG, BOO
Nvalue GmbH, Merit International
28 kW Al Mathfa Solar, incorporating battery Phoenix Solar, Silver Circle BOO
storage capability
Omans renewable energy pilot projects in the RAECO area
The facility will be operated and including that the Authority for osmosis desalination plants, which produce
maintained by a joint venture company, Electricity Regulation, Oman supports around 660 000 gallons per day of water.
Sembcorp Salalah O&M Company, which the implementation of pilot projects in In December 2010, RAEC appointed Dutch
is 70 per cent owned by Sembcorp Utilities, conjunction with RAEC diesel generation consultancy KEMA to develop a plan for
and 30 per cent by the Oman Investment in rural areas. Tenders were invited and capital spending over the next ten years.
Corporation. Chinese company SEPCO III in April 2010 the electricity regulator KEMA will evaluate all of RAECs plants and
Electric Power Construction Corporation announced six renewable energy pilot report on the investment needed, as well as
is the engineering, procurement and projects offering 6.6 MW of renewable ways to cut operating costs.
construction contractor under a fixed price, capacity at an investment cost of While Oman is moving forward with
turnkey contract. $21 million. ambitious plans to attract investment in
The six projects will allow RAECO to developing and modernizing its power and
Development of renewable energy replace 11 GWh of annual diesel generation water infrastructure, the planned rate of
In 2008 Oman published a renewable with renewably sourced electricity, reducing progress has been impacted by the global
energy study that explored the availability diesel fuel consumption by 3.1 million financial downturn. It seems likely that the
of solar and wind energy resources in the litres per year and avoiding 8298 tonnes of speed at which planned new projects are
Sultanate. carbon dioxide per year. agreed will be determined by the rate of
This made a number of recommendations RAECO currently spends $2.5 million recovery of the global economy in general,
for harnessing renewable resources annually on operating its five reverse and the Gulf in particular. MEE
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Nuclear Power Felix Wilde, Energy Consultant, Germany
Nuclear power in the Middle

East: Peril or opportunity
for consultancies?
Energy consultant Felix Wilde examines how consultancy firms
should assess the business opportunities presented by nuclear power
development in the Middle East.
The Korean company Kepco signs a nuclear deal with authorities in the UAE
C onsidering their annual

economic growth rate of more
than 5 per cent and their limited
availability of non-fossil resources, GCC
countries have few possibilities for breaking
covers a broad range of challenges and
opportunities not only for consultancies.
Regarding the energy market, the fastest
growing economy on the Arabian Peninsula
is Saudi Arabia, with an increase in power
Economic growth is also corroborated by
the number of electricity customers, with
an increase of 50 per cent from 3 6 million
to 5.4 million. The Saudi Electric Company
(SEC) predicts an annual growth rate in
their dependence on fossil fuels. generation capacity from 25 790 MW in national demand for electricity of about
Despite huge investments in renewable 2000 to 39 242 MW in 2008, amounting to 10 per cent over upcoming years.
resources, these are currently not 52 per cent. The energy sector and electricity
sufficiently available to cover the pending The rise in electricity demand has generation currently depend heavily on
energy shortfall. The ambitious aim to also spurred a 34 per cent expansion of fossil fuels such as crude oil and natural gas.
generate 30 per cent of electricity through the distribution network. This reflects Extensive reserves on the entire peninsula
nuclear power in 2030 is prompting the countrys sharp economic upturn. will secure electricity generation for many
governments to start as early as possible The Kingdoms business environment years, but these are ultimately finite
with implementing nuclear power. This is increasingly liberal and attractive for resources. There is also great potential for
new development in the energy sector investments by foreign companies. renewables but these currently contribute
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only a minor share in the energy mix. An

increasing global trend towards nuclear Step 1 Evaluation of countries based on:
power reflects its perception as a reliable List of all countries - market potentials
and competitive power technology. - political restrictions
For a couple of years, states on the - environmental condition
Arabian Peninsula have been competing - Taxes and income
with each other, with the UAE seeking
to be the first to set up a civilian nuclear Step 2 Selection of countries by:
power programme. The UAE is one of many List of potential countries - market volume
countries in the Middle East with a serious - development of market
interest in nuclear energy. Others include - similarities to existing markets
Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
The UAE governments ambitious aim
is to prepare detailed plans for acquiring Step 3
Final selection of countries by:
skills and technology and for overcoming List of potential countries
- necessary financial resources
regulatory challenges. By 2020, the UAE with high potential
- human resources
government intends to have several
- working conditions on market
nuclear reactors in operation that should
meet almost one-third of the countrys
electricity demand. Step 4
A consortium of Korean companies won List of targeted countries
the bidding procedure for the first nuclear
power plant in the UAE, comprising four
similar reactors of type APR 1400 with an The sequence of steps to follow in determinating a target market
electrical capacity of 1400 MW to 1600 MW
each. The first reactor is scheduled to come
on stream in 2017 with the other three to an expensive failure. The presence in the market of direct and
follow at 18-to-24 month intervals. Internal assessment in conjunction indirect competitors must be considered to
The Korean consortium competed with with market analysis is essential for avoiding misrepresenting market conditions
two others: one French, comprised of Areva, obtaining relevant information for further and underestimating the companys own
GDF Suez and Total; and the other a US/ management decisions based on, for weaknesses. Barriers to market entry must
Japanese consortium featuring GE and example, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, be clearly defined, either with the intent
Hitachi as its main partners. opportunities and threats) analysis. The to gain a bridgehead in a new market or
For consultancy companies it has become general goal of a SWOT analysis is to to protect a companys existing share in a
increasingly attractive to engage in nuclear identify internal and external factors, with market against competitors.
development in order to benefit from the strengths and weaknesses belonging to Such an analysis must consider the
hosting nations lack of expertize. But this internal company factors, and opportunities following aspects firstly with direct regard to
new markets interest in the technology and threats depending on external the market:
is associated with hurdles that have to be conditions.
examined in detail. The relationship of strengths to market size: volume, potential, trends,
weaknesses fixes competitive interactions, development, and trends in parallel
First steps for success so these two attributes are directly related markets;
A companys first step has to be the to the companys own preparation and market quality: profitability, risks and
assessment of its own status in strategic to the characteristics of its competitors. A barriers, price development, innovation
deployment and a prioritizing of its competitors strength might be a weakness and technology potential;
activities to enter a new business sector in another company and vice versa. market occupation: structure, behaviour,
in a foreign market. These strategic Opportunities and threats are external goals, relationships, potentials of
considerations could also be of relevance conditions due to the actual market customers and competitors.
for policymakers, investors, suppliers as well demand. Inadequate preparation or
as nuclear and governmental agencies to unpredictable events in a market are Secondly, the analysis must turn its focus to
identify their need for external advisers to two determinants for threats that could external conditions:
safely operate a nuclear power programme. jeopardize a project. A prudent analysis
Potential business opportunities are to identify potential threats will enable restrictions established by law and
manifold within the entire nuclear value countermeasures to be taken to reduce their statutes;
chain, from the mining of new uranium to intensity and frequency. technological development and the
the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel rods This SWOT analysis enables companies current state-of-the-art;
and the final storage of waste. to identify further investments and to work business cycle: growing, maturity,
Nevertheless, this huge market has out a deployment strategy. Pending threats declining;
continually changing constraints and are more predictable and easier to avoid or regional and national specialties.
conditions could throw up a lot more take into account.
obstacles than detected in a first evaluation. A market analysis must possess the These results are summarized in Figure 2.
All relevant external factors have to be following attributes: impartial, trackable and Finally the analysis must concentrate on the
considered to minimize the chance of with reliable sources. company itself and its business segment:
failure in the new market. An assessment of The companys own appraisals should
the internal organization of each individual be highlighted so that they are not companys market share;
process is crucial for a potential success or confused with official and reliable data. offered products and activities;
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technological status;
Nuclear power option
status of marketing and sales included within the national
department; energy strategy
financial standing.
These aspects are likewise the components Infrastructure Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Continuous
of a SWOT analysis, which will consider the development Deliberations Preparatory Activities to maintenance
following aspects. programme before a work for realize a first and
decision to construction of NPP infrastructure
launch a an NPP after a improvement
Strengths nuclear power policy decision
A strength is a core advantage of a company programme is has been taken
and its ranking in this aspect vis--vis taken
its competitors. Internal factors depend
on the company philosophy and the
managements code of conduct, i.e. its
vision and mission. Pre-project Pre-project Construction Operation and
decision decommissioning
Contributory factors are the qualifications
and experience of managers as well as Feasibility study Commissioning
Bidding process
employees flexibility and motivation. First NPP project
Determined and consistent strategic
management will provide a guideline
and pave the way for higher efficiency
and productivity. In Europe, experience Duration: 10 to 15 years
in power plant construction goes back to
industrialization. Thanks to many decades Figure 1: Project phases from Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, IAEA
of broad-based experience coupled with Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-G-3.1, IAEA, Vienna (2007)
continuous research and development,
German companies possess a high degree of nuclear power. Because of the ageing There is increasing interest and
expertize and knowledge. workforce, knowledge will not be properly consequently higher competition arising
Universities and extensive practical passed on and retiring staff will take between nuclear newcomers. This hype
education among the workforce ensure critical knowledge with them. A huge gap is because each country wants to be the
an adequate supply of staff to meet the has arisen in recent decades between the first to bring its nuclear plant on line. To
industrial sectors demands. Despite high older workforce and new graduates. consider this as serious demand in a market
labour costs compared to other countries, The global availability of qualified analysis could be very dangerous.
European engineering and consultancy employees for this business segment is Countries that appear to be highly
firms are respected and profitable. very restricted. This issue is well known, so ambitious could abruptly halt their nuclear
efforts are needed to ensure recruitment and plans and cancel planning arrangements.
Weaknesses retention of the existing resources in order Potential governmental risks over a project
The nuclear sector offers fewer synergies to prevent an explosion in estimated project lead time of between 10 and 15 years are
than other conventional business fields budgets. The total volume of work for elections and changes of economic and
and significant economies of scale are planned nuclear plant construction will far environmental policy.
not directly attainable. Such projects exceed the available manpower capacity as Business sectors most affected are mainly
are too large to be handled by a single well as that of engineering and consultancy those that involve plant engineering
consultancy enterprise, so joint ventures enterprises worldwide. and construction with a high proportion
have to be set up to share the work of advance payments for construction
and, predominantly, the liability. The Opportunities materials and so forth. Cancellation of
separation of responsibilities will increase Opportunities for consultancies will arise long-term contracts puts companies at
the degree of interface management within through the external business environment, risk of incurring heavy financial losses.
the involved parties. i.e. greater demand for nuclear power. Investors, construction companies and
A further weakness is the human factor. Requirements in reorganization, and governments are increasingly unwilling to
Nuclear energy is a polarizing issue and research and development will grow in lend money for such large projects, due to
not every employee is prepared to work in importance so that contracted services can the following financial, technical, public,
this technology. Motivation measures and be provided by consultancies. The outlook and political factors.
incentives are needed to gain loyalty and for higher energy consumption will result in
attract employees. greater project development in the region, Financial threats
One of the main challenges for the heightening the increase in opportunities. The high liability sums and warranties
nuclear power sector globally is the shortage that construction companies need for
of staff with specialist education and Threats a project. Banks have imposed greater
training. This means that companies have Threats also arise due to external conditions restrictions on approving such guarantees,
to compete to recruit qualified staff, and in the market, such as existing competitors, and the spirit of trust has diminished
some employees will not match the profile suppliers, costs, government policy and since the global economic crisis;
of requirements. regulatory agencies as well as the entry of The current financial situation regarding
The rate of retirement in 2010 was new competitors. In the nuclear business, the credit crunch and market stability.
crucial; almost 60 per cent of specialist imminent threats are different due to Failure to pay back loans and insolvencies
staff will retire over the coming years, the involvement of a large number of of reputable institutions mean that greater
coinciding with renewed interest in stakeholders and different interests. care is taken before granting credit;
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24-26 October 2011

Doha Exhibition Center, Doha, Qatar
www.power-gen-middleeast.com
CHANGING POWER
SOLUTIONS IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO EXHIBIT
POWER-GEN Middle East 2011, the premier event dedicated to the power industry For exhibition and sponsorship
of the Gulf region, will be held from 24-26 October 2011 at Doha Exhibition opportunities contact:
Center, Doha, Qatar. Kelvin Marlow
Exhibit Sales Manager
Responding to the growth and vitality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) T +44 (0) 1992 656 610
region, POWER-GEN Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts to address F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
technical issues and share lessons learned about power generation, transmission E exhibitpgme@pennwell.com
and distribution. The event will also provide an opportunity to establish new
business contacts with prominent local and international companies and introduce
and demonstrate pioneering technologies.
For information about participating
With an expected 3.9 per cent year-to-year rise in electricity consumption till 2030. at the conference as a speaker or
Arab nations are expected to pump more than $92 billion into projects to expand delegate, please contact:
their power generation capacity, 60 per cent of this coming from Gulf oil producers. Samantha Malcolm
Be part of the rapid investment in the MEE region by attending POWER-GEN Middle Conference Manager
East to launch new products, establish new business contacts and demonstrate T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
pioneering technologies to achieve long-term sustainable electricity supply as F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E paperspgme@pennwell.com
growth and demand for power intensifies.
If you are involved in power in the Middle East, dont miss this prime opportunity
to stay ahead of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
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Nuclear Power
Joint ventures between major companies,

like public utilities and construction
companies to share risk and the high
required investment capital. Examples
include E.ON and RWE, who set up
Horizon Nuclear Power in 2009 in the UK,
and the Korean consortium led by Kepco.
Technical threats
The low capacity of high voltage
transmission lines. Nuclear units of more
than 1 GW could become obsolete with
a trend towards small modular reactors
for more even voltage distribution
throughout the country. This obvious
threat could actually be also considered
as an opportunity for consultancies in the
development of transmission lines.
Public threats Figure 2: Classification of countries according to their attractiveness

A more public threat is public rejection.
Nuclear energy became a highly polarizing GDF Suez and Total ranked second, and the Experts expect a couple of new power plants
issue following the accidents in Three Mile US/Japanese team of GE and Hitachi was to be built in the Middle East/North Africa
Island and Chernobyl. A similar hazardous the most costly. region with planned investments of billions
incident could immediately jeopardize the Based on the quotations, ENEC intended of dollars.
entire development, and withdrawal from to award the contract directly to the The GCC countries have the readiness
the nuclear sector by democratic countries Kepco-led team as this was the best with and the intention to realize nuclear projects
is conceivable. respect to technical capability and price. driven by the increasing demand for energy.
Further issues that stoke the negative Nevertheless, this nuclear cooperation The availability of capital derived from
attitude to nuclear energy is the still came under significant pressure from the mineral resources puts them in the position
unresolved final storage of the radioactive government, which urged ENEC to give the to purchase expertize abroad. Participation
waste as well as trade in and transport US and the French consortia the chance in this new global and potentially booming
of nuclear fuel rods. Controls to prevent to improve their initial quotation. ENEC market is essential to maintaining economic
diversion of fissile material for military requested the US and French bidders to success and to maintaining expertise in
use to construct of weapons of mass revise their proposals three times between re-emerging nuclear technology.
destruction is also a concern that must be September and December 2009 mainly due
urgently resolved. to government pressure. About the author
Indeed, the French government and Felix Wilde graduated in civil engineering
Political threats and uncertainties consortium had already pitched the UAE for before joining global energy consultants
The award of the contract by Abu Dhabi to a nuclear programme in January 2008. Areva, Fichtner GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, for
a Korean consortium in 2009 also provides GDF Suez and Total proposed even at that which he has been involved in several
an example of the political sensitivity of time construction of two 1600 MW reactors large-scale power projects. This article is
such projects. Bilateral agreements between in the UAE, and the government signed based on his recently completed MBA at
several countries on all levels of the project a bilateral co-operation deal with France. the University of Augsburg in cooperation
increasingly hinge on political issues and However, despite the best endeavours of with the University in Pittsburgh, USA,
interests. During a delay of three months the French and US governments to support on Worldwide Development of Nuclear
for the contract award, politics played their domestic companies, the Korean Energy, and the Strategic Deployment of
a prominent role in the tendering and conglomerate finally won the competition to German Consultancies on the Arabian
decision-making processes. undertake the programme. Peninsula. The entire thesis is available at
The most competitive bid submitted Despite all prevailing threats at least 13 www.diplom.de (ISBN 978-3-8428-0744-0)
to ENEC in July 2009 of the three vying countries throughout the greater Middle
syndicates was made by the group led by East have recently announced new plans to NB: This article was written prior to the
Kepco. The French consortium of Areva, explore civilian nuclear energy programmes. recent nuclear incident in Japan.
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5 - 7 MAY 2011, PRAGATI MAIDAN,

NEW DELHI, INDIA
www.power-genindia.com
REGISTER BEFORE THE 7 APRIL

2011 TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
THE EARLY BIRD RATES.
Register now for this unique business opportunity which has Take advantage of the vast growth in India and by exhibiting or
already sold 80 per cent exhibition space and expects 7000 attend at POWER-GEN India & Central Asia and network with the
high calibre attendees. major players in the Indian and international power sector.
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia is one of the regions most If your organization is currently working or considering operating,
important power industry events and the largest POWER-GEN POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, together with its two new co-
conference and exhibition outside of Europe and North America located events Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision
India, now truly reflects the changing face of one the worlds most
Well established as the regions premier event, POWER-GEN
exciting electric power markets, India.
India & Central Asia 2011 provides the ideal opportunity to
discuss the important technical and logistical issues related to the If you want to find out about the latest technologies and
modernization of Indias power infrastructure, as well as how to product developments in the field of fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro
meet the countrys exponential growth in energy demand. or renewables, or to explore the many investment opportunities
that exist, look no further than POWER-GEN India & Central Asia,
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia comprises a world-class
Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision India; this years
exhibition floor offering unrivalled networking and business
must attend events.
opportunities for attendees and exhibitors alike, plus the chance
to present the latest equipment and pioneering technologies for
the Indian and international energy sectors. For further information, please visit www.power-genindia.com
GEARING UP FOR THE

POWER CHALLENGE
OF INDIAS 12TH PLAN
Co Located
Event Organisers Flagship Media Sponsors Supporting

Organisation
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24-26 October 2011

Doha Exhibition Center Doha, Qatar
www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
CHANGING
WATER SOLUTIONS
IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE
The first annual WaterWorld Middle East Conference and Exhibition will take place at For exhibition and sponsorship
Doha Exhibition Center, Doha, Qatar as a co-located event with POWER-GEN Middle East. opportunities contact:
Roy Morris
WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts to address strategic
Exhibit Sales Manager
and technical issues facing the water and wastewater industry. Business enterprise, T +44 (0) 1992 656 613
technology and services are needed to help meet the ever increasing demand for water F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
and exponential growth and vitality the Middle East and North Africa region. E rmorris@pennwell.com
Be a part of the rapid investment across the region by attending this inaugural event
to discuss and explore topics such as water recycling, sustainable production and For information about participating
distribution efficiency as growth and demand for water intensifies. at the conference as a speaker or
delegate, please contact:
WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will also provide the perfect opportunity to establish new Samantha Malcolm
business contacts with prominent local and international companies and to introduce Conference Manager
and demonstrate pioneering technologies. T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
If you are involved in the water industry, dont miss this prime opportunity to stay ahead
E paperswwme@pennwell.com
of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
Owned and Produced by: Supported by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Supporting Regional Publication:
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2011
A SNAPSHOT OF THE WORLDS TOP ELECTRICITY MARKETS
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How can we secure

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Answers for energy.

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2011
A snapshot of the worlds top electricity markets
contents Chief Editor

Heather Johnstone
2 Introduction Deputy Editor
4 Guest editorial Tim Probert
Thomas R. Kuhn, President, Edison Electric Institute Associate Editor
Nigel Blackaby
Production editor
Piers Evans
Country Focus Sub-editor
David Devonport

Anthony Orfeo, anthonyo@pennwell.com
americas 8 Argentina 14 Chile

Asif Yusuf, asify@pennwell.com
Studio/Production Manager
Karl Weber
10 Brazil 16 Mexico Contributors
12 Canada 18 USA Richard Ballie, Eric Baker, Paul Breeze,
Penny Hitchin, Andrew Lee, Katherine Probert,
Guy Robinson, Elisa Wood
asia-pacific 22 Australia 32 Malaysia

Design
Deanna Taylor
Production
Katie Noftsger
24 China 34 Pakistan Group Publisher
26 36
Ralph Boon
India Phillipines
28 38
Corporate Headquarters
Indonesia South Korea PennWell Corporation,
30 Japan 40 Thailand 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa,
OK 74112, USA
Tel: +1 918 835 3161
europe 44 Baltic States 56 Poland

Fax: +1 918 831 9834
Circulation Director
Gloria Adams
Circulation Manager
48 Finland 58 Russia Janet Orton
50 France 60 Spain Chairman

Frank T. Lauinger
52 Germany 62 Turkey President/CEO
54 Italy 64 UK Robert F. Biolchini
PennWell International Power Group

The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill,
middle east-africa
Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK.
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Fax: +44 1992 656 700
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70 77
Janet Orton
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Tulsa, OK 74112, USA
Copyright 2011 by PennWell Corporation.

All rights reserved. Global Power Review is a
registered trademark of PennWell Corporation.
PennWell Global Power Review 2011 1
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Introduction
Welcome to the 2011 edition of the PennWell shortfall encouraged by unconventional gas and
Corporations Global Power Review, an essential liquefied natural gas
information source on the worlds key electricity Nuclear power: several nations have legislated to
markets, providing readers with the most up-to-date reverse phase-outs; prospects good for new build
market intelligence in an easy to read format. and life extensions
In this years publication, which is the ninth Renewable energy: Offshore wind and solar are
edition, we focus on 32 electricity sectors across the key growth areas plus pumped storage and hydro
Americas, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe and the refurbishment in some regions
Middle East and Africa region. Asia:
According to the International Energy Agency Forecasts suggest fastest growing world region for
(IEA), the power sectors share of the primary energy electricity in next few years.
mix will increase to 42 per cent in 2035, compared SE Asia electricity demand to grow 5.5 per cent
to 38 per cent in 2008. Total capacity additions of annually Heather Johnstone
Chief Editor
5900 GW will be required between 2008 and 2035, China could add 40 per cent of its current capacity
which is six times the USAs current installed capacity. by 2020
Coal will remain as the leading fuel for power Coal to remain dominant in next five years, with
generation, but the IEA predicts its share of total power emphasis on large supercritical and USC plants
output is expected to peak at 42 per cent within the State control is the norm although private
next couple of years and decline to 32 per cent by 2035. participation through IPPs will continue to grow
Coals loss of market share will benefit renewables, Chinas growing role in international electricity
excluding hydro, with their share increasing from sector will shape global market
3 per cent in 2008 to 16 per cent in 2035. The market Chinas influence on power sector across Asia is
shares of natural gas (21 per cent), nuclear (14 per growing
cent) and hydro (16 per cent) will remain relatively Nuclear power: Huge expansion in China; Japan and
constant, while oils share will decline to less that South Korea looking to exports; SE Asia potential but
Tim Probert
2 per cent by 2035. politically risky
Deputy Editor
On the other side of the equation, global Renewable energy: Asia is a key growth market,
electricity demand is forecast to grow at an annual especially China, both as market and export, and
rate of 2.2 per cent between 20082035, resulting in India for solar PV and CSP
an overall growth of 80 per cent. The trend of non- Middle East:
OECD countries, such as China and India, enjoying the Five-year view is for continued fast growth mostly
biggest growth will continue, accounting for 80 per in gas fired power
cent of the worldwide growth in demand between Saudi Arabia expecting 50 per cent more power
2008 and 2035. capacity by 2019 becoming significantly more
Although the IEAs projections are extremely investor-friendly. UAE will add 45 per cent more
useful they are long term ones. For power industry capacity. Qatar will invest $14 billion on power/water
players, both short to medium-term market indicators for World Cup
are arguably more important. Below are a few of our Unrest may hamper short-term project development
Nigel Blackaby
thoughts on the direction the key electricity markets e.g. in Egypt, Tunisia, Bahrain, Oman, and deter Associate Editor
are heading in this time-frame. potential investors
Europe: Increasing investment in sector from Asian
Policy heavily driven by climate change agenda developers
clean coal, energy efficiency, renewables Traditional suppliers likely to face competition from
Heavy reliance on nascent technologies e.g. CCS, local EPCs
smart grid and electric vehicles to deliver EC policy Volatile oil price may hasten interest in coal,
Recession, policy uncertainty and public renewables and nuclear alternatives
opposition has slowed new plant programme UAE building four nuclear reactors by 2020; Jordan,
Emphasis on modernization, plant availability Turkey, Egypt, Iran firm plans to build reactors; most
and flexibility other MENA nations have loose plans
Utilities looking outside Europe for opportunities Renewable energy: Limited as a market to date
Bridging technology: Expectation that gas fired but big solar potential e.g. CSP hybrids, and Masdar
plants will be needed to meet future electricity initiative is a significant global influence
2 PennWell Global Power Review 2011
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Building for
Thomas R. Kuhn
the future
President, Edison Electric Institute, USA
Across the globe, electrically-powered appliances, technologies and gadgets for the future is electric transportation. With the new Chevrolet Volt and
create the foundation for improving societies and developing economies. Nissan Leaf now being introduced to the marketplace, America really is
From medicine to entertainment, to transportation, manufacturing and gaining electric options to be excited about. Next year, promises to have even
communication, electricity is the essential factor that drives progress. To more choices for consumers.
ensure that electricity can continue to power technological advancement, a In anticipation of these new electric cars and trucks, Americas electric
stable and affordable electricity supply is essential. utility industry is getting the charging infrastructure ready.
In the United States, Americas electric utility companies are pursuing We are advocating for the necessary incentives to encourage the purchase
a variety of strategies to ensure it. Developing and deploying a suite of and use of plug-in electric cars. We are also educating our customers and
advanced generating technologies is among the most critical. stakeholders, and are actively expanding electric transportation options in
Natural gas is a vital fuel for meeting electricity demand in the future. our utility fleets.
The new sources of shale gas in the US have transformed the market for this A more modern electrical grid will enable the nation to expand the use
important fuel. Shale gas has driven Americas natural gas proved reserves to of electric cars as well. And we are building it.
their highest level since 1971. Today, more than 90 per cent of Edison Electric Institutes (EEI) members
These developments are particularly significant for our industry, given this are involved in grid modernization activity. We are incorporating
fuels growing share of the generation mix. telecommunications and information technology infrastructure into utility
Additionally, electric companies are building very efficient combined-cycle operations to give us and our customers greater control over electricity use.
natural gas fired plants, which will give them more control over their ability In making the grid smarter, we also are getting more value from
to use the growing supplies of domestic natural gas. our transmission and distribution investments, which continue to grow.
Looking ahead, EEI member companies plan to invest in excess of $35
Utility spending on energy efficiency [in the billion on transmission over the next three years.
US] continues to grow. Over the past three Modernizing the grid by adding smart meters will create an array of
benefits for our customers, including faster service restoration following
years, electric utilities doubled their budgets outages. Electric utilities in more than 43 states are now installing digital
for energy efficiency growing from smart meters. For most electric companies, smart meters will be system
wide by the middle of this decade.
$2.7 billion to $5.4 billion Smart meters will give our customers better tools to manage their home
Although the low natural gas prices have slowed the development of energy use as well. Energy efficiency remains the most readily available,
renewable energy sources, hydroelectric and other renewables are expected cost-effective and powerful resources to meet new demand, produce
to increase their share of total generation in the US from 11 per cent today energy savings and reduce emissions in the near term. And the industrys
to 14 per cent in 2035. Solar power in particular had a strong year in 2010. energy efficiency efforts are proving to be particularly impressive.
Coal, which generates over 45 per cent of the nations electricity today, will A new report by the Institute for Electric Efficiency estimates that
continue to be an important fuel source for the future. utilities working with their customers saved enough electricity in 2009 to
The electric power industry is investing in more advanced coal plant power approximately 8 million homes for one year. And utility spending
technologies, such as integrated gasification combined-cycle, ultra- on energy efficiency continues to grow. In fact, over the past three years,
supercritical and circulating fluidized bed power plants. We also are electric utilities doubled their budgets for energy-efficiency growing
exploring methods for capturing and storing carbon. from $2.7 billion annually to $5.4 billion.
The industrys largest source of carbon-free electricity production comes Electricity is a remarkable energy source with an unlimited potential
from its nuclear power plants. Over the last 30 years, US nuclear plants have for powering new ideas and solutions. Together with the commitment of
more than doubled their electricity output. And today, they generate about Americas electric utilities to produce and deliver it in a reliable, affordable,
20 per cent of the countys electricity. and environmentally-sustainable manner, the future truly is bright.
Promising nuclear developments include power plant owners who are
seeking 20-year license extensions and many others who are increasing their The Edison Electric Institute is an association of US shareholder-
generating capacity through power uprates. Also promising is the growing owned electric companies. Its members serve 95 per cent of the end-
number of new reactor license applications by utilities. use customers in the shareholder-owned segment of the industry, and
The advanced technologies we are developing for generating electricity represent approximately 70 per cent of the US electric power industry. For
are exciting, but another electric technology arena that holds much optimism more information visit www.eei.org.
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AMERICAS
Argentina
Opaque regulatory and cost-recovery mechanisms are potential
threats to Argentinas existing power distribution network.
Argentina is the second largest country in South undeveloped, despite great potential in Patagonia,
America and the eighth largest in the world where the winds are constant year-round. Installed capacity (MW)
by land area, with a population of 40.3 million
in 2010. The country is a federal, presidential, ELECTRICITY MARKET 2003 25 679
representative, democratic republic where the Argentina generates electricity using thermal
2004 25 800
president is both head of state and head of power plants based on gas (54 per cent),
government. Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner, the hydropower (41 per cent) and nuclear plants
2005 25 675
wife of the previous president Nestor Kirchner, (4 per cent), two of which are operational with 2006 25 678
currently holds the presidency. a further one expected online by early 2012, and 2007 25 725
Argentina has a market economy with plentiful less than 0.1 per cent from renewables. Installed
2008 26 765
natural resources, an export-oriented agricultural nominal capacity is 29 840 MW. Total generation
sector and a relatively diversified industrial base. in 2010 was estimated at 115.6 TWh. The 2009 29 840
In 2001, the economy suffered its sharpest decline electricity sector was unbundled into generation, 2010 29 840
since 1930 when Argentina defaulted on its transmission and distribution by reforms carried
Source: INDEC
debt. As a result, gross domestic product (GDP) out in the early 1990s.
fell sharply, unemployment reached 25 per cent The dominance of gas in the energy mix is
and the peso depreciated 70 per cent after being likely to be challenged over the next few years
devalued and floated. because of falling output and problems relating
The socio-economic situation has been steadily to pipeline capacity. Gas reserves are around
improving and the economy grew around 9 per 40 per cent down on ten years ago, while the devalued peso, quickly recovered. By the mid-
cent annually between 2003 and 2007, and 7 per situation is further complicated by uncertainty 2000s, Argentina was faced with chronic energy
cent in 2008. However, the recent global recession surrounding gas deals with Bolivia and plans to shortages, leading to occasional blackouts in
hit the country hard in 2009 with GDP slowing to build new regional pipeline connections. Buenos Aires. While the federal government
0.9 per cent. Electricity demand in the country has grown allowed a partial price increase for larger
since the economic crisis of 200102, rising by industrial and commercial users in 2004, most
ENERGY RESOURCES 58 per cent each year from 200308. It is likely other users have seen little, if any, price increases
Argentina currently has around 2.5 billion to continue growing at a similar pace after since 2003. There are moves to raise prices for
barrels of proven oil reserves, up from 2.3 billion stagnation in 2009 and 2010. more users this year, but the imminent prospect
barrels in 2006. The country produced 796 300 The transmission and distribution sectors of elections could derail this process.
barrels per day of oil in 2010, but the countrys are highly regulated and less competitive than
oil producers have not brought enough new generation. Transener operates the national ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
capacity online to replace declining production electricity transmission grid, while three private Argentina has several low-carbon incentives in
from mature fields. Argentina has very limited companies, Edenor, Edesur and Edelap, dominate place. The Biofuels Promotion Laws entered force
coal resources, and consequently coal is not a the distribution market. in 2007 and give tax breaks and subsidies to
major component of the countrys fuel mix. Various bodies control the energy sector. The encourage biofuel use. The National Strategic
Argentina had 455.9 billion m3 of proven Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for Plan for Wind Energy came into effect in 2005
natural gas reserves in January 2007. Natural gas policy, while the National Electricity Regulator and provides subsidies plus a framework for
production in the country has steadily increased (ENRE) is a quasi-independent entity within strategic planning and government investment in
over the past decade. In 2004, Argentina SENER responsible for applying the regulatory wind infrastructure. The Renewable Energy and
produced 45.3 billion m3 of natural gas, 9 per framework to the federally controlled part of Energy Efficiency Partnership (2002) is a series of
cent higher than 2003 and more than twice the the sector. Provincial regulators set tariffs and voluntary programmes aimed at education and
level seen in 1994. In line with this increase in supervise compliance with technical and safety outreach, involving both the government and
production, Argentinas natural gas consumption standards for the rest of the utilities. Cammesa private sector.
has also risen significantly over the past decade administrates the wholesale electricity market, Renewable energy is planned to provide
and natural gas is now the countrys main fuel including calculation in the spot market, while 8 per cent of total energy demands by 2016, with
source, accounting for 59 per cent of primary the Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) advises provisions for feed-in tariffs and a bonus tariff to
energy consumption. Argentina remains a net both national and provincial legislatures on wind generators provided by a Renewable Energy
exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, but issues relating to the power industry, such as Trust Fund. Tax incentives, such as accelerated
imports have boomed over the past decade to tariffs and prices. depreciation and exemption from value added
meet domestic electricity demand. End-user prices for most consumers were tax, are also available. Unfortunately, they fall
Hydropower potential is located mainly in frozen after the financial meltdown of 2001. far short of covering the actual cost of energy,
the Andes and at the Iguazu Falls. Wind power This contributed to a surge in consumption given the big difference between spot prices
and other low-carbon technologies remain as the Argentine economy, with the newly and marginal costs. Investment is only likely
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to increase once price regulations end and Electricity generation by source

companies are allowed to operate profitably.
In December 2007, the government launched 1.3%
the National Programme for the Rational and
Efficient Use of Energy aimed at encouraging
energy efficiency via measures including replacing 26.5% Gas
incandescent bulbs with energy efficient lamps in
all households by 2011. Coal
There are currently three energy-related
projects in Argentina registered with the United Oil
54.3%
Nations Clean Development Mechanism, with
Nuclear
expected total equivalent emissions reductions
of 673 650 tonnes of CO2 per year. However, only Hydro
one of these is on a large scale: the 10.56 MW 6.3%
Antonio Morn wind farm in Patagonia. Other
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 9.4%

A third nuclear reactor, Atucha 2, is under 2.2%
construction but the project has been plagued by
delays. Recent reports give an estimated start-up
Source: World Bank
date of September 2011. Argentina has made it
clear that it wants nuclear power to be part of an 1700 MW to 3100 MW, which will lead to a
Electricity generation (GWh)
expansion in capacity to meet its rising electricity 60 per cent increase in its electricity output from
demand. A feasibility study on a fourth reactor has 11 450 GWh to 18 500 GWh.
2003 89 211
been undertaken, to start construction after 2010, In terms of transmission, the Federal Plan 2004 95 409
with a price tag of $2 billion. for Transport of Electric Energy at 500 kV will 2005 100 920
The government signed an agreement in see new lines being built, including the Lnea
2006 106 660
February 2010 with Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Patagnica, Lnea Minera, Yacyret, while others
Corporation to share technical information on will link the northeast to the northwest, as well 2007 111 503
constructing nuclear power plants and examine as from Comahue to Cuyo, Puerto Madryn to Pico 2008 112 100
the feasibility of using Russian technology in Truncado and from Pico Truncado to Ro Turbio to
2009 113 020
Argentina. A nuclear co-operation agreement Ro Gallegos. More than 4800 km of high-voltage
was signed with Russia in April 2010, and another transmission capacity have been built since 2007.
2010 115 620
was signed with South Korea in September. Source: INDEC
Recent thermal projects include two FUTURE TRENDS
830 MW combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants, The government is planning to increase prices
the Jos de San Martn and Manuel Belgrano for domestic users, but consumers have become
thermoelectric plants. The main shareholders in accustomed to paying little for their energy needs
these projects are Endesa, AES Corporation, EDF, and could protest the planned price increase. With
Duke Energy, Total and Petrobras. Five smaller presidential elections set for October 2011, the
thermal plants with a total capacity of 1.6 GW plans could be abandoned, dampening hopes for
and an overall investment of $3250 million further private sector involvement.
have recently been completed in Ensenada (540 In the absence of such investment it will
MW), Santa Fe (125 MW), Cordoba (125 MW), fall to the government to commission both
Necochea (270 MW) and Campana (540 MW), generation and transmission projects. To keep
in the province of Buenos Aires. The Ministry of up with rising demand, Cammesa estimates that
Planning commissioned all of these plants. around 1000 MW of new generation capacity is
More recently, the state-owned energy needed each year.
company Enarsa Energia has launched tenders To meet this requirement, the government
for 11 small, transportable generation units of used SENER to establish a fund for investing
between 15 MW and 30 MW each, and three in the wholesale electricity market, known as
larger generation units to provide 50100 MW Foninvemem. This is an association sponsored
and be installed on barges, adding a further by SENER and jointly funded by major power
400500 MW of new generation capacity generators in Argentina. To date, the fund has
On the hydropower side, the Yacyret Dam is successfully financed two 830 MW CCGT projects,
being restructured to increase its capacity from with more at the planning stage.
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Brazil
Major investment and expansion in the power system is needed to support
Brazils fast-emerging status as a global economic power.
Brazils gross domestic product (GDP) roared ahead Primary production was dominated by 40 per cent the structure of which is currently under review. If
by more than 7 per cent in 2010, confirming that it from oil and 47 per cent from renewable sources, the proposed changes go ahead, consumers will
had shrugged off the effects of the 2008 downturn mainly large-scale hydropower and biomass. be offered three different tariffs during the day,
and deserves its place among the worlds dynamic The country has a theoretical wind energy with price incentives to shift their consumption to
emerging economies. potential equivalent to more than 350 GW of off-peak periods, thereby reducing peak loads.
Indeed, the challenges confronting newly installed generation capacity. With so many The distributors themselves buy power from
elected president Dilma Rousseff are how to untapped resources, both fossil and renewable, the wholesale market via a series of government-
avoid the economy overheating and fuelling at its disposal, Brazils dependence on imported regulated auctions. Meanwhile, a parallel
inflation as foreign investment floods in and energy is shrinking fast. liberalized market trades power directly between
domestic demand rises. utility generators, independent power producers
Rousseff, a former energy minister and ELECTRICITY MARKET and large industrial customers.
successor to the hugely popular Luiz Incio Brazil is still haunted by a power crisis in 2001, The power sector in Brazil is dominated by
Lula da Silva, who gave her his backing in when its hydro-dominated generation system was Eletrobras, the government-owned utility that is
the 2010 election, is expected to continue her brought to the brink of collapse by low rainfall and responsible for 39 GW of installed capacity, around
mentors general approach of encouraging delayed investments. Current policy is designed to 37 per cent of the total. Eletrobras continues to
private investment while retaining a dominant ensure there is no repeat of the disaster, although play the leading role in most of the countrys
state interest in vital strategic projects and assets. significant blackouts still occur. key strategic projects, such as the Belo Monte
With a population of 195 million residing Electricity consumption grew by a stronger hydropower facility and Brazils nuclear programme.
within its 8.5 million km2 borders, Brazils growing than expected 7.8 per cent to 419 TWh in 2010, Other significant power market players
self confidence is symbolised by preparations to driven by a strong rebound in industrial demand, include Companhia Energtica de Minas Gerais
host two of the worlds greatest sporting events, according to the governments energy research (CEMIG), Companhia Energtica de Sao Paulo
the World Cup and Olympic Games, in 2014 and agency, Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica (EPE). (CESP) and Tractebel Energa, which is Brazils
2016 respectively. It expects the figure to increase by another largest private energy company and accounts
5 per cent to 441 TWh in 2011, reflecting slightly for around 7 per cent of capacity.
ENERGY RESOURCES slower economic growth.
Brazil is one of the new frontiers for oil exploration Hydroelectric power accounts for around 85 per ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
and production with proven reserves currently cent of Brazils supply mix, including the 14 GW The growing bounty of oil and gas is ironic since
estimated at 12.9 billion barrels, and this might Itaipu facility on its border with Paraguay. a historic lack of fossil resources was the driving
only represent a fraction of its full potential. When biomass generation and the existing force behind the Brazilian governments decision to
A recent series of spectacular discoveries deep small amount of wind are included, Brazil boasts pioneer clean energy. Aware of the status provided
beneath the Atlantics pre-salt fields have convinced a power economy that is more than 90 per cent by the Amazon rainforest, which makes Brazil a
Brazil that it is on the brink of an oil bonanza. served by renewable sources from a total installed global environmental symbol, the country has
Petrobras, the national oil company, is preparing capacity of 106 GW as of 2009. set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets of
to invest $224 billion over the next three years to Brazil has been more successful in liberalizing between 36 per cent and 39 per cent by 2020.
develop the new fields. According to the company, its electricity sector than any of the other Alongside its vast hydropower capacity, Brazil is
the new wells could help to almost double Brazils rapidly emerging economies, such as Russia, among the worlds biggest producers of ethanol
current domestic oil production to 4 million barrels India, or China. Generation, transmission and thanks to an abundance of sugarcane feedstock.
per day by 2020, turning it into a net oil exporter. distribution are overseen by the National The country now has more than 10 million ethanol
The Atlantic discoveries should also unlock new Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), which regulates flex-fuel cars on the road, accounting for some 40
sources of gas, potentially removing Brazils reliance the sector to keep it in step with government per cent of its vehicle fleet, while it hopes to create
on Bolivian imports. Gas accounted for 8.7 per cent policies and objectives. an export markets for its fuels as an alternative for
of Brazils total primary energy production of 241 Under a system set up following the 2001 crisis, economies overly reliant on petrol.
million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2009, consumers purchase electricity from local distributors While the governments enthusiastic support
a figure now broadly in line with consumption. according to a complex range of tariffs set by ANEEL, for biofuels has delivered spectacular success,
Dependence on external energy resources

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
3
Oil (10 Btoe/d) 486 397 187 71 134 -1 -71 -14 -11 -155
3
Coal (10 t) 14.846 14.618 15.096 16.133 16.127 15.44 14.898 16.439 17.21 13.104
Energy (GWh) 44.338 37.848 36.573 37.145 37.385 39.042 41.164 38.832 42.211 39.984
Source: BEN 2010, Ministerio de Minas e Energia (MME)
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Brazils wider approach to renewables has been Installed capacity

more tentative. It mainly focuses on the Proinfa
scheme, which oversees power auctions designed 5.4% 1.3% 2.9%
to encourage development of wind, biomass and 2.5% 2.6%
0.24%
small hydro projects. Coal
After patchy early success, wind power in
particular looks to be hitting its stride. In 2010, Oil
Brazils second reserve energy auction for wind
Natural gas
power purchase agreements saw 71 projects
with a combined capacity of 1.8 GW selected to Hydro
move forward.
Energy efficiency is a major focus for the Wind
government through its Procel programme, which
in conjunction with Eletrobras provides incentives Nuclear
for energy saving measures to industry and
consumers. The Procel seal of approval has become Biomass
a well-known brand in Brazil on products such as 85.0%
domestic boilers.
Source: Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica (EPE)

INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
Brazils flagship power project, the Belo Monte
Predicted consumption by sector (GWh)
hydroelectric dam, moved another step forward
in January 2011 when its environment agency
licensed Norte Energia, the consortium developing 83.30
118.42 633.03
it, to begin clearing forest around the Amazon 2019 274.77
tributary of Xingu. Norte Energia said that, even 156.55
though licences to build the 6 km dam have not
yet been granted, the 11.2 GW Belo Monte facility 68.72
is on course for commissioning by 2015. When 87.83
2014 223.46
506.79
complete, it will be the worlds third-largest hydro
YEAR
105.79
plant at a cost estimated around $17 billion.
Belo Monte is just one of three major Amazon
hydro projects under way. Combined with the
58.77
69.22
Santo Antonio and Jirau plants, it will add 2010 182.34 415.87
almost 18 GW of new capacity, reflecting Brazils 105.54
continuing emphasis on hydropower despite
the environmental controversy that surrounds 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
damming the Amazon.
Brazil is well aware that over-reliance on Residential Industrial Commercial
hydropower contributed to the 2001 power Other Total
crisis and is keen to diversify its generation
base, especially where hydro provision is more Source: EPE
challenging.
Nuclear power is firmly back on the agenda. Grid, Chinas biggest power network operator, The latest forecasts from EPE estimate that
Brazils third nuclear plant, the 1.3 GW Angra 3 bought seven Brazilian distribution businesses investment totalling $550 billion will be needed
in Rio de Janeiro state, is due to begin operating for almost $1 billion in late 2010. The deal by 2019, including $128 billion on generation and
in 2015, adding to the 2 GW already installed. was the Chinese power giants first significant distribution and the addition of an extra 37 000 km
Up to four more nuclear plants are planned by venture beyond Asia and gives it a licence to of transmission lines. In its latest ten-year plan, EPE
Eletrobras subsidiary Eletronuclear by 2025, and operate more than 3000 km of transmission predicts a need for 63.5 GW of new capacity, with
the company will present a list of possible sites to lines for at least 30 years. a heavy emphasis on expanding and maintaining
the government in mid-2011. a hydropower infrastructure that will remain the
Brazils transmission and distribution system, FUTURE TRENDS bedrock of Brazils power system.
although in better shape now than during Brazil is facing up to the need for a massive Non-hydro renewables will expand their share,
the power crisis of 2001, still needs significant expansion of its energy and power sectors particularly wind power, which would grow to
investment to meet future demand and reduce to keep pace with the demands of economic 5.3 GW by 2019 in EPEs plan. However, thermal
existing network losses, which are among the growth. Even on relatively conservative generation, particularly from gas, would remain
highest in the world for a major economy. It assumptions, electricity consumption will grow a significant part of the mix and still account for
received a welcome boost when China State to around 633 TWh by 2020. around 7 per cent of the total.
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Canada
Rich in natural resources, Canada continues to develop its oil sands,
wind power and hydroelectricity, as well as nuclear capacity.
Located between the USA and Russia, Installed generation capacity by source 2010 (GW)
Canada is the worlds second largest country,
encompassing 9.984 million km2. Most of its 0.02 0.816
33.7 million citizens live within 160 km of the USA. 3.5 5.81
It is a democratic federation with a constitutional Oil
15.44
monarchy divided into ten provinces and three
Gas
territories, where both French and English are
official languages. Coal
Although an affluent nation, Canada
experienced a 2.5 per cent decline in gross Nuclear
domestic product (GDP) in 2009 as a result of the 69.29 Total 15.15
Hydro
world recession. It began to see signs of recovery 125.06 GW
in 2010, reporting a 0.30 per cent GDP increase in Wind
the third quarter, after even stronger growth in
the first and second quarters. Canadas economic
Tidal
fate is closely tied to that of the US, its main
15.02
Biomass
trading partner, which buys about 75 per cent of
its annual exports. Canadas unemployment rate
was 7.6 per cent as of December 2010.
Source: Canada Centre for Energy Information
ENERGY RESOURCES
About 45 per cent of Canadas GDP comes from The countrys coal reserves are also extensive, lower and hydro has fallen 4 per cent, while gas-
foreign trade, and 7 per cent from energy. The estimated to be 6578 million tonnes. Coal plays based generation grew by 1.5 per cent.
country is a net energy producer of oil, natural an important role in the energy sector, especially Ontario took a lead in renewable energy
gas, coal and electricity. It is frequently the in electricity generation. Canada exports about by implementing the most generous feed-in
top supplier of crude oil to the US and is one 28 million tonnes of coal annually to 21 countries. tariff in the Western Hemisphere. Approved by
of the worlds largest natural gas producers lawmakers in May 2009, the tariff had attracted
and exporters. Canada also exports coking coal, ELECTRICITY MARKET 4263 MW in applications by October 2010.
mostly to Asia. Total installed generating capacity in Canada was Given the large number of projects lined up
Hydroelectricity domi nates Canadian 129 GW by the end of 2009. It is a net exporter of for development, the tariff rates have been
electricity generation, accounting for two-thirds electricity and supplied 55.73 billion kWh in 2010. criticised as too high. Prices for solar power are
of generation with 475 hydropower plants Hydropower provides 59 per cent of Canadian of particular concern, because they do not reflect
providing more than 71 GW of power. electricity needs and it was once the worlds the recent drop in costs.
Canada has the worlds second-largest oil largest hydropower producer, before China took Solar generation accounted for 27 per cent
reserves of 178.1 billion barrels. However, the lead. Most of Canadas capacity belongs of total applications in terms of MW, and wind
over 95 per cent of its reserves are within to Hydro-Qubecs extensive network of 59 accounted for 69 per cent. However, Ontario
Alberta oil sands, which requires expensive and hydroelectric dams with a combined capacity is limited in how much extra wind capacity it
controversial extraction. Oil sand production of 34 GW. After Quebec, British Columbia is can build because it will only have 2500 MW of
fell for the first time in several decades during Canadas largest hydroelectric producer. extra grid capacity available until plans to invest
the recession, but is expected to grow as the Wind energy, which provides about 1.5 per $2 billion in five priority transmission projects
economy recovers. Over 99 per cent of Canadas cent of Canadas total supply, is generated in come to fruition over the next seven years.
oil exports flow to the US. every Canadian province, with Quebec and The bulk transmission currently network
The second largest natural gas producer in Ontario as leaders. Total installed wind power consists of more than 160 000 km of high voltage
the Western Hemisphere, Canada has proven capacity is approximately 4 GW and is expected lines. Canada has three power networks: the
natural gas reserves of 1.639 trillion m3. The to expand by another 1 GW in 2011. Western grid, the Eastern grid, and the Quebec
largest sources are in the Western Canada Meanwhile, nuclear power currently provides grid. Canadian grids are also tied into the US
Sedimentary Basin, including the province of another 15 per cent of Canadas electricity, with grids, the Western Interconnection, the Eastern
Alberta. 18 reactors in three provinces representing over Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection.
The country is a heavy consumer of natural 12.6 GW. To ensure reliability, Canadian provinces
gas, using 93.45 billion m3 and it is also the largest The economic downturn has reduced electricity have been either adopting standards set by the
foreign supplier of the resource to the USA. generation by 6 per cent, creating a surplus of North American Electric Reliability Corporation
Canadian natural gas prices in 2010 averaged capacity. Conventional steam generation has (NERC) or similar. In the USA, the NERC
34 per cent below the five-year average. dropped 14 per cent, nuclear was 5 per cent standards are mandatory.
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Primary electricity usage (TJ)

While Canada is committed to a green energy
Total industrial 667 877
agenda, it has no federal CO2 cap and trade
programme, and appears unlikely to create one Total transportation 13 147
while the USA refrains from doing so. Efforts are Agriculture 34 875
under way in some areas of Canada to close down
Residential 576 942
coal fuelled power plants, with 2200 MW of coal
fired generation retired in 2010. Ontario has closed Public administration 45 526
eight coal fired units, totalling 3 GW, over the past Commercial and other institutional 474 004
eight years. Total 1 812 371
Alberta has committed to providing $2 billion
Source: Statistics Canada
to develop carbon capture and storage (CCS)
technologies. The project aims to lock away up to
5 million tonnes of CO2 by 2015
Energy production by source, 2009
Federal regulations are in place to encourage
<1%
investment in high efficiency gas fired generation, 15%
renewable energy and CCS technologies. The
country also plans to reduce emissions by requiring
all coal plants that reach 45 years in age to either
meet new emission standards or be retired. Twenty Hydroelectric
units totalling 5235 MW will reach the 45-year
Thermal*
threshold between 2018 and 2029.
At the federal level, Canada has set up a 22% 63% Nuclear
$1 billion clean energy fund with a focus on
developing and demonstrating new technology. Wind & Tidal
The fund is attempting to leverage $3.5 billion in
further investments by industry and other levels
of government. The federal government also
offered $1.48 billion to encourage 14.3 TWh of
new renewable energy projects to be constructed
*Thermal includes sources such as natural gas, coal and oil
between April 2007 and March 2011.
Source: Canada National Energy Board
Hydro-Qubec is developing new hydroelectric and Columbia, and the Lower Churchill project in In British Columbia, BC Hydro is developing
wind power facilities to sell into Canada and the USA. Newfoundland and Labrador. the Northwest Transmission Line, a C$404 million
The company accepted 12 proposals in December The Ontario feed-in tariff has resulted in a ($408 million) publicly owned line that will run for
2010 from wind power developers, totalling plethora of renewable energy projects, including about 335 km and operate at 287 kV.
291 MW, which must begin delivering energy several offshore wind farms proposed in Lake
between December 2013 and December 2015. Ontario. These include a 418 MW installation FUTURE TRENDS
Construction is under way on the 1550 MW planned by Trillium Power Wind and a 300 MW There is a shift away from coal and towards cleaner
Romaine hydroelectric project, scheduled to project by Windstream Energy. power technologies in Canada. A special effort
begin operation in phases between 2014 and TransCanada brought on-line the first phase is under way in Ontario, which has set a goal to
2020. Hydro-Qubec has an additional 3000 MW of its $12 billion Keystone pipeline project in phase out its 6.2 GW of coal fired generation by
of new hydroelectricity projects in earlier stages 2010, designed to flow Canadian crude oil into 2014. Nova Scotias government has signalled it
of development. the USA. The project is part of a $22 billion may ban new or refurbished coal generation after
Two US utilities, Northeast Utilities and NStar, investment that TransCanada plans to make in 2015, unless it has CCS.
have teamed up with Hydro-Qubec to build North America. Canada has so far largely replaced retired coal
a direct current transmission line from Quebec TransAlta became Canadas top wind power fired plants with gas for generation, but intends
that will deliver 1200 MW of hydropower to New developer in 2010, with 1000 MW in operation. to focus more on renewable energy in the future.
England. The line is expected to be in service The company is developing projects in New Hydroelectricity already dominates the mix, but
by 2015. It has met opposition from private Brunswick, Ontario and Saskatchewan. wind will play an increasingly large role.
generation companies in New England who Substantial development of Albertas oil Quebec is expected to add 3 GW of new wind
say the hydroelectricity has an unfair market sands is continuing, which accounts for 40 power capacity and Ontario 1.5 MW in the next five
advantage because it is backed financially by the per cent of Canadas total capital investment years, and Nova Scotia passed into law a mandate
Quebec government. in energy. In addition, Alberta announced that 25 per cent of its electricity is generated from
Other major hydroelectric projects in four projects in 2010 that will receive renewable sources by 2015. Meanwhile, as many as
development include the Conawapa in funding under the provinces $2 billion CCS nine new nuclear reactors are planned in Canada
Manitoba, Site C developments in British demonstration projects. over the next ten years.
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Chile
Chile has abundant hydro but scarce hydrocarbon resources so substantial
investment is needed to improve energy efficiency and supply independence.
Chile is a long narrow country stretching more than Generation by source (MW)
4300 km along the Pacific coast of South America.
Never wider than 240 km, it is bordered by the
237
Andes and Argentina to the east. In the north, the
land rises to the arid Atacama Desert, while to the
12 012
south lie Patagonia, Cape Horn and the Strait of
Magellan. Chiles total area includes 756 102 km2 21 691
land and 743 812 km2 of water. The population is Gas
16.6 million, of whom nearly 40 per cent live in the
capital, Santiago. Other Thermal
After 17 years under the government of military
Hydro
dictator General Augusto Pinochet, Chile returned
to democracy in March 1990. Chile is now a
Renewables
presidential representative democratic republic,
with the elected president acting as both head of
state and head of government.
Chiles gross domestic product (GDP) is one
26 219
of the highest in Latin America, with exports,
particularly copper, accounting for 40 per cent of
its economy. The countrys reliance on international
Source: Chile National Institute of Statistics
trade made it a casualty of the global financial
downturn, with industrial output down by 8.8 per
cent in 2009. Its infrastructure, copper industry and
other economic activities were also badly affected
by an earthquake in February 2010. solar, marine and hydro. With 10 per cent of the vast majority of water rights, 80 per cent of which
worlds active volcanoes Chile also has substantial are currently unused.
ENERGY RESOURCES geothermal energy potential. New players in Chiles electricity market
With few fossil fuel resources, other than some include Pacific Hydro and SN Power, Mainstream,
natural gas and coal deposits in the far south of the ELECTRICITY MARKET and GDF Suez.
country, Chile relies on imported fuel. However, its Chile pioneered privatization of its power Power generation in Chile is organized around
topography has enabled a very strong hydropower infrastructure, as well as liberalization of the four grid systems, which are not connected. Sistema
sector to be established that supplies more than a electricity market, by unbundling the generation, Interconectado del Norte Grande (SING), the
third of the countrys electricity. transmission and distribution sectors with its 1982 northern grid, accounts for about 25 per cent of
A natural gas integration agreement was signed Electricity Reform Act. The privatization process national generation and largely serves mines and
with Argentina in 1995, which provided for natural began in 1980 and was completed in 1998, when industrial customers. The Central Interconnected
gas (from Bolivia and Argentina) to be supplied by the last state-owned utility, Edelaysen, was sold. System (SIC), the central regions grid, accounts
pipeline. This led to a boom in building combined- Today, power generation is dominated by for nearly 70 per cent of national generation and
cycle power stations, but in March 2004 Argentina three companies: Endesa Chile, Colbn and AES serves over 90 per cent of Chiles population. The
reneged on the agreement and restricted gas Gener, which between them control around 65 Aysn Grid and the Magallanes Grid serve a sparse
exports. Chile was forced to switch to using per cent of the market. population in the south of the country. Endesa-
imported diesel oil to power stations built to run Endesa Chile, which was part of the state-owned Chile and its subsidiaries, Pehuenche SA, Pangue
on gas. The country faced an additional energy monopoly CORFO, was privatized in 1989 when it SA, and San Isidro SA, are the principal suppliers
supply crisis in 200708 when drought severely was split into 14 different companies, including six to the SIC grid, while SING has more independent
affected its hydroelectric production. generation and six distribution companies. It has producers and its power is primarily from hydro.
In 2009, Chiles oil imports fell while coal around 4800 MW of installed capacity within Chile Transelec, which was spun off from Endesa in
imports were steady and gas imports rose by and another 8500 MW in Peru, Brazil, Columbia March 1993, is the major player in the transmission
more than 25 per cent. and Argentina. Endesas Chilean generation comes sector. The company controls the entire market
Following a rural electrification programme, from a mix of gas fired and hydro plants. for 500 kV transmission lines, owns 46 per cent of
almost 99 per cent of Chiles population now has Colbn is the second-largest player in the market, 220 kV lines and 6 per cent of the 154 kV lines. Chiles
access to electricity and demand for energy has with around 2500 MW of installed capacity, coming distribution networks are split into concessions with
been steadily increasing. equally from hydro and thermal sources. AES permanent licences granted to operators.
The country has potential for generating across Gener currently has around 2500 MW of installed The Chilean energy crisis came to a head in
the spectrum of renewable energy sources: wind, capacity. The three large companies also hold the 2007 just before the global financial downturn
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when drought, gas reductions and high oil Power consumption by sector (MW)
prices combined to force electricity prices up and
industrial activity down.
Residential 9644
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Commercial 7261
Chile published a National Action Plan on Climate
Change (PANCC) in 2009, which presents a course
Mining 20 629
of action with measurable objectives over a four-
year period.
Agriculture 1330
The Renewable Energy Law 20.257 passed in
2008 compelled power generators with a total
Industry 14 176
installed capacity of above 200 MW to provide at
least 5 per cent of their output from renewable
Other 6150
sources by 2014, rising by 0.5 per cent increments
until it reaches 10 per cent. 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
Generators do not have to generate power
from renewable energy sources directly, and are Total 59 190
free to purchase from a third party or pass on
the obligation to their non-regulated (industry) Source: Chile National Institute of Statistics
clients. This is bringing smaller, niche players into
the market, and mining companies are starting to Chiles hydrocarbon imports, 2009
develop their own wind farms.
Increase over 2008
There are currently no subsidies on the
delivered price of renewable power and no price Coal 4.1 mtoe 0.1 per cent
guarantee. Incentives are limited to releasing non- Gas 3 mtoe 25.8 per cent
conventional renewable generators (outputs less
Oil 15.4 million tonnes -7.5 per cent
than 20 MW) from transmission tolls and enabling
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010
the connection of non-conventional projects of less
than 9 MW to distribution grids.
But despite these efforts, International Energy Endesa-Chile (20 per cent), ENAP (20 per cent), FUTURE TRENDS
Statistics show that by January 2011 Chiles CO2 Metrogas Chile (20 per cent), and BG Group (40 The generation mix in Chile has undergone
emissions increased by 74 per cent from 2008 to per cent). marked changes in the past 20 years: moving from
2009 more than any other country. Imported LNG will be a direct substitute for predominantly hydro to combined-cycle, but now
Argentinean gas and can be used in the existing it is moving back to hydro once more.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT combined cycle plants without investing in The country appears to see hydropower
Five hydropower stations are being planned for further infrastructure. A second LNG terminal projects and coal fired plants as its best option
construction in Chilean Patagonia as part of the and plant are being developed by GDF Suez and for the next generation of power plants.
massive and controversial HidroAysn Project, state copper company Codelco at Mejillones in Hydropower, notably from the controversial
jointly owned by Colbn and Endesa. The $3.2 the north of the Chile. A new coal fired power HidroAysn in the south, will serve SIC, while
billion 2715 MW hydro project includes building plant in the same area will use circulating SING will rely on coal fired plants in the north.
three dams on the Pascua River and two on the fluidized bed technology to enable biomass and The two LNG terminals being built will diversify
Baker River, flooding 5910 hectares of which other fuels to be burned. It is the first coal unit Chiles portfolio. The current lack of subsidies
1900 hectares are natural riverbed. The scheme in the countrys SING interconnection. for renewables means Chile is unlikely to
would require 2000 km of new transmission lines The Horniots thermoelectric power station is become a regional leader in this area, despite
to connect with the SIC system. These are would also being built on the SING network. Colbn is its abundant resources.
pass through national parks and areas of natural currently working on a 144 MW hydro plant in San Chilean demand for electricity is steadily
beauty. The scheme has drawn criticism nationally Pedro at a cost of $202 million. It is also developing rising, which will continue as the global economy
and locally, and from environmental organizations a 350 MW coal fired plant in Coronel and some improves. President Pinera was reported in January
around the world. Other hydro projects taking smaller, renewable projects, including a 7 MW 2011 as saying that tendering for constructing
shape include Pacific Hydros Chacayes hydro project in San Clemente. a power link connecting Chiles main north and
project due to be completed in 2011 GDF Suez recently inaugurated the 48 MW south power grids (SING and SIC) could be held
Chile is currently making substantial investments Monte Redondo wind park to supply the central in 2012. If this ambitious project went ahead, it
in building liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals SIC Grid. Endesa Eco completed the Canela I could lower the costs of electricity (which rose
designed to increase its energy independence. The 11-unit, 18 MW wind farm and is constructing by 43 per cent in 2010) and supply the northern
principal LNG port is being built in the central part Canela II, which at 60 MW will be the largest wind industrial and mining customers on SIC with
of Chile by GNL Quintero, a joint venture between farm in Chile. surplus hydro capacity from SING.
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Mexico
The least developed North American nation, Mexico, is expanding and
modernizing its electric sector, adding natural gas and renewable energy.
Mexico encompasses about 1.96 million km2 and

Mexico energy consumption forecast
borders Belize, Guatemala and the USA. It has a
population of approximately 112.4 million, making Average
Resource 2007 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 annual per cent
it the 11th most populated nation. of change
Mexico acts as a federal republic encompassing
Liquids (million
30 states with Mexico City as its capital. Its free 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.9 1.1
barrels per day)
market economy is hampered at times by out-
Natural Gas
of-date industry, income inequality and high 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.9 4.6 5.5 3.0
(trillion cubic feet)
poverty rates. The country has moved toward
greater competition in traditionally centralized Coal (quadrillion Btu) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.7
industries, including electricity and natural gas. Nuclear (billion kWh) 10 11 11 11 18 18 2.2
Closely tied to the US economy, Mexico was
Hydroelectricity
hard hit during the recession in 2009, when its
& other renewables 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 3.1
gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 6.9 per (quadrillion Btu)
cent, but recovered with 5 per cent growth in
Source: Energy Information Administration, International Outlook 2010
2010. Mexico sends around 80 per cent of its
exports to the USA, while 62.5 per cent of the
economy is based around the service sector,
33.3 per cent on industry and 13.7 per cent on
Mexico coal and nuclear production forecast
agriculture.
Resource 2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Average annual
per cent change
ENERGY RESOURCES Coal (quadrillion Btu) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Mexico had estimated oil reserves of 12.4 billion Nuclear (billion kWh) 10 10 11 11 11 18 18 2.2
barrels in 2010, placing it 18th worldwide.
Source: Energy Information Administration, International Outlook 2010
Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), the government-run
oil monopoly, produced 2.58 million barrels per
day (bpd) in 2010, a 1 per cent decline from 2009,
which reflects a general downward trend over ELECTRICITY MARKET private partnerships that resulted in 21 plants
recent years. It was as high as 3.33 million bpd in Comisin Federal de la Electricidad (CFE) controls that were responsible for 11 600 MW as of mid-
2005. PEMEX says the rate of decline now appears most of the Mexicos electrical system. The $20 billion 2010, according to CFE.
to be levelling off. Oil is Mexicos largest source of utility manages 51.4 GW of the 57.3 GW installed Most electricity generation is fuelled by
foreign income, and the Americas continued to capacity, as well as 99 058 km of transmission lines and petroleum-based liquid fuels and natural gas,
represent PEMEXs largest export customer, taking 619 903 km of distribution lines, to serve about followed by hydroelectricity. As of November
1.18 million bpd in 2010. Crude oil export rose 34.2 million customers. CFE also formulates the long- 2010, electric production consisted of 3155 GWh
from 1.22 million bpd in 2009 to 1.36 million bpd term power strategy for the country. from hydroelectricity, 5991 GWh of thermal, 6419
in 2010. Mexicos oil consumption was 1.76 million CFEs position at the centre of Mexican power was GWh from independent power providers (IPPs),
bpd in 2010. consolidated in 2009 when the government liquidated 1238 GWh by dual-fuel, 1131 GWh coal, 233 GWh
Natural gas reserves were an estimated the other electric utility, Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LFC), nuclear, 545 GWh geothermal and 16.3 GWh
359.7 billion m3 in 2010. PEMEX reported natural and made CFE responsible for its customers. LFC, which from wind.
gas production of 70.2 billion m3 in 2010, operated in central Mexico, had 1301 MW of installed The countrys renewable generation capacity
while consumption in 2009 was 59.8 billion m3 capacity and 6.5 million users. is split largely between hydroelectricity (73 per
and 688 million m3 was exported. Natural gas Mexico opened the power sector to private cent) and geothermal energy (19 per cent). As
consumption is growing rapidly in Mexico, investment in 1992. Private companies can of September 2010, 587 MW of wind power was
particularly for electricity generation. participate by obtaining permits through Comisin in operation and 1971 MW in construction or
There are two liquefied natural gas (LNG) Reguladora de Energa (CRE), whose five-member development, according to CFE. Mexico offers
facilities and another under construction that commission is nominated by the Mexican energy great opportunity for installation of distributed
is scheduled to begin operating in 201112. At minister and appointed by the president. CRE generation in rural areas not connected to
least five others are in the planning stages. grants permits for private self-supply generation, the grid. An estimated 42 000 solar modules
Mexico only produces a small amount of independent power producers and cogeneration. already have been installed in areas distant from
coal, mining only 5.04 million tonnes of oil A 2008 law allows the commission to regulate population centres.
equivalent in 2010. It also has strong solar generation from renewable sources. Electricity production and consumption was
potential and is aggressively pursuing various Mexico is attempting to attract more private 233 472 GWh and 181 465 GWh respectively in
forms of green energy. capital to its electric sector, demonstrated by public/ 2009, while it was 222 753 GWh and 172 377 GWh
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for the first 11 months of 2010. In the region of

Power projects under construction
99 per cent of Mexicos electric production is used
domestically, leaving the remaining 1 per cent Project State Fuel Capacity (MW)
available for export. La Venta III Oaxaca Wind 101
Authorities announced in late 2010 that they
Oaxaca I Oaxaca Wind 101
intend to begin promoting the development
of renewable energy projects of less than
Oaxaca II, III and IV Oaxaca Wind 304
30 MW, including small-hydro, biomass and solar Norte II Chihuahua Gas 377
distributed generation. Projects will be eligible Los Humeros II Puebla Geothermal 50
for a feed-in tariff type incentive that guarantees
La Yesca Nayarit Hydro 750
power purchases from the facilities at a set price.
Repotenciacin Manzanillo I Colima Gas 1414
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Agua Prieta II Sonora Gas/solar 394 (12 solar)
Mexico is expected to have the highest rate of
Guerrero Negro III Baja California Diesel 10
increase in annual CO2 emissions (1.8 per cent)
among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Baja California Sur III Baja California Diesel 41
and Development (OECD) countries, according to Source: CFE
the US Energy Information Administration. The
emissions increase reflects Mexicos rapid growth
in GDP, forecast to average 3.5 per cent annually INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT number of refineries. Meanwhile, Iberdrola has
through 2035. This expansion increases Mexicos Two major hydroelectric projects are under way: already built two wind farms in Mexico, the
per capita emissions from 4 tonnes in 2007 to the 750 MW La Yesca facility, due to be finished by 83.3 MW La Venta II and 80 MW Ventosa, and is
5.5 tonnes in 2035. 2012, and the 900 MW La Parota in 2018. developing a third, the 102.85 MW La Venta III.
Mexico signed the Kyoto Protocol and Cannon Power Group and Gamesa plan to The company has also undertaken distribution
voluntarily committed to reducing its greenhouse build the 1000 MW Aubanel wind project, a series grid projects in Mexico.
gas emissions. The government has created of wind farms in Baja California, Mexico, about Other energy companies investing in Mexico
national policy that makes climate change central 24 km south of the Mexican border with the include Intergen, AES, Mitsubishi, Union Fenosa,
to new development, which should go some way USA. Cannon Power will act as the projects lead TransAlta, Mitsui and EDF.
to facilitate plans to reduce its greenhouse gas developer and Gamesa will supply all of the wind Mexico continues to add coal fired generation
emissions by 50 per cent below 2002 levels by turbines, as well as support, maintenance and to its generation mix. The 2.1 GW Petacalco
2050. Its goals are encapsulated by the Special limited development services. The companies plant on the Pacific coast, which took its first
Climate Change Program, which calls for emission plan to break ground on the first 70100 MW shipment of coal in 2009, has added 700 MW
accounting by sector, provides a blueprint to phase in 2011. Initially the power will be sold into to the grid.
monitor accomplishments and establishes legally the Mexico grid, with later phases selling into
binding targets by sector for reductions. both the US and Mexico. FUTURE TRENDS
In 2008, the government also launched a Spanish firms Elecnor and Sener won the While Mexico has the least developed power
national strategy to accelerate and finance $252 million contract with CFE to build a infrastructure in North America, it is undertaking
green energy, called the Renewable Energy 400 MW hybrid solar/combined-cycle plant in extensive development, with the government
Development and Financing for Energy Transition Sonora. The plant, which will include 12 MW of committing $25.3 billion for improvements.
Law (Laerfte). solar generation, is scheduled to begin operating Electricity generation is expected to grow by
The Sustainable Use/Energy Efficiency Law, in May 2013. Elecnor and Sener were selected an average of 3.2 per cent annually through
adopted in November 2008, provides incentives for following a tender issued by CFE in mid-2010. 2035, more than double the rate for Canada
using green energy in all processes and activities CFE attempted a similar tender in 2007 for a and almost quadruple the rate for the USA.
related to energy production and distribution, 536 MW solar hybrid, but received no bids. Natural gas is expected to be the fastest
including energy efficiency. The National Mexico plans to sponsor similar hybrid projects growing generation power source through
Commission for Energy Efficiency, a decentralized in other regions in the future. 2035, followed by renewable energy. Forecasts
administrative agency under the secretary of energy, Iberdrola is building a 228 MW wind farm in show gas generation increasing 5.3 per cent
is responsible for promoting energy efficiency. the Oaxaca. The project is expected to come on annually and renewable generation 2.9 per
Mexico City, which accounts for 20 per cent line in phases during 2011 and 2012. Iberdrola cent a year.
of the nations population, passed a climate also plans to partner with CFE on a 20 MW wind Hydroelectricity is expected to grow by
change law in late 2010 regulating greenhouse farm and a cogeneration plant. Together the 2.3 per cent annually and to comprise more than
gases and creating a carbon market for the city. projects represent a $365 million investment. 60 per cent of Mexicos total net generation
The law also puts in place a climate change The cogeneration plant, scheduled to begin from renewable energy sources in 2035.
commission, establishes funds for projects and construction in the second half of 2011, will Meanwhile, CFE estimates that electric
gives the city government the ability to impose be located in the city of Salamanca, in the demand will grow between 2.6 per cent and
green taxes. state of Guanajuato, where PEMEX operates a 4.3 per cent annually from 2010 to 2024.
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USA
Natural gas and renewable energy are increasingly displacing coal, although
it will remain the primary source of generation for many years to come.
Located between Canada and Mexico, the Electricity generation by source

USA is the worlds third largest country,
occupying 9.8 million km2 with a population of
0.3% 3.7%
311.9 million people. The country is a federal 6.9%
republic of 50 states and one federal district, Coal
the capital city Washington DC, based around
a constitution that establishes its laws and Gas
provides a framework for government, as well
as its relationship with the American people. Oil
20.2%
The economy is the second largest in the world
44.6% Nuclear
with a gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing
power parity of $14.7 trillion, behind the
Hydro
European Union and ahead of China.
Its technology-based economy is dominated 1% Other
by the service sector (80 per cent), with some
manufacturing (18 per cent) and the remainder Renewables
agricultural. China is the USAs largest trading
partner, followed by Canada, Mexico, Japan and 23.3%
Germany. Emerging from its steepest economic
Source: EIA
downturn since the Great Depression, the US
economy grew an estimated 2.8 per cent in 2010.
Unemployment has continued to be a significant ELECTRICITY MARKET Renewables share of total generation
problem with 9.4 per cent of the working The US has 210 investor-owned electric utilities that Wind 1.8%
population out of work in late 2010. own around 38 per cent of the total generating
capacity and serve around 71 per cent of electricity
Solar thermal and PV 0.1%
ENERGY RESOURCES consumers. The remaining customers are served Geothermal 0.4%
The USA is the largest energy producer and by 2009 publicly-owned electric utilities, 883
Other biomass 0.5%
consumer in the Western Hemisphere with large consumer-owned rural electric co-operatives, and
reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and nine federal electric utilities. Source: Energy Information Administration
renewable energy. Fossil fuels make up 83 per cent Investor-owned utilities are granted monopoly
of its energy supply. The USA consumed a total of franchises and their rates are regulated by state
2383.88 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) entities. Some states allow retail suppliers to
from all energy sources in 2009. compete against utilities to supply generation to gas 23.3 per cent, hydroelectricity 6.9 per cent,
The third largest producer of oil behind Saudi customers (although the utility continues to provide and other renewables and miscellaneous energy
Arabia and Russia, the US had crude oil stocks of distribution and transmission). The choice to allow sources 3.9 per cent.
335.7 million barrels as of January 2011. Liquid retail competition is left to state government. The The EIA forecasted in late December that
fuel net imports fell from 57 per cent of total US practice tends to be centred in the Northeast, Texas electricity consumption would increase 4.1 per
consumption in 2008 to 49.4 per cent in 2010. and certain central industrial states. cent in 2010, largely because of extreme weather.
After a 14-fold increase in shale gas discoveries On the wholesale side, the USA has more than Consumption is expected to decrease by 0.3 per
over the past decade, the US is experiencing a 1700 competitive power producers that supply cent in 2011 before rising again the following year
dramatic rise in natural gas production. Working utilities and retail competitors. Ten regional to 2.6 per cent as manufacturing gathers pace.
gas storage was 76.91 billion m3 in January 2011, transmission operators (RTOs) oversee the bulk Power production increased 4 per cent in 2010.
a 2.10 billion m3 rise over past year. power systems reliability for two-thirds of Hydroelectricity was the only generation resource to
The US has abundant coal and can lay claim to US electricity consumers. The North American see a drop in production, while coal fired generation
about 27 per cent of worldwide demonstrated Electric Reliability Corporation is charged with increased the most. For 2011, the EIA expects
reserves, or 422.7 billion tonnes. Coal exports establishing and enforcing reliability standards hydroelectricity production to rise 6 per cent, other
increased in 2010 to an average 7.3 per cent of for the bulk power system. forms of renewable energy 13 per cent (mostly
production, largely for use in the steel industry. Total installed capacity in the US was about wind) and coal generation to drop 2.4 per cent.
Renewable energy makes up about 8 per 1025 GW in 2009, according to the US Energy US Congress failed to pass any significant energy
cent of US energy supply. The country installed Information Administration (EIA). Coal fired plants legislation in 2010 and the same is expected in 2011
5115 MW of wind power in 2010, a 50 per cent accounted for around 44.6 per cent of the because of a political gridlock between the dominant
drop from 2009, although it doubled solar total electric power as of December 2010, while parties. New policy for the electric sector tends to
installations to 944 MW that year. nuclear plants contribute 20.2 per cent, natural emerge from state governments. But there, too,
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Projected US fuel mix, 2035 little major change is expected five-year growth rate of 24 per cent, as measured
in 2011, except for some by project financings, according to the American
possible attempts to roll back Council on Renewable Energy.
45%
Coal 43% some programmes supporting Coal fired generation remains the largest electric
renewable energy and carbon resource. As of January 2010, 31 coal fired plants
23% dioxide reduction in states where were under construction, near construction or
Gas 25% political conservatives gained being permitted, representing 17 355 MW, a
10% power during the November 34 per cent drop from the previous year, according
Renewables 14% 2010 elections. to the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
The USA is also upgrading its transmission grid.
20%
Nuclear 17% ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Utilities so far have reported plans to invest around
State governments tend to $56 million in transmission over the next decade,
1% institute more aggressive green but more announcements are expected. Of the
Oil 1% energy programmes than the kilometres of lines either being built or planned, 27
0 10 20 30 40 50 federal government, partly per cent are for integrating intermittent resources.
because they are competing While there is much talk of building a super grid
2009 2035 with each other to attract to move wind power across the country, most
manufacturing jobs. transmission projects being built now are relatively
Source: EIA The US has no federal carbon small. Large cross-regional transmission lines are
dioxide cap and trade programme, despite a strong unlikely to be a reality for a decade, according to
push by President Obama to win Congressional the North American Electric Reliability Corporation.
approval. In the absence of cap and trade, the Progress continued in 2010 in the development
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has begun of the Tres Amigas superstation, a $600 million
rolling out a series of rules under the federal project in New Mexico that will for the first time
Clean Air Act that require emitters to install the connect the three asynchronous US power grids.
best available control technology for reducing In the Upper Midwest, 11 utilities are planning
greenhouse gases. The EPA is focusing on energy CapX2020, a $1.7 billion four-phase project that
efficiency technologies as a way for companies to begins with 1130 km of high voltage lines to
meet the rules, while its authority to impose these improve reliability and integrate wind power in
rules faces legal and Congressional challenges. the Dakotas and Minnesota. A partnership that
Ten northeastern states have their own includes Internet giant Google plans to develop
mandatory cap and trade programme, the Regional the USAs first offshore super grid with a 560-km
Greenhouse Gas Initiative. In addition, California line to connect wind farms to consumers in the
has passed a law to institute cap and trade that Mid-Atlantic.
goes into effect in 2012, which is modelled after The US currently has no offshore wind farms,
the European Union emissions trading scheme. but construction is expected in the next two
The USA supports green energy development years on the 130-turbine Cape Wind off the New
through tax incentives and the renewable portfolio England coast. Deepwater Wind proposed a
standard (RPS), a requirement that a certain 1000 MW offshore wind farm in 2010, which
amount of energy is provided by renewables. For would be the largest such project in the country,
solar and wind energy, federal production and also off the New England coast, with an undersea
investment tax credits play a crucial role in bringing transmission network to connect to several states.
projects to market.
The USA has no federal RPS, but more than FUTURE TRENDS
half the states have their own versions of these Government forecasters expect energy
standards and those that promote energy efficiency. consumption to increase by about 30 per cent
by 2035. Because of rapid growth in renewable
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT energy, fossil fuels are expected to decline from 83
Low natural gas prices and government policy per cent to 78 per cent of energy supply by 2035.
are encouraging increasing development of Crude oil production is increasing and is expected
natural gas fired plants and renewable energy. to reach 5.7 million bpd by 2035 up from 5.4 million
About 9000 MW of natural gas plants were under bpd in 2009.
construction or planned in 2010. Wind and solar, Use of imported liquid fuel is expected to decline
together, added about 6059 MW that year. The from 60 per cent of use in 200506 to 42 per cent
US renewables market reached a value between in 2035, by which time natural gas production is
$15 billion and $20 billion in 2009, and achieved a predicted have increased by 30 per cent.
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Australia
Considerable renewable energy potential at last looks set to be realized as
Australia retreats from its longstanding enthusiasm for fossil fuel.
Australia is a modern democracy with a competitive NEM-wide energy projections under medium-growth model in GWh
and advanced market economy. Located between
the Indian and South Pacific Oceans, its total area 250 000 246 584
2
of 7 741 220 km makes it the worlds sixth largest
nation. Generally arid to semi-arid, Australia has a 240 000 237 935
241 661
temperate climate in the south and east, moving to 230 248
a tropical climate in the north of the country.
230 000 234 455
220 167
A population of about 21.5 million people,
220 000 224 961
with an estimated growth rate last year of
211 405
GWh
1.17 per cent, is concentrated along the east and 216 623
210 000
southeast coasts. A stable political and regulatory
198 055
environment provides investors with a high degree 200 000 195 376
of confidence and the country has an estimated 191 598 205 034
197 187
2010 GDP of $889.6 billion with a growth rate 190 000 194 107
of some 3.3%. Per capita GDP is estimated at
US$41 300. The services sector dominates the
180 000 186 246
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
economy, accounting for some 70 per cent, /05 5/06 6/0 7/0 8/0 09/1 10/1 11/1 2/1 3/1 14/1 15/1 16/1 17/1 18/1 19/2
04 0 0 0 0
20 20 20 201 201 20 20 20 10
although industry provides a further 25 per cent, 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
largely in the form of mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, chemicals and steel.
Source: AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator)
ENERGY RESOURCES
Primary energy production totalled 17 360
Capacity of renewable electricity
generation 2009 in MW
petajoules (PJ) for both domestic consumption
and its significant export market, according to the Biogas 226 Wind 1703
latest available government figures, for 200708. Bagasse 464 Solar 105
The main fuels produced in Australia are coal,
Ocean and
uranium and natural gas, with coal accounting for Wood waste 73 1
geothermal
54 per cent in energy content terms; uranium
27 per cent; natural gas 11 per cent; crude oil and
Hydro 7808 Other* 41
LPG 6 per cent; and renewables about 2 per cent. Total 10 421
More than 100 hydro plants provide a combined *Unspecified biomass and biodiesel
capacity of over 8 GW. Source: AEMO
Estimates of natural gas reserves have risen
threefold over the last 20 years, mainly due to principles across the states of Australian Capital dispatches supply as required. The Australian
40 000 PJ of reserves discovered in the Gorgon Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Energy Market Commission (AEMC) undertakes
fields in Western Australias Carnarvon Basin. Australia and Victoria. Tasmania joined in 2005 rule making and market development.
Production of coal seam gas (CSG) has also surged after the development of the Basslink HVDC About 300 registered generators, six state-
since 2004. In August 2010 proven natural gas transmission line connected its hydro capacity. based transmission networks linked by cross-
reserves stood at about 106 000 PJ, comprising Western Australia and the Northern Territory border interconnectors, and 13 major distribution
78 000 PJ of conventional natural gas and remain outside the NEM, primarily because of their networks are included in the NEM market.
28 000 PJ of CSG. Australia produced 1911 PJ of distance and relatively small population. Since Energy retailers can also secure longer-term
natural gas in 200910. September 2006 Western Australia has operated contracts with generators to manage potential
Driven largely by a growing global demand, a standalone wholesale market in the South-West spot market volatility.
production growth has averaged about 3.5 per cent Interconnected System (SWIS) administered by the Electricity transmission and distribution
over the past decade. Australia is the worlds ninth Independent Market Operator (IMO). Electricity networks operating within the NEM come under
largest energy producer, accounting for about reforms in the Northern Territory have yet to the auspices of the Australian Energy Regulator
2.4 per cent of global production. Exports introduce competition in generation or retail (AER), which also reports on generator bidding
accounted for 67 per cent of total domestic energy markets, although an integrated utility can now behaviour, gas markets and gas transmission in
production in 200708. procure additional electricity from independent all states except Western Australia. The electricity
power producers and remote generators. transmission and distribution system in Australia
ELECTRICITY MARKET Operating as a wholesale spot market, the NEM comprises 894 441 km.
The National Electricity Market (NEM) was electricity pool is managed by the Australian Energy Total installed generation capacity includes
created in 1998, introducing competitive market Market Operator (AEMO), which aggregates and 50 815 MW of grid-connected and a further
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National Electricity Market capacity and generation 2009/10
5168 MW in on-site and other non-grid. Around
265 TWh was generated in Australia in 200708
16.44%
and in the 200910 fiscal year demand peaked at
33 741 MW in January 2010. Black coal
Coal accounts for about three quarters of Energy capacity
Brown coal
electricity generation, on the basis of its low cost
26.98% Gas-CCGT
and secure supplies. Gas is Australias second
10.28% Gas-Steam
largest contributor to electricity generation with
a 16 per cent share. Renewables supply about 0.05% Energy
0.14% 54.74% 42.59% Gas-OCGT
generation
7 per cent: 4.5 percentage points from hydro and 2.13% Hydro
1.5 points from wind. Bagasse, wood and wood 0.03%
4.19% 6.01%
waste also make a significant contribution. Liquid fuel
2.58%
Peak summer demand on the NEM climbed 1.3% Wind
6.13% 6.03%
by 2977 MW or 9.5 per cent from 2005 to
0.21% Biomass
2010. Generation capacity rose by 3540 MW or
0.14%
8.7 per cent in the same period. But new plants 3.36% Solar
with combined capacity of 1559 MW have been
1.49%
registered with AEMO to enter service.
15.1%
Source: AEMO
Australias long reliance on coal-fired generation INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Network investment over the current
has seen previous administrations reject efforts Within the NEM, around two thirds of five year cycle is also forecast to rise on the
to curb carbon emissions, giving the country one generation capacity is government owned or back of load growth and rising peak demand,
of the worlds highest per capita emission rates. controlled, although in Victoria and South new connections and the emergence of new
Nonetheless, Australia is now a signatory to the Australia most generation capacity is privately technologies such as smart metering. The Council
Kyoto Protocol and has introduced measures owned. Major players in the countrys energy of Australian Governments (COAG) has committed
to boost low-carbon generation and support sector include Australia Gas Light, Origin to the progressive rollout of smart meters in
energy efficiency. Energy, International Power, TRUenergy and jurisdictions where the benefits outweigh costs.
The Mandatory Renewable Energy Target the Great Energy Alliance Corp. The government has also implemented a A$100
(MRET), introduced in 2001, stipulates that Climate change policies and new technologies million Smart Grid, Smart City initiative to support
generators must source 20 per cent of their are emerging as significant investment drivers the installation of Australias first commercial scale
supply from renewables by 2020. In June 2010 and most proposals now rely on gas fired or smart grid, based in Newcastle, New South Wales.
the scheme was expanded from its original wind capacity. For example, Origin Energy
scope of 9500 GWh. A target of 41 TWh from commissioned its 605 MW Darling Downs gas FUTURE TRENDS
large-scale renewables has been set for 2020. fired plant in Queensland in 2010 and also plans Australia has introduced a range of policy
In 2009 the government also introduced a bill to commission the 518 MW Mortlake gas fired measures to support renewable and other clean
to implement a cap-and-trade emissions trading power station in Victoria by the summer of energy resources. For example, the MRET scheme
scheme. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 201011. Investment in wind generation has also has spurred significant growth in both wind and
(CPRS) Bill has been shelved until at least 2013 been significant, especially in South Australia, as solar energy while the Solar Flagships Program is a
but in the autumn of 2010 a new administration well as geothermal developments. key component of the governments A$5.1 billion
set up a Climate Change Committee to consider For instance, in 2010, AGL Energy and Meridian Clean Energy Initiative.
ways to introduce a carbon price mechanism. Energy announced binding contracts to construct The government is also supporting clean energy
A report by the Minister for Climate Change a 420 MW wind farm at a cost of A$1 billion. On development through research, demonstration
and Energy Efficiency, Greg Combet, in February completion in early 2013, the 420 MW Macarthur and commercialization. For instance in December
2011 found that Australia is on track to meet its Wind Farm will be the largest wind farm in the 2010, Australia and China agreed to cooperate
Kyoto target, but needs additional measures to southern hemisphere. Macquarie Generation is to on a feasibility study towards a commercial-scale
stop emissions rising into the future. add a 9 MWth solar field to its solar thermal energy carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in China.
Without a carbon price underpinning long project at Liddell Power Station in the Hunter At the end of November 2010, the government
term investments in renewable energy, low Valley of New South Wales. invited submissions on its policy to require
emissions gas generation and energy efficiency, The NSW Minister for Planning has also granted all new power stations to meet best practice
the report anticipates that new coal fired concept approval for the Bayswater B power emissions standards and be carbon capture and
generators will continue to be built, said station project, a 2 GW dual fuel power station storage (CCS) ready in 2011. It is intended that
the minister. to run on coal or gas and featuring carbon capture national emission standards could replace the
The government is committed to cutting and storage provisions. different approaches taken by individual states
carbon pollution by at least 5 per cent below The countrys largest energy investments and territories.
2000 levels by 2020. That means we need to cut have focused on LNG capacity. An A$16 billion Perhaps most significantly, in February 2011
around 160 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in investment in the Gladstone LNG Project was newly elected Prime Minister Julia Gillard outlined
2020 thats equal to reducing emissions from announced in early 2011, a major coal seam gas to the governments plan to introduce a carbon
generating electricity by 75 per cent. LNG project to go ahead in Queensland. trading mechanism on 1 July, 2012.
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China
Chinas demand for energy is developing so fast that greenhouse gas emissions will
inevitably outstrip its efforts to develop and implement low carbon technologies.
China is the most populous country in the world biomass, notably from Generation capacity in 2009
and has the fastest growing economy. Its gross Chinas agriculture sector.
92.26%
domestic product (GDP) grew by 10.3 per cent in
1000 100%
874.07
2010, maintaining the near 10 per cent growth ELECTRICITY
it has recorded on average each year for the MARKET
652.05
past two decades. In 2002, the Chinese 800 80%
The turning point in Chinas modern history government dismantled
came in 1979 when the communist party the monopoly State
embraced a market economy and sparked an Power Corporation 600 60%
industrial revolution based on manufacturing (SPC) to form separate
PER CENT
for a global customer base. Good infrastructure, generation, transmission GW 400 40%
high productivity, cheap labour and favourable and services units.
196.79
government policy make China a world leader Generation is now
10.23%
14.01%
in manufacturing. Its economy is booming while dominated by five 20%
16.13
200
8.16%
9.08
living standards for its population of 1.35 billion state-owned holding
people, who occupy 9.6 million km2 of northern companies: China
0%
Asia, are rising on a wave of new money and Huaneng Group, China 0 0%
cit
y
w er w er wer w er
a po po po po
availability of credit. Datang Group, China ap al
ed
c dro rm lea
r
ind
Huadian, Guodian ll Hy e c W
sta Th Nu
ENERGY RESOURCES in
Power, and China Power
t al
China has considerable hydrocarbon and Investment, which To
Installed capacity in 2009 (GW) Year on year growth (%)
hydropower resources in its vast hinterland. It is between them are
the worlds largest producer and consumer of coal responsible for about Source: China Electricity Council
and in 2009 had 114 500 million tonnes of coal half of the countrys
reserves, almost 14 per cent of the world total, electricity. Power output in 2009
with a reserve-to-production ratio of 38 years. The state-owned
105.86%
3596.5
That year, it was responsible for half of the worlds Southern Power 4000 120%
coal consumption, just over 1500 million tonnes of Company and State
2 986.7
oil equivalent. Power Grid Company 3500

100%
The country is the second largest oil consumer control transmission
3000
behind the USA, responsible for over 10 per cent of and distribution. The
80%
global oil consumption in 2009. Until 20 years ago, 12 regional grids are 2500
China was a net oil exporter, but the growth of the planned to merge into
economy has fuelled demand for imported oil. In three large power grid 2000 60%
PER CENT
2009, oil production was 189 million tonnes against networks by 2020. State
1500
TWh
consumption of 404.6 million tonnes. Power Grid Company 40%

Until 2006, China was self-sufficient in natural will operate the north- 1000
512.7
gas. However, usage has soared in recent years, ern and north-western 20%
6.66%
6.75%
500
4.32%
requiring pipelines to be constructed that take grids, while the Southern

1.13%
26.9
70
gas from Central Asia and Western China to the Power Company will run
0 r r r r
0%
south and east of China, where imported liquefied the southern grid. KW s we we we we
natural gas (LNG) is also in demand. Chinas natural Coal dominates Chinas 0 00 lant r o po l po r po d po
f6 )p d a a in
t o ve Hy erm cle W
gas consumption increased by 9.4 per cent from the fuel mix and generates
t pu abo Th Nu
u r
previous year to 88.7 billon m3 while production about 80 per cent of its ta l o (o
To
rose by 6.4 per cent to 85.2 billon m3. Resources of electricity. The old coal Output (TWh) Year on year growth (%)
unconventional gas, including coal bed methane fired power plants burn
Source: China Electricity Council
and shale gas, exist in quantity, and are in the early around 50 g more coal
stages of exploration and development per kilowatt than advanced coal-fired plants, while
China has substantial hydropower resources and electricity end-use efficiency is also lower than
the political will to construct massive hydro projects. in developed countries. The Chinese government
It also has excellent potential for offshore and is looking to shut down or modernize small and
onshore wind power. There are also viable options inefficient coal-fired plants in favour of more
to generate energy from solar, tidal resources and efficient units. It closed around 70 GW of inefficient
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coal generation between 2006 and 2010 and improvements in grid connection efficiency. Chinas Infrastructure investment in 2009
another 8 GW is slated for closure in 2011. grid-connected capacity lags behind installed
1152.9
In 2009, demand for electricity grew by more capacity by more than 30 per cent, which affects 1200
than 10 per cent. Some of this was met by wind power efficiency.
increased coal-fired output, but the government In its five-year plan covering 2011 to 2015, China
1000
is keen to develop low carbon energy on a anticipates increasing the share of natural gas and
large scale. To this end, China is ramping up its other cleaner technologies in the countrys energy
800
hydropower generation and can be expected to mix. The China Electricity Council also reported
586.85
566.14
drive through large-scale projects regardless of at the beginning of 2011 that 26.53 per cent of
environmental concerns. electricity generated in China in 2010 was from 600
$ BILLION
Hydro capacity was increased by 14 per cent clean energy.
in 2009. The largest hydroelectric project in the 400
227.61
world, the Three Gorges Dam hydroelectric facility INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
132.50
115.75
on the Yangtze River will include 32 separate In 2009, China invested 755.84 billion yuan 200
87.91
700 MW generators for a total of 22.5 GW when it ($115.21 billion) in power construction, a rise of
enters full operation. Some units of the project are 19.93 per cent on the previous year. Infrastructure
0
already operating and the rest will be completed investment in nuclear power increased by tal on er er er er on
To rati pow pow pow pow issi tion
this year. The State Energy Bureau plans to increase 75 per cent and wind power by 44 per cent, while n e ro al r d sm u c
ge yd m lea in an str
total hydro capacity to 380 GW by 2020. thermal power sank 11 per cent. e w h: h Ther Nuc h: W Tr con
N hi c : : i c d
Wind is the second leading renewable source The government plans to add over 60 GW to its w ich hich wh gri
Of f wh f w Of
for power generation and has roughly doubled current 10 GW nuclear capacity by 2020, building O O
capacity each year since 2005. By the end of six reactors per year. Currently, 33 GW is in
Source: China Electricity Council
2010, China had installed 41 800 MW of onshore construction and due to enter operation by 2015.
wind generation. Six provinces in northern Between 2015 and 2020, the plan is to accelerate, China is the worlds top investor in renewable
China have been selected to develop seven wind reducing the construction period for new reactors energy projects, having committed from
complexes of between 10 000 MW and 37 000 MW. from six to four years. The reactors will be mainly $120 billion to $160 billion between 2007 and
Improvements to transmission infrastructure could a mix of third-generation CAP1000 and CAP1400 2010. For instance, China WindPower announced
improve the output from existing wind farms, as derived from a Westinghouse pressurized water in December 2010 that it had raised $150 million
some capacity is currently inoperable. China aims to reactor (PWR) design and three smaller standard from the International Finance Corporation (IFC),
increase wind capacity to 100 GW by 2020. second generation Chinese PWR designs. Beyond to build its first wholly owned wind farm, in Gansu
2020, the rate of expansion continues with with an installed capacity of 201 MW.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 200 GW of nuclear capacity projected for 2030 As well as investment in new generating capacity,
China recently overtook the USA to become the and 400 GW by 2050. development of the transmission network and
worlds biggest total emitter of carbon dioxide China is on schedule to have six third-generation integration of regional networks is still necessary,
and the US Energy Information Administration nuclear reactors producing power by 2015. Four despite $44 billion being spent on improvements
predicts that emissions will grow by 2.8 per cent Westinghouse 1200 MW AP1000 reactors are by the State Grid Company in 2009 and
per year from 6.2 billion tonnes in 2006 to scheduled to start generating at Sanmen and $33.3 billion in 2010.
11.7 billion tonnes in 2030. However, at about Haiyang between 2013 and 2015. The contract for
five tonnes per capita, Chinese emissions are the four reactors was valued at $5.3 billion in 2007. FUTURE TRENDS
only a quarter of those of the US population. Meanwhile, two 1650 MW European pressurized Chinas economy looks set to keep on growing
The government aims to reduce carbon emissions reactors (EPRs) are being constructed at Taishan and growing. A significant challenge for the
per GDP by 45 per cent in 2020 compared to 2005 on the southeast coast of China by a joint venture country is to continue this economic growth
and raised rates for energy intensive industries by between French utility EDF (30 per cent) and China while reining in thermal electricity generation
50 to 100 per cent in June 2010 in order to achieve Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (CGNPC). The and carbon emissions. This requires serious
efficiency goals for the year. Guangdong Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture investment in improving energy efficiency and
Installed generation capacity could potentially Company will then own and operate the two in low carbon energy.
be reduced by 100 000 MW by 2020 by increasing reactors, scheduled to start generating in 2013 Coals dominance in the generation mix is set to
end-use energy efficiency. The government is and 2014. fall, while gas will rise and investment is already
urging individuals to adopt 36 daily energy-saving In August 2010, CGNPC signed contracts to being directed into renewable and nuclear energy
behaviours that could potentially reduce CO2 build two inland AP1000 reactors at Xianning in to cap greenhouse gas emissions. Developing
emissions by 200 million tonnes per year Hubei province. Other projects being developed skills and capacity in these areas will also open
China has become the global leader in the include two reactors for China National Nuclear up opportunities for export. Delivering electricity
wind energy market, with over 41 800 MW of Company at Tauhuajing in Hunan and two for to Chinas enormous population has sparked a
wind farms installed, including 16 000 MW added China Power Investment Corporation at Pengze in massive initiative to build a nationwide smart grid
in 2010. Although the government plans to Jiangxi. Construction is due to be accelerated with that has attracted global interest from companies
increase this to 90 000 MW by 2015, it will require commercial operation is scheduled for 2015. and investors.
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ASIA-PACIFIC
India
A commitment to providing all Indian citizens with electricity by 2012 is
driving investment in transmission and generation, while reducing emissions
remains a lower priority.
The Republic of India was created in 1947 India was the fourth-largest oil consumer in the Most electrical power in India is generated
following the end of the British Raj and the world during 2009, behind the USA, China and with coal, oil or gas. Conventional thermal sources
partition of the Indian sub-continent to create Japan respectively. It produces less than a quarter produced over two-thirds of electricity in 2010.
India, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West of its oil needs, importing the balance from the Hydroelectricity, a seasonally dependent energy
Pakistan. It also shares borders with China, Bhutan, Middle East. Use of natural gas is growing rapidly, source in India, accounted for over 20 per cent
Nepal and Myanmar and a maritime border with and imports are necessary to meet demand. of power generated in 2010. Nuclear energy
Sri Lanka. India is a densely populated country India has abundant coal reserves with a reserves- produced only 4.5 GW in 2010, but an aggressive
of many languages and diverse customs that to-production ratio of 105 years. However, the expansion programme is under way. Renewable
covers 3.29 million km2 from the Himalayas in the indigenous coal has low caloric values and high ash energy, including geothermal and small-scale
north to the Indian Ocean in the south. Most of content, which make it more difficult to use. hydropower generated a tiny proportion of Indias
its 1.18 billion inhabitants live in villages, while Indian demand for electricity generation could overall output.
30 per cent live in the cities. India is a democracy increase by 50 per cent by the end of this decade. A In July 2010, India signed a 35-year deal to
comprising 28 states and seven union territories. scenario to meet such demand involves increasing import up to 500 MW of energy from Bangladesh,
Until 20 years ago, the Indian republic shunned hydropower capacity by 62 per cent, thermal beginning in late 2012. It also imports some
imports, preferring to develop domestic capacity. power generation by 34 per cent and raising electricity from Bhutan and Nepal.
The diverse economy now includes traditional nuclear generation 300 fold. The government-owned Nuclear Power
village farming, modern agriculture, modern Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for
industries and services. It has grown by more ELECTRICITY MARKET the design, construction and operation of Indias
than 7 per cent on average in the years since State electricity boards were responsible for nuclear power plants. It currently runs 20 reactors
1997, reducing poverty by around 10 percentage generating and distributing electricity in (mainly pressurized heavy water reactors) with a
points. In 2010, strong domestic demand helped India until the Electricity Act 2003 radically combined capacity of 4.8 GW. Five larger reactors,
the Indian economy rebound robustly from changed the market. This unbundled the including a fast breeder, with a total capacity of
the global financial crisis and growth exceeded vertically integrated utilities in each state into 3.9 GW, are currently under construction. They
8 per cent. a transmission utility and several generating are due to come on line between mid 2011 and
and distribution utilities. Consumers with a load 2016.
ENERGY OVERVIEW greater than 1 MW were given access to the India has the potential to harness tidal energy
Indias energy mineral resources include coal transmission system and could buy electricity from notable sites along its coastline, such as the
(with the worlds third-largest reserves), oil and from their choice of generator. The Power Gulf of Khambhat (7000 MW potential), the Gulf of
gas. Uranium and thorium are also found in Exchange of India Ltd (PXIL) began operating Kutch (1200 MW potential) on the west coast and
relatively small quantities. Substantial renewable in October 2008, providing the still-evolving the Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal
energy resources include hydro, solar, wind, tidal national marketplace for trading electricity. (less than 100 MW potential). The economically
and biofuel. India is currently suffering from a major viable tidal power potential in India is estimated at
Indias energy demands are growing in line shortage of generating capacity, leading around 7000 MW.
with the rising living standards of its population. to regular blackouts. Transmission and
It is a significant importer and consumer of distribution losses are extremely high, while ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
foreign oil and is heavily dependent on coal for around a third of the population still lacks India refuses to commit to binding climate
electricity generation. access to domestic electricity. change targets and is not a signatory to UN
Installed generating capacity, 2010

Region Coal (MW) Gas (MW) Diesel Total thermal Nuclear Hydro Renewable, including Total
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) small-scale hydro (MW)
Northern 2362.00 3884.75 12.99 27 517.75 1620 12 622.75 277.32 45 537.82
Western 31 080.50 7903.81 17.48 39 001.79 1840 7447.50 4918.28 53 207.57
Southern 19 382.50 4690.78 939.32 25 012.60 1100 11 299.03 8517.55 45 929.19
Eastern 18 235.38 190.00 17.20 18 442.58 0 3882.12 344.41 22 669.11
Northeastern 60 787.00 142.74 989.74 0 1116.00 223.32 2320.06
Islands 0 0 70.02 70.02 0 0 6.10 76.12
All India 92 378.38 17 456.35 1199.75 11 1034.48 4560 37 367.40 16 786.98 16 9748.86
Source: Central Electricity Authority
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Nuclear power reactors under construction Potential and actual grid interactive renewable power, 2010
Reactor Type MW Operational Estimated Achieved 2009-10 Cumulative
potential (MW) (MW) (MW)
Kudankulam 1 PWR (VVER) 1000 2011
Kudankulam 2 PWR (VVER) 1000 2011 Biomass 16 881 126.5 829.5
Kalpakkam FBR 500 2011/ 12 Wind 45 195 683 10 925
Kakrapar 3 PHWR 700 2015 Small hydro

15 000 129.15 2558.92
(<25 MW)
Kakrapar 4 PHWR 700 2016
Cogeneration biogas 5000 259 1308
Total 3900
Waste-to-energy 2700 4.72 65.01
Source: World Nuclear Association 2
Solar 50 per km 6.1 9.13
Geothermal 10 600 - -
climate change protocol agreements. Last year, Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
it submitted to the United Nations its national
target to reduce the emissions intensity of its This will require installed generation capacity aims to have 20 000 MW of installed nuclear
GDP by 2025 per cent from 2005 levels by 2020. to be increased to at least 2000 GW, as well an generating capacity by 2020 and 63 000 MW of
The governments National Action Plan expansion of the regional transmission network capacity by 2032.
on Climate Change (NAPCC) set a 10 per cent and inter-regional capacity to form a robust Two big solar farm projects are in the pipeline:
renewable energy target by 2015 and 15 per cent electricity grid across the country. Gujarat has allocated 2500 hectares for the
target by 2020, with a 1 percentage point increase Half of the projected additional power could 1000 MW Charanka Solar Park, while Rajasthan
every year. Under the National Solar Mission, come from nine ambitious super-critical coal-fired has set aside 8000 hectares for a 3000 MW
India plans to install 20 000 MW of solar-based 4000 MW so-called ultra mega power projects plant. Construction is expected to start after
generation capacity by 2022, including off-grid (UMPP), which the government wants to develop. 2013. The Asian Development Bank is providing a
rural power plants. The current installed capacity is These projects will either be built at coastal sites $100 million loan to fund a transmission line to
a dismal 14 MW. and rely on coal imports, or inland at the pit head carry the 500 MW generated at Charanka to the
Several environmental policy developments in and employ Indian coals. Competitive tendering national electricity grid.
2010 will affect the Indian energy market. The has identified several developers, but problems A 2010 estimate of transmission and distribution
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in establishing special-purpose vehicles, raising losses shows a national average of 27 per cent,
increased the mandatory requirement for utilities finance and dealing with environmental issues with big differences between states. Substantial
to generate from renewable energy sources up have meant that only four contracts have been investment is required to upgrade infrastructure,
from 4 per cent to 6 per cent, which exceeds awarded so far. including high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
currently available capacity. Utilities can buy The first UMPP, a 4000 MW power plant and technology to allow long distance bulk transfer.
renewable energy certificates (RECs) if they are sea-water reverse osmosis plant, is being built at
unable to generate their own renewable energy. Mundra coast in the Kutch district of Gujarat. The FUTURE TRENDS
India has also announced both a clean energy tax coal-fired UMPP is also Indias first private sector While the process of liberalizing and
on coal and a tax break for imports of renewable power project to use super-critical technology. The upgrading Indias creaky electricity system
energy equipment. The tax levies $1 per tonne 17 billion rupees ($4.2 billion) project will be one is under way, there is still much to do to
of coal, the proceeds of which are channelled of the most energy-efficient power plants in the improve operating efficiency in generation,
into a national fund to support renewable country. The earliest date for commissioning is the transmission and distribution.
energy projects, while the tax break provides a end of 2012. Population, the economy and demand for
5 per cent reduction on the import duty imposed The Mundra UMPP is entirely owned by Coastal electricity are all set to grow as India seeks
on renewable energy equipment. Gujarat Power Ltd (CGPL), a special-purpose vehicle to join the highly developed economies of
The newly approved National Mission on formed for the project by Tata Power, the largest the region. In addition, meeting the national
Enhanced Energy Efficiency will establish policies private sector power utility in India. Coal for the objective of providing electricity to every home
and regulations to strengthen energy efficiency project will be imported from Tata Powers coal will require improving the national electricity
for smart grids, industries, buildings and joint ventures in Indonesia. It will be one of Indias systems efficiency and capacity.
appliances. According to the government, this will first major desalination plants in recent years. Developing solar, wind, hydro and nuclear
contribute to total avoided capacity addition of Contracts for three UMP projects at Sasan power facilities will diversify the generation mix,
19 598 MW, attain fuel savings of 23 million (pit head site), Tilaiyya (pit head site) and while private investment in the UMPP initiative
tonnes per year, and reduce greenhouse gases by Krishnapatnam (coastal site) have been awarded should see super-critical technology applied to
98.55 million tonnes per year. to Reliance Power, a part of the Reliance Anil coal generation. However, with low calorific coal
Dhirubhai Ambani Group. dominating generation, Indias carbon emissions
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Indias nuclear generating capacity is predicted will remain high, despite recent government
The Indian government has committed to to reach 7280 MW by 2012, and 10 080 MW by initiatives that have begun to drive renewable
providing all of its people with power by 2012. 2017. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd and low carbon energy development.
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ASIA-PACIFIC
Indonesia
Widespread power shortages are causing a crisis within the Indonesian
power sector as a second fast-track programme is promoted to increase
generating capacity.
The Indonesian archipelago in Southeast Asia capacity, of which less than 10 per cent has currently Installed generating
stretches almost 500 km from the west of the been exploited, partly because many of the best capacity (MW)
Malaysian peninsula to Australia. The archipelago sites are distant from the main population centres.
2000 37 733
officially contains 13 677 islands; the five largest There is also around 500 MW of small hydropower
are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian potential, most of which is unexploited.
2001 23 831
Jaya. The country occupies a land area of just The country has a geothermal potential of 2002 21 517
2 2
under 2 million km with a further 3 million km of 28.1 GW of which less than 6 per cent is being 2003 24 781
territorial waters. With a population of 243 million used. Meanwhile, the opportunity for biomass
2004 27 339
in 2010, Indonesia is the fourth most populous generation is estimated to be around 50 GW,
country in the world after China, India and the USA. and there is also significant wind and solar 2005 27 663
After years of military dictatorship, Indonesia potential. A small amount of biomass is already 2006 30 958
has been moving towards a fully functioning used for power production, but solar and wind
2007 31 416
democracy since 1999. Elections in 2004 led to exploitation remain minimal.
the first democratically elected head of state and
2008 30 298
government, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was ELECTRICITY MARKET 2009 30 942
re-elected in 2009. The Indonesian electricity system is spread Source: Indonesian Ministry of
The Indonesian economy has weathered the unevenly across the huge archipelago that makes Energy and Mineral Resources
global financial crisis relatively unscathed with up the country. There are seven independent
4.5 per cent growth in 2009 and an estimated interconnected systems and more than 600 Java-Madura-Bali grid, this is divided roughly
6 per cent growth in 2010, while GDP was expected isolated systems. The largest of the interconnected equally between coal, oil and gas, but diesel in
to be $695.1 billion. However, the country is facing systems is the Java-Madura-Bali grid, which had dominant elsewhere, particularly on the more
an electricity shortage caused by years of indecision a total installed capacity of 23 009 MW in 2009. isolated systems. Hydropower provides a further
following the 1997 Asian economic crisis. Sumatra had a total capacity of 4948 MW, Sulawesi 7 per cent and geothermal power 5 per cent.
1195 MW and Kalimantan 1175 MW, while the Production was 150 000 GWh in 2008 (no complete
ENERGY RESOURCES remaining grids, Musa Tenggara, Maluku and 2009 figure has been published) and consumption
Indonesia has significant reserves of oil, gas and Papua, supported 265 MW, 182 MW and 168 MW in 2009 was 130 000 GWh, up from 125 000 GWh
coal, as well as hydropower and geothermal power. respectively. Installed capacity totalled 30 942 MW, in 2008.
Oil reserves were estimated to be 4.1 billion barrels excluding isolated systems, in 2010. The Indonesian electricity system is currently in
in 2010. Oil production was 1.023 million barrels Indonesias principal electricity company crisis, with power shortages in 250 regions, and
per day (bpd) and consumption was 1.115 million is Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara (PLN), a there have been regular power cuts since 2008.
bpd in 2009. Despite its large domestic reserves and vertically integrated company wholly owned by The hardest hit regions are outside the main grids,
exports of 85 000 bpd in 2008, Indonesia is a net the government. PLN controlled 24 000 MW of but even these have not been immune. A fast-track
oil importer. generating capacity, or 83 per cent of the total programme to build 10 000 MW of new capacity
Natural gas reserves were 3001 billion m3 in 2010. grid capacity, in 2009 and is currently mandated by 2009 was launched in 2006, but only 60 per
Production in 2009 was around 81.7 billion m3, of as the sole supplier of electricity on the grid cent was completed on time. Electricity is heavily
which half was exported. Domestic gas consumption systems through its monopoly of transmission and subsidized, making fundraising for investment
has been rising during the past decade and in 2007 distribution. Under a law passed in 2009, PLN difficult. PLN increased tariffs by 10 per cent in 2010,
only accounted for 37 per cent of production. will no longer have this monopoly and other the first increase since 2003, but much more needs
Indonesias coal resources are estimated by organizations may be granted licences. However, to be done if tariffs are to reflect production costs.
the government to total 105 billion tonnes. Coal there are currently no plans to split up PLN, which Meanwhile, electrification of around 65 per cent in
production in 2009 was 253.5 million tonnes critics suggest will mean that the law makes little the best-served areas, and lower elsewhere, is low
and domestic consumption 30.5 million tonnes. practical difference. by international standards.
Indonesia is a major coal exporter, particularly Independent power producers (IPPs) operate a
to China, and production has been rising swiftly further 14 per cent of total generating capacity, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
during the past decade. However, a planned primarily from four coal fired plants in Java, and Indonesia relies on fossil fuel for close to 90 per cent
coal fired power plant fleet should increase 3 per cent is controlled by private power utilities. of its electricity generation. In recent years, the high
domestic consumption. These companies and any new entrants to the cost of oil has forced PLN to switch oil fired power
Gross hydropower potential is 2147 TWh/y, marketplace have a legal obligation to obtain plants to coal, which is the fastest growing fuel for
according to the World Energy Council, of which government approval of their tariffs. power generation. In spite of this, the government
40 TWh/y is considered economically viable. This Generating capacity is primarily thermal, which has set a target of cutting carbon dioxide emissions
translates into around 76 000 MW of potential accounts for 88 per cent of capacity. On the largest by 26 per cent by 2020, based on current levels,
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Installed capacity by region, 2009

the country. Of these projects, 60 per cent were
0.9% 0.6% completed by 2009, but others have run into serious
3.9% 0.5% problems, often associated with financing. Even if
3.8% 16% they are completed, the new capacity is unlikely to
Sumatra 4948 MW meet demand beyond 2011.
Java-Madura-Bali 23 009 MW A second fast-track programme was launched

in 2009 to add a further 10 000 MW of capacity
Kalimantan 1175 MW by 2013. According to PLN forecasts, this will be
48 per cent geothermal, 14 per cent gas-fired
Sulawesi 1195 MW
plant, 12 per cent from new hydro capacity and the
Nusa Tenggara 265 MW remaining 26 per cent from additional coal-fired
plants. A total of 99 projects have been mooted.
Maluku 182 MW The cost of this new capacity is put at $17 billion, of
which $3.8 billion will be provided by PLN and the
Papua 168 MW
remainder raised from private investors. However,
74.3%
raising private sector investment has been a major
problem in the past and may well prove to be
so again. Local reports suggest the government
Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is considering offering a guarantee to secure
financing for the second series of IPP projects.
PLN predicted growth in generating capacity Renewable expansion will focus on geothermal
plants, including 12 new projects costing a total of
2018 82 003 $5 billion. Geothermal capacity is expected reach
9500 MW by 2025. There is major potential in many
2017 75 940
other areas, such as biofuels, wind power, solar
2016 69 860 power and tidal power.
2015 64 036 Transmission and distribution investment is also
2014 59 313 planned. In addition to the expansion of the rural
system, the Borneo grid is to be expanded and
2013 54 271
YEAR
interconnected with Sumatra and Java, as well as to

2012 49 358 neighbouring countries. Finally, nuclear power has
2011 42 776 again been mooted, but a project is unlikely to be
2010 37 512 built within the next decade.
2009 28 838
FUTURE TRENDS
2008 25 371 Demand in Indonesia has been rising at about
6 per cent each year and this is expected to continue
0 25 000 45 000 65 000 85 000
or even strengthen. Only around 65 per cent of
Predicted installed capacity (MW)
the population currently has access to power and
Source: PLN possibly less in outlying areas beyond the grids.
The government aims to increase electrification to
with a further 15 per cent promised with help from However, the fact that electricity remains 93 per cent by 2025, which will further fuel demand.
other countries. heavily subsidized makes it difficult for renewable In order to meet the expected increase over the
The country was considered the third largest ventures to compete effectively in the market. The long-term, PLN plans to increase generating
emitter of greenhouse gases in the world in governments attempt to foster new generation capacity to 82 000 MW by 2018, an addition of
2006, behind the USA and China, although with a feed-in tariff for power plants of less than 51 000 MW over eight years. Over this period, the
much of this is attributed to deforestation and 10 MW has so far produced little new capacity proportion of energy supplied by coal is expected
other land use issues. Much of the targeted since it is based on the PLN tariff, which is currently to rise from 45 per cent to 63 per cent, making it
improvement is likely to be achieved through its $70100 per MWh. the dominant source. Gas fired plants, geothermal
active leadership in the UNs Reducing Emissions plants and hydro plants are envisioned to supply
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT most of the remainder.
(REDD) programme. Indonesia is also taking With the electricity sector in Indonesia in a These plans are ambitious considering the state
advantage of the UN Clean Development prolonged crisis, the most pressing short-term need of the sector. Many of the deficiencies of Indonesias
Mechanism to host projects including is for more generating capacity. The 2006 fast-track electricity supply have structural causes and will
geothermal generation and biomass. The World programme to build 10 000 MW of new capacity only be solved by a major reform of the sector.
Bank has approved a $200 million climate by 2010 included the construction of ten power However, in spite of a new electricity law, this
change development policy loan to support the plants in Java all coal fired and with an aggregate appears unlikely and PLN will remain dominant for
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. capacity of 7000 MW and 25 in other parts of the foreseeable future.
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Japan
Nuclear power will be at the heart of generation plans as Japan
seeks to lessen its reliance on imports, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and maintain electricity supplies.
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. It is the capacity across all domestic Total installed generating capacity, 2007-2035
tenth most-populous country in the world, with plant. The country is already
just under 127 million citizens. The Greater the third-largest consumer of
Tokyo area, including Tokyo and several nuclear power, after the USA 2035 250
surrounding prefectures, comprises the largest and France.
metropolitan area in the world. Japan is also the third-largest 250
2030
The Liberal Democratic Party dominated the global oil consumer behind the
countrys political system from its founding in USA and China and the second-
2025 248
1955 until August 2009, when the Democratic largest net importer of crude
YEAR
Party of Japan (DPJ) achieved a majority in the oil. It is the worlds largest
lower house and led a coalition in the upper importer of liquefied natural 2020 247
house. After Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and gas (LNG) and coal.
DPJ secretary-general Ichiro Ozawa resigned in Domestic oil reserves
2015 247
June 2010 due to public discontent over political stood at 44 million barrels in
finances, the finance minister Naoto Kan was January 2010, according to
sworn in as the new Prime Minister. He went on the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), 2007 279
to win a intra-party DPJ presidential election on down from 58 million in 2007.
14 September, 2010. Meanwhile, the government 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
The gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan maintains oil stocks to ensure GW
expanded at an annual rate of 1.1 per cent in the supply security, which totalled Average annual percentage change = -0.4
third quarter of 2010. Japans average quarterly 590 million barrels at the end
Source: International Energy Outlook 2010,
GDP growth was 0.55 per cent between 1980 of April 2010, according to US Energy Information Administration
and 2010, reaching an historical high of 3.15 per the US Energy Information
cent in June 1990 and a record low of -4.45 per Administration (EIA). In 2009, Japans 145
cent in March 2009. producing wells in 13 fields provided roughly
Japans industrialized, free-market economy 132 660 barrels per day (bpd), of which only
is the third-largest in the world. It is highly 5330 bpd was crude oil. The pace of the domestic
efficient and competitive in areas linked to exploration programme slowed in 200910,
international trade, but productivity is far reportedly due to the low rate of production
lower in areas such as agriculture, distribution compared with exploration costs.
and services. Japan boasts industrial leadership, Japans proven natural gas reserves declined
technical ability and a well-educated from 39.6 billion m3 to 20.9 billion m3 between
workforce, which, combined with high savings 2007 and January 2010, according to the OGJ.
and investment rates and a championing of It produced 3.5 billion m3 of natural gas in
industrial development and foreign trade, has 2009. Minami-Nagaoka on the western coast
produced a mature industrial economy. The of Honshu is the countrys largest natural
country has few natural resources to call on, gas field and it produces roughly half of all
so trade helps it earn the foreign exchange domestic gas. Exploration and development
necessary to buy raw materials for its economy. of the field are ongoing. The gas produced
is transported via pipelines surrounding the
ENERGY RESOURCES Tokyo metropolitan area.
Since domestic energy resources account for Inpex is building an LNG terminal with a
only 16 per cent of total Japanese demand, in 2 billion m3 capacity at Naoetsu port in Joetsu
June 2010 the Ministry of Economy, Trade and City, which will connect its domestic pipeline
Industry (METI) resolved to increase energy self- infrastructure with overseas assets by the end
sufficiency to 70 per cent by 2030. In search of of 2013. Although new domestic reserves in
both energy security and reduced CO2 emissions, the Niigata, Akita and Hokkaido regions are
it envisages deepening strategic relationships being considered, the pace of exploration
with energy-producing countries and a large slowed in 2009-2010 due to high costs. Japan
role for nuclear power. This will require new accounted for about 36 per cent of global LNG
reactors, while also achieving 90 per cent imports in 2009, according to Cedigaz. That
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year, it consumed 93.4 billion m3 of natural

Installed renewable energy capacity*
gas, importing about 84.9 billion m3 by tanker.
Overall, natural gas, coal and nuclear power Type Number of projects Capacity (MW)
make up the bulk of the current electric power Wind 376 2360
mix, with natural gas and nuclear energy
Mini hydro 479 205
accounting for about 51 per cent of total
generation and coal 31 per cent. The remainder Solar 92 22
is split between renewables and petroleum-based Biomass 354 19 333
liquid fuels. Hydroelectric power and renewable
Geothermal 1 2
energy account for a relatively small percentage
of total energy consumption in the country.
Others 33 14
Solar (off-take) 576 983 2150
ELECTRICITY MARKET Total 578 318 24 086
Japans power industry is divided into ten
*Accredited under the RPS Law, as of 31 July 2010
regions, each of which is dominated by one
Source: ARNE survey
privately owned, integrated power company
acting as a regional monopoly and controlling
the transmission and distribution infrastructure. of 25 yen ($0.31) per kWh for non-residential In May 2010, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
The largest of these is the Tokyo Electric Power and residential installations above 10 kW. announced that it would invest 7 billion yen by
Company (TEPCO). Residential installations below 10 kW attract March 2012 to build facilities at its production
These ten companies account for more than 48 yen/kWh. These tariffs are expected to fall sites in Japan for experiments to establish
three-quarters of Japans electricity capacity gradually by installation year. According to Fuji advanced smart grid technologies.
and control the countrys regional transmission Keizai, a Japanese market research firm, these
and distribution infrastructure. Other big names solar subsidies will help Japans solar cell market FUTURE TRENDS
are the Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC), to nearly quadruple its 2009 level to 487.1 Japan accounts for the largest share of electricity
which operates three nuclear power plants, billion yen by 2020. generation in East Asia and is likely to continue to
and the Electric Power Development Company In August 2010, METI published new do so in the mid-term, according to EIA, despite
(known as J-Power), which operates 16 GW of guidelines designed to add 3235 GW having the slowest-growing electricity market
hydroelectric and thermal power plants. of renewable energy capacity and create a in the region. The countrys electricity markets
The Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake of 2007 renewable energy market worth 10 trillion yen are well established and its aging population
affected TEPCOs Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear by 2020. These guidelines are part of METIs and relatively slow projected economic growth
Power Station causing one of the transformers broader aim to investigate a new renewable translate into a slow growth in demand for
in the local nuclear power plant to catch fire. energy incentive scheme for Japan, including electrical power. Reliance on nuclear energy is
The plant is a linchpin for the countrys electricity a review of the scope of off-take for forecast to increase from 24 per cent of total
system with a combined electric output of more electricity generated from renewable sources. generation in 2007 to 34 per cent in 2035. Natural
than 8200 MW and the company has continued The guidelines include a proposed tariff of gass share of generation is likely to decline
inspection and reinforcement work at the site 1520 yen/kWh for 1520 years, apart from solar slightly over the same period, from 28 per cent to
through 2010 and into 2011. and mini-wind, which are for ten years. It is also 27 per cent being displaced by nuclear and, to a
proposed that tariffs are higher in the earlier much smaller extent, renewable energy sources.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY years and will be reduced by installation year. A decline in coal use of 322.38 TWh is
Japan has one of the most energy-efficient In late October 2010, the Japan Bank for expected to 2035, taking its share to 23 per cent.
developed economies globally and it uses International Cooperation announced it has set However, Japan is likely to continue seeking
a Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) to aside $4 billion to invest in renewable energy diverse sources of coal supply for the long term.
encourage renewable energy development. and carbon projects in the two years to March Solar power, increasing by a predicted 27.2 per
The standard was introduced in April 2003 and 2013 to help Japan offset its emissions. cent per year from 2007 to 2035, is Japans fastest-
revised in 2007 with the aim of generating growing source of renewable electricity. This form
16 TWh (1.63 per cent of national electricity INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT of generation receives favourable government
sales) by 2014. Electricity suppliers can meet The inauguration of a TEPCO mega solar power policies and growth in this area is expected to
their RPS obligations via self-generation, generation project at Mount Komekura in Kofu, outpace wind, which is increasing by 3.8 per cent
buying renewable electricity from other Yamanashi, is planned for January 2012 to per year. But both solar and wind power remain
suppliers, or purchasing a tradable renewable provide a total output of 10 000 kW. The minor sources of electricity, each supplying less
energy certificate. company has also been involved in joint research than 1 per cent of total generation in 2035,
In November 2009, METI introduced a new projects to establish methods for operating compared with hydropowers 8 per cent share.
regime for the off-take of solar electricity. and maintaining offshore and onshore wind In light of this, Japans energy-related carbon
Power utilities are required to purchase excess turbines and formulating design guidelines for dioxide emissions are expected to decline by an
solar electricity for 10 years at a fixed tariff wind power generation systems. average of 0.6 per cent per year to 2035.
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Malaysia
Dwindling natural gas supplies are forcing Malaysia to shift towards
coal fired generation to meet rising demand over the coming decade.
The Southeast Asian country of Malaysia is Electricity generation, 2008-2026

a federation of 13 states and three federal
territories occupying peninsular Malaysia 188 651
200,000
and part of the island of Borneo. Peninsular
180,000 179 087
Malaysia stretches from the Thai border to 168 828
Singapore, while East Malaysia comprises the 160,000 158 494
147 916
states of Sarawak and Sabah in Borneo. The 140,000 137 459
territory covers 329 847 km2 and is inhabited by 127 270
120,000 117 348
28.3 million people. 107 885
100,000 98 786
GWh
Malaysia was formed in 1963 from former

British colonies in Malaya and Borneo (including 80,000
Singapore, which ceded in 1965). The government
60,000
comprises a nominally paramount ruler, a non-
elected upper house and an elected lower house.
40,000
There are also state governments, but their 20,000
powers are constrained by the federal constitution. 0
Sarawak and Sabah have additional state powers. 0 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026
Malaysia has moved from an economy that was YEAR
based primarily on the production of raw materials
Source: Malaysian Nuclear Agency
during the 1970s to become a producer and
exporter of high technology products, particularly The government seeks to maintain a five-fuel (Sesco), while power in neighbouring Sabah is
electronics. In 2010, gross domestic product (GDP) mix for power generation. The first three are provided by Sabah Electricity Sendirian Berhad
was an estimated $219 billion and growth was the main fossil fuels, but oil contributes less than (SESB). The company was nominally privatized but
forecast to reach 6.7 per cent after a contraction of 1 per cent of output, while coal and gas contribute is now owned by TNB, the Sabah government and
1.7 per cent the previous year. over 90 per cent. The fourth source is hydropower, the state oil company, Petronas.
which estimates suggest could potentially provide The total installed generating capacity in
ENERGY RESOURCES 29 000 MW of commercially viable energy from Malaysia is estimated to have hit 24 187 MW in 2010,
Malaysia has a range of domestic energy resources 123 000 GWh of total potential. Most of the viable up slightly from 24 015 MW in 2009. Peak demand
including oil, natural gas and limited coal reserves. potential, 20 000 MW, is located in Sarawak, with is expected to be 16 332 MW, again slightly higher
There is also an extensive hydropower resource a further 5000 MW in Sabah and 4000 MW in than 15 943 MW in 2009. This provides a significant
and the potential for large solar and biomass peninsular Malaysia. margin of capacity over demand. Generation is
contributions to the energy supply. The fifth energy source is renewable energy, dominated by fossil fuel fired power plants. The
Proven oil reserves were 2.9 billion barrels in excluding large hydropower. Malaysia has country ostensibly promotes a five-fuel policy, but
2010. During the previous year, production was significant renewable resources including small in practice gas, coal and hydropower currently
693 700 barrels per day (bpd) while consumption hydropower, solar, wind and biomass. Palm oil dominate generation, while oil and renewables
was 554 000 bpd, leaving a surplus of 139 000 bpd has major potential as a biomass resource as make only a small contribution. Natural gas is the
that was exported. Malaysia has plantations covering 15 per cent of basis for 59.1 per cent of generating capacity, coal
The countrys natural gas reserves were the countrys land area and producing a significant for 34.0 per cent, and hydropower for 6.3 per cent,
estimated at 2350 billion m3 in 2010. It produced amount of combustible waste. with oil and other renewables amounting to only
58.6 billion m3 and consumed 29.1 billion m3 of 0.6 per cent.
gas in 2009, allowing it to accumulate net exports ELECTRICITY MARKET Installed capacity on peninsular Malaysia in
of 29.5 billion m3. Most of this is exported as The electricity system is geographically divided 2010 was 21 790 MW, of which 42 per cent was
liquefied natural gas (LNG) primarily to Japan, into three parts. The greater part of the controlled by TNB and most of the remainder
Taiwan and South Korea, making it the second countrys capacity is located in peninsular by independent power providers (IPPs). Sescos
largest LNG exporter after Qatar. There is also a Malaysia, where there is an integrated grid 1315 MW of installed capacity is primarily
pipeline between Malaysia and Indonesia. system operated by Tenaga Nasional Berhad based on fossil fuel generation, while SESB has
Coal reserves in 2008 were estimated to (TNB). This was a vertically integrated utility 1048 MW. Total production in Malaysia in 2010 was
be 4.0 million tonnes. Malaysia produced until 1997 when its major power stations were expected to reach 98 786 GWh while consumption
1.4 million tonnes of coal in 2009 while it consumed transferred to TNB Generation. This remains was predicted to be 90 600 GWh, a slight decline
6.6 million tonnes, leaving a shortfall of 5.2 million a wholly owned subsidiary of TNB, which is from the 92 800 GWh recorded in 2009.
tonnes that had to be imported. Coal use for controlled by the government. Across peninsular Malaysia, TNB generated
power generation is expected to increase sharply Electricity supply in Sarawak is controlled by the 41 146 GWh in the 2009/10 financial year, up from
over the next decade, requiring imports to also rise. state-owned Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation 39 368 GWh in 2008/9. The firms share of the total
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market was 41.9 per cent of a gross generation of is expected to rise at more than 3 per cent over Generation mix, 2010 & 2030
around 98 200 GWh. Sabah saw power shortages the next decade.
Fuel 2010 2015 2020
during 2009 due to rising demand and an aging The effects of this can already be seen in
fleet of generating units, which meant at one stage a shift towards coal-fired power generation, Natural Gas 58.3% 52.5% 48.0%
that its margin dipped to -10 per cent. which is likely to accelerate over the next ten Coal 36.9% 43.2% 48.0%
years. A 300 MW joint-venture coal-fired power
Hydro 4.8% 4.3% 4.0%
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY plant is planned for Sabah and a new 1000 MW
Malaysia has a relatively weak environmental coal-fired plant is needed on the peninsular by Nuclear
policy regarding climate change. Although it 2015 to ensure adequate supply. At the same Source: Malaysian Nuclear Agency
has pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions time, TNB proposes to expand its Manjung coal
by 40 per cent by 2050, its short- and medium- fired plant. There are also plans to
term targets are hardly ambitious. Renewable build facilities for importing LNG to
Installed capacity and peak demand
energy featured as a fifth fuel in the national ensure that the power sector does
mix in the eighth Malaysia Plan (200105), not become over-reliant on coal as 30
but capacity excluding hydropower was only indigenous gas supplies fall.
28
53 MW by the end of 2009. A proposed major The largest energy project in
shift towards coal fired generation as gas Malaysia is currently the Bakun 26 24 187
supplies become stretched over the next decade dam in Sarawak, which will have
24 015
will only exacerbate the overall problem. a generating capacity of 2400 MW
24
21 637
In 2010, the Ministry of Energy, Green when it enters service in 2011. 22 21 559
Technology and Water announced a new Around 1600 MW of this was to 20 125
renewable energy policy and action plan. This be made available to peninsular 20 19 380
envisaged that 6 per cent of generating capacity Malaysia through a 680 km undersea
18 16 332
(1000 MW) should be based on renewable cable, but the timetable for that 15 943
generation by 2015, and renewables should plan is now slipping. To compensate, 16 15 172 15 540
14 375
contribute 2000 MW or 11 per cent of the total TNB is currently planning two new 13 809
14
PER CENT
by 2020. This is due to be supported by feed-in hydropower plants, the 250 MW

tariffs for renewable generators and guaranteed Hulu Terengganu and the 352 MW 12
access to the national grid. However, the law Ulu Jelai projects. Both are scheduled
required to support this policy is not yet in place. to start delivering power in 2015. 10
The ministry is also drawing up a master plan to TNB is also involved in a joint
8
improve energy efficiency, which is due to be venture to build a 10 MW palm
implemented in 2011. oil waste plant in Pahang. Over 6
Malaysia has a range of renewable resources it the longer term, the government
could draw on, besides hydropower, to increase is looking at building the countrys
4
renewable generation. Waste from palm oil first nuclear power plant. Allowing 2
production could be used to generate up to for a 1015 year planning and
20 per cent of the countrys electricity by 2020, implementation period, the 0
according to one estimate. There is also significant projected startup date for such a
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010*
solar potential and the country has some major plant would be around 202123.
untapped geothermal reservoirs that could be Peak demand (MW) Installed capacity (MW)
used to generate electricity. Wind potential is FUTURE TRENDS
* Predicted figures
currently being mapped. Malaysias per capita electricity
demand is rising rapidly and will Source: The Malaysian Economy in Figures,
2010, Malaysian government
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT reach or exceed the Organisation
Malaysia currently has a comfortable generating for Economic Co-operation and Development the main demand centres are in peninsular
capacity surplus across the peninsular, although (OECD) average within the next 20 years. This Malaysia. Nuclear power is another option being
there have been shortages in Sabah due to a is forcing the country to plan for significant considered, but the startup of a nuclear plant
lack of capacity. However, a natural gas crisis growth in its generating capacity. The country is at least a decade away. The government is
is looming. The peninsular gas fields are being traditionally relied on imported oil and then beginning to take serious action to encourage
depleted at an annual rate of 12 per cent, so indigenous gas for most of its power, but as renewable generation and is looking at energy
that the country will become a net importer by domestic gas supplies dwindle and it shifts efficiency measures. However, the next ten years
2020. Gas prices are currently subsidized, but towards imported coal instead, major decisions are likely to see a coal and gas continuing to
under the tenth five-year plan subsidies will be on future direction are needed. dominate the fuel mix, with hydropower taking
phased out until market prices are charged to The country has massive hydropower potential, a bigger role only when undersea cables are built
all users by 2015. Meanwhile, electricity demand but most of this is in the island of Borneo while to import power from Sarawak.
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Pakistan
Massive new investment is required in generating capacity as Pakistan
continues to struggle with a power crisis that is denting its economic growth.
Pakistan is located in the northwestern corner of Installed capacity (MW)

the Indian subcontinent, straddling the course
of the Indus river. To the west are Iran and
2010 22 176
Afghanistan, to the north China and to the east is
India, while its southern coast borders the Arabian 2009 19 786
Sea. The country covers an area of 796 095 km 2 2008 19 420
including 25 220 km2 of territorial waters. The 2007 19 420
population was 184.4 million in 2010, with annual
2006 19 450
population growth around 2 per cent.
Since the formation of Pakistan in 1947
2005 19 384
YEAR
following the partition of India, constant 2004 19 257

friction between the two countries has led 2003 17 798
to three wars. The country also faces a major
2002 17 799
internal threat from Islamist militants. Although
ostensibly a democracy, Pakistan has suffered
2001 17 498
several periods of military dictatorship. The last, 2000 17 339
under President Pervez Musharraf, ended with 1999 15 662
his resignation in August 2008 and the election
of Asif Zardari as president. 0 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
Pakistan is severely underdeveloped
economically with dangerously high inflation, Source: Energy Yearbook, 2009
at 14.2 per cent in 2009. Gross domestic product Production in 2008/9 was around 3.4 million between hydropower capacity, which WAPDA
(GDP) in 2010 was estimated at $174.8 billion with tonnes, but consumption was significantly higher controls directly, and thermal capacity, which is
growth at 4.8 per cent, following a rise of 3.5 per at 7.6 million tonnes. operated by a subsidiary, the Pakistan Electric
cent in 2009. However, a long-term power crisis is Hydropowers potential capacity is 55 000 MW, Power Company (PEPCO). The latter was created
stunting growth. of which only 12 per cent has been exploited, in 2007 to manage 14 newly formed independent
according to the countrys government. An WAPDA subsidiaries, including four thermal power
ENERGY RESOURCES additional small hydro potential of 12 000 MW has generation companies, nine distribution companies
Pakistan has significant reserves of oil, natural also been identified. and the national transmission and power dispatch
gas, coal and hydropower, but these are currently Research suggests the Gharo Wind corridor company, NTDC. The other significant utility is
insufficient to meet domestic demand and the in the south of the country could provide the Karachi Electricity Supply Corp (KESC), serving
country imports oil, coal and electricity. Total 55 000 MW of energy, but the overall potential Karachi and adjacent areas, which had 9 per cent
energy supply in 200809 was 62.2 million tonnes could be much higher. Solar potential is put at of the generating capacity in 2009. The remaining
of oil equivalent. Of this, natural gas accounted for 2900 MW and there is a large biomass capacity capacity comprises a number of IPP power plant
48 per cent, oil for 32 per cent, electricity (hydro too, particularly from sugar cane bagasse, from companies operating thermal power plants, which
and nuclear power) for 8 per cent and coal for which the country has the potential to produce controlled 35.5 per cent of capacity in 2009, and
8 per cent, with a small contribution from liquefied both biodiesel and bioethanol. the small nuclear sector under the Pakistan Atomic
petroleum gas (LPG). The cost of oil imports was Energy Commission (PAEC). A limited amount of
$9.4 billion. ELECTRICITY MARKET power was imported from Iran in 2009.
Proven oil reserves were 436.3 million barrels The electricity sector in Pakistan is suffering Total installed capacity in Pakistan in 2010 was
in 2010. Oil production in 200809 was 23 million a persistent supply crisis with a significant expected to reach 22 176 MW, around 2000 MW
barrels while consumption was 132 million barrels, power shortfall since 2006. This has been higher than 2009. However, the overall generating
mostly imported from Saudi Arabia. attributed to several factors, including poor capacity hardly changed between 2004 and 2009
Proven natural gas reserves were estimated at hydrological conditions leading to low hydro leading to major supply problems within the
840.2 billion m3 in 2010. Production in 2008/9 was output, an inadequate supply of gas for the country. In 2009, the largest source of electricity
36.0 million m3 while consumption was slightly countrys independent power provider (IPP) was oil, which accounted for 35.5 per cent of the
less than production at 29.7 million m3. However, thermal plants, fuel oil supply issues, corruption, total. Natural gas provided a further 32.3 per
consumption is rising and a gas shortage appears mismanagement and the problem of cross- cent and hydropower 30.3 per cent, while the
to be imminent, which has led the country to subsidy within the tariff structure. The industry remaining 2.1 per cent was provided by coal, the
consider imports from Iran, Qatar and central Asia. is also carrying high levels of debt. nuclear industry and imports.
Coal represents the largest fossil fuel resource Electricity generation in Pakistan is dominated Electricity generation in 200809 totalled
in Pakistan, but production remains small. Proven by the Water and Power Development Authority 91 616 GWh and a further 227 GWh was imported
coal reserves are 2070 million tonnes, although (WAPDA), which accounted for 51.6 per cent of the from Iran. The overall total represents a significant
the potential reserves could be much higher. total generating capacity in 2009. This is divided fall from the 97 912 GWh produced in 200708. Of
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Installed capacity by type, 2009
total local generation, 67.6 per cent was from
thermal power plants and 30.3 per cent from 0.2% 0.1%
hydropower plants.
Overall consumption in 200809 was
35.3%
70 371 GWh, slightly lower than the 73 371 GWh 30.3%
the previous year, while overall transmission and Oil
distribution losses were put at 21.6 per cent,
representing a significant loss of both efficiency Natual Gas
and revenue. Electricity is heavily subsidized by the
Hydro
government, which goes some way to explaining
why the domestic sector is the single largest Nuclear and imported
energy consumer in Pakistan with 46 per cent of
the total in 200708. Under an agreement with
Coal
the International Monetary Fund, tariffs were
supposed to rise by 24 per cent in 200910, but part
of the increase was postponed.
32.3%
Source: Energy Yearbook, 2009
Pakistan has no specific environmental policy
or targets for global emissions, although the
country is likely to suffer the ill effects of global
warming. The government sees Pakistan as a low INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Rural electrification is continuing with
greenhouse gas emitter despite relying heavily The electricity sector is seriously out of balance, 120 000 villages due to be connected in 201011.
on fossil fuels for power generation. Given its with peak demand on the PEPCO and KESC grid The target is to reach 86 per cent electrification
financial constraints, the country has little scope expected to reach 22 636 MW in 2010, against within five years.
for implementing policies that are likely to add an installed capacity of 22 176 MW. More than
to overall energy costs. 20 per cent of the power on the system is lost, FUTURE TRENDS
There appears to be no inventory of national creating a large shortfall against a background With electricity demand expected to increase by
emissions, but current environmental guidelines of 12.5 per cent expected growth in demand in 8.5 per cent on the PEPCO grid in 201011, the
appear to be those contained within the 2005 200910. To counter this over the short term, proposed addition of 2000 MW over the same
National Environmental Policy. These include 15 new power units were due to be completed period will hardly keep pace with demand, leaving
devising a national climate change policy during 200910, adding 2386 MW of capacity, the country still facing supply shortages. Over
and action plan, establishing a national clean but not all the investment available is being the longer term, the government claims it will
development mechanism authority and promoting used. Between 2009 and 2010, the government increase total generating capacity to 40 000 MW
energy efficiency and renewable energy. allocated $1.9 billion to the power sector, of over the next ten years at an estimated cost of
The country has significant renewable energy which only $1.4 billion was utilized. A further $32 billion, while the NTDC has suggested capacity
resources but, apart from large hydropower, budget of $1.5 billion has been set for 201011. is planned to increase to 57 000 MW by 2020.
these have not been exploited to any A further 2119 MW is due to be added to This will be accompanied by the extension and
significant extent. According to one report, the system during 201011. This will include improvement of the transmission and distribution
there is currently around 40 MW of renewable 420 MW from new rental plants, 1241 MW system to bring electricity to the whole of the
generating capacity, but another points to only from new IPP plants, 298 MW of hydropower country at a further cost of $10 billion.
5.5 MW of small hydro capacity. There currently capacity, 44 MW of wind power ostensibly If the current government is to achieve this aim
appears to be no wind capacity or notable solar the countrys first major wind capacity and it will need to attract large amounts of foreign
capacity installed. 116 MW of thermal capacity, built by KESC. investment into the power sector. In the meantime,
The only significant renewable planning Several medium capacity hydropower plants it is relying on rental power plants, which burn fuel
currently appears to be for new large hydro with a combined capacity of 453 MW are under oil and are brought on line quickly to help fill the
plants. Over a 15-year timeframe, around 22 000 construction by WAPDA and due to enter service power gap. In the longer term, there is potential
MW of new capacity could be added. This will within one to two years. They range from for a massive increase in hydro capacity. A 969 MW
require high levels of investment, probably about 16 MW to 130 MW in capacity. A bigger plant, plant is due to complete in 2016 and a 4500 MW
$3040 billion. Another area where new renewable the 969 MW Neelum Jhelum plant, is expected project is under way but a further 16 760 MW could
capacity is accessible is through combusting to be completed in 2016 while construction of be developed over the next 15 years.
sugar cane bagasse, which could provide up to the much larger Diamer-Basha project, with a Fossil fuels remain a problem, with Pakistan
1800 MW during the harvest season, with coal capacity of 4500 MW is just beginning. having to import both coal and oil, while
burned outside of this to maintain production. New thermal power plants are also being demand for gas is expected to exceed production
However there appear to be no national targets constructed, including two 1200 MW coal fired very soon. If the country is to become more self-
for renewable generation. Meanwhile, a projects near Karachi involving AES and Mitsui, sufficient, it needs to develop its coal resources
programme to replace incandescent bulbs with burning imported coal. In addition, PAEC is as well as hydropower and other renewable
low energy fluorescent bulbs is predicted to planning two more nuclear units at its Chasma sources. However, long-term planning seems
reduce peak demand by 1133 MW. site that will start operating by 2018. fragmentary today.
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Philippines
Capacity shortages are likely to remain a serious problem despite
encouraging new renewables legislation and an ongoing privatization drive.
The Philippines is a country of 92 million people Total final energy consumption by sector 2009
in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean.
Its archipelago comprises 7107 islands with 1.4%
three main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and
10.2%
Mindanao. The capital is Manila. President
Benigno Aquino III, whose six-year term began Transport
in June 2010, is head of state and appoints 37.7%
and oversees the cabinet. Economic growth
Residential
topped 7 per cent in 2010, according to IMF 24.5%
Industry
estimates, but the country lags neighbours such
as Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia Commercial
both in GDP and GDP per capita. Agriculture
Agriculture
and services are the biggest employers. The
industrial sector is relatively small, employing
less than 15 per cent of the workforce and
26.0%
accounting for about 30 per cent of GDP. The
economy is also heavily reliant on remittances Source: DOE
from an estimated 11 million Filipinos living
outside their homeland. energy efficiency and renewables as well as generation mix is: hydro 21 per cent; oil thermal
private sector investment in the power sector. 2 per cent; coal thermal 28 per cent; diesel 4 per
ENERGY RESOURCES The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) cent; geothermal 24 per cent; and combined cycle
The Philippines is a relatively minor coal of 2001 deregulated the power industry and com- 21 per cent.
producer with recoverable coal reserves of pelled the state-owned utility, National Power The capacity shortage that caused a power crisis
240 million tonnes. The Philippine Department Corporation (Napocor), to break up its vertically in the 1990s has yet to be resolved. Without new
of Energy (DOE) estimates that the countrys integrated assets into separate units for electricity capacity, the government says that Mindanao,
several coal fired power stations accounted for generation, transmission and distribution. The act Luzon and Visayas will face a critical period as early
3967 MW of electricity generated in the country, also mandated the eventual sell-off of most of the as 2011. Power supply is declared critical when
about 27 per cent of the total. companys transmission and generation assets. generating capacity cannot cover peak demand
The Philippines has 110 billion m3 of proven Napocors assets designated for privatization and reserves fall below 23.4 per cent of dependable
natural gas reserves, almost all in the Malampaya were organized into two state holding capacity for Luzon and the Visayas, and 21 per cent
natural gas field. Significant natural gas production companies: the National Transmission for Mindanao.
only got under way in 2001 and, despite a recent Corporation (Transco), which took on much Visayas is set to secure an additional 328 MW
surge in consumption, natural gas supplies less of the companys transmission assets, and the of power supply this year, but only 42.5 MW of
than 8 per cent of energy consumption. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management capacity will be added in Mindanao when another
Historically small-scale oil production from (PSALM) Corporation, which assumed control of hydro power plant goes on stream. Luzon is not
about 138 million barrels of proven reserves has Napocors power plants. However, as of January scheduled to augment its capacity until 2012, when
expanded in recent years, primarily due to the 2010 only 20 of the 30 generating facilities 600 MW is due to be added to the grid.
development of new offshore deepwater deposits. earmarked for disposal have been sold and
The Philippines is the worlds second transferred to the winning bidders. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
biggest user of geothermal energy and also In 2008, National Power Grid Corp was One of the key programmes of the 20-year
has significant tidal and solar potential. Wind awarded the franchise to operate the Philippine Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) is to aggressively
power is growing but Northwind farm at power transmission system (Transco) for 50 years. develop renewable energy potential such as
Bangui in Illocos Norte remains the only sizeable The Philippine Electricity Market Corporation biomass, solar, wind and ocean resources.
development, with an installed capacity of (PEMC) is the current operator of the wholesale Under the PEP, the Philippine government aims
25 MW and a maximum capacity of 33 MW. spot market (WESM), which started operations to double the current 5300 MW renewable
in June 2006. WESM currently covers Luzon but energy-based installed capacity for power
ELECTRICITY MARKET is expected to expand into Visayas by 2012 and generation by 2030. This is in line with the
The Department of Energy sets overall policy eventually Mindanao. A futures market is still governments thrust to ensure energy security
goals in the energy industry, while the Energy some way off. while reducing carbon emissions.
Regulatory Commission (ERC) is charged Electricity consumption was estimated at A Renewable Energy Act (REA), in force
with regulating the electricity sector. The 48.96 billion kWh and production at 56.57 billion since January 2009, is very comprehensive by
governments plan is to make the Philippines kWh in 2010. The installed generating capacity regional standards, covering wind, biomass, solar,
more self-sufficient in energy and to boost for the national grid was 15 572 MW in 2010. The geothermal, ocean and hydro. The law aims for
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the Philippines to become the worlds leading Installed capacity in MW
geothermal producer and Southeast Asias main
wind power producer. The DOE is also seeking to 16 000
double hydro capacity by 2013, adding 3100 MW. 15 000
The act introduces the Renewable Portfolio 14 000
Standard (RPS) and the DOE expects a set 13 000
percentage of generation to eventually be sourced 12 000
from eligible renewables resources. The REA also 11 000
9472
9054
8987
8760
8629
established a feed-in tariff (FiT) with a guaranteed
8526
10 000
8607
8275
7721
fixed price for at least 12 years for electricity from
7149
9000
7138
emerging renewable resources such as wind, solar,
8000
MW
ocean, run-of-river hydro and biomass.

7000
Production incentives introduced by the REA
6000
include a seven-year income tax holiday, a ten-year
5000
duty-free holiday on imports of equipment and
4000
machinery for renewables projects, a 10 per cent
3000
corporate tax rate, and tax exemption of carbon
2000
credits. Consumption incentives include zero VAT
1000
on sale of fuel generated from renewables as well
as net-metering to allow end-users generating
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
renewable power to sell it to the grid. Eligible
Coal Natural gas Geothermal Peak demand
plants are also given priority connection to the
transmission or distribution system.
Oil Hydro Wind/Solar
Source: DOE
The generation segment is still dominated by Electricity generation by source in 2010
the state-owned NPC, but ongoing privatization
has attracted several international concerns over
21%
the past three years, such as AES (United States) 24%
CCGT
and SN Power (Norway). Prominent generating
companies operating in the Philippines also Hydroelectric
include: Covanta/InterGen (Quezon Power);
Chevron Geothermal (formerly Unocal); CAL Oil Thermal
Energy (MidAmerican Energy Holdings); 4%
Coal Thermal
Marubeni, Tokyo Electric, Sumitomo, STEAG
21%
and Kepco. Diesel
FirstGen and the Aboitiz Group are among
the leading players in the Philippines generation Geothermal
sector. In their different stages of expansion, 28% 2%
rehabilitation, upgrades and regular maintenance,
these gencos may present opportunities for Source: National Grid Corporation of The Philippines
supplying various types of equipment and services.
The Philippine National Oil Co (PNOC), the Phase 2 of the Northwind power project was coal and hydropower projects. All are awaiting
countrys largest geothermal producer until it commissioned in October 2008 to add 8 MW the proposed amendments to EPIRA and the
sold its geothermal subsidiary in 2007, won an to bring total capacity to 33 MW. In addition, implementation of other measures to improve the
exploration contract to develop the Mount Isarog three pre-commercial contracts for wind resource overall investment climate.
volcanic chain in Camarines Sur in 2009. This assessments have been awarded to Alternergy. To hasten this process, DOE needs to clarify some
geothermal project has the capacity to generate Energy Development Corp has contracts for tax laws after the Aboitiz Power Corporation,
18 GWh of electricity per year from its potential two sites in Ilocos Norte, where Northern Luzon owner of the 700 MW Pagbilao coal facility, was
capacity of at least 20 MW. UPC Asia Corp also has contracts for two sites. pursued for non-payment of real property taxes.
Global Green has three biomass power projects Constellation has won contracts for a site in Negros There is also uncertainty due to the inability of
in the Philippines that are expected to be on-line Occidental and another in Negros Oriental. cash-strapped electric cooperatives to pay power
with an aggregate capacity of 70 MW by 2012. generation companies, as well as inconsistencies
The company plans to invest $192 million to FUTURE TRENDS in government policies.
build plants in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Power shortages will not disappear overnight Domestic players also look set to take an
Iloilo and Bukidnon. Asea One is investing about but legislation is now falling into place so that increasingly active role in the electricity market.
$180 million to 2014 to build biomass power the Philippines can finally attract much-needed Philippine food and beverage conglomerate
facilities in the central provinces of Aklan, Negros foreign investment to its power sector. San Miguel Corp has revealed plans to invest
Occidental, Iloilo and Cebu. The projects will add Companies from China, Japan and South $4 billion in energy and infrastructure over the
72 MW capacity to the Cebu-Negros-Panay grid. Korea are reportedly conducting due diligence on next five years.
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South Korea
With few hydrocarbon resources of its own, South Korea looks to lead the Asian
drive for low carbon electricity using a mix of nuclear and renewable energy.
The Korean peninsula emerged from 35 years Electricity generation capacity, 2009 (MW)
of Japanese rule in 1945, then split along the
38th parallel to form the Democratic Republic 2747 5515
of Korea to the north and the Republic of
Korea to the south in 1948. War broke out
in 1950 and heavy fighting followed for the Hydro (1)
next three years. Since then a fragile peace has
existed, interrupted by sporadic clashes, while a Coal
treaty to formally end the conflict has remained
Oil
elusive to this day. Now separated by the most 17 716 24 205
Total
heavily fortified border in the world, they exist 73 470 MW LNG
in very different economic spheres.
In the past 50 years, South Korea has become Nuclear
an economic powerhouse, manufacturing and
Other (2)
exporting electronics, automobiles, ships and
machinery. However, the South Korean economy, 17 850
the third largest in Asia and 13th in the world,
5438
has been significantly affected by the global
financial downturn.
(1) Includes hydro pumped storage, small-hydro.
South Korea is a mountainous country of (2) Includes Renewable and Community Energy Services.
99 313 km2, with a population of 48.3 million
mainly urban dwellers. The densely populated Source: Korea Power Exchange
democratic presidential republic has the worlds
lowest birth rate and fastest broadband speeds.
which has yet to be exploited. The government Kepco remains in control of transmission
ENERGY RESOURCES has set targets to increase use of renewable and distribution for the whole of South Korea.
Around 90 per cent of the Korean peninsulas energy, up from the 2010 figure of 2.4 per cent, In 2010, the transmission system consisted of
energy resources coal reserves and hydropower to 5 per cent by 2011, and 11 per cent by 2030. about 30 257 km of 765 kV lines including
are north of the 38th parallel, so the South high voltage DC and 715 substations with an
Korean republic relies on imported power. ELECTRICITY MARKET installed transformer capacity of 247 786 MVA.
With its strong manufacturing base, South Korea Electric Company (Kepco), the state- The distribution system includes about
Korea is the worlds tenth largest energy consumer. owned national utility responsible for 99 630 MVA of transformer capacity and about
It is the fifth largest importer of crude oil and generation, transmission and distribution 8 million units of support with a total line length
the second largest importer of both coal and was formed in 1961 by merging three small of 420 258 km. In 2005, Kepco transmitted
liquefied natural gas (LNG) globally. Following electricity suppliers. The company was listed on electricity across the border to North Korea
rapid growth in the 1990s, South Koreas oil the stock exchange in 1989, when 21 per cent providing power to the Gaeseong Industrial
consumption has remained relatively steady this of its shares were sold to the public. In 2001, Complex, which was set up as an outcome of the
century. The industrial sector accounts for more Kepcos power generation business was spun first inter-Korean summit.
than half of the countrys oil consumption, due to off into six power generation subsidiaries. Koreas electricity is currently a mix of mainly
its significant petrochemical industry. The republic That same year, competition was introduced thermal and nuclear generation, with less than
has three of the ten largest oil refineries in the into the electricity generation market. Kepco 10 per cent being derived from hydropower
world, producing more than 2.5 million barrels lost its monopoly, although it remains the and renewables.
per day of refined product in 2009. largest generator and retains responsibility for South Korea now has the fifth highest
South Korea embarked on a nuclear power transmission and distribution. nuclear generation capacity in the world,
programme in the 1960s. Escalating oil prices The Korean power market players consist behind the United States, France, Japan
in the 1970s led to a strategic decision to boost of the energy suppliers (generators), a single and Russia. Nuclear currently accounts for
nuclear capacity, which has been unwaveringly purchaser (transmission and distribution asset 25 per cent of South Koreas electricity
maintained, to the extent that nuclear owner and retail business), large customers and generation but its contribution is set to reach
currently accounts for around 25 per cent of its a market operator. The number of generators about 50 per cent in the next ten years and
electricity generation. has increased rapidly in the past few years and 59 per cent by 2030, when 40 nuclear reactors
There is good potential to generate energy now numbers in the hundreds. The market uses are planned to be in operation.
from offshore wind and solar plant. There is an a two-tier pricing structure with different rates South Korea currently has 20 operational
estimated 1.5 GW of small-scale hydro potential, for base load and peak generation reactors: 16 pressurized water reactors (PWRs)
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and four CANDU pressurized heavy-water The first two units of the APR1400
cooled reactors (PHWRs). In 2009, Kepco had are being constructed at Shin-Kori
Predicted electricity supply and demand
the worlds best nuclear power plant operation and are due to enter commercial Year Peak Demand (MW) Total Capacity (MW)
figures with an unplanned shutdown rate of operation in September 2013 2010 69 455 76 136
0.35 times per year and a capacity factor of and September 2014. In total,
2011 71 324 80 015
91.7 per cent. 15 400 MW of nuclear new build is
planned by 2021. 2012 72 958 82 482
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY In December 2009, a Kepco 2013 74 564 85 530
South Korea plans to become a low carbon, consortium won a landmark
2014 75 942 88 848
green growth country. The low carbon energy $20 billion contract to build four
generation share is to increase from 2 per cent APR1400 reactors in the United 2015 77 214 93 568
of the overall mix in 2008 to more than 11 Arab Emirates (UAE), making 2016 78 398 95 250
per cent by 2030. A green new deal is due to South Korea only the fifth country
2017 79 442 95 682
create hundreds of thousands of jobs through to export nuclear reactors.
developing solar, wind and tidal power. Following this contract, the
2018 80 174 97 082
In 2009, the government approved a Ministry of Knowledge Economy 2019 80 789 98 791
target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions announced in January 2010 that 2020 81 151 100 191
by 4 per cent by 2020. If left unchecked, it is aiming to export 80 nuclear
2021 81 502 100 891
emissions by then would be 30 per cent higher reactors worth $400 billion by 2030.
than current levels. South Korea imposes a Target markets include Turkey, 2022 81 805 100 891
$0.017 per litre levy on imports of petroleum, Jordan, Romania, Ukraine and Source: Korea Power Exchange
petroleum products and LNG to finance Southeast Asian countries. South
research and development in energy demand Koreas ambition is to become the
side management and renewables. worlds third largest supplier of
South Korea currently has feed-in tariffs in nuclear reactors, with a share of a
place for wind and solar power, which will be fifth of the world market. In 2010, the state-run Korea Hydro and
replaced by the Renewable Portfolio Standard As well as nuclear power, South Korea is Nuclear Power Company awarded a contract
(RPS) in 2012. This will require 14 utilities with planning to develop renewable energy. Current to build one of the worlds largest tidal power
capacity in excess of 500 MW to generate installed onshore wind capacity is around stations near Ganghwa Island, 50 km west of
4 per cent of their energy from renewable 348 MW with more in the pipeline, including a Seoul. Construction will start in 2011 with a
sources by 2015, increasing to 10 per cent by $426 million 200 MW Hyundai wind farm due to view to completion in 2017. The power station
2022. RPS will mandate 350 MW of additional enter operation by 2012. will have a capacity of 1.3 million kW per hour
renewable energy per year through 2016 and South Korea aims to be the worlds third or 2.41 billion kW per year. Other tidal power
700 MW per year through 2022. Fuel cells largest offshore wind power generator. A US stations are also in the pipeline.
operating on natural gas and biogas will qualify $7.8 billion 2.5 GW offshore wind farm project
under the new programme. is to be developed in the Yellow Sea. An initial FUTURE TRENDS
In July 2009, the government announced a testing phase will install 20, 5 MW turbines by As a manufacturing nation, South Korea
spending programme worth over $84 billion 2013, but an estimated generating capacity of has a huge demand for electricity, which is
to improve energy efficiency in the country. 2.5 GW is planned for the site by 2019. A local projected to increase despite energy efficiency
The money will be spent over five years on a supply chain will be developed to build and measures. The government is committed to
broad range of measures, from cutting energy install the 500 turbines. developing low carbon electricity from nuclear
use in buildings and industry to addressing Small-scale hydro potential is estimated and renewables.
transport emissions. Notably, solar energy, at up to 1.5 GW, of which 198 MW could As a country that relies on exports to
energy-efficient lighting and hybrid vehicles be generated by 2012. Installed capacity support its economy, South Korea suffered
were singled out for attention represents less than 5 per cent of the domestic a significant blow to its growth during the
potential, indicating that there may be global downturn. But the nation returned
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT significant untapped resources. to form in 2010 with a strong 6.1 per cent
South Korea is making major investments in Grid-connected solar photovoltaic units increase in GDP. South Korea now appears
nuclear power for both domestic and export totalled 430 MW at the end of 2009, including resolute in developing a domestic supply
purposes. Over the past 25 years, Kepco has Samsungs 18.4 MW plant and Conergys chain for renewable energy, just as it has done
been developing a reactor suitable for export. 19.6 MW plant. The European PhotoVoltaic for nuclear.
The regulators awarded design certification to Industry Association (EPIA) has estimated that Major industrial players such as Hyundai,
the 1400 MW generation III advanced power the countrys market could grow to 1.3 GW by Mitsubishi and Samsung look set to become
reactor (APR1400) in 2003.. 2013. The current pipeline includes SunEdisons heavily involved in this process, which could
The reactor has a projected 48-month 400 MW of solar plants to be built across provide another area of expertise for export,
construction period and 60-year design life. the country. and become a further engine for growth.
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Thailand
In preparation for the exhaustion of its offshore gas fields over the next couple
of decades, Thailand is investing in Myanmar gas fields and Laos hydropower.
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and shares Generation capacity by fuel source, 2010
borders with Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos and
Cambodia. It is a constitutional monarchy led 1.4% 0.6%
by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest-serving
3.3%
4.5%
head of state in the world, who reigns over
some 67 million people. Abhisit Vejjajiva has been 7.7% Natural gas
prime minister since December 2008 when the Lignite
Democrat Party formed a coalition government
with several groups who splintered from the then 9.9% Imported coal
prime minister Thaksin Shinawatras power base.
Hydropower (Laos)
The political environment remains unstable, with
violent protests breaking out in 2009 and 2010 as Hydropower
Thaksin supporters known as Red Shirts, drawn
mostly from rural areas, attempted to precipitate Renewable energy
the new governments dissolution.
Heavy oils
The Thai economy grew at almost 8 per cent 71.8%
in 2010, doubling previous estimates, and is
forecast to grow at 44.5 per cent in 2011. Exports
account for around two-thirds of the economy. If
Source: Egat
it continues to find markets in China, the Asean
member states, India and the Middle East, Thailand
is likely to avoid the doldrums currently being
Peak demand forecast, 2010-2030
experienced by the United States and Europe.
2030 55 750
ENERGY RESOURCES
2025 46 345
Thailand has extremely limited oil and coal
reserves, so natural gas makes up the bulk of its 2020 38 320
YEAR
energy supply. The country is the second-largest

net oil importer in Southeast Asia behind 2015 31 096
Singapore. Thailand has 3.86 billion barrels
of proven oil reserves and 14.75 trillion m3 2010 24 010
of natural gas reserves, mostly located in
10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000
offshore gas fields in the Gulf of Thailand.
The country meets 75 per cent of its natural PEAK (MW)
gas demands, while 25 per cent comes from Source: Egat
Myanmar. However, the Electricity Generating
Authority of Thailand (Egat) estimates that 5 million tonnes a year, which is scheduled for Rayong Electricity Generating Company and
reserves in the Gulf of Thailand will be exhausted completion in the third quarter of 2011. Khanom Electricity Generating Company. Both of
within the next 15 to 20 years. these are wholly owned by Electricity Generating
PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP), an ELECTRICITY MARKET Public Company and operate under long-term
upstream subsidiary of the oil and gas company Egat is primarily responsible for power generation power purchase agreements (PPAs) with Egat.
PTT, has a stake in many of Thailands operational and transmission while the Metropolitan Electricity Egat generated 160 113 GWh during 2010,
natural gas fields, including the largest, Bongkot. Authority (MEA) and the Provincial Electricity reaching a monthly peak of 24 010 MW in
However, foreign companies supply the bulk Authority (PEA) share responsibility for distributing May. Power generated that year was up by
of the countrys natural gas, with Chevron electricity to Bangkok and the provinces 9.5 per cent from 2009, while consumption
accounting for 70 per cent of output, drawn respectively. Egat reports to the Office of the rose by 7.6 per cent. The governments planned
from 22 offshore fields. Prime Minister; the MEA and PEA report to the Strong Thailand infrastructure investment of
According to the Ministry of Energy, Thailand Ministry of the Interior. There have been repeated 1.4 trillion baht over the next few years is likely
consumed 14.94 million tonnes of coal in the unsuccessful attempts to privatize Egat. to increase power consumption further due to
first 10 months of 2010. The country is also Thailand introduced an independent power several construction projects.
constructing its first receiving terminal for producer (IPP) programme in 1995 to ease the Thailand draws 72 per cent of its energy
liquefied natural gas (LNG) in Map Ta Phut states burden of investing in power generation. from natural gas, 10 per cent from lignite,
in Rayong, with an initial capacity intake of The principal operating investments consist of 7.7 per cent from imported coal, 4.5 per cent
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from Laos hydropower and 3.3 per cent from model where the final feed-in tariff is composed
local hydropower. of several additions on top of the avoided
Contract capacity by producer, 2010
The governments Pracha Wiwat scheme, derided wholesale cost of generation. Producers Contract capacity
by some as a populist sop during an election year, The tariff programme contains a specific
(MW)
proposes to offer free electricity bills for 8.7 million bonus for offsetting diesel-fired generation. Egat 14 998
low-income, low-usage households by increasing There is also a location or risk premium for IPP 12 152
the power rate for the industrial sector. The Energy projects in three southern provinces and
Small power producer 2182
Regulatory Commission estimates it will need to compensation for fossil fuel price volatility. To
charge the sector an additional 1.5 billion baht increase project diversity, Thailand is providing Laos 1288
($48 million) a month to cover the programme. government-backed loans at 4 per cent interest TNB (HVDC) 300
Foreign investor confidence has been for up to 50 million baht per project.
Source: Egat
shaken by a regulatory impasse that held up The government also offers a generous
operations at Map Ta Phut for a year while the 400 per cent of its regulated normal tariff for
companies involved proved to a court that they solar power and 200 per cent for wind. SGC Wind Energy is developing Thailands first
had undergone or would complete health and private wind power plant, in Nakhon Si Thammarat
environmental impact assessments. The initial INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT on the Hua Sai coast with a capacity of 9 MW.
ruling did not provide a remedy to restart these The National Energy Policy Council revised the Meanwhile, Demco is developing a 100 MW wind
projects. Egat said it was unaffected by the saga, short-term power development plan (PDP) in plant in Phetchabun. China Light and Power, Thai
because it already conducts such assessments. November 2010 to address larger-than-expected utility Egco Group, and Mitsubishi plan to build the
demand increases and the delayed completion of worlds largest solar photovoltaic plant in Lop Buri
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IPP projects. The amended plan brings forward with a capacity of 73 MW.
The government has set ambitious goals for completion of North Bangkok Power Plant Block 2
increasing renewable energy use. It established to 2015 and Wang Noi Block 4 and Chana Block 2 FUTURE TRENDS
a target of 8 per cent of total consumption in by about three months ahead of schedule in 2014. Thailands dependence on a rapidly diminishing
2011, up from 3 per cent in 2010, with an overall It also increases the power purchase volume of SPP finite resource, natural gas, makes it vulnerable
aim of reaching 20 per cent by 2020. Biomass cogeneration by another 1500 MW. to fluctuations in the international market and
is expected to provide over 60 per cent of this Egat recently signed a memorandum of requires it to find alternatives in the near future.
energy, reflecting Thailands dependence on understanding with Laos for a purchase Energy policymakers have talked about nuclear
the agricultural sector and its access to large agreement for 7000 MW of hydropower and power for decades, but it still appears no more
amounts of agricultural waste. another with Myanmar for up to 5500 MW of likely to become a reality than in the past.
Thailand is one of the worlds top-ten natural gas energy. Locally, Egat added 2090 MW Given the legal victories of non-governmental
players in the Clean Development Mechanism to the grid through three natural gas projects in organizations and communities at Map Ta
(CDM), which allows industrialized nations to central Thailand in the past two years. The South Phut, as well as local residents opposition at
buy carbon credits from projects in developing Bangkok Combined Cycle Block 3 in Samut Prakan, proposed sites, Egats recent decision to delay its
countries to meet their emission reduction the Bang Pakong Combined Cycle Block 5 in first nuclear plant seems to ignore the massive
commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by Chachoengsao and the North Bangkok Combined obstacles it faces in getting this project running.
2012. The county currently has 37 projects Cycle Block 1 in Nonthaburi all started commercial Calls for nuclear power have been based on the
registered with the United Nations Framework operation recently. national power development plans forecasts and
Convention on Climate Change. The Thailand In addition, Egat signed PPAs for four projects have been criticized for assuming Thai demand
Greenhouse Gas Management Organization that will add 4400 MW between 2011 and for electricity will average growth of close to
(TGO) has approved 111 CDM projects with 2014. The GHECO-One coal project in Rayong is 2000 MW per year through 2021. Load growth is
a combined capacity to lower carbon dioxide scheduled for commercial operation in 2011. The clearly slowing, despite limited energy efficiency
emissions by 6.95 million tonnes a year. Biogas Siam Energy Blocks 1 and 2 natural gas project efforts by government and utilities. Over the past
projects dominate 60 per cent of registrations, is due to come on line in 2013 and the National 15 years, load growth has averaged only 770 MW
while biomass makes up a further 20 per cent. Power Supply Units 14 coal project is expected per year and for the past ten years it has averaged
The governments small power producer in 201314, both of which are in Chachoengsao. only 715 MW per year. In the past five years, it
(SPP) programme supports the development Meanwhile, the Power Generation Supply averaged only 544 MW of new load per year.
of renewable and non-conventional electricity Blocks 12 natural gas project in Saraburi is Still, Egat takes a dim view of renewable
production. SPPs can sell electricity to Egat for scheduled for 2014. options as feasible to meet Thailands demand,
distribution or directly to consumers nearby The Thaioil refinery, 51 per cent of which is preferring instead to focus on imports of coal
their plants, provided it is generated using owned by PTT, plans to spend $300 million to and LNG. The company feels renewable energies
hydro, biomass or thermal cogeneration. The build two co-generation power plants that were need to be more reliable and less costly to
buyback rate is based on the cost to Egat. recently granted licences from Egat. be taken seriously, as solar panels have to be
Since the introduction of the SPP programme Egat has also decided to upgrade the imported and the capital required for renewable
in 2006, Thailand has signed contracts to develop transmission capacity in a number of areas, projects is massive. Government incentives will
4300 MW of renewable generation, including including the Greater Bangkok Area Phase 2, enable renewable energy to increase, but the
1800 MW from solar energy. However, only the Nam Ngum 2 dam at the Laos border, the sector makes up such a small portion of the
850 MW is currently online, 700 MW of which industrial estates along the eastern seaboard countrys capacity that it will be insufficient to
is from biomass. The programme uses a bonus and various provincial regions. meet demand in the near future.
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Baltic States
Wholesale market liberalization, heavy investment in generation and a
proliferation of international links are vital as the Baltic States pursue energy
security and an improved environmental profile.
The three Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Fuel mix in the Baltic States (TWh)
share both a cultural identity and an eventful
recent history. Among the first republics to secede Estonia (2009)* Latvia (2009)** Lithuania (2010)***
from Soviet Union, they gained independence Hydropower 0.032 3.5 1.196
by 1991 and are now liberal democracies and
CHP 2
members of the European Union (EU).
Yet the global financial crisis hit the Baltic
Wind 0.195 0.192
States especially hard, catapulting their rapidly Fossil 8.235 3.216
expanding economies into steep recession. Latvia, Other renewables 0.314 0.103
the hardest hit of all the EUs member states,
Total 8.777 (gross) 5.6 4.708 (net)
registered a gross domestic product (GDP) decline
Sources: *Statistics Estonia; **Latvia Energy Ministry ; ***Litgrid
of 26.5 per cent, although its economy bounced
back out of the red in 2010, according to the
Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis.
Lithuania, the largest of the three republics,
has a population of about 3.5 million. Latvia from industrial sources, according to BTG Biomass best location for a terminal to serve the Baltic
has about 2.2 million inhabitants and Estonia Technology Group, which also sees potential for region. While the Balticonnector gas pipeline
1.3 million. The three adjacent countries, more than 45 PJ from non-conventional biomass. project between Estonia and Finland could
each facing the Baltic Sea, occupy a total of Latvia lacks fossil fuel resources, but has vast also broaden supply, the development of LNG
approximately 175 000 km2. installed hydropower capacity and extensive terminals could render this unnecessary.
Despite recent economic turmoil, the Baltic biomass and wind potential. Research under the Lithuania has also committed to implementing
States cultural, political and economic shift EUs renewable energy policy project, REPAP 2020, the third package of the EU Energy Directive,
towards Europe is still on track. Estonia joined sees biomass surging to contribute over 1000 GWh separating gas transmission from gas supply to
the Eurozone in January 2011, while Latvia and in 2020, while wind makes a similar leap to nearly create a gas market, due to be implemented by
Lithuania are due to follow in 2014. 1400 GWh. A spurt in small-scale projects is also March 2012. Gazprom has criticized the decision
predicted to add between 300 GWh and 500 GWh and excluded the country from a 15 per cent
ENERGY RESOURCES to hydroelectric generation. drop in gas prices over next year for the other
While the Baltic States remain heavily reliant on Lithuania has scant fossil fuel resources Baltic States.
Russian gas, Estonia and Latvia can currently meet that fall far short of its needs. The countrys
a significant portion of their electricity demand national energy strategy looks mainly to ELECTRICITY MARKET
through their primary energy resources. biomass and partly to wind to meet the EU goal With the added impetus of Russias aggressive
Estonias considerable reserves of oil shale of generating 20 per cent of electricity from energy tactics against Belarus in 2010, the Baltic
should continue to provide the bedrock of its renewable sources. States electricity markets are liberalizing swiftly
electricity generation over the next few years. The Baltic States remain almost entirely reliant under the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection
A recent World Energy Council survey of global on Russia for gas used in power generation. Plan (BEMIP) and EU Energy Directive.
energy resources puts the countrys reserves at Heat and power plants called on 1.3 billion m3 Integration with the EU power system is
2494 million tonnes, of which each tonne can of natural gas in Lithuania in 2009, while they scheduled for 2015, although in September 2010
produce 850 kW, according to Eesti Energia. consumed 995 million m3 in Latvia and around the launch of a joint Baltic electricity market was
According to the Estonian transmission system 474 million m3 in Estonia. put back from January 2011 to the end of the year.
operator, Elering, the contribution from wind rose Lithuania is seeking to curb its dependency on Latvia liberalized its electricity market on 1 July
from 191 GWh in 2009 to 276 GWh in 2010. While Gazprom through two projects: a gas pipeline 2007, with the independent distribution system
downplaying hydro with a potential useable linking it with Poland and a floating gas import operator (DSO), Sadales tikls AS, and transmission
capacity estimated at only 10 MW Eesti Energia terminal in the Baltic Sea. Planned capacity of system operator (TSO), Augstsprieguma tikls AS,
sees great potential in biomass. Biofuel already the terminal, due to enter service from 2013, operating alongside generator Latvenergo.
makes up 10 per cent of the fuel for its Narva has been significantly cut from the originally Estonia is lagging its neighbours and is due
plants. The total amount of electricity generated suggested 3 billion m3 of liquefied gas, which is to fully open its market only in 2013. Elering OU
from renewable sources in Estonia was 862 GW likely to originate in Qatar or Nigeria, according started operating as Estonias independent TSO,
in 2010, more than 76 per cent higher than the to the Lithuania Tribune. split from generator Eesti Energia, in January 2010.
year before. Estonia and Latvia are also vying to establish LitGrid commenced operation as Lithuanias
The heavily wooded nation could obtain their own LNG terminals, although a study by TSO, hived off from the dominant generator
36 PJ each year from its forests, along with 33 PJ Cambridge University identifies Latvia as the Lietuvos Energija AB on 1 January 2001. RST
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and VS, Lithuanias two DSOs, have now merged Imports and exports in the Baltic States (TWh)
into AB Lesto, which is due to begin operating
from 2011. Estonia (2009) Latvia (2009)** Lithuania
By August 2010, a considerable portion of Consumption 7.080 7.2 10.698
each countrys electricity market was already Losses 0.886
sold at market prices: 35 per cent in Latvia,
Own use in power plants 0.895
29 per cent for Lithuania and 28 per cent for
Estonia. By 2013, end-user tariffs should be Exports 2.943
entirely abolished in Estonia and will remain Imports 3.025 1.7 5.990
only for households in Lithuania.
Net production 7.884 4.708
The development of an electricity market in the
Baltic States is proceeding apace. Over two-thirds Gross production 8.779 5.6
of electricity consumed in Lithuania is now traded Sources: *Statistics Estonia; **Latvian Energy Ministry; ***Litgrid
on its Baltpool power exchange, established on
1 January 2010 according to the principles of
the Scandinavian Nord Pool Spot (NPS) market. Electricity generation forecast
Monthly trade on the exchange had hit 789 GWh
by October 2010. The NPS launched its Estonia
13
bidding area in April 2010. Its average daily
volume had risen from 4.5 GWh in its opening 12 12.2
month to 14 GWh by August 2010. The 350 MW 11.9
Estlink cable became totally available for use on 11 11.6
11.1 11.3
this exchange from September 2010. 10.6 10.8
Latvenergo announced in August 2010 that the 10 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.1
9.8 9.9
emerging electricity market had enabled Latvia to 9.5 9.7
9 9.3 9.3
9.1
TWh
export electricity throughout the year rather, than 9.0 8.8

8.6 8.8 8.5
only during spring floods as it had in the past. The 8 8.2 8.1 8.3
company now claims a 5 per cent share of the 7.8
7.5 7.6
Lithuanian and Estonia market and is aiming for 7
10 per cent in 2011. 7.4
Eesti Energia also announced in the results from 6
the second quarter of its 201011 financial year
5
(July to September 2010) that it had substantially 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
raised its share of the Lithuanian open market to
17 per cent. Estonia (TWh)* Latvia (TWh)** Lithuania (TWh)***
Despite their proximity, the Baltic States
Source: *Elering (base case forecast of consumption, incl losses),
have highly diverse generation mixes. Estonias **Augstsprieguma tikls. ***Litgrid
electricity generation is almost entirely based on
oil shale, while Latvias generation is massively
reliant on its hydroelectric power plants.
Since the closure in 2009 of the Ignalina nuclear and consumption of 7.1 TWh. Meanwhile, Latvia The Baltic States have all already sailed beyond
plant, which had provided more than 70 per cent generated 5.4 TWh and used 7.0 TWh. Lithuanias their Kyoto commitments for CO2 reduction for
of the countrys electricity, Lithuanias electricity Lietuvos Energija recorded consumption of 2012. Yet decommissioning Ignalina has raised
supply now rests largely on the 1.8 GW Lithuanian 10.7 TWh and generation of 4.7 TWh for 2010, the carbon intensity of regional generation,
power plant in Elektrenai, which runs mainly on reflecting a heavy import reliance after the especially as shortage of capacity looks likely to
pipeline gas from Russia, but can also operate on decommissioning Ignalina. prolong oil shales use as a feedstock in Estonia.
heavy fuel oil. Also key to Lithuanias generation The heat intensity of the Baltic States housing
mix is the 900 MW Krounis pumped storage plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY remains two or three times that of Scandinavian
Installed capacity across the three Baltic States In the years since independence from Russia, homes.
totalled nearly 8.5 GW at the start of 2010, the stratospheric energy intensity of the Baltic Under development plans to bring down its
almost half of which was based in Lithuania, with States has plummeted, a trend intensified by the high per capita energy intensity, Estonia aims to
Estonia and Latvia each contributing about one recent economic turmoil and steady population bring oil shales share of electricity production
quarter of the total. decline. Emissions have followed a similar path, below 90 per cent, while raising renewable
Both Latvia and Lithuania now consume with Lithuania registering 64 518 tonnes of generations share to at least 15 per cent by 2015.
more electricity than they generate. Over 2009, air pollutants in 2009, compared with 137 551 By 2020, combined heat and power plants
Estonia recorded net production of 7.9 TWh tonnes in 1997. are targeted to provide at least 20 per cent of
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the countrys electricity. A 57 million ($78.8

Planned share of renewables in electricity generation (%)
million) scheme under the Council of Europe
Development Bank is also aiming to overhaul Estonia Latvia Lithuania
outdated housing stock considered responsible 2010 1.7 44.7 8
for 40 per cent of Estonias energy demand.
However, the minister of economic affairs and
2011 1.8 46.3 10
communication signalled at the end of 2010 that 2012 2.1 47 11
support for renewables could be trimmed. The
2013 2.9 47.2 13
Electricity Market Act 2003 established support
for the first 12 years of renewable generation 2014 3.2 49.9 15
production or the first 600 kWh for a wind plant. 2015 3.5 51.4 17
Latvia already produces more of its electricity
from renewable sources than any other EU
2016 3.5 52 20
country, but it is aiming to raise this contribution 2017 4.0 53.4 22
higher still, from 44.9 per cent in 2005 to 59.8
2018 4.3 55.2 22
per cent in 2020.
Lithuania published a national energy 2019 4.2 57.1 22
independence strategy in October 2010 that aims 2020 4.8 59.8 21
to reduce CO2 emissions by 23 per cent by 2020 as
part of a comprehensive overhaul of generation Source: National targets for implementing directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament
and consumption. A 3040 per cent reduction
from 2009 levels of household and public building
heating consumption is also a focus of Lithuanias
attempt to reduce its energy intensity per unit of unit at the Kruonis hydro plant that would increase is also investigating the possibility of a nuclear
GDP, which is 2.5 times the EU average. the pumped storage power plants capacity from power plant by 2018.
900 MW up to 1150 MW by 2014.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Under the aegis of the EUs BEMIP initiative, the FUTURE TRENDS
The closure of Ignalina nuclear plant and the Baltic States are enhancing their international An abrupt reversal of the Baltic regions growth
scheduled phase-out of six of Estonias 12 shale links as part of a transmission overhaul. Nexans in 2008 and 2009 complicates the forecasting of
oil plants in 2016 threatens the energy security and Siemens have been picked for the 650 MW electricity demand trends. However, by the end
of all the Baltic States. This risk was further EstLink 2 between Estonia and Finland, set of 2010 the regions economy was bouncing back.
heightened at the end of 2010 by the collapse to operate from 2014, alongside the existing Nordea Bank predicted at the start of 2011 that
of talks with South Koreas Kepco on building 350 MW Estlink. Estonias economy would grow by 4.2 per cent
Ignalinas replacement. Estonia has won 44 million in European over the year, while Latvia and Lithuania would
In this context, investment in generation is funding for the Kurzeme Ring 340 km, see an increase of 3 per cent. The bank predicts
essential, despite considerable achieved and 800 MW high-voltage overhead line project, growth for 2012 of 4 per cent, 4.2 per cent and
anticipated efficiency gains. Estonias Eesti which would ensure supply in the west of the 3.8 per cent respectively.
Energia has expressed an interest in developing country as part of the NordBalt project linking A steady growth in demand across the Baltic
its own nuclear project on Suur-Pakri island. In the Baltic States with Sweden. region is forecasted over the coming years.
the meantime, the company has picked Alstom to Litgrid has contracted ABB to provide cables Elering estimates domestic consumption will reach
build an oil shale fuelled power station with up to and converter stations for the 450 km, 700 9.5 TWh by 2016, when Latvia anticipates demand
two 300 MW energy blocs. MW subsea NordBalt link between Lithuania at 8.3 TWh. Litgrid expects Lithuanias demand
But Estonias total of 896 NW in planned new and Sweden, which is due to be commissioned will have climbed back to 1990 levels of around
capacity from 2011 to 2017 including a 250 MW in 2016. Lithuanias Lietuvos Energija is also 15 TWh towards the end of this decade.
emergency reserve station cannot stave off a aiming by 2012 to complete consultation Lithuania identifies energy independence as
shortfall from 2016 as oil shale based generation is for construction the LitPol link with Poland, its overriding goal for the sector in the coming
phased out, according to Elering, the TSO. intended to provide 500 MW of transmission by decade. The closure of Ignalina has forced the
Latvias current generation projects include 2015 and 1000 MW from 2020. country to import half of its electricity, mainly
the second stage of a modernization project at Energy infrastructure investment in the Baltic from Russia, and to rely on the same source for its
Latvenergos Riga TEC-2 gas fired plant, which States is heavily influenced by developments predominantly fossil fuel based generation.
should add 200 MW of generation capacity in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, which In its energy strategy, Lithuania forecasts that
by 2013. The construction of a 400 MW coal is supplied with Russian gas via Lithuania. the Baltic States will face a deficit of 1.5 GW
fired plant at Kurzeme has also recently won Concrete is due to be laid in April 2011 at a of installed capacity by 2020 a challenge for
official approval. nuclear plant in Kaliningrad with two 1170 MW which the construction of the Visaginas nuclear
Lithuania was reported at the end of 2010 to be reactors a project that could hinder Lithuanias power plant and integration with the European
planning a 87 million investment in a fifth power plans for a nuclear plant at Visaginas. Belarus continental network will be given top priority.
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Finland
As demand growth slows, the Finnish government is aiming to increase
both nuclear and renewable generation while reducing its reliance on
Russian fossil fuels.
The Nordic nation of Finland is one of the Annual power generation (GWh)
most northerly of the European states. The
82 171
80 377
78 623
population was 5.26 million in 2010. Finland is
77 819
90 000
71 617
71 229
a democratic republic and became a member of
69 207
67 278
67 657
the European Union in 1995, and was a founder 80 000
member of the Euro. 70 000
The country has an industrially diversified
60 000
economy that relies heavily on exports.
Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was 50 000
an estimated 168.9 billion ($232 billion) and
40 000
24 794
23 594
22 678
22 583
20 881
growth was 2.4 per cent after a contraction of
21 663
21 087
19 159
18 352
8 per cent in 2009. Meanwhile, per capita GDP is 30 000
among the highest in Europe at 31 300. 20 000
ENERGY RESOURCES 10 000

Finlands indigenous energy resources are 0
limited, with little coal, oil or natural gas 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009
reserves of its own. Total From renewable sources
Oil production was 8718 barrels per day
(bpd) in 2009, while consumption was 206 200 Source: Statistics Finland
bpd. Imports accounted for 337 900 bpd and
there were balancing exports of 130 500 bpd. open, with any consumer free to purchase power Germany, offers trades up to one hour ahead.
Around 64 per cent of this oil is imported from from any vendor. The sector is overseen by the Grid balancing is carried out independently
Russia and another 22 per cent from other Energy Market Authority, while the transmission within each country using trades on the Nordic
Nordic countries. No natural gas production was system remains a monopoly controlled by Finnish balancing power market.
recorded, but consumption was 4.289 billion m3 Power Grid (Fingrid), which was established in Electricity production in Finland fluctuates
in 2009, all of which was imported from Russia. 1997. The principle shareholders in Fingrid are from year to year, often depending upon
The country also imports significant quantities Fortum and Pohjolan Voima, which each hold the hydropower output. In 2009, the total
of coal, principally from Russia and Poland. Coal around a 25 per cent interest, with the government output was 69 207 GWh, much lower than the
accounted for 42.22 GWh, or 12 per cent of total maintaining around 12 per cent and the remainder production of 74 475 GWh in 2008 and the
domestic energy consumption in 2009. in the hands of institutional investors. peak 82 171 GWh generated in 2004. That year,
Renewable sources of energy in Finland Fingrid controls the countrys 400 kV, fossil fuel based generation, including coal, oil
include hydropower, wind power, peat and 220 kV and some 110 kV transmission lines, as and gas, accounted for 21 032 GWh of total
wood. Wood contributed 268 TJ towards well as interconnections with Sweden, Norway output, while renewable generation provided
total energy consumption in 2009, accounting and Russia. There are also 91 regional distribution a further 21 087 GWh and nuclear power
for 20 per cent of the total, more than any companies selling electricity to consumers, a 22 601 GWh, with peat and other sources
other source except oil. Peat accounted for a reduction over the past 20 years from 200. making up the rest. This fell short of demand
further 72 TJ while hydropower provided 45 Electricity generation in Finland is carried and Finland imported a net 12 085 GWh to meet
TJ. Residues from the wood processing industry out by around 120 companies at 550 different the total consumption of 81 292 GWh in 2009.
also represent a major source of renewable power plants. However, two main generating The main renewable source of electricity is
energy. Hydropower is reaching the limit of companies dominate the sector, Fortum, which hydropower, which provided 12 573 GWh in
its capacity with only around 1 TWh/y of controls 40 per cent of generating capacity, and 2009, down from 16 909 GWh in 2008. Wind
resource left for exploitation. However, there Pohjolan Voima, which accounts for a further power provided 277 GWh, while fuel based on
is significant wind capability, particularly in 20 per cent. Other important generators include wood and wood waste (including black liquor
coastal regions and offshore, which means electricity retailers and large industrial groups. from paper production) was responsible for
a near-term target of 6 TWh/y of additional Finland is part of a single Nordic electricity another 7878 GWh.
generation seems feasible. market that includes Sweden, Norway and Electricity consumption fell by 7 per cent in
Denmark. Electricity across this network is traded 2009 compared to 2008, according to Statistics
ELECTRICITY MARKET through the Nordic Power Pool, which quotes Finland. This was accompanied by a 26 per
Liberalization of the electricity market in Finland day-ahead prices for each hour of the day. A cent decline in hydropower output and a 17
was completed in 1998 and is now completely further element, Elbas, which also includes per cent fall in wood fired generation, but a
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38 per cent increase in electricity from coal Electricity production by source, 2009 (GWh)
fired power plants. Meanwhile, industrial heat
demand fell by 15 per cent as a consequence of 12 600
12 100
the economic downturn, affecting output from
industrial combined heat and power plants.
300 Hydro
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Wind
Current environmental policy in Finland involves
limiting final energy consumption from a baseline Nuclear
of 300 TWh in 2005 to 310 TWh by 2020, around Total
81 400 GWh Condensing
10 per cent lower than the 350 TWh estimated
without concerted measures. On top of this, final 24 800 22 600 Combined heat
energy consumption in 2050 is to be reduced by and power
33 per cent compared to consumption in 2020.
Renewable energy is expected to play a vital role
Net imports
in the overall strategy and the government has set
a target of achieving 38 per cent of final energy
consumption based on renewable sources by 2020,
9000
in line with European Commission targets.
Source: Statistics Finland
In order to achieve the short-term target,
incentives and strategies will have to be improved.
Total energy consumption by fuel, 2009
Energy efficiency is expected to play a central role
and renewables such as wood based generation,
3% 2%
waste biogas and wind power will all have to be 3%
promoted. As part of this, a cost-effective feed-in 5% Oil
25%
tariff system was introduced from 1 January 2011 Wood
that fixes prices for 12 years.
The target feed-in tariff is 83.50/MWh. Biogas 10% Nuclear
combined heat and power generators will get an Coal
additional 50/MWh, while new wind producers
will get 105/MWh for the first three years of Natural gas
production. These measures are expected to Peat
increase wind production to 6000 GWh/y by 2020 11%
from 300 GWh in 2009. Hydro
Net imports
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 20%
The major electricity sector investment over the Other
next decade is likely to be in nuclear and wind 19%
power. Finland currently has four reactors and
work started on a fifth in 2005, Olkiluoto 3, which Source: Statistics Finland
is due online in 2014.
The Finnish parliament approved construction
of two further reactors in 2010, one of which will
be built by TVO and the second by Fennovoima, a In addition, the use of wood fuel will be which growth had been expected to reach
Finnish consortium that includes E.ON. encouraged, with biogas receiving a big feed-in 98 000 GWh by 2020. The slower growth is
The two projects will involve 1600 MW light tariff incentive. Finland is already a large user attributed to lower industrial demand as a
water reactors with an estimated total cost of of wood fuel and is expected to become the result of the global recession, particularly within
around 7.3 billion. Sites and designs for the leading European market for biomass-based the paper industry.
two new plants have yet to be identified. energy generation by 2016, when the installed Even so, the government has set itself a
Incentives to increase the proportion of base is expected to reach 2765 MW, according challenging target of reaching 38 per cent
electricity generated from renewable sources to the market analysts Frost and Sullivan. This renewable energy production by 2020. This,
are likely to lead to a major expansion of the will require investment of around 3.3 billion. coupled with heavy reliance on Russia for
wind energy industry. Total wind capacity was imports of natural gas, coal and electricity, has
147 MW at the end of 2009 but this is likely to FUTURE TRENDS encouraged the government to seek alternative
increase by as much as 20 times by 2020 if targets Electricity consumption in Finland is expected sources of generation, including renewables and
are to be met. Finland has become a base to grow from appeoximately 80 000 GWh in nuclear power. Over the longer term, nuclear
for some important wind turbine and turbine 2009 to 91 000 GWh in 2020 and 100 000 GWh power in Finland could generate 4560 TWh/y,
component manufacturers, such as WinWind, in 2030. This represents a significant slowdown hydro 1618 TWh/y, wind power 15-20 TWh/y
ABB and gear manufacturer Moventas. in growth compared to earlier forecasts, under and cogeneration plants 2530 TWh/y by 2050.
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France
As France looks to Arevas European Pressurized Reactor as the basis for a
new nuclear fleet, EDF will be forced to sell some of its generating capacity
to spur competition in the market.
France is located on the western edge of Installed capacity (GW) Annual consumption (GWh)
the European mainland bordering the
Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and
2009 120.4 2009 486 675
the Mediterranean Sea. With a total area of
547 030 km2 and a land area of 545 630 km2, 2008 117.6 2008 494 539
it is the largest country in Western Europe and 2007 115.9 2007 480 392
the European Union (EU). It shares borders with 116.9 2006 478 383
2006
Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg
2005 115.7 2005 483 210
and Belgium. The population was 64.8 million
in 2010. 2004 116.9 2004 479 568
YEAR
YEAR
Political power is shared between the 2003 116.0 2003 468 586
government and the president, both of which
2002 116.2 2002 451 117
were controlled by the right-wing UMP party
in 2010. The country is one of the founder
2001 115.9 2001 449 904
members of the EU and the Euro, and has 2000 115.3 2000 440 489
forged strong ties with Germany to form a 1999 114.8 1999 430 865
major axis within the union.
The basis of the French economy is diverse,
100 105 110 115 120 130 300 000 400 000 500 000
while earlier extensive government control has GWh GWh
been reduced by privatisation. Gross domestic
Source: RTE Source: RTE
product (GDP) in France was 1859 billion
($2555 billion) and growth estimated at 1.6 per
cent in 2010, after a contraction of 2.5 per cent considered economically exploitable. Virtually (CNR) operates 19 hydropower plants on the
in 2009. Taxes in France, at close to 50 per cent all of the best hydropower sites have already river Rhone. The third largest, SNET (now part
of GDP, are among the highest in Europe been used, as has tidal potential along the of E.ON) operates four coal fired plants, wind
Atlantic coast. There is significant wind potential, plants and combined-cycle plants.
ENERGY RESOURCES estimated to be around 12 GW, particularly along France is required by EU law to open its
France has limited energy resources, particularly the coasts of the Atlantic, the English Channel electricity markets to competition, but it has
fossil fuels. However, it does have some and the Mediterranean. Solar generation could gone about it slowly. Although deregulation has
hydropower and wind power resources, the play a significant future role, particularly in allowed new generators to enter the market,
latter of which are being rapidly developed. the southern regions of the country, as total by 2010 there have been no significant new
Oil reserves were 101.2 million barrels in solar energy potential across French territory is companies formed. Pressure from the European
2010. Production in 2009 was 70 820 barrels estimated at 700 000 TWh/y. Geothermal reserves Commission finally led to an agreement with EDF
per day (bpd) while consumption was 1.875 equate to 67 GWh/y and biomass potential is and the French parliament in 2010 to further
million bpd. The previous year, 597 800 bpd 335 MWh/y. There is also substantial wave energy open up the generation market. Under the
were exported, while balancing imports were potential. terms of the Nouvelle Organisation du Marche
2.4 million bpd. Proven natural gas reserves de lElectricite, EDF has agreed to transfer up to
in 2010 were 7.079 billon m3. Natural gas ELECTRICITY MARKET 25 per cent of its nuclear generating capacity to
production was 877 million m3 in 2009, while lectricit de France (EDF), the former state competitors in order to increase competition.
consumption was 44.84 billion m3. Imports utility in which the government holds a majority Total installed capacity in France in 2009
accounted for 45.85 billion m3 and a further share, still dominates the electricity market and was 120.4 GW. When broken down by source,
1.93 billion m3 were exported. maintains the largest generating capacity in nuclear power dominated with 63 130 MW,
Coal plays only a minor part in the energy the country. The French national grid is run all under EDFs control. Thermal power plants,
balance in France and small quantities are by Gestionnaire de Reseau de Transport de burning coal and natural gas, provided a further
imported, mostly from South Africa, Australia lElectricite (RTE), a separate company controlled 26 154 MW and hydro 25 357 MW. Of other
and the USA. Although the country has by EDF. Meanwhile, distribution is principally renewable sources, solar and biomass units
coal reserves of around 36 million tonnes, carried out by ERDF, another subsidiary of EDF. accounted for 1218 MW, while wind capacity
Charbonnages de France closed its last mine EDF controls nearly 82 per cent of the was 4574 MW.
in 2004. generating capacity with a total installed Total generation in France was 519 118 GWh
The gross annual hydropower potential in capacity of 98.7 GW in 2009. The second largest in 2009. Nuclear power plants produced in the
France is around 266 TWh of which 70 TWh is company, Compagnie Nationale du Rhne region of 390 000 GWh, or 75 per cent of
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the total, while hydropower plants added a Electricity production by source, 2009 (GWh)
further 61 882 GWh, fossil fuel fired plants
54 895 GWh and renewable plants, other than 4487 7855
hydropower, generated 12 342 GWh. Of this, 61 882
7855 GWh was produced by wind power. EDFs
contribution to the total was 453.6 TWh or
Nuclear
87 per cent. Consumption in metropolitan France
was 486 675 GWh in 2009. This represents a 2 per Fossil fuel thermal
54 895
cent decline over 2008 when consumption was
494 539 GWh. Hydro
France has interconnections with Belgium,
Renewable solar
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and the UK, and and thermal
there is daily market balancing involving France,
Belgium and the Netherlands. The country has Wind
historically been a net electricity exporter, but the
total has more than halved over the past decade,
from around 60 TWh in 2004 to 26 TWh in 2009. 389 998
Source: RTE
France is the second largest producer and
consumer of renewable energy in the EU.
Renewables accounted for 12 per cent of
total energy production in 2009 and mainly to support photovoltaics, wind and biogas, with from 8000 GWh in 2009 to 58 000 GWh by 2020,
originated from hydropower, wood, biofuels support from national and international banks. massive new investment can be expected.
and urban waste. Under the EU renewable Carbon dioxide emissions in France were
energy directive, which is expected to pass 31 million tonnes in 2007, ranking the country FUTURE TRENDS
into national law in 2011, the total renewable 24th out of 27 in the EU for total emissions and Although electricity consumption fell slightly
contribution to the energy supply is due to rise eighth in terms of emissions per capita. in France between 2008 and 2009, RTE expects
to 23 per cent by 2020. the long-term trend to be upwards. Under the
Much of the additional renewable energy INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT most probable future scenario, consumption
will come either from using biofuels in Frances electricity sector is built upon a bedrock will rise to 515 GWh in 2010 and 569 GWh in
transportation or wood and urban waste for of 58 nuclear generating units that provided 2020, an average annual increase of 1.1 per cent
heat and combined heat and power production. 75 per cent of electricity generation in 2009. over the next decade. A second scenario under
Energy efficiency in buildings is also being However, the nuclear fleet is ageing and will need which market considerations lead to higher
targeted, with a 38 per cent reduction in energy replacing in the next ten to 20 years. To counter consumption would see overall growth of
use planned by 2020. The electricity sector will this, the French government is supporting the 1.3 per cent a year during the decade.
be expected to play its part too. development of a new generation of nuclear Peak load is expected to rise to 85.4 GW in
Renewable electricity production is expected reactors that will be expected to replace the 201213 and 87.2 GW in 201415. However
to have reached 85 500 GWh, including existing units as they retire. under exceptional conditions, such as an
hydropower, in 2010, compared to 74 200 GWh In 2006, EDF approved construction of the first extreme winter, the peaks could be as high as
in 2009. By 2020, the total is predicted to rise to EPR pressurized water reactor at Flamanville. 101 GW and 103 GW respectively. Overall, RTEs
155 000 GWh. This will include a modest increase The 1650 MW unit has since overrun both generation adequacy report for 2010 suggests
in hydropower output of around 3000 GWh, budget and timetable, and is currently expected there could be a shortfall in supply by 2015.
but a large increase in wind generation up to to enter service in 2013. The government More than half of Frances 6900 MW of coal
58 000 GWh from an expected 11 500 GWh in announced a second EPR in 2009, to be built at fired capacity must be removed from service
2010 and 7855 GWh in 2009. Biomass is also Penly, with construction to commence in 2012. by 2015. Meanwhile, 11 new gas turbine
expected to make a significant contribution, Meanwhile, the president announced in combined-cycle plants were included in the
with 5500 GWh in 2010 and 17 000 GWh 2006 that the French Commissariat lEnergie 2009 generation adequacy report, of which six
predicted in 2020. Solar electricity production Atomique (CEA) was to start designing a are in operation and five others due to enter
is forecast to add a further 7000 GWh by 2020. fourth-generation reactor that would begin service by 2013. However, no new projects have
French renewable generation is supported operating in 2020. Interest centres on gas- been started.
by a system of differentiated feed-in tariffs that cooled reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors On the nuclear front, EDF is hoping to be
led to an overall negative cost to the French and high-temperature reactors. The other area able to extend the life of some of its nuclear
government in 2008. Regional governments for expansion is in renewable generation. Wind units by up to 40 years, which will help manage
are also offering support. In 2010, the Midi- capacity had advanced rapidly during the past the potential generation shortfall and reduce
Pyrnes region launched a 700 million fund five years, but with output expected to rise the probability of any future loss of load.
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Germany
Well known for its success with renewables, Germany sees nuclear power
as a bridging technology leading to a renewables future.
Germany is a federal republic and the European with RWE controlling the Renewable capacity growth (TWh)
continents most industrialized and populous west, Vattenfall supplying
country, with 81.8 million inhabitants at the end of Berlin and what was
2009. The countrys first female chancellor, Angela formerly East Germany, 12.0
4.8
Merkel, remained in power following general E.ON the central region
2010* 28.5 102.3
elections in September 2009, thanks to an alliance and EnBW in the south- 37.5
between her conservative Christian Democrats west. The regional and 19.5
(CDU) and the pro-business Free Democrats (FDP). municipal companies act
But since then, her popularity has been eroded by as intermediates between 6.6
austerity measures and problems with the Euro. the primary generators and 5.2
2009 25.5 94.9
In early 2010, vast Greek debts sparked fears end-users, although the 38.6
for the stability of the Euro, which led Merkel main four also act as direct 19.1
to persuade the German parliament to approve suppliers to consumers.
a 22.4 billion ($30.9 billion) contribution to an In December 2010, 4.4
European Union (EU) bailout loan for Greece. Many Evonik Steag GmbH agreed 4.7
2008 22.3 92.4
German voters were unhappy at the perceived to sell an initial 51 per cent
40.6
need to pay for another countrys debts and soon stake in its power plant 20.4
after, Merkels coalition lost a vital regional vote unit Steag, Germanys
YEAR
and with it her majority in the powerful upper fifth largest electricity 3.1
house of parliament, the Bundesrat. producer to a group of 4.5
Germanys export-dependent economy was hit local municipalities. The 2007 19.1 87.5
39.7
hard by the global financial crisis of 200809, which acquisition underlines the
21.2
triggered the worst recession in the country since current trend towards a
1949. However, by 2010, exports had helped the remunicipalization of the
2.2
country rebound somewhat. energy sector in Germany. 3.9
While many municipalities 2006 14.5 71.4
ENERGY RESOURCES partially withdrew from 30.7
20.0
Germany is essentially an energy insecure country. the energy market during
Despite extensive domestic coal reserves of over liberalization in 1998,
1.3
6 billion tonnes, the country plans to close its hard many are now beginning
3.0
coal mines by 2018 to support its goal of reducing to play a more active role 2005 12.0 63.2
use of the fuel for electricity generation. However, once more. With many of 27.2
brown coal and anthracite are its only significant the concessions or license 19.6
natural resources. agreements for power
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
The country has 276 million barrels of proven lines expiring in the near
crude oil reserves from which it produces 156 800 future, municipalities are
Hydro Wind Biomass
barrels per day (bpd), according to a 2009 estimate, considering whether or not
Waste** Photovoltaic Total
while another from 1 January 2010 suggests it to regain control of the
produces 15.29 billion m3 of natural gas and has grid and supply customers
* estimated ** drawn from only renewable sources
reserves of 175.6 billion m3. with energy.
All uranium is imported, although Germany did Price market coupling Source: Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft (BDEW), Berlin
once mine for this element. in the Central Western
Germanys total electricity production in 2009 Europe (CWE) region, comprising Germany, border capacities and could lead to further price
was 593 TWh, while total consumption stood at France, Belgium, the Netherlands and harmonization across the regions.
510 TWh. Renewables accounted for 17 per cent of Luxembourg, began in November 2010. In There are currently 17 nuclear power plants with
electricity generation in 2009. addition, the Interim Tight Volume Coupling an electric gross output of 21 507 MW in operation
(ITVC) solution now connects the CWE region across Germany. In 2009, they generated around
ELECTRICITY MARKET with the Nordic market via interconnectors 149 billion kWh of electricity.
The German electricity market has four major between Germany, Denmark and Sweden. This According to the Federal Environment Ministry,
companies, RWE, E.ON, Vattenfall Europe and paves the way to an internal electricity market electricity generated from wind, biomass,
Energie Baden Wurttenburg (EnBW), as well as 60 in Europe and could lead to more competition hydropower, solar and geothermal energy
regional and around 800 local or municipal ones. and lower electricity prices. The market coupling provided 16.3 per cent of German consumption in
The major companies have geographical dominance method makes efficient use of available cross- 2009. This is considerably higher than 2008, when
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it provided 15.2 per cent of the mix. In terms of Nuclear power units and their shutdown dates
total consumption of heat, electricity and fuels,
Commercial Shutdown Shutdown date,
renewables provided more than 10 per cent of
Plant MWe (net) operation date, as of (Atomic law
needs for the first time in 2009 (10.4 per cent, date 2001 amendment Bundestag
compared to 9.3 per cent in 2008). Despite the
vote, Oct 2010)
economic crisis, investments in installations for Bilbis A 1167 1975 2008 2016
renewable energy use in Germany reached a Neckarwesthelm 1 785 1976 2009 2017
record high of over 20 billion in 2009. The
Brunsbttel 771 1977 2009 2018
total value of investments and operation added
by renewables amounted to 37.5 billion Bilbis B 1240 1977 2011 2018
an increase of nearly one quarter against the Isar 1 878 1979 2011 2019
previous years total of 30.6 billion.
Unterweser 1345 1979 2012 2020
In the first six months of 2010, Germany added
660 MW of new wind capacity to the grid, raising
Phillipsburg 1 890 1980 2012 2026
the countrys total to 26.4 GW. Compared with Grafenrheinfeld 1275 1982 2014 2028
802 MW of installations in the first half of 2009, Krummel 1260 1984 2016 2030
this represents a reduction of nearly 18 per cent.
Gundremmingen B 1284 1984 2016 2030
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Gundremmingen C 1288 1985 2016 2030
On 28 September 2010, the German government Grohnde 1360 1985 2017 2031
presented its new energy plan, which puts
Phillipsburg 2 1392 1985 2018 2032
renewable energy at the centre of the countrys
future energy mix. The government wants to Brokdorf 1370 1986 2019 2033
raise the share of renewable energy sources in Isar 2 1400 1988 2020 2034
power generation from the current 16 per cent Elmsland 1329 1988 2021 2035
to 80 per cent by 2050. As part of the New
Energy Concept, final approval was given to
Neckarwesthelm 2 1305 1989 2022 2036
plans to extend the life of nuclear reactors,
reversing a decision of the previous government.
However, it insists that nuclear energy merely installed capacity of 288 MW and is due to begin FUTURE TRENDS
serves as a bridge technology that will help construction in 2012. The new energy plan means that the German
the country to achieve its renewables objectives. E.ON intends to enlarge the capacity of Waldeck market remains in flux. In order to ensure
Germany is keen to reduce CO2 emissions pumped storage hydro station on Lake Eder in the supply security, balancing and reserve capacities
and has a strong commitment to renewables. federal state of Hesse. The organization will begin must be maintained on the grid, which will
However, the solar feed-in tariffs pursuant to the work on a new 300 MW pumped storage plant require investment in more flexible coal and
German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) were next to the existing Waldeck 2 facility in 2012. gas fired power stations. With an unsurpassed
adjusted downwards as of 1 July and 1 October Construction is expected to take four years. 700 000 grid-connected solar photovoltaic
2010 to avoid a glut of photovoltaic supply. The company has also won approval from the systems, Germany faces fundamental problems
In their coalition agreement, the German state of Hesse to build a 1.1 GW coal fired power with load management. The German Energy
government declared increasing energy efficiency plant in central Germany to replace three old Agency (DENA) has called for a cap on new
to be a central area of focus. Their strategy generation units built in the 1960s and 1970s. systems to buy enough time for storage
to is based on three points: administrative and However, the company is currently weighing up the capacities and the grid to be expanded, which
regulatory measures, such as the energy saving legal issues that could arise from any environmental will be a priority for the coming decade.
ordinance (EnEV); grant aid programmes, such as objections to the 1.2 billion plant. It had planned The energy plan will also affect current
the CO2 building renovation programme, creating to have the new Staudinger block operational in projects. In January 2011, the public utilities of
a strong incentive for energy efficient construction 2012, but a lengthy ongoing approval process has Schleswig, Wedel and Quickborn announced
and renovation; and market-oriented measures delayed the projects completion by at least a year. that they no longer want to participate in the
and instruments, such as energy certificates for The extension of nuclear operating lives, 1800 MW coal fired power plant project in
buildings that will develop favourable market while not fundamentally altering the situation Brunsbttel, near Hamburg, scheduled to start
conditions for energy efficiency performance. regarding final disposal of radioactive waste, operations in 2015. All companies cited the
means that the Konrad final repository for low and government extension of the nuclear power.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT intermediate waste needs to be commissioned as The energy plan also includes a pledge to
Vattenfall, Swedens state-owned utility, is investing soon as possible. The New Energy Concept calls for invest 5 billion via low interest loans to help
over 1 billion in a new offshore wind farm in the clarification on whether the Gorleben salt dome develop offshore wind capacity. The government
North Sea and has entered into a joint venture can be used as a final disposal site for high level estimates around 75 billion will need to be
with German utility Stadtwerke Mnchen to build wastes. A preliminary safety analysis will be peer invested to increase capacity in offshore wind
the DanTysk project, which will have an estimated reviewed in 2012. to 25 GW by 2030.
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Italy
Italy has among the highest electricity prices in the world, mainly due to its
heavy dependence on imported natural gas. As it seeks to diversify supply,
gas will continue to dominate its generation mix.
Italy is one of Western Europes most southerly 65 TWh is commercially Gross electricity production, 2009 (TWh)
nations and borders the Mediterranean and exploitable. According to
Adriatic Seas on three sides. It shares northern land Ricerca Sistema Energetico,
145.8
160
frontiers with France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy has a total installed
Slovenia. The country has an area of 301 200 km2, hydropower capacity of 140
including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which is 17.7 GW, of which 20 per
inhabited by 58.1 million people. cent is supplied by small 120
Italy is a parliamentary democracy with an hydropower plant of less
100
elected president and two elected houses: the than 10 MW.
Senate and the House of Representatives. Its post- Italy has the largest 80
Second World War history has been dominated installed geothermal
TWh
60
47.5
by a series of short-lived coalition governments, capacity in Europe and
43.3
although electoral reforms introduced in the the fifth largest in the
28.1
40
1990s have provided a little more stability. world at 843 MW. The
Economically the country is divided into a rich, International Geothermal 20
7.9
5.3
6.1
4.2
0.9
0.8
industrial north and a poor, agrarian south. It has Association estimates that
0
a large public sector and a lively private sector. The Italy will have a capacity of 0 l l l
ar e r d
dro ag ma Sola Win Coa Oi Gas ergy ther
cle Hy stor ther
country depends heavily on imports for energy 920 MW by 2015. Nu -en O
ed Geo e -to
and raw materials. Gross domestic product (GDP) mp s t
was 1658 billion ($2290 billion) with growth of ELECTRICITY MARKET Pu Wa
1.1 per cent in 2010, after a contraction of 5.1 per Italys electricity sector was Total gross production = 289.9
cent in 2009. liberalized in 1999, the
results of which have been Source: IEA/OECD Electricity Statistics
ENERGY OVERVIEW largely positive. Generating
Italy depends heavily on imports for its energy capacity and efficiency has increased, while new
needs as it has limited fossil fuel reserves. Total entrants have brought competitiveness to the
primary energy supply was 162.71 million tonnes market.
of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2009. The former state utility Enel has seen its
Crude oil reserves stand at 423.7 million market share reduced, but it still controls close
barrels, while production is 1.537 million barrels to half of the total generating capacity and a
per day (bpd) and consumption is 1.537 million much larger proportion of peak capacity. Edison,
bpd. Natural gas reserves total 69.83 billion m3, E.ON, EDF, A2A and Enipower are also among
while 2009 production was 8.119 billion m3 and the utilities active in Italy.
consumption was 78.12 billion m3. The Italian electricity market is organized as
Coal reserves are negligible at 34 million tonnes a pool system, managed by a market operator,
and there are no active coal mines in the country. Gestore dei Mercati Energetici (GME), which
Italian coal imports are sourced primarily from collects the bids, determines the merit order for
South Africa, Colombia and Australia. dispatching electricity and is responsible for all
Italy is blessed with a wealth of renewable auxiliary services. A single buyer is responsible
resources. Installed wind power is 4850 MW from for guaranteeing the electricity supply to a set
a maximum wind potential of 12 GW, or 22.6 of captive customers. Terna, a company that was
TWh by 2020. Wind capacity is forecast to grow by once part of Enel, wholly owns the national gird,
1 GW a year in the coming years. while the Italian Regulatory Market for Gas and
At 2.5 GW, Italy has the second highest solar Electricity oversees the entire sector.
photovoltaic installed capacity in the world. Ternas electricity grid is interconnected with
The government has targeted 8 GW of installed its neighbours through 18 lines, 16 of which cross
capacity by 2020, but analysts view this as a the Alps (four to France, nine to Switzerland, one
pessimistic assessment due to countrys generous to Austria and two to Slovenia), one underwater
feed-in tariff regime. cable to Greece and another to Corsica.
Italy has a theoretical yearly hydropower In July 2010, with an 18-month transitional
potential of 190 TWh, of which approximately period, Italy adopted a two-tier system of
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electricity pricing to more closely reflect the cost Installed capacity (GWh)
of production. With the new system, the price of
electricity will vary depending on the time of use.
2009 46 570
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 2008 43 433

The European Commission has set a target for the
2007 48 931
proportion of Italys final consumption of energy
from renewable sources to total 17 per cent by 2006 46 596
2020. In 2005, this stood at 5.2 per cent.
2000 44 831
Italy offers a green certificate subsidy
scheme as an incentive for generating low- 1990 35 577
carbon sources of electricity. The value of a 3248
1973
certificate is capped at 180 per MWh, which
is the combined value of the certificate and 1960 237
the average electricity market price. Green 100 500 1000 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000
certificates are allocated according to the source
of generation. The co-efficients are 1.0 for wind, Source: IEA/OECD Energy Statistics of OECD Countries
1.5 for offshore wind, 0.9 for geothermal, 1.8 for
tidal and wave, 1 for hydro, and 1.31.8 MW for
biomass. Solar power incentives operate under Energy statistics
a feed-in tariff rather than green certificates. GDP ($trillion) 2.037
In parallel with several European countries,
GDP per capita ($) 30 700
Italy slashed subsidies for solar power in 2010.
In July, it passed legislation to cut feed-in GDP growth 2010 (%) +1.1
tariffs by 20 per cent in 2011, to be rolled-out Population (million) 58.1
in three phases with a four-month gap. It also
Total pimary energy supply (mtoe) 162.71
introduced a 30 per cent cut in feed-in tariffs for
solar plants greater than 5 MW, plus a further
Oil reserves (million barrels) 423.7
3
6 per cent cut in subsidy in 2012 and 2013. Natural gas reserves (billion m ) 69.83
Against fierce opposition from the renewables
industry, Rome ditched a plan to abrogate the
obligation of state energy management agency For now, Italy remains heavily dependent on FUTURE TRENDS
GSE to buy unsold green certificates, a measure gas for power production and several plants are Despite plans to diversify into nuclear energy and
that keeps the floor price for wind power at in development. Swiss utility BKW has plans to increase wind and solar output, gas fired power
around 180/MWh. Instead, the government build a 385 MW gas fired plant in Benevento, looks set to dominate Italys power generation mix.
legislated in July for a 30 per cent cut in certificate Campania by 2014. Sorgenias 800 MW Aprilia Enel, the worlds fourth largest renewables
purchases in 2011 compared to 2010. plant is due online by the end of 2011, while developer, aims to pioneer advanced solar power
Italy is highly commended in Ernst & Youngs Enipowers 430 MW Turbigo plant is scheduled in Italy. The Archimede concentrating solar power
Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness for completion in 2014. (CSP) plant being developed in Priolo Gargallo,
Indices. It ranks sixth in the world overall behind Numerous utility-scale solar power plant Sicily, will be the first in the world to use molten salts
China, the USA, Germany, India and the UK, orders were announced in 2010. Siemens is for heat transfer and storage, as well as the first to
while also sixth in the world for wind power and building three 1 MW photovoltaic plants in the be fully integrated to an existing combined-cycle
third for solar, behind only the USA and India. Marche region, E.ON is developing a 3.4 MW gas power plant. The project is being co-developed
unit in Lazio, while ABB is to construct three by Enel and the Italian National Agency for New
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT plants totalling 13 MW in Sicily. RWE Innogy Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
This year Enel is commencing a major oil-to-coal is building an 18.7 MW biomass cogeneration Development (ENEA).
conversion of the 2640 MW Porto Tolle power unit in the same province, while, in November In order to encourage developments in wind
plant in the Veneto. The converted plant, which 2010, Enel commissioned a 20 MW geothermal and solar power and work towards advanced load
will have a reduced capacity of 1980 MW (three plant in Siena. modulation, the Italian Regulatory Authority for
660 MW units), will take five years to complete. Transmission system operator Terna has plans Electricity and Gas is promoting the use of pumped
Work is expected to start in the second quarter to build several high-voltage direct current storage. This would involve capacity that can be
of 2011. (HVDC) interconnectors, including: 400 kV, brought into play using existing small and medium-
In the longer term, Enel, in conjunction with 1000 MW links with Switzerland and Croatia; sized reservoirs, particularly in Southern Italy.
EDF, aims to build four Areva EPR reactors at three 400 kV links with Albania of between The authority is also promoting the
as yet undesignated sites. German utility E.ON 400500 kV and 5001000 MW; a 500 kV, development of long-term markets that are able
also has ambitions to develop nuclear power in 1000 MW link with Montenegro; and two 400 kV, to combine market forces and fund facilities
the country. 6001000 MW links with Tunisia. with high fixed costs.
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Poland
A share sale in Polish power companies seeks to inject enough investment in
fresh capacity to enable the countrys high emission levels to be reduced.
From the lowlands and hills of its coastline on

Electricity generation by type, 2009
the Baltic Sea in the north to the foothills of
the Carpathian mountains in the south, 2009 (GW) Change from 2008
2
38.4 million people occupy an area of 312 685 km Total 150 913 -3%
in the 1000-year-old state of Poland. It neighbours
Hydropower 2751 +9%
are Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and the Russian exclave Coal 84 274 -2.6%
of Kaliningrad Oblast. Lignite 50 797 -5.6%
After 40 years as a member of the Soviet
Gas 4052 +1.6%
bloc, Poland has pursued a policy of economic
liberalization since 1990. It adopted its current
Wind and renewables 835 +22.8%
democratic constitution in 1997, joined the Source: PSE Annual Report 2009
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) in 1996, NATO in 1997 and
the European Union (EU) in 2004.
Membership and access to EU structural funds
have provided a major boost to the economy. Gross
domestic product (GDP) was growing by about 5 its energy from renewable sources by 2020, which National electricity consumption in 2009
per cent annually until 2009, due to rising private will principally be provided by wind and biomass. amounted to 148 718 GW, nearly 4 per cent lower
consumption and a jump in corporate investment. than in 2008. Coal and lignite are responsible for
However, the global economic downturn slowed ELECTRICITY MARKET the bulk of generation; although hydropower,
the economy, which now faces the challenges of Polands electricity market has undergone renewables and gas all showed steep percentage
high unemployment, as well as underdeveloped considerable reorganization in the past 20 years. rises from very low starting points.
and dilapidated infrastructure. Vertically integrated regional state-owned There are currently 20 distribution operators
utilities were unbundled in the 1990s, but in Poland. The transmission operator PSE is a
ENERGY RESOURCES reconsolidation was underway a decade later, and joint-stock company owned by the treasury. The
Indigenous fuel production meets around 70 per by 2007 four major generation and distribution domestic network infrastructure consists of 239
cent of Polands energy needs, with 94 per cent utilities dominated the market: Polish Group of lines with a total length of 13 294 km, while
of the countrys electricity generated from coal. Energy (PGE), Tauron Polska Energia, Enea and interconnections with Sweden, the Czech Republic,
Poland has proven reserves of 7502 million tonnes Energa. Further privatization is underway as the Slovakia and Germany allowed Poland to export
of coal 20 per cent of which is lignite. government sells off stakes in them. 5038 GW in 2009, an increase of 22.6 per cent
Poland has some gas deposits, but more than Enea, the third largest generator, raised 2 billion from the year before. The highest increase in
70 per cent of its consumption of 14 billion m3 zloty ($710 million) in a 2008 initial public offering electricity exports took place via the 450 kV direct
per year is imported from Russia. Polands Silurian (IPO) on the Warsaw Stock Exchange when the current cable to Sweden (70.2 per cent), the twin
shales have been identified as a source of up to Swedish state-owned company Vattenfall acquired 400 kV double-circuit transmission lines to Germany
3 trillion m3 of shale gas reserves, enough to satisfy 19 per cent. In 2009, talks with RWE over acquiring (57.1 per cent) and the 220 kV double-circuit line to
domestic demand for more than 200 years. Enea came to nothing. A further 16 per cent the Czech Republic (20.1 per cent).
The Ministry of the Environment has so far issued stake was sold a year later, raising 1.1 billion zloty. Electricity imports into Poland in 2009 were
60 shale gas licences to companies, including the Towards the end of 2010, Kulczyk Holding, the 2839.3 GW, 17 per cent down from 2008.
Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG), Chevron and investment vehicle for Jan Kulczyk, one of Polands
Exxon Mobil. PGNiG began hydraulic fracturing of wealthiest businessmen, beat GDF Suez to become ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
underground rock formations to extract gas at the the preferred bidder for the governments 51 per Poland was responsible for 298.69 million tonnes
Makrowola-1 site in mid 2010. It will take a couple cent stake in Enea. of CO2 emissions in 2008. The economy depends
of years to gain a clearer idea about the economics A 15 per cent stake in PGE, the countrys largest heavily on coal power, and the country is lagging
of exploiting its shale gas reserves. utility, was sold on the Warsaw Stock Exchange for behind Western Europe in implementing climate
In 2009, Polands Council of Ministers adopted 6 billion zloty, the largest IPO in Europe in 2009. change policy.
the Energy Policy of Poland until 2030, which The government plans to sell another 10 per cent The government has been determined to avoid
maps out a long-term plan to diversify generation once the share price recovers. being bound by EU emissions targets, taking legal
sources in order to meet rising demand. A nuclear In 2010, shares in Tauron, the countrys second action against the European Commission over
energy programme is currently being developed largest utility raised 4.2 billion zloty on the stock Polands allocation under the European emissions
that involves building two nuclear power reactors, exchange. The success of the sale led the government trading scheme (ETS). Eventually an EU directive in
the first of which is scheduled for completion in to increase the stake on offer to 52 per cent from an July 2010 made allowances for Polands obsolete
2022. Poland is aiming to produce 15 per cent of initial 25 per cent of the company. coal power plants, extending their permanent
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shutdown date until 2023 or 17 500 operational Primary energy demand, 2010
hours from 2016, whichever comes first.
The National Roadmap for Renewable Energy 0.8%
Sources sets a goal for Poland to provide 15 per 13.1%
cent its energy needs from renewable sources by
2020. The Ministry of the Economy has compiled a
draft action projecting that this will be satisfied by
wind power and biomass generation. The share of
Coal
renewable energy is planned to increase to 20 per Oil
cent by 2030.
Measures to support renewable energy Gas
development include incentive mechanisms, such 26.7% 58.2% Hydro
as green certificates, effective use of agricultural
biogas installations and creating economic
incentives for building offshore wind farms.
A key strategic objective of the European
Bank of Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD) in Poland is to promote investment in
the energy sector, with a special focus on energy
efficiency and renewable energy, as well as the
Share of domestic electricity production by fuel type, 2009
diversification of energy and fuel supplies. EBRD
has made 85 million ($117 million) available for 1.82%
lending to local small and medium enerprises
2.68% 0.55%
5.44%
undertaking sustainable energy investments.
Onshore wind capacity is currently being
developed: Gamesa has a portfolio of wind Coal
energy projects with a total capacity of 706 MW Lignite
at varying stages of development in Poland, while
Portugals EDP Renovaveis has a 120 MW wind Industrial power plant
farm in the north-west. Gas
33.66%
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Hydro
More than 70 per cent of Polands power Renewable
plants are near the end of their useful lives
and with electricity demand expected to rise 55.4%
55 per cent by 2030, new capacity is needed
along with modernization of its transmission and
distribution system.
Current power plants energy efficiency is Source: PSE Annual Report 2009
calculated at 36 per cent, with energy loss by
power plants estimated at 24 TWh annually. The at Lubiatowo in northern Poland, the site of a overhead line, providing an important boost for
electricity transmission and distribution system nuclear plant started in the 1980s and cancelled the Poznan areas electricity markets.
generates energy losses of 9.36 per cent, which in 1990. To this end, PGE has signed agreements
is one of the highest in Europe. Existing power with EDF, GEHitachi and Westinghouse to FUTURE TRENDS
generation and network losses constitute 25 per investigate the use of European pressurized Despite considerable restructuring, attempts to
cent of total energy production. water, advanced boiling water, economic introduce competition into the market seem to have
New investments are planned, especially simplified boiling water and AP1000 reactors. had little impact. Electricity demand is projected
in renewable energy sources, highly effective However, PGEs plans were dealt a blow in to increase but Polands electricity generation
cogeneration systems and nuclear energy. The EU January 2011, when the Polish anti-monopoly and infrastructure is in need of urgent substantial
cogeneration directive obliges Poland to introduce office ruled against a proposed takeover of PGEs investment and modernization. The government
a policy to facilitate the development of electric rival Energa, worth 7.5 billion zloty, which the is looking to private investment to provide this,
energy production from cogeneration sources. company believed would give it more clout in but the global financial downturn appears to have
PGE is building a new 850 MW lignite fired the financial markets. dampened interest for the time being
unit at Bechatw power plant, alongside a Meanwhile, Poland has entered nuclear The EBRD estimates that foreign investment of
carbon capture and storage demonstration co-operation agreements and joint declarations 2040 billion is needed to install the necessary
project financed by the EU. with France, Japan and the USA over the past production facilities by 2020, and that renewable
The company is also organizing a consortium 12 months, and construction has begun on a energy could create between 30 000 and 40 000
to build and operate Polands first nuclear power third electricity interconnection between Poland jobs in Poland, going some way to replacing those
plant. It wants to start work in five years time and Germany. This will be in the form of an lost in the coal mining sector.
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Russia
A recovery in electricity demand is seeing Russias power sector return to
earlier plans for modernization and the completion of the restructuring and
liberalization process, but many challenges remain.
The Russian Federation is the largest country on Annual natural gas production
earth, spanning nine time zones and covering
17.1 million km2 of north-eastern Europe and
610 601.7
northern Asia. 600
Nearly 80 per cent of its 140 million population 590 595.2 592.0
lives in western Russia, 11 million of them in 580
Moscow. Russias main exports are energy and 580.1
570
Billion cubic metres
energy products, wood and wood products, metals, 573.5

560
chemicals, weapons and military equipment. 561.5
550
Russia is showing signs of pulling out of the
540 535.7
sharp economic decline it suffered in 2008, helped 528.5
by the rising prices of oil. Gross domestic product 530 538.8
(GDP) grew by 4 per cent in 2010, following a 520 526.2 527.5
decline of 7.8 per cent in 2009. Growth in 2011 is 510
forecast at 4.2 per cent.
500
The source of Russias economic power and world
influence lies in its oil and gas resources. State-run 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Gazprom is the worlds largest gas producer and
exporter, supplying a growing share of Europes
Electricity generation by fuel source, 2008
needs. Moscow has demonstrated it willingness
to use this economic muscle, most notable when 1%
it cut gas supplies to Ukraine, threatening onward 16%
supplies to Western Europe, after a row between
the countries Gas
Coal
ENERGY OVERVIEW
Russia has significant energy resources with exports 15% 49% Nuclear
sustaining economic growth. Russia is also a major Hydro
consumer of energy with over half of its domestic
energy needs coming from natural gas. According
Renewables
to the Oil and Gas Journal, Russia holds the worlds
largest natural gas reserves, with 47.6 trillion m3. It 19%
is the second largest producer of gas after the USA,
and the worlds largest exporter (226 billion m3/y).
The Ministry of Energy has announced plans to in Western Siberia. Russia produced an estimated (OGKs) were created and 14 territorial generating
invest $400 billion in developing the sector by 2030, 9.9 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil in 2009 and companies (TGKs), although since then there
which could see annual production rising from consumed around 2.9 million bpd. has been some consolidation. The government
650 billion m3 to 1 trillion m3. In 2010, coal production in Russia increased by retained control in all the network companies,
The country provides one fifth of the more than 20 million tonnes to 323 million tonnes. the system operator, and nuclear and hydropower
European Unions (EU) gas via two pipelines, Last year, 190.6 million tonnes of Russian coal generation. A number of European firms acquired
one that traverses Ukraine, Slovakia and the were supplied to domestic consumers and exports assets from Russias Unified Energy System, notably
Czech Republic, another Belarus and Poland. increased by 8.8 per cent from 2009, reaching Enel, EON, RWE and Fortum.
Ukraine and Belarus have both had acrimonious 115.3 million tonnes. Historically, electricity prices have been low
disputes with Russia over gas prices which led in Russia and controlled by tariffs for domestic
to disruption of exports to Europe in 2009 and ELECTRICITY MARKET consumers. A gradual liberalization has been
2007 respectively. Two alternative pipelines are In July 2008, Russias vertically integrated, centrally introduced so that by 2011 all wholesale electricity
planned: Nord Stream, from the Russian port of planned, monopoly electricity supply service was volumes are supplied at unregulated prices, except
Vyborg to Greifswald in northern Germany, and dissolved. Its assets were unbundled, separating for supply to households, North Caucasus and some
South Stream, running under the Black Sea to generation, transmission and distribution, and other exceptions. Privatized companies expected
Turkey and then Eastern Europe. bringing in foreign utilities. Reform aimed to to be able charge market rates for 90 per cent of
Proven oil reserves in Russia are estimated at improve efficiency and to attract investment. At output from 2011, but there is speculation that the
60 billion barrels with most of the resources located the outset, six wholesale electricity companies government might extend price caps.
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Russias Unified Power System (UPS) comprises Hydropower is already a Gradual opening of Russias electricity market
six self-balanced Interregional Power Systems (IPS): stalwart of Russias electricity
100%
Northwest, Centre, Middle Volga, North Caucasus, generation, making up
Urals and Siberia. These are interconnected by 5 per cent of the total supply. 100
long-distance overhead lines. The IPSs operate in Large and small hydro plants 90
80%
parallel across six time zones. A seventh separate are set to be developed,
80
IPS operates in Russias far east. The Russian which will increase hydros
70
60%
network system consists of 2.67 million km of contribution to national
60
50%
lines, including over 150 700 km of high-voltage generation.
50
PERCENT
distribution lines.The UPS has extensive links with
neighbouring countries power systems. Electricity INFRASTRUCTURE 40
30%
25%
is exported to Finland, China, Poland and Turkey, INVESTMENT 30
15%
as well as former Soviet republics. Upon acquiring Russia 20
10%
Generation in Russia comes from a mix of generating assets from
10
5%
gas, coal, hydro and nuclear. Most recent figures RAO UES, the new owners
0
put Russias installed capacity at 230 GW. Power pledged to invest $820 billion 07 07 08 08 09 09 10 10 11
1-20
7 - 20 1-20 7-20 1-20 7-20 1-20 7-20
-1-20
companies in Russia have to deal with an increasing in a five-year investment 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1
demand for electric power and a need to cut costs programmes, bringing over
in order to release capital for modernization and 43 GW of new generation
construction of new, more efficient generation capacity online. However, Supplies at non-regulated prices
capacity. This new capacity is required not only to the subsequent credit crunch
replace obsolete equipment, but more importantly forced most energy firms to
to increase the security of the power system as re-think their investment plans. Despite the setback of the Sayano-Shushenskaya
a whole. According to the government baseline Prime Minister Putin has called for Russian disaster, RusHydro is pushing ahead with a
scenario, 186 GW of new generation capacity electric power companies to build 100 new power major investment programme to replace aging
is necessary by 2020, assuming the phasing of generation units around the country and claimed infrastructure as well as participating in new
outdated plant. Construction of generation that fully-fledged work was only being carried projects such as the 3000 MW Boguchanskaya
and network facilities will require significant out on 38 of them. A number of foreign investors hydropower plant. RusHydro is planning to
investment. have hit back by criticizing the price-setting rules commission 3 GW of new capacity in 2011, and has
Hydropower accounts for 20 per cent of on the electricity and capacity market as being a signed an MOU with Alstom to jointly construct
Russias electricity generation with 102 plants constraint to investment. and refurbish Russian hydropower facilities.
currently operating. Russia is greatly expanding its Current infrastructure investment activity
hydroelectric capacity, aiming to increase it by 60 includes Fortum, owners of TGK-10, which plans FUTURE TRENDS
per cent by 2020 and to double it by 2030. to accelerate the schedule of its 2300 MW Russias electricity industry faces a lack of capacity
investment programme and to commission new to meet increasing demands for power, obsolete
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY units by the end of 2014. EON, the major power generation equipment and a vast, inefficient
The presence of vast hydrocarbon energy shareholder in OGK4, is due to invest $2.3 billion transmission grid.
resources has made Russia hitherto give little in Russian electricity over the next 12 years. The industry has undergone a period of rapid
priority to the development of renewables, and Enels OGK-5 plans to finance the upgrading reorganization and part-privatization but new
it is one of the worlds most inefficient users of of a 410 MW gas fired power plant located in investors now face a squeeze between fulfilling
energy. This is slowly changing but renewable Nevinnomyssk, South Russia. investment obligations that came with the
energy did not make big strides in 2010. Even In February 2010, the government approved the acquisition of assets and low regulated power
though locally, small-scale projects started $5.8 billion investment programme put forward prices. The concept of creating competition among
appearing in Russian regions last year, in sum by state-owned nuclear company Rosenergoatom, generators has been challenged by a consolidation
total, the share of alternative energy in Russias most of which will be spent on new facilities. In of some TGKs and OGKs among a few large players
energy market remained, as before, at a level of Russia there are currently ten new nuclear reactors such as Gazprom and Inter RAO, both of whom
1 per cent. The Russian energy strategy aims to being built on six sites, as well as a floating nuclear possess strategic advantages.
increase that share to 4.5 per cent by 2020. Russia plant. Investment will also go into life extensions of Despite calls for a return to a centralized power
has drafted a Renewable Energy Law but this is second generation reactors and upratings, as well as system, the creation of a liberalized wholesale
not yet on the statute books. preparation for decommissioning of some facilities. market in 2011 and the proposals for a long-term
Russia is the worlds third largest CO2 emitter Further reactors are planned to bring the countrys capacity market, suggest that the reform process is
although well behind the US and China. It has the 21.7 GW nuclear power capacity to 43 GW by 2020. set to continue.
worlds greatest capacity for wind power: 120 000 TW Russias Federal Grid Company announced a RUB Russias power industry is expected to make
onshore and 23 000 TW offshore, although much of it 952.4 billion ($31 billion) investment programme, progress in areas of energy efficiency, modernization
lies in inaccessible areas far from demand centres. The covering a five year period from 2010 to 2014. The and renewable energy but for the time being will
south-west region, southern Siberia and the far east programme provides for high-scale construction remain a laggard compared to Western Europe.
have potential for solar energy. Biomass is a possible and renovation of the electricity grid, removal of The government will continue to look for ways
source of power in Siberia and the far east while network restrictions, technological connection and to encourage the required modernization of the
geothermal energy could be exploited in the far east providing network capacity for newly built power sector without a substantial rise in tariff rises which
and northern Caucasus. plants throughout the country. would risk public dissent.
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Spain
Spain continues to support investment in wind and solar power, despite
the global recession, aiming for 40 per cent renewable generation by 2020.
Spain occupies most of the south-western Installed generating capacity (MW) Electricity
peninsular of mainland Europe, as well as a production on
103 086
number of offshore islands including the Balearics Spanish peninsular
5637
105 000
99 001
and the Canaries. It shares land borders with France system (GWh)
5271
to the north and Portugal in the west and has
100 000 2005 255 007
90 596
Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. The country has
85 973
97 447
2006 263 555
an area of 505 370 km2, and the population in 2010 90 000
93 729
78 453
was 64.5 million.
72 956
2007 272 677
The country was a dictatorship until the death 80 000 2008 280 000
of Francisco Franco in 1975, when it became a
70 000 2009 264 612
democratic monarchy and established a modern
economy. The country joined the European Union 2010 272 868
60 000
(EU) in 1985 and has since become a key member, Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
but its economy has suffered severely in the 50 000
global recession, primarily as a consequence of
the collapse of a property bubble that developed 40 000
during the early part of this century. Gross
30 000
domestic product (GDP) contracted by 3.7 per
cent in 2009 and by a predicted 0.3 per cent in 20 000
2010 to an estimated 990 million ($1.37 billion).
The electricity sector is likely to be among those 10 000
affected by fiscal tightening in 2011.
5000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ENERGY RESOURCES
Spain has little by way of fossil fuel reserves, with Peninsular system Extra-peninsular system Total
the exception of coal, and it relies heavily on
imports of coal, oil and gas for power. However, Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
there are significant renewable resources including
hydropower, solar and wind. best sites are already being used, but there is still can buy electricity from the pool directly or
Proven oil reserves in 2010 were 150 million some additional small hydro potential. Both wind through a liberalized distributor, which sets its
barrels. Production in 2009 was 27 230 barrels per and solar power could make a large contribution own tariffs. However, many small consumers
day (bpd) while consumption was 1.48 million bpd, to the generation mix, while there is significant but opt for a regulated tariff that is lower than the
leaving imports to cover the large deficit. Major unquantified biomass potential too. market price and essentially subsidized by the
sources include Russia, Libya, Mexico and Nigeria. government. The Comisin Nacional de Energa
Natural gas reserves were 2548 million m3 in 2010. ELECTRICITY MARKET (CNE) regulates the overall market.
Production the previous year was 13 million m3 and Spain has a fully liberalized electricity market Spanish generation falls under either the
consumption was 33.9 billion m3, while exports in which the main generators sell power into a ordinary or special regulatory regimes. The special
of 975 million m3 were balanced by imports of wholesale power pool, from which power is sold regime is available to renewable generators and
34.7 billion m3. Pipeline gas is imported from North to the main distributors. Consumers have been high-efficiency cogeneration, and covers plants
Africa, while liquefied natural gas (LNG) is imported free to choose any supplier since 2003, while with capacities of up to 50 MW. These may opt
from other regions, including the Middle East. bilateral contracts came into increasing use from either for a feed-in tariff or to sell their power
Coal reserves at the end of 2009 were 630 million 2006 onwards. A forward market has also become into the pool at a premium tariff set above
tonnes. Production in 2009 was 9.45 million tonnes more active since then. The market is operated by the market price. In both cases, purchase of
while consumption was 21.21 million tonnes, Mercado de Electricidad (OMEL), which handles the power is guaranteed. All other generators
around half of which was imported from countries pool sales and settlement. The Spanish power pool operate under the ordinary regime in which they
such as South Africa, Colombia, the USA and Russia. also includes Portugal. sell power into the power pool, through bilateral
However, a government decree favouring coal Network security is the responsibility of the contacts or through derivatives.
plants burning domestic coal is expected to have system operator, Red Elctrica de Espaa, which A wide range of companies are involved in
reduced imports drastically in 2010. also operates the transmission system above Spanish generation, the largest of which are
Gross hydropower potential in Spain is estimated 220 kV and all interconnections with island power Endesa (24 GW of manly thermal and nuclear
to be 162 TWh/y, of which 37TWh/y is considered systems and with neighbouring countries. There plants), Iberdrola (20 GW of nuclear, thermal and
economically exploitable. Hydro production in are several regulated distribution companies hydropower plants) and Union Fenosa (8 GW
2010 exceeded this, suggesting that most of the that supply power to consumers. Consumers including nuclear, thermal and hydropower).
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These are also the dominant distribution Installed capacity by type, 2010 (MW)
companies.
Installed generating capacity in Spain increased 9982
by 4 per cent between 2009 and 2010 to 103 086 16 658
MW, including the extra-peninsular capacity. The 4188 Hydro
main contributions were from combined-cycle
Nuclear
plants (26 844 MW), wind power (19 959 MW),
hydropower (16 568 MW), coal fired plants 7716 Coal
(11 870 MW), solar (4188 MW), and other
19 959
Fuel/gas
generators (9982 MW) qualifying under the Total
countrys special regime. This represents one of 103 086 MW Combined cycle
the highest levels of renewable generation in
11 870 Wind
the EU.
Electricity production in peninsular Spain rose Solar
by 3 per cent between 2009 and 2010 to 274 TWh,
5889
Other special regine
but remains lower than the 280 TWh generated
in 2008. Major sources included 68.8 TWh from
the countrys combined cycle plants, 61.9 TWh 26 844
from nuclear units, 43 TWh from wind plants and
Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
38 TWh from hydro plants. Other special regime
generators, including solar power plants, added a
further 48.5 TWh.
Demand in peninsular Spain in 2010 was
259.94 TWh, while across the whole of Spanish INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT With a moratorium currently in place on nuclear
territories it was 275.3 TWh. Electricity demand in Spain is expected to rise construction, no new capacity will be built over this
from 275 TWh in 2010 to 300 TWh by 2016 and period, but existing plants are expected to continue
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 420 TWh by 2030. To meet demand, production to operate until 2030, producing 60 TWh/y.
Spain is bound by EU targets for renewable energy is expected to reach 330 TWh in 2016 and Transmission system investment between
and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. In 450 TWh by 2030. 2010 and 2014 will be 400 million per year,
2008, the country emitted 405.7 million tonnes of Gas fired combined-cycle plants, which according to Red Elctrica, with no figures
greenhouse gases. Although this is 7.5 per cent produced 69 TWh in 2010, are predicted to available beyond this date. Projects will include
lower than the previous year, it is 42 per cent account for 130 TWh in 2016 and 180 TWh a 2000 MW interconnection with France (350
higher than in 1990. by 2030. Construction is likely to involve all million) and an undersea connection to and
By 2012, the EU Kyoto Protocol commitment the major generating companies in Spain, between the Balearic Islands (445 million). Red
requires overall EU emissions to fall to at least considering that capacity will virtually double in Elctrica is also responsible for integrating the
8 per cent below their 1990 level. This increases the next decade, and increase by a further 39 per growing renewable generating capacity.
to 20 per cent by 2020, clearly requiring further cent between 2020 and 2030.
Spanish cuts. Coal generation is due to rise from 26 TWh FUTURE TRENDS
Partly as a response to its commitment and in 2010 to 40 TWh in 2016 and 50 TWh in 2050. Electricity demand in Spain has been dampened
partly to reduce its reliance on imported fuel, This suggests that generating capacity based by the global recession, but growth has now
Spain has been pursuing an aggressive policy on coal will increase by 65 per cent between resumed. By 2016, demand is predicted be 9 per
encouraging renewable generation. This has led 2010 and 2020, and provide double the existing cent higher than in 2010, while over the long term
to a massive growth in wind and solar power capacity of just less than 12 GW by 2030. The fuel it could rise by 64 per cent by 2030. The Spanish
that has seen wind increase its share of the for these plants is likely to come from domestic government has been pursuing an aggressive
market to 17 per cent of total demand during sources, given that new regulations do not policy to promote renewable generation and cut
the first six months of 2010. At one point in favour imports. reliance on imported fuel. This can be expected to
May last year, it supplied 40 per cent of demand. Renewable generation is likely to see large continue so that renewable plants will contribute
Renewables are supported by subsidies such increases too. The government strategy envisages over 40 per cent of generation by 2020, or higher
as feed-in tariffs, but the financial crisis has put that renewable plants will provide 42 per cent if large hydropower is taken into account.
them under pressure. Subsidies to wind plants of generation in 2020. Beyond this date, the If renewable investment is to be maintained
were reduced in 2010 although not as severely proportion of renewable capacity will be then the feed-in tariff system must remain stable.
as those for solar photovoltaics. Meanwhile, maintained at around this level, so that by 2030 it The global recession has caused the government
solar thermal plants appear to have won a will account for 41 per cent of generation. On this to tighten the subsidy policy over the past couple
reprieve. Despite this renewable generation is basis, wind capacity is expected to reach 40 GW by of years, but wind and solar thermal investment
expected to continue to play a major role in 2030 (some estimates suggest 60 GW) and solar appeared to be holding up at the end of 2010,
Spanish energy supply. Under current targets, capacity 6.5 GW. Small hydro would increase from although solar photovoltaic investment had been
renewables will account for 22.7 per cent of 2.2 GW to 3 GW, while biomass capacity would rise hit by a large cut in subsidies. Meanwhile, new
total energy consumption in 2020 and 42.3 per from 2.3 GW to 3.7 GW and cogeneration would regulations will promote the use of indigenous
cent of total electricity generation. grow from 7.3 GW to 9.5 GW. coal reserves for power generation.
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Turkey
Turkey is establishing itself as an energy transit hub, but it still faces the double
challenge of meeting rapid demand growth and ensuring security of supply.
Often described as the bridge between the East Breakdown of generation by source, 2009 (TWh)
and the West, Turkey is bordered by Greece and
3.4% 0.6%
Bulgaria on the west and Georgia, Armenia, Iran,
Iraq and Syria to the east. To the north lies the
Black Sea, while to the south are the Aegean 18.5%
Natural gas
and Mediterranean Seas. The country has an area
of 783 562 km2 and in 2010 its population was Coal
estimated to be close to 78 million, with an annual
48.7% Hydro
growth rate of 1.3 per cent.
Modern Turkey was formed in 1923 from the Liquid fuel
remains of the Ottoman Empire and a multi-party
28.3% Renewables
democracy was introduced in 1950. Turkey has
been in negotiations to join the European Union
(EU) since 2005, but their progress remains slow.
The economy is increasingly driven by its industry Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
and service sectors. An aggressive privatization
programme has reduced state involvement in basic Electricity demand forecast, 2011-2018
industry, banking, transport and communication
346 509
sectors. After a severe financial crisis in 2001,
360 000
financial and fiscal reforms have strengthened 323 807
economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of 340 000
strong growth averaging over 6 per cent annually
302 597
until 2009, when global economic conditions and 320 000

tighter fiscal policy slowed growth to 4.7 per cent.
282 780
Turkey weathered the recent global financial crisis 300 000

well, and gross domestic product (GDP) rebounded
264 018
strongly to $729 billion in 2010. 280 000

246 504
ENERGY RESOURCES 260 000

230 156
Turkeys domestic primary energy sources are

limited. As of 2009, only 24 per cent of total 240 000
214 894
energy demand was met by domestic resources

while the rest was supplied from a diversified
220 000
portfolio of imports.
200 000
Proven oil reserves in 2010 were estimated to 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
be 262 million barrels (bpd), with production in
the same year totalling 53 000 bpd. However, GWh
consumption in 2009 was 579 500 bpd, with
Source: TEIAS
imports reaching 734 600 bpd and exports
133 100 bpd in 2008. Russia is Turkeys largest such as Europe. It is currently involved in three of exploitable geothermal capacity, 50 TWh/y of
supplier of oil, followed by Iran and Saudi Arabia. EU pipeline projects: The Italy-Turkey-Greece onshore wind potential and a solar potential of
Turkeys natural gas reserves were around Interconnector, the Nabucco project and the Trans around 300 TWh/y, plus significant biomass.
6 billion m3 in 2010. In 2008, production was Adriatic Pipeline project.
just over 1 billion m3, with consumption hitting In 2008, Turkey had recoverable coal reserves ELECTRICITY MARKET
35 billion m3 in 2009. With demand about 35 of 2.4 billion tonnes, of which 77 per cent is The Turkish electricity sector was dominated by
times production, most natural gas is imported by lignite, the countrys most important domestic the state-owned, vertically integrated TEK until
pipeline, primarily from Russia but also from Iran energy resource, and the rest hard coal. In 2009, 1993, when the organization was unbundled
and Azerbaijan. This is supplemented by liquefied Turkey produced 72.4 million tonnes of coal and into TEAS, which encompassed generation,
natural gas shipments from Algeria and Nigeria. consumed 93 million tonnes. transmission and wholesale electricity sales, and
However, Turkey is establishing itself as a key Turkey is reported to have a hydroelectric TEDAS, which subsumed all distribution activities.
transit country for both oil and gas because potential of 128 billion kWh/y, but currently only In 2001, a new electricity market law divided
of its strategic location between key producing exploits 3 billion kWh/y. Another 11 billion kWh/y TEAS into: EUAS, the Electricity Generation
countries (i.e. in the Middle East, Caspian basin capacity is under construction. Renewable energy Company; TEIAS, the Turkish Electricity
and Central Asia) and big consumer markets resources also include an estimated 35 000 MW Transmission Company; and TETAS, the Turkish
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Electricity Trading and Contracting Company, Total installed capacity, 2011-2018

which manages the wholesale electricity business.
The law also established the Energy Market 56 000
Regulatory Authority (EMRA) to oversee all 55 311
55 000 55 311 55 311
energy market activities.
54 000 54 111
A planned privatization of the power sector 54 111 54 111
has so far only affected the electricity distribution 53 000
network, which is divided into 21 distribution
52 000
regions, 20 of which were controlled by TEDAS. 51 545
MW
Late last year, its privatization was achieved, 51 000

which will raise $13 billion over a two-year period. 50 000
Turkey is also in the process of privatizing
16 000 MW of capacity. The total capacity will
49 000
be allocated to one of several portfolios, nine of 48 000 47 971
which are intended to be privatized in 20102011.
47 000
The fuel mix comprises hydro, natural gas, coal
and lignite fired power stations. Four gas fired 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
plants will also be privatized in the programme:
Source: TEIAS
Hamitabat, Soma A-B, Can and Seyitomer power
plants, the countrys largest thermal power plants
with a combined capacity of 3 GW. Hamitabat is tariffs for solar power in the amendments. units of 1200 MW each in Akkuyu (Mersin), on
expected to be the first to be put up for tender. With a projected 88 000 MW of technical wind the Mediterranean shore an intergovernmental
Turkeys installed capacity totalled 42 GW in potential Turkey is also well-placed to harness wind agreement has been signed between Turkey and
2008: 27 625 MW in thermal plants, 13 829 MW energy. Following unprecedented applications for Russia. The plant will initially be 100 per cent
in hydropower capacity and 364 MW of other wind farm licences in 2009, the market has high owned by Russian companies and Turkey will
renewable sources. Gross electricity production expectations of both off-shore and on-shore wind provide a purchase guarantee at a fixed price
in 2009 was 194.1 TWh. Gas fired power stations opportunities in the country. (12.35 US cents/kWh) for the electricity generated
generated 94.5 TWh of this figure. Plants burning The draft amendments designed to stimulate by the power plant for 15 years.
domestically mined coal contributed 42.2 TWh, investment by offering price support in the form A second nuclear power plant is planned on
while imported coal fuelled 12.8 TWh. The of fixed feed-in tariffs tagged to renewable energy the shore of the Black Sea (in the Sinop region),
countrys hydropower stations produced 35.9 TWh, resources (weighted towards solar and biomass) in which Japanese companies might be involved.
diesel plants 6.6 TWh while other sources including are currently in the process of being finalized. Strengthening the electricity transmission grid is
geothermal and wind provided 1.1 TWh. an integral part of the countrys electricity security
Total consumption by end users in 2010 INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT policy and it has developed interconnections with
was 242 TWh. The main consumers continue Turkey aims to fully utilize its indigenous coal all of its neighbouring countries. Synchronous
to be industrial companies, which account for reserves, its hydropower and other renewable parallel operation with the European Electricity
50 per cent of all consumption. Tariffs in Turkey resources such as wind and solar energy to meet System (ENTSO) is another policy priority. In
are passing through a transition period from the rapidly growing electricity demand in a September 2010, the Turkish power system was
government control to a cost-based structure, sustainable manner. synchronized with Europes interconnected power
which is due to be competed in 2012. Several greenfield, privately owned plants systems for a parallel trial interconnection project
are being developed. The Boyabat 513 MW expected to last 12 months. Turkeys system is
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY hydro project closed in 2009 after raising now connected to the Bulgarian system by two
Turkeys carbon dioxide emissions in 2009 were $750 million from Turkish banks. Enerjisa Power 400 kV lines and to the Greek network by a single
113 million tonnes, making it the third biggest Generation Company, part owned by Verbund 400 kV line.
emitter in the European region. But the and Sabanci Holdings, is also seeking to raise
government has reiterated its commitment to 1 billion from local and international banks to FUTURE TRENDS
increasing renewable capacity with a package of fund gas fired, hydro and wind projects. Energy security continues to be an important part
investor-friendly draft amendments to its existing Projects are also being developed by various of government strategy. As part of this focus,
Renewable Energy Law, enacted in 2005. The European utilities. RWE and its local partner, Ankara wishes to increase the use of domestic
amendments commit to an increase in feed-in Turcas, are developing a 775 MW gas fired power resources for power generation. However, the
tariffs for renewable energy projects, as well as station in Denizli. CEZ and its local partner, Akkok country also needs to ensure it can meet the
reform of regional power distribution networks. Group, are also developing a gas fired power rapidly growing demand for power.
Some renewable resources have been identified station, in Hatay with a capacity of 900 MW. It has The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,
as key targets for investment. Hydro and also been reported that other European utilities expects gross electricity demand in 2020 to hit
geothermal power opportunities (relatively long- are seeking to develop coal fired power stations. 499 TWh to meet which installed capacity will
established in the country) continue to attract Adding nuclear power into Turkeys energy need to increase to 96 GW. Thus the greater
investment and there is talk of a coming spike mix is also a key government objective. For the involvement of the private sector will be essential
in solar project investment given preferential construction of the first nuclear power plant four to Turkey achieving this ambitious goal.
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EUROPE
United Kingdom
The UK is reforming its electricity market and gearing up for a new
nuclear build programme. Until that capacity comes on stream, most new
generation will be from gas and wind.
The United Kingdom (UK) covers an area of almost Electricity supply by fuel
250 000 km2 and had a population approaching
62 million in 2009). In May 2010, a new government 1% 7%
took office, a coalition between the Conservatives 1%
and the Liberal Democrats, led by Prime Minister 2009
David Cameron. Following the recession that began 28%
2% 6% Coal
in late 2008, the UKs gross domestic product (GDP)
3%
grew by 2.7 per cent in the 12 months leading up Nuclear
to the third quarter of 2010.
31% Gas
2008
ENERGY RESOURCES Imports
The UK imported more coal, manufactured fuels,
Renewables
crude oil, electricity and gas than it exported in
13% 46%
2009, but it remained a net exporter of petroleum Other
products. That year, the UK produced a total
45%
of 1.5 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil and 18%
consumption approached 1.7 million bpd, while
it produced 59.10 billion m3 of natural gas and
consumed 88.04 billion m3. Source: Dukes
Total primary energy demand dropped by
6.3 per cent and electricity demand fell from to handle surges in demand and intermittent national energy infrastructure policy, fossil fuels,
399 TWh to 379 TWh between 2008 and 2009. supply. Meanwhile, an emissions performance renewable energy, gas supply and pipelines,
Electricity production decreased by 3.3 per cent to standard would effectively reinforce the existing electricity networks and nuclear power. The new
its lowest level since 1999. requirement that no new coal is built without coalition government is currently re-consulting on
Electricity generation from gas totalled carbon capture and storage. revised statements.
165 TWh in 2009, slightly lower than the record A White Paper is due to be published in early In parallel, a new Energy Bill has been introduced
high in 2008, and generation from coal fell by 2011 and relevant reforms put in place by 2013. with three main objectives: tackling barriers to
17 per cent across the same period. Generation The electricity market in Northern Ireland is also investment in energy efficiency, enhancing
from nuclear sources increased by 32 per cent as changing, with a move toward deregulation. energy security and enabling investment in low
facilities came back online following repair and National Grid owns and operates the carbon energy supplies. Providing households and
maintenance in 2008. Meanwhile, generation from national transmission system in England and businesses with a new green deal to undertake
wind increased by 31 per cent. Wales. Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) fixed improvements on their property, funded by a
and Scottish Power (SP) operate the grid in charge on energy bills that avoids the need to pay
ELECTRICITY MARKET Scotland. Northern Ireland Electricity operates upfront costs, is a central component of the Bill.
The UK has a liberalized electricity market. In 2009, the grid in Northern Ireland, the latter recently One mechanism already in place for improving
the capacity of major power producers in the UK having been acquired by ESB International for energy efficiency in large organizations is the
increased by 1472 MW to 78 255 MW, primarily approximately 1.2 billion ($1.9 billion). CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme launched in April
linked with investment in two combined-cycle gas A number of consultations are under way 2010. According to a survey commissioned by
turbine (CCGT) facilities. Total capacity increased on expanding National Grids network. In RWE npower, nearly half of businesses set to
from 83 443 MW to 85 337 MW. The largest power November 2010, Ofgem launched a 1.9 billion participate in the scheme believe government
producer is EDF. tender round for transmission links to 2.8 GW advice on the new legislation is inadequate
In December 2010, the government launched a of offshore wind farms. Predictions suggest up to and are unclear on how to forecast their CO2
consultation on proposed reforms to the electricity 7.2 billion will be invested in upgrading the UK emissions and purchase carbon allowances. The
market. These would seek to increase investment electricity networks over the next five years. This government announced plans to simplify the
in low-carbon energy by creating a carbon price includes a 500 million sustainability fund allowing scheme in October.
floor and a feed-in tariff with long-term contracts them to undertake large-scale trials of smart grids. The UK Committee on Climate Change has
to give low-carbon investors a guaranteed price. recommended a 60 per cent emission reduction
This follows the launch of a small-scale solar feed- ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY target by 2030 relative to 1990 levels. The switch
in tariff in April 2010. A capacity mechanism could Environmental policy in the UK is changing. In away from coal fired electricity generation has
also be developed to ensure an adequate surplus of November 2009, the previous Labour government contributed to a fall in carbon dioxide emissions
generating capacity, boosting the countrys ability published a draft National Policy Statements on of almost 10 per cent between 2008 and 2009.
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Infrastructure investment, 2009
Investment in the UK gas infrastructure over the
10 255
12 000
10 122
past few years has been significant. This trend
looks set to continue. For example, last year saw
9175
8733
the opening of an 840 MW gas fired plant at 10 000
Marchwood near Southampton, which is a joint
6774
venture between ESB International and SSE, as 8000
well as a similarly sized plant in South Wales
4984
5003
6000
4629
owned by Dong Energy.
MW
3945
Work on the second phase of the largest
liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Europe
4000
2075
was completed at Milford Haven in Wales. E.ON
2000
announced the first fire of Unit 6 at its gas fired
power station at the Isle of Grain, with Units 7
0
and 8 to follow. Rated at 1275 MW, the facility ing ) N ern
y er F ui ric
a er ez
lud bles E.O th erg ow ED s its nt ow Su
c u n
hP ing able M P F
will supply heat to the nearby LNG terminal, n
(i w a So hE tis
d
lu w e r / C e
ax G D
er ne nd itis ot inc ne ow Dr
making it one of the worlds largest combined p ower Re a Br Sc F ( gy Re a lP
ish D
ENpow t E ner on
heat and power (CHP) plants. The 1650 MW RW n Sc
ot E ati
ern
CCGT at Staythorpe, Nottinghamshire has also Int
been commissioned.
Source: Dukes
Another vital strand of the UKs move away
from coal is a plan for new nuclear build, with
Future generation mix and capacity (GW)
the first new plant scheduled for operation in
2018 at the earliest. EDF Energy operates eight Year Nuclear CCGT Coal Wind Other renewables
of the ten nuclear power plants in the UK and is 2010 0 1.749 0 1.846 0.008
proposing four new reactors to provide a total of
2011 0 5.084 0 3.412 0.06
6400 MW. A consortium of GDF-Suez, Iberdrola
and SSE has created a new build joint venture 2012 0 7.664 0 5.522 0.649
company, NuGeneration, as have RWE and E.ON, 2013 0 10.039 0.8 7.653 1.164
called Horizon Nuclear Power.
2014 0 13.2 0.8 10.934 1.744
Wind power continues to attract significant
investment with 8617 MW of capacity scheduled
2015 0 15.68 0.8 11.531 1.744
to go onstream within the next three years. 2016 3.3 17.075 4.366 11.729 1.744
Recent developments include the completion of 2017 6.64 17.075 4.366 11.729 1.744
Vattenfalls 300 MW Thanet offshore wind farm
2018 8.31 17.075 4.366 13.207 1.744
and the opening of E.ONs Robin Rigg 180 MW
offshore farm. SSE is also developing a variety 2019 8.31 17.568 5.966 15.906 2.682
of major wind projects, including the 350 MW 2020 12.78 17.568 5.966 16.298 2.682
Clyde onshore site, the 156 MW Griffin onshore
2021 16.85 17.568 5.966 16.298 2.682
wind farm and the 367 MW Walney offshore
wind farm. 2022 22.1 18.061 5.966 16.298 2.682
In June 2010, Drax Group published a briefing 2023 26.5 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
paper making the case for biomass to play a 2024 27.7 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
far greater role in the UKs efforts to cut CO2
emissions. Biomass already makes the largest
2025 30.5 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
contribution to renewables in input terms Source: National Grid
(81 per cent in 2009). Exemplifying investment next ten years to secure energy supplies and the lessons learned across the UK, informed by
in biomass power, RWE npower renewables meet the countrys carbon targets. The National data from more than 160 000 smart meters.
has started to build a 50 MW biomass CHP Grid has forecast demand to increase from The trend toward greater CCGT and wind
plan in Fife, Scotland. And in March 2010, the 57.6 GW in 200910 to 58.4 GW in 201617. capacity looks set to continue. National Grid
government approved the construction of a To meet future targets on the back of the predicts an increase of 17.1 GW of CCGT capacity
100 MW power plant fuelled by biomass at economic downturn, the value of monitoring and an increase of 11.7 GW in wind capacity
Bristol Port, Avonmouth. and managing energy demand is set to increase. between 200910 and 201617. Nuclear power
Exemplifying this, plans were unveiled in October is set to become of increasing importance to
FUTURE TRENDS 2010 for a smart grid project involving 14 000 the low-carbon mix. Assuming the programme
Ofgem estimated in late 2009 that over homes and businesses, testing the impact of low- proceeds as planned, the UKs generation mix
200 billion of investment is needed over the carbon technologies on the grid and applying will further evolve towards 2020 and beyond.
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MIDDLE EAST-AFRICA
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Iraq
After decades of destruction and neglect, Iraqs power sector is in crisis.
However, with a focus on gas fired power generation, the country has
ambitious plans to rebuild and expand its war-torn power infrastructure.
The Republic of Iraq is located in Western Asia and Installed capacity by source
is bordered by Jordan to the west, Syria to the
Source Plants Units Capacity
northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east,
and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has Steam 8 32 5015 MW
a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km on Gas 30 157 7074 MW
the northern Persian Gulf.
Hydro 10 36 2513 MW
After an invasion led by American and British
forces in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party Diesel 3 29 468 MW
was removed from power and Iraq came under a Source: Iraq Ministry of Electricity
military occupation by a multinational coalition.
Sovereignty was transferred to the Iraqi Interim
Government in June 2004. Electricity generation by source 2010
Jalal Talabani, a veteran leader of Iraqs minority
3.5% 1%
Kurds, became Iraqs first elected president in more
than 50 years in 2005, and was selected for second
11%
27.5% Steam
and third terms in 2006 and 2010.
In August 2010, the US became the last member
of the coalition to cease combat operations in Iraq.
Gas
9%
But 50 000 US troops remain in the country in an
Hydro
advisory role and their full withdrawal is mandated
by 31 December 2011. Import
In 2010, Iraqs population of 31 million had a
gross domestic product (GDP) of $117.7 billion, Diesel
or approximately $3600 per capita. The economy
is heavily dependent on oil export revenues, Other
which since mid-2009 have returned to levels seen
before the US-led invasion. An improved security 48%
environment and a wave of foreign investment are
helping to spur economic activity, particularly in Source: Iraq Ministry of Electricity
the energy, construction and retail sectors.
ENERGY OVERVIEW divided across demographic lines. Most known has also sent two power ships that distribute an
Iraqs energy sector is heavily based upon oil, with hydrocarbon resources are in the Shiite areas of the additional 80 MW to southern Iraq.
approximately 94 per cent of its energy needs south and the ethnically Kurdish north, with few
met with petroleum. In addition, crude oil export resources in control of the Sunni minority. ELECTRICITY MARKET
revenues account for over two-thirds of GDP. According to the Oil and Gas Journal, Iraqs Iraqs regulated, subsidized electricity market is
Iraq is the worlds 12th largest oil producer, and proven natural gas reserves are 3.17 trillion m3, the controlled directly by the Ministry of Electricity,
has the worlds fourth largest proven petroleum tenth largest in the world. An estimated 70 per which is responsible for both the policymaking and
reserves after Saudi Arabia, Canada and Iran. Vast cent of these lie in Basra province in the south of the electricity supply throughout the country.
reserves, proven and unknown, have barely been Iraq. Probable Iraqi reserves have been estimated The operational functions i.e. power
exploited. Iraqs estimated oil reserves stand at at 7.88.5 trillion m3. generation, transmission, load dispatch and
350 billion barrels, while its proven oil reserves are Iraq has more than 50 power plants, with distribution are organized into 18 geographically
115 billion barrels. gas turbine plants making up almost half of the based directorates within the ministry.
Iraq has signed several deals with foreign oil installed capacity of 15 070 MW. Coal accounts for Electricity demand in Iraq has risen since the
companies that will see its production quintuple around a third of power capacity, with hydropower 2003 invasion but the national grid still only
to about 12 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2017. comprising 10 per cent. There is an increasing supplies a few hours of power per day, which is a
Such a boost would threaten Saudi Arabias status trend towards diesel powered gensets as a major cause of discontent. In response to growing
as the worlds biggest oil producer, whose current source of electricity because of severely damaged protests and to reduce demand, Iraqis will receive
production capacity is estimated at 11 million bpd. transmission and distribution equipment. their first 1000 kWh for free each month.
A major challenge to Iraqs development of The country also imports 750 MW from Iran, Consumers who use more than 1000 kWh will
its oil sector is that resources are not evenly 70 MW from Syria and 200 MW from Turkey, which pay for what they use over the exempted amount:
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50 dinars ($0.04)/kWh for between 1000 kWh and Fuel burn for electricity generation 2009
2000 kWh, 80 dinars for between 2000 kWh and
3000 kWh, and higher tariffs for higher amounts. 13.3%
Iraqs Ministry of Electricity aims to overcome
26.2%
the capacity shortfall with a 20-year master plan,
conducted by US engineering consultants Parsons
Brinckerhoff, which includes an independent Crude Oil
power project (IPP) programme and engineering,
procurement and construction (EPC) schemes. Heavy Fuel Oil
According to the study, by 2030 power demand 32.7%
in Iraq will total 46 GW in a high-end scenario,
Gasoil
about 32 GW in a base case and roughly 22 GW in a
Gas
low-end scenario. About $29 billion of investment
will be necessary between 2015 and 2030, of
which $21.13 billion is intended to be funded by
27.8%
international private investors.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Source: Iraq Electricity Masterplan, Parsons Brinckerhoff

With chronic shortages of power, environmental
policy is understandably not at the top of the Iraq
Ministry of Electricitys agenda. According to the
master plan, concentrated solar power has the most
potential, while wind power shows some promise
in the Kurdistan region. But without subsidies and
a suitable regulatory regime, both technologies turbines in Nineveh province in northern Iraq, while five years is commissioned to schedule there will
are uneconomic for power generation at present Eastern Lights will install four 125 MW turbines be sufficient capacity to meet the demand of Iraq
and they were not included in the generation in an existing plant in Baghdad under a contract with adequate reserve by 2013 or 2014. This also
master plan. worth $204.8 million. requires, however, the parallel development of
In January 2010, the European Union and The ministry is currently offering firms contracts fuel supplies to the power stations, transmission
the Republic of Iraq signed a memorandum of to install and operate another 22 turbines purchased connections to the grid and grid development.
understanding (MoU) which included renewable under the GE deal in Diwaniya, Muthanna, Maysan According to Parsons Brinckerhoff, gas is the
energy as one area of cooperation. and Basra provinces. The ministry wants investors economic and environmental fuel of choice, and
to install and operate these turbines in two years conversion of power stations running on crude oil
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT from awarding the contracts. and gas turbines running on heavy fuel oil to gas is
The shortage of electricity in Iraq is greatly In January, the Ministry of Electricity awarded also a priority in the short term.
affecting the economy. The cost to the economy a contract to South Koreas Hyundai Engineering In the longer term, combined-cycle gas turbine
from unserved energy demand is estimated in & Construction worth $218.9 million to build a power plants are the most economic option.
generation planning studies conducted by Parsons 500 MW power station near Baghdad. Conversion of open-cycle gas turbines to combined-
Brinckerhoff at around $40 billion per year. As Global Power Review went to press, the cycle operation and adding new combined-cycle
The Ministry of Electricity has a committed ministry was processing 11 offers submitted by plant is the optimum economic plan, with large gas
plan for the installation of nearly 13 GW of new international companies to build two plants in turbines supplying additional peaking power later
generation over the next five years. About 10 GW southern Iraq: a 1250 MW unit in Shatt-al-Basra in in the 20102030 period.
of this generation is gas turbines ordered through Basra governorate, and a 500 MW unit at Amarah In the 20152030 period, the master plan
a $3 billion deal Iraq signed in 2008 with GE for 56, in Missan province. recommends the development of 10 x simple
125 MW, Frame 9E gas turbines and a 1.5 billion The ministry is offering international companies cycle gas turbines, 29 x 600 MW combined-cycle
($2.1 billion) deal with Siemens for 16 gas turbines contracts based on build, operate and own for turbines, 28 x 282 MW combined-cycle turbines,
with a combined output of 3150 MW. a period of 20 to 25 years. The government is to 2 x 600 MW combined-cycle turbines and 6 x
In October 2010, the ministry awarded more buy the power output and sell it to consumers at 355 MW combined-cycle conversions. Finally, a
than $900 million in contracts to three Turkish subsidized rates. 27 MW hydropower project is planned at Adhaim.
companies to install 20 of the GE gas turbines The ministry offered the two power projects Iraq will also continue to rely on imports from
that will boost Iraqs power generating capacity along with two more, one each in Diwaniya and neighbouring nations. The Ministry of Electricity
by 2500 MW. Muthanna provinces, in December 2010. expects imports from Iran to increase to 1000 MW,
Calik Enerji won a $445.5 million contract to while talks are being held with Turkey and Syria to
build a 1250 MW plant with ten turbines in Kerbala FUTURE TRENDS increase imports via a regional grid that connects
province in southern Iraq. Enka Insaat won a $267.5 If the Ministry of Electricitys commitment to install Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, Libya
million deal to build a 750 MW power plant with six nearly 13 GW of new generation over the next and the Palestinian Territories.
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Nigeria
Nigeria suffers from a crippling supply shortfall and its population is dependent on
privately-owned generators, but the country is undergoing a major restructure of
its power sector in an effort to incentivize private investment.
The Federal Republic of Nigeria comprises 36 states State-owned power plants to be privatized
and the Federal Capital Territory. The country is Name Fuel Installed capacity (MW) Available capacity (MW)
located in West Africa and shares land borders
with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and
Egbin Gas 1320 1110
Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its Geregu Gas 414 276
coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Omotosho Gas 304 76
Atlantic Ocean.
Olorunsogo Gas 304 76
Nigerias population is 152 million, making it
Africas most populous nation and the seventh Delta Gas 900 300
most populous in the world. Nigeria is one of Sapele Gas 1020 90
the fastest growing economies in the world;
Afam Gas 726 60
according to the Central Bank of Nigeria, it has
enjoyed an average GDP growth rate of 6.7 per
Kainji/Jebba I Hydro 760 480
cent over the past five years. Kainji/Jebba II Hydro 540 450
The current president is Goodluck Jonathan, Shiroro Hydro 600 450
who succeeded Umaru Musa YarAdua in 2010.
Total 6888 3358
The president presides as both head of state
Source: Presidential Task Force in Power
and head of the national executive, and is
elected by popular vote for a maximum of two Power generation by source
four-year terms.
15%
ENERGY OVERVIEW
The oil and gas industry plays a pivotal role
in Nigerias economy. The sector accounts
for about 30 per cent of the countrys GDP,
95 per cent of export revenue and about 80 per Gas
cent of government revenue.
As of 2010, proven crude oil reserves stood at Hydro
37.2 billion barrels, or 2.8 per cent of the global
27% Oil
share. Production was 2.061 million barrels per
day (bpd), equivalent to 2.8 per cent of the 58%
worlds total, giving a global ranking of 15th.
Natural gas reserves are estimated at
5 trillion m3, making Nigeria the eighth largest
gas reserve holder in the world and the largest
in Africa. Production of marketed natural gas
Source: International Energy Agency
was 40 billion m3, which ranked as 23rd in
the world, with around 30 per cent used for under public ownership: three hydro and seven ELECTRICITY MARKET
domestic power generation. The West African thermal power stations. Nigeria is undergoing a major restructure of its
nation also has major, largely unexploited coal The total national available capacity of these power sector. In August 2010, President Goodluck
resources estimated at 2 billion tonnes, of which power plants was just 3542 MW, as of 31 July, Jonathan released a roadmap to break up the
650 million tonnes are proven. 2010. This compares very unfavourably with South Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN)
According to the International Energy Agency, Africas installed capacity of 52 000 MW, despite often known to Nigerians as Please Have Candles
natural gas accounts for about 58 per cent South Africa having a population totalling only Nearby and deliver the power sector into mostly
of power generation, hydropower 27 per cent, one-third that of Nigeria. private hands by the end of June 2011.
and oil and oil products 15 per cent. The chronic shortage of power has forced many The federal government is selling stakes in six
Power demand is estimated at around multinationals to relocate to other West African generating companies (gencos) and 11 regional
11 000 MW. According to federal government nations. Unsurprisingly, more than 60 million electricity distribution companies (discos). A
statistics, Nigeria has an installed generation Nigerians own generating sets, according to the competitive tender was issued to receive bids by
capacity of only 8644 MW, of which 6905 MW is Manufacturers Association of Nigeria. 18 February, 2011, for a minimum of 51 per cent
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of equity in four gas fired gencos (Afram Power,

Sapele Power, Ughelli Power, Geregu Power) and
IPPs in Nigeria
two hydro gencos (Shiroro Hydro, Kainji Hydro).
Name Fuel Installed Available
The 11 discos, all of 33 kV or less, also being put capacity (MW) capacity (MW)
out to tender for a 51 per cent equity stake, cover AES Gas 224 224
the capital Abuja along with the cities of Benin,
Shell - Afam VI Gas 650 650
Eko, Enugu, Ibadan, Ikeja and Port Harcourt in the
south and Jos, Kaduna, Kano and Yola in the north.
AGIP - Okpai Gas 480 480
Handover of the discos is due on 1 August, 2011. ASG - Ibom Gas 155 76
Under the privatization programme, the RSG - Trans Amadi Gas 100 24
radial transmission grid (330 kV and 132 kV)
RSG - Omoku Gas 150 30
will continue to be owned and managed by the
state-owned Transmission Company of Nigeria, Total 1759 1484
but the federal government anticipates entering
into operation and maintenance arrangements
with the private sector.
The government estimates that Nigeria needs to
attract some $6 billion a year until 2020 to meet its the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) and the fired power plant in Ajaokuta, about 200 km south
estimated power demand of 26 561 MW. In order National Energy Master Plan (NEMP) produced in of Abuja. The plant is due on line in late 2012.
to facilitate this investment, the new owners of the 2005 and 2007, respectively. GE should add 500 MW to Nigerias grid in
gencos and discos will be offered tax exemptions The REMP sets out plans to develop solar, 2013 following construction of a 500 MW gas
and World Bank credit. Furthermore, the wind, small hydro and biomass projects and fired power plant located in Ondo State. Daewoo
government has established the Nigeria Electricity recommends the creation of innovative fiscal and Engineering and Construction was selected in
Liabilities Management Company (Nelmco) to take market incentives to encourage development. One January as preferred bidder for a $750m order
over PHCNs outstanding liabilities. proposal is to impose a moratorium on import to build a 420 MW coal fired power plant in
More important for facilitating investment duties for renewable energy technologies. southern Nigeria. A deal with the customer, Total
in new plants, the government will set a new The REMP also recommends the establishment E&P Nigeria, is expected to be finalized in the first
electricity tariff in April 2011. The Presidential Task of a renewable energy fund to be managed by a half of 2011.
Force on Power expects that the current average Renewable Energy Agency to provide resources for Nigerian minerals company Sydney & Samuels
tariff level of 22 naira ($0.14)/kWh must at least incentives, micro credit schemes, training, research International is building a 51 MW wind farm
triple if investment is to be economically viable for and development. However, the REMP has yet to in Kano State in the northwest of the country.
private investors. be formally accepted by the federal government. The project is being constructed at a cost of
Efforts are now being made to get both the NEMP 15 billion naira ($98 million) in partnership with the
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY and REMP passed into law. Manufacturers Association of Nigeria and is due to
With blackouts a regular part of daily life, Nigeria be commissioned by the second quarter of 2011.
is primarily concerned with meeting demand for INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
power rather than cutting emissions. But it is In 2005 the federal government launched the FUTURE TRENDS
blessed with ample renewable energy potential, National Integrated Power Project (NIPP), intended After the national scandal that was NIPP, the
although development has been mostly confined to deliver about 1720 MW by December 2007, a president has given the beleaguered power
to hydropower. goal since expanded to 4775 MW. But NIPP has industry a much needed boost by appearing
The potential for large hydropower totals been subject to an epic level of corruption, with determined to drive through the privatization
11 500 MW, of which 1972 MW is exploited, rampant bribery, incomplete installations, scope process.
according to the Energy Commission of Nigeria. overestimates and grossly over-priced contracts. To address the aching gap between the installed
Small hydropower potential is estimated at Little progress has been made. capacity and the lamentable available capacity of
3500 MW, of which only 62.4 MW is exploited. In 2008, a Nigerian House of Representatives Nigerias dilapidated power plants, the Presidential
Solar radiation is estimated at 3.57 kWh/m2 report described the programme as an exercise Task Force has set a goal of increasing available
per day, but just 6 MWh/day of solar power in bare-faced looting, which had greatly capacity by 3000 MW per year until 2020 and
(photovoltaic) is generated domestically at diminished national capacity to provide thereafter by 1500 MW per year through 2034,
present. The monthly average wind power can be electric power, leading to wholesale decline in largely driven by the private sector.
as high as 50.1 W/m2, although very few projects productive business activities and erosion of Most new power plants built in Nigeria over
are in development. competitiveness of Nigerian products in the the coming years are expected to use primarily
Government has supported renewable energy world market. gas, hydro and coal as fuel sources. Nigeria has
through its approval in 2003 of a National Energy Yet some power projects are ongoing. In ambitions to install 4000 MW of nuclear power
Policy, which includes renewable energy and September 2010, Siemens received a 230m capacity by 2030. Nigeria has also set out plans
energy efficiency. Incentives to further enhance ($311m) order from Niger Delta Power Holding to build a 700 kV, $3.5 billion power grid to
renewable energy development are articulated in Company to build the 434 MW Geregu II gas improve supplies.
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EAST-AFRICA
Qatar
As its electricity sector strains to meet the demands of surging population
growth and a flourishing economy, Qatar has embarked on an ambitious
overhaul of generation, transmission and distribution.
Qatar occupies a small desert peninsula in the
Persian Gulf. Although tiny, the country controls
Installed generating capacity (MW)
the third largest gas reserves in the world and has Year Installed capacity (MW)
major oil reserves too. 2000 1900
Modern Qatar evolved from a British
Protectorate established in 1868 but its fortunes
2001 1900
have been transformed since the discovery of oil 2002 1900
in 1939, giving the country the worlds second 2003 2250
highest per capita income. The country is officially
2004 2700
a monarchy and executive power resides with the
Emir, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, who also holds 2007 3300
the post of prime minister. 2008 4314
Growth in gross domestic product (GDP) has
2009 5315
been phenomenal in recent years. The International
Monetary Fund projects that GDP will rise by 20 per
2010 7589
cent in 2011, up from 16 per cent in 2010. Source: EIA, Qatarabia, Kahramaa
Rapid population growth is mostly fuelled by
expatriates settling in the Kingdom. The most Annual electricity production, consumption and peak demand
recent census has shown a population of 1.69
million but the Qatar General Electricity and Water 22 000 21 616
21 300
Corporation (Kahramaa) expects the population to 21 000
be near 2.7 million by 2017.
While energy is the mainstay of the economy,
20 000 19 462
19 747 20 000
the government has been trying to encourage 19 000
investment in non-energy sectors. Even so, oil
and gas still account for over 50 per cent of its
18 000
17 071 17 913
GDP, 85 per cent of export earnings and 70 per 17 000
GWh
cent of government revenue according to US

16 000
government figures.
15 000 14 396 15 667
ENERGY RESOURCES
14 000 13 232
The countrys gas reserves, 25.9 trillion m3 at the
beginning of 2009, are the third largest after Russia 13 000
12 045 13 143
and Iran and account for 15 per cent of global
12 000
reserves. Oil reserves are relatively smaller but 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Qatar was the 11th largest oil producer in OPEC in
2008, its output falling between those of Algeria Production (GWh) Consumption (GWh)
and Ecuador.
In 2009, Qatar supplied 3 per cent of global gas Source: Business Monitor International, Kahramaa
production, according to the BP Statistical Review
of World Energy 2010. Its output in that year on the previous year to reach 1.345 million companies, which all also involve an element of
gained 16.3 per cent from the previous year to barrels per day a 1.5 per cent share of global government ownership.
total 89.3 billion m3. production. The main generator in the country is the Qatar
Of this figure, 68.19 billion m3 was exported: Electricity and Water Company (QEWC) in which
18.75 billion m3 by pipeline and 49.44 billion m3 as ELECTRICITY MARKET the government holds a 52 per cent share. The
LNG. Pipeline exports were almost entirely to the As with the other Gulf States, Qatar has extremely company had generating capacity of 2113 MW
UAE which imported 17.25 billion m3 while Asia- limited supplies of fresh water, despite a per together with potable water capacity of 105 MIGD
Pacific markets consumed most of Qatars shipped capita water consumption that ranks among at the end of 2007, but this will have risen to
gas exports. Japan imported 10.29 billion m3 of the highest in the world. The countrys reliance 5200 MW and 325 MIGD by 2011, when projects
LNG and South Korea 9.28 billion m3. on desalination plants has forged strong links under construction are completed.
While gas production has shown a steady between electricity and water production, with QEWC exclusively owns several power and water
rise over the last decade, Qatars oil production all modern power plants producing water too. desalination plants including Ras Abu Fontas, Al
nudged down in 2009, slipping by 4.6 per cent The management of both falls to the same Saliyah, Doha South, Al Wajba and Dukhan. It
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also has shares in a variety of independent power Gas production in billion cubic metres
producer (IPP) projects including Ras Laffan A,
B and C and Mesaieed. Keen to expand its own 100
holdings where possible, the organization has
90
recently agreed to purchase AESs interest in the
80 89.3
Ras Laffan Power Company, which owns the Ras
Billion cubic metres

Laffan A plant, consolidating its position by raising 70 77.0
its stake in that company to 80 per cent. 60
When the capacity owned by QEWC and that 63.2
of the independent power projects in which the
50
50.7
company holds stakes are taken into account, the 40 45.8
total generating capacity in Qatar in 2010 is around
39.2
30
75909 MW, up from an estimated 5315 MW in 29.5 31.4
20 27.0
2009, a 42 per cent increase. 22.1 23.7
In addition to its domestic interests, QEWC is 10
planning to expand internationally and recently 0
submitted bids to build power projects in 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Oman in conjunction with consortium partners,
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010
according to Fahad Hamad Al Mohannadi,
QEWCs general manager.
It will also build two power plants in Syria in
a joint venture with Syrian-Qatari Holding. The The other low-carbon source of power that Alongside the expansion of the T&D network
latter signed a $1 billion memorandum with the Qatar is exploring is nuclear. The country has been there has been a major expansion in generating
government and construction of the plants is due flirting with the idea of a nuclear project since capacity. Between 1994 and 2002, capacity only
to start in April 2011, with completion in 2013. around 2006, and in 2009 a member of the Ministry grew from 1100 MW to 1900 MW, and in 2007 the
The second important state-owned company of the Environment suggested the country might national capacity stood at 3300 MW. Since then
in the sector is Kahramaa. This company holds seek to purchase a research reactor. The technology capacity addition has begun to accelerate with the
the monopoly for transmission and distribution would be attractive as a source of both power total expected to reach 7589 MW in 2010.
(T&D) of both electricity and water within the and water, but any water and power nuclear Projects under construction include Ras Girtas, a
Kingdom. QEWC has long-term supply contracts generation project is likely to be a long way off. $3.9 billion power and water project at Ras Laffan,
with Kahramaa for the supply of both power also known as Ras Laffan C. Eight turbines at the
and water. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT plant began operating in June 2010 producing
Since its establishment in 2000, Kahramaa has 1833 MW. When full power is reached in 2011,
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY overseen a massive expansion of the electricity the plant will generate 2730 MW. The 2000 MW
The countrys high per capita income has led to T&D system. Between 2000 and 2008 the number Mesaieed power station at the industrial city south
high levels of energy consumption. Per capita of high-voltage primary substations in the country of Doha also began generating electricity in 2010.
emissions of carbon dioxide were 70.6 tonnes in has increased from 87 to 139. By 2011, the total
2007, not far short of four times the US emission number is expected to reach 239. This has been FUTURE TRENDS
level of 20 tonnes per person in 2008. accompanied by extensive addition to line lengths Per capita electricity consumption has been
Qatar has no renewable generating capacity but at 11 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV and 220 kV. forecast to climb by 28 per cent from 2010 to
boasts excellent solar resources and in the past two Expansion has been managed through a series 2014. On this basis, electricity demand would
years there have been hints that the country might of phased projects the last of which was Phase VIII soar from an estimated 20 TWh in 2010 up to
invest in a solar power or combined solar power contracts, which were signed in June 2008. These 33 TWh in 2014.
and water plant. were estimated to total $3.5 billion. Phase VIII To meet this demand, generating capacity
Kahramaa has indicated an interest in solar involved 19 contracts for 37 new 66/132/220 kV is expected to expand by 49 per cent between
power. Potentially allied to this, the Qatar substations and three 400 kV substations, as well 2010 and 2014. A further rise in generating
Foundation recently announced that it was to form as 835 km of new T&D power lines. capacity of 52 per cent is predicted between
a joint venture with German company SolarWorld The new 400 kV substations are intended to 2014 and 2019. Most of this ten-year increase
to establish a solar cell plant in the Kingdom. The handle power from the Ras Girtas power and of 127 per cent is expected to be met through
facility, in northern Qatar, is expected to cost $500 desalination plant, which started generating thermal power plants.
million and to produce 3500 tonnes of polysilicon power in 2010. In 2010, contracts for the next QEWC is already predicting a shortfall of
each year. phase, Phase IX, were signed. This will include generating capacity of 300350 MW in late
Chevron Qatar Energy Technology and 22 more substations, the upgrading of eight 2012 without additional capacity. Kahramaa has
GreenGulf Inc, a Qatar-based renewable energy existing substations and the construction of revealed plans to launch the tender in 2011
and clean technology company, agreed in 2010 437 km of 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV lines. for building an independent water and power
to undertake a joint study to test solar energy The estimated value of Phase IX is $1 billion and project (IWPP) known as Facility D a gas fired
technologies and their application in Qatar. Each completion is expected in the first quarter 2012. plant delivering 2 GW of power and 60 MIGD of
company will invest up to $10 million in research at As part of Phase IX one 400 kV substation will water. Facility D is scheduled to operate by 2015.
the Qatar Science & Technology Park over a period be constructed, which will be connected to the Other projects set to follow include a 240 MW
of two to four years at a 35 000 m2 test site. Gulf Cooperation Council power grid. project at Rawdet due on-line in 2018.
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Saudi Arabia
A programme encouraging independent construction should see six new
plants over the next eight years as electricity demand continues to soar.
Saudi Arabia occupies 80 per cent of the Arabian National generating capacity and peak demand (MW)
Peninsula. Much of its western border is shaped
44 485
by the Red Sea, while the Persian Gulf marks its
41 043
eastern boundary. To the north it shares land
39 242
45 000
38 000
borders with Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and is
36 000
34 946
separated from Egypt by the Suez canal. The
40 000
34 794
32 720
United Arab Emirates and Qatar form part of
32 301
30 675
30 526
the eastern border while Oman and Yemen 35 000
30 091
27 967
are to the south. The country covers an area
26 919
30 000
24 790
of 2.15 million km2 and the population was

23 991
21 673
25.5 million in 2010, including around 5.6

million non-residents. 25 000
The country was an absolute monarchy until
20 000
1992 when a constitution was introduced. There
is now a council of ministers, but power still 15 000
resides with the royal family. An element of
democratization was added in 2005 with the 10 000
introduction of elections for some seats on
5000
municipal councils. 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
The countrys economy is based firmly on
oil, which accounts for 45 per cent of gross Generating capacity Peak demand
domestic product (GDP). In 2010, its value
was an estimated $434.4 billion and predicted Source: Saudi Electric Co
growth was 3.4 per cent, following 0.6 per cent
growth in 2009. SEC generating capacity by type, 2009
ENERGY RESOURCES 360

2369
Saudi Arabia holds around 20 per cent of
global proven oil reserves, as well as extensive
Capacity (MW)
natural gas reserves. It is one of the most
important global sources of oil, the worlds
6.2% 1.0%
Gas
second largest petroleum exporter and a key
12 975
member of the Organization of Petroleum Steam
Exporting Countries (OPEC). 33.7% Percentage 59.1%
Combined cycle
In 2010, proven Saudi oil reserves were
264.6 billion barrels, the largest in the world. Diesel
22 389
Production was 9.76 million barrels per day
(bpd) in 2009 while consumption was an
estimated 2.43 million bpd. Exports that year
were put at 7.0 million bpd, lower than those of
Russia for the first time in recent history. Major
importers of Saudi oil include the USA, Europe,
Source: Saudi Electric Co
Japan, South Korea, China, India and Taiwan.
Natural gas reserves in Saudi Arabia in made to quantify these resources, but no overall countrys public utility joint stock companies
2010 were estimated at 7461 billion m3, the figures have been produced. However, there and projects owned by the General Electricity
fifth largest in the world. Production totalled were signs in 2010 that the government was Corporation. At the end of 2009, the company
77.1 billion m3 in 2009, all consumed domestically looking at developing solar energy over the owned 85 per cent of total generating capacity.
in accordance with a policy of reserving gas for next ten years. The second major player is the Saline Water
domestic use to free oil for export. The cost of Conversion Company (SWCC), which operates
gas in the country is subsidized. ELECTRICITY MARKET the countrys desalination plants, some of which
The country has no hydropower reserves and The state-owned Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) also generate power. In 2009, the company
no known coal reserves, but there is significant dominates the electricity sector in Saudi Arabia. contributed 1954 MW to total generating
solar and wind capacity. Some effort has been It was formed around 2000 by a merger of the capacity, or 4.4 per cent of the total. A group
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of large customers control a further 8.7 per ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

cent and rental diesel power plants provide the Saudi Arabia emitted 402.45 million tonnes of CO2
Predicted future load (MW)
remaining 1.7 per cent. in 2007, making it the 14th largest emitter in the Peak demand
In order to expand the generation base, SEC world, with a similarly high ranking on a per capita 2011 46 939
decided in the middle of the decade to permit basis. The country generates all its electricity using
2012 50 074
independent power producer (IPP) schemes in the fossil fuels and the cost of both gas and electricity
form of independent water and power projects are subsidized, encouraging their use. Although 2013 52 490
(IWPPs). But only one project, the 900 MW the country has signed the Kyoto Protocol, it has 2014 54 938
Shuaibah-III, fired by light crude oil, has been shown no interest in introducing measures that
2015 57 418
constructed. SEC and SWCC established the might limit its greenhouse gas emissions, while
Water and Power Company to buy power electricity consumption continues to rise rapidly. 2016 58 898
and water from this IWPP and sell it to the Neither renewable incentives nor energy efficiency 2017 62 563
two parent companies. More recently, SEC incentives are in place. 2018 65 327
has started to sign contracts for conventional But the government has recently shown signs
2020 75 155
IPP plants. of taking an interest in renewable generation,
Source: Saudi Electric Co
The entire electricity sector is overseen particularly that based on the countrys abundant
by the Ministry of Water and Power. Tariffs potential resources of solar energy. As much as
are theoretically overseen by the ostensibly 10 per cent of Saudi power output could be of additional capacity. The remaining 20 000 MW
independent Electricity and Cogeneration derived from renewable sources by 2020, according needed by 2020 is likely to be built by SEC directly.
Regulatory Authority (ECRA) but the government to a recent statement by the national oil company A total investment of $88 billion is required
exercises tight control and maintains rates at Aramco. This could be a strategic move, based in the power sector between 2009 and 2018,
artificially low levels. on the prospect that it could begin exporting according to SEC: $46 billion for new generating
Transmission in Saudi Arabia is across four electricity derived from solar power by the end of capacity; $26 billion for transmission projects;
major regional networks. The two largest, the coming decade. There are also research projects and $15 billion to distribution development. The
serving the eastern and central regions, are into solar-based water desalination (Soleras) and private sector is expected to provide about $16
interconnected, while the southern and western solar hydrogen production (Hysolar). billion of the total.
regions act independently. In addition, there are In 2010, Saudi Arabia also announced plans
a number of isolated systems. There are plans to INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT to create the King Abdullah City for Atomic and
interconnect all four grids over the next decade. Peak demand in Saudi Arabia, of 41 043 MW Renewable Energy (Kacare). The city is expected
Saudi Arabia is also playing a major part in in 2009, is expected to hit 57 418 MW by 2015 to become the countrys source of policy in
interconnecting the Gulf Cooperation Council and 65 327 MW by 2018, and could reach renewable energy which is expected to be based
(GCC). The first phase of this project is now in 75 155 MW by 2020, according to SEC. At the same primarily on solar power as well as in nuclear
service, linking Bahrain, Saudi Arabias eastern time, SEC aims to achieve a 15 per cent margin of power policy. However, no specific timeframe for
network, Kuwait and Qatar. capacity over peak demand by 2020. the citys construction has been announced.
Generating capacity in Saudi Arabia totalled Capacity growth to meet expected demand will
44 485 MW in 2009 up by 13.4 per cent from be based on the 20092020 plan developed by SEC. FUTURE TRENDS
39 242 MW in 2008 according to SEC. Of the 2009 This includes at least 32 000 MW of new generating Electricity demand is growing at a rate of about
figure, SEC calculated its own contribution at capacity, as well as plans to interconnect the four 8 per cent per year in Saudi Arabia, fuelled by
38 093 MW. All capacity in Saudi Arabia is fossil fuel regional grids and improve distribution to more subsidized electricity prices and an abundance
based. SECs breakdown of its own capacity was: remote regions. Additional generation will be of fossil fuel. This will lead to a virtual doubling
59 per cent in gas fired plants, 34 per cent in provided by new power generation projects, built of generating capacity by the end of the next
steam turbine plants, 6 per cent in combined- either by SEC alone or as private sector IPP projects decade, all of it based on oil or gas. Over the
cycle plants and 360 MW in diesel plants. in which SEC holds a stake. long term, this could affect the countrys ability
Total generation on the Saudi networks in Six projects are currently slated for private to export oil, upon which much of its GDP and
2009 was 217 306 GWh, a 6.4 per cent increase sector involvement. These include the 1200 MW virtually all its exports are based.
over 2008. SEC plants provided 85 per cent of Rabigh project, awarded to a Korean consortium The country is beginning to court investors
this total: 87 841 GWh from gas fired plants; led by Kepco, of which the first phase is due in in the private sector with build-own-operate
80 430 GWh from what the company designates 2012. A contract for a 1800 MW plant at Riyadh projects, but the national generator, SEC, will
as steam plants; 15 230 GWh from combined was awarded in 2010 to a consortium including build the largest part of the expected new
cycle plants and 569 GWh from diesel units. GDF-Suez and partners Aljomaih Holding Co of capacity. Over the longer term, the government
Among plants not owned by SEC, desalination Saudi Arabia and Sojitz Corporation of Japan. appears to recognize that it must search for
plants provided a further 17 531 GWh and Bids have been sought for a 2000 MW project other sources of energy. It has ambitions to
plants operated by large customers 13 050 GWh. at Al-Qurayyah, due to enter service in 2015. develop a nuclear generating capacity, and
Consumption in 2009 totalled 193 472 GWh Three more private sector plants are planned sees solar power, which it has in abundance, as
with domestic consumers accounting for 52 per and expected to start generating power between a future source of both domestic energy and
cent of this figure. 2015 and 2019, providing at total of 10 530 MW power for export.
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MIDDLE
South Africa EAST-AFRICA
The global economic crisis has helped address South Africas supply-demand
imbalance, but it still needs to progress rapidly with its capacity expansion.
Located at the very tip of Africa and bordered Generation capacity by source, 2010
by Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia,
Swaziland and Zimbabwe, the Republic of South 4.4% 0.1%
4.7%
Africa is one of the continents most important
emerging economies. It has an estimated 5.5%
population of 49 million and covers an area of
Coal
1.2 million km2. . Jacob Zuma of the African National
Congress has been president since May 2009 Gas
Economic growth was robust between 2004
Total Hydro*
and 2007 as South Africa reaped the benefits of
44 175 MW
a global commodities boom, but began to slow Nuclear
with the impact of the global financial crisis on
Wind
commodity prices and demand. Gross domestic
product (GDP) fell nearly 2 per cent in 2009.
85.5%
ENERGY RESOURCES
South Africas economy is heavily dependent on
*Includes pumped storage schemes
coal. The country has the worlds sixth largest
recoverable coal reserves and is the fifth largest Source: Eskom
coal exporter. A well developed industry also
derives synthetic fuels from coal and natural gas.
South Africa produces a small amount of natural
New build programme
gas domestically in 2008 production reached 3.25
billion m3, while consumption was 6.45 billion m3. Type Installed/nominal capacity Completion date
Its demand for gas is primarily met by supply Coal-fired power stations
agreements with neighbours Mozambique Kusile, Mpumalanga 4800 MW 2017
and Namibia. In 2008, South Africa imported
Medupi, Limpopo 4800 MW 2015, with first unit in 2012
3.2 billion m3 of natural gas.
Proven oil reserves in 2010 were 15 million Pumped storage schemes
barrels, with a production of 191 000 barrels per Ingula, Free State/Kwa-Zulu Natal 1332 MW 2014
day (bpd). Consumption in 2009 was 579 000
Wind power facility
bpd, with imports totalling 490 500 bpd and
128 500 bpd, respectively. Sere, Vredendal, Western Cape 100 MW N/A
Coal dominates the electricity generation sector, Source: Eskom
but the country also has significant hydro and
other renewable resources, as yet unexploited. response, Eskom implemented a programme of in 2009), 600 km of transmission lines and
rolling blackouts, also known as load shedding, 8392 km of distribution lines.
ELECTRICITY MARKET throughout the country. Through the Southern African Power
South Africas electricity utility Eskom generates The recent global downturn has provided the Pool, South Africa also exports electricity to
about 95 per cent of the countrys electricity. government and Eskom with breathing room as neighbouring countries, some of which have
According to the companys 2010 annual report, it the demand growth has slowed. Eskoms reserve been affected by South Africas recent power
had a net maximum capacity of 40 503 MW, with margins rose in 2009 to 10.6 per cent and last generation problems.
its coal fired power plants representing 85 per cent year to an even healthier 16.4 per cent, which The countrys electricity sector falls under the
of this capacity. has kept load shedding at bay. regulation of the National Energy Regulator of
Eskom produced 232 812 GWh of electricity However, once economic growth revives, South Africa (NERSA). Private sector participation
last year, with 215 940 GWh generated by its coal power shortages are likely to return if significant is being promoted by encouraging investment
fired power stations and 12 806 GWh from the new generation capacity is not added. Eskoms by independent power producers (IPPs), which
Koeberg nuclear power plant, which remains the capacity expansion budget is 385 billion rand currently hold a tiny share of the market, as
only nuclear plant on the African continent. ($54.5 billion) and is expected to grow to more well as by promoting distributed generation
Between 2006 and 2008, Eskoms reserve than a trillion rand by 2026. Ultimately, Eskom technologies to meet rural energy needs.
margin fell to an unprecedented 5.6 per cent, plans to double its capacity to 80 GW by 2026. Currently South African electricity is among the
which led to uncontrolled blackouts that had Last year, Eskom added 452 MW of generation cheapest in the world. Following an electricity
both political and economic implications. In capacity (about a quarter of the capacity added pricing policy that was approved in December
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2008, NERSA granted Eskom permission for a Forecast for total system additions, 2011-2028
25 per cent price increase, while turning down
its request for a 35 per cent rise. Eskom is also
seeking additional increases in 2011 and 2012, to
18 000
20 000
bring prices closer to international levels.
The market further evolved in late 2009,
when new regulations on the recovery of power
13 000
purchase costs were approved. These regulations 15 000
aim to control the entry of buyers and IPPs into
MW
power purchase agreements. This development

acknowledges that Eskom will not be in a
10 000
8000
position exclusively to meet the countrys future
power needs.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 5000

2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2028
A coherent renewable energy policy has been
notable only by its absence, and South Africas
outlook on domestic generation appears to be still Source: Eskom
focused on coal. To date, only two wind power
projects are in operation in the country the
5.2 MW Darling wind farm and the 3.5 MW pilot
plant at Klipheuwel.
However, South Africas energy crisis and a
heightened global focus on environmental issues
appears to have started a shift in the mindsets of
policy- and decision-makers, who are beginning
to appreciate the significant contribution that consists of six units with an installed capacity of Energy reaffirmed the nations commitment to
IPPs can make towards solving the countrys 4764 MW. The first unit will be commissioned by nuclear power.
power generation problems through exploiting the first quarter of 2012, with the last scheduled On the transmission side, Eskom is currently
renewable energy. for the end of 2015. building 1461 km of 765 kW line in two phases,
At the 2009 National Climate Change Summit The Kusile project comprises six units rated as well as upgrading substations and installing
in South Africa, the South African government with a total installed capacity of 4800 MW. The new transformers. Completion is scheduled for
confirmed its commitment to renewable energy, first unit is planned for commissioning by the June 2011.
and its desire to procure the establishment of end of June 2013, with the last unit entering
an appropriate enabling environment through service in 2017. FUTURE TRENDS
fiscal, financial and legislative measures that Work is also progressing on Ingula, a large- The global economic slowdown has without doubt
will stimulate increased utilization of energy scale pumped storage scheme near Ladysmith helped South Africa to deal with the existing
from renewables. in KwaZulu-Natal. It will have a capacity of imbalance between supply and demand, but this
1352 MW and is planned to be fully operational is unlikely to be more than a temporary solution
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT by the middle of 2013. as the countrys economy begins to recover. It is
Central to Eskoms plan to deliver new capacity are Focusing on other renewables, the Sere wind essential for South Africas future energy security
two large-scale coal new builds and the return to energy facility 1 project, on the West Coast, that Eskom does not delay its ambitious capacity
service of a number of existing coal power stations. east of Vredendal, is expected to consist of 50 expansion plan, even in the face of current
The return-to-service project relates to three turbines, each with a capacity of 2 MW, for a investment challenges
previously mothballed plants Camden (1520 total capacity of 100 MW. Eskom is also assessing It is clear that coal will continue to dominate the
MW), Grootvlei (1200 MW) and Komati (1000 the feasibility of constructing a concentrating electricity generation sector, but South Africa does
MW). All of Camdens eight units have now been solar power plant rated at about 100 MW in the recognize the need for sustainability, so greater
returned to service, with the last commissioned at Northern Cape province. In January of this year, the implementation of clean coal technologies is likely
the end of June 2008. The first unit of Grootvleis African Development Bank looks set to lend Eskom to be seen in coming years.
six units was commissioned on 30 March, 2008, and $270 million to fund wind and solar power projects. Although nuclear has been put on the back
the last unit was scheduled to be in commercial In December 2008 the Eskom board decided burner for now, in the longer term it could still
operation by the first quarter of 2010. Finally, the that, while it continued to support nuclear power, play a significant role in helping South Africa
last of Komatis nine units is scheduled to enter it would not proceed with the establishment of a to generate low-carbon power. Similarly, in
commercial operation by the last quarter of 2011. pressurized water reactor nuclear power station renewable energy, South Africa is likely to begin
The two new build projects currently under due to the high level of investment required. cashing in on its abundant renewable resources,
construction are Medupi and Kusile. Medupi However, in June 2009 South Africas Minister of in particular wind and solar.
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MIDDLE
UAE EAST-AFRICA
As its gas reserves dwindle, this Gulf state has committed to diversifying its
generation mix and curbing a gluttonous appetite for electricity.
Although formed of seven emirates with

considerable autonomy, its leading members, Abu
Peak demand Installed capacity, 2009
Dhabi and Dubai, dominate the confederation of Peak demand 2008 (MW) 2009 (MW) Installed capacity (MW)
the UAE. These two emirates are home to most of ADWEC 5616 6255 Abu Dhabi 10 110
the countrys 5.5 million inhabitants as well as the
DEWA 5287 5622 DEWA 6997
overwhelming majority of its economic activity.
The UAE has one of the Middle Easts most open FEWA 1790 1840 FEWA 1080
economies and is also one of the regions most SEWA 1692 1709 SEWA 2382
socially liberal states. Its sheikhs, while maintaining
Total 14 385 15 426 Total 20 569
absolute monarchical rule, have also extended
Source: ADWEC Source: ADWEC, DEWA, FEWA, SEWA
considerable freedom to the media.
UAE nationals enjoy an extremely high standard
of living, although 80 per cent of the countrys first cargo, opening up an alternative to pipelines Most plants are natural gas fired combined-
population are expatriate workers, predominantly for supplying the emirate with natural gas. cycle plants with additional heat used to
from India and Pakistan. Recent reports suggest Abu Dhabi will raise its produce water.
The exploitation of considerable oil and gas gas production and exports, facilitated by a plan Abu Dhabi has the largest and most complex
reserves almost entirely within Abu Dhabis to partially decouple the operations of Abu Dhabi electricity sector. The emirates main generator
territory has now driven three decades of Gas Liquefaction Company (ADGAS) from the is the government-owned Abu Dhabi Water
breakneck modernization. But the UAE has already oil-producing Abu Dhabi Marine Operating and Electricity Authority (ADWEA). Electricity
made great strides in diversifying its economy; in Company (ADMA-OPCO). generation is nominally privatised, but ADWEA
2009 only 25 per cent of gross domestic product A new 117-km pipeline will now be sending at holds a 60 per cent stake in the independent
(GDP) was derived from oil and gas output. least 5.67 million m3 ashore from Das Island, where water and power producers (IWPP) that provide
a $1 billion integrated gas development plant is generation.
ENERGY RESOURCES due to complete in August 2013. The $10 billion Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company
While the UAE has considerable oil and gas Shah sour gas project also got under way in 2010 (ADWEC), a wholly owned subsidiary of ADWEA,
reserves, the countrys heavy and growing and is due to produce and process 28.3 million m3 buys all the electricity generated in Abu Dhabi.
appetite for energy is driving its development of per day from 2014. ADWEA also owns the transmission company,
alternative generation sources, particularly solar In terms of renewable energy, the UAE offers Transco, and the two distribution companies
and nuclear power. considerable potential for solar power generation, operating in the emirate: the Abu Dhabi
Proven reserves of 97.8 billion barrels of oil, although heat, dust and humidity are likely to drag Distribution Company and the Al Ain Distribution
according to BPs Statistical Review of World down the efficiency of both concentrated solar Company.
Energy, give the UAE 7.3 per cent of global total. power (CSP) and photovoltaic plants. Solar facilities Dubai has the Dubai Electricity and Water
Gas reserves are estimated at 6.43 trillion m3, in the UAE could require twice the area of similar Authority (DEWA), a vertically integrated,
or 3.4 per cent of world supplies, but capacity plants in India or elsewhere in the Middle emirate-owned utility. Sharjah also has its own
56.6 million m3 of gas per day must be imported East, yet the UAE is estimated to have potential for vertically integrated and emirate-owned utility,
from Qatar to meet the shortfall between 2000 TWh per year in CSP potential, along with Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority (SEWA).
domestic supply and high demand fuelled by considerable available land for solar projects. The Federal Electricity and Water Authority (FEWA)
heavy subsidies. Wind resources are less promising. An 850 kW supplies power to the remaining four emirates.
Gas supplies 70 per cent of the UAEs primary turbine on Sir Bani Yas island in 2008 has registered The UAE had 20 569 MW of total installed
energy and demand was estimated in May 2010 an average wind speed of just over 5 m/s and a capacity in 2009. ADWECs capacity at the end of
to be climbing by 7 per cent per year, with capacity of only 15 per cent. the year was 10 110 MW, of which 95 per cent,
average daily demand at 198 million m3 per A geo-thermal pocket was discovered 2.5 km or 9560 MW, was derived from IWPP plants.
day, and supply at only 184 million m3. It was under the site of Abu Dhabis Masdar eco-city DEWA operated installed capacity of 6997 MW,
forecast that demand would hit 425 million m3 project in June 2010. The temperature, at 95 C, is of which 5366 MW was based on gas turbines and
by 2020. too low for electricity generation but could be used 1631 MW on steam turbines. SEWA could call
The completion in December 2010 of a in district cooling. on 2382 MW, with 1936 MW from gas turbines,
244 km gas pipeline carrying Qatari gas from 432 MW from steam turbines, and 14 MW based
Abu Dhabi to Fujairah, where the gas will fire a ELECTRICITY MARKET on diesel units. FEWAs total installed capacity in
2 GW power and desalination plant, staves off a Each of the seven emirates electricity supply 2009 was 1080 MW.
primary energy shortfall for Abu Dhabi. is nominally independent, although only four Peak demand across the UAE in 2009 reached
Dubai also passed a supply milestone in the principle utilities supply them. Electricity and about 15 430 MW, with a 5000 MW, or 25 per
same month when the Golar Freeze liquefied water supplies are generally integrated, with cent, margin of extra capacity. Dubai and Abu
natural gas (LNG) terminal at Jebel Ali accepted its power plants providing both power and water. Dhabi city provided the bulk of demand, with
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Dubai contributing 5622 MW and Abu Dhabi Masdars projected solar thermal generating capacity
emirate 6255 MW. Project Generating capacity (MW) Year online
Abu Dhabi, which has the largest installed
Shams 1 100 2011
capacity, acts as a reserve for the other emirates
and utilities through ADWEC. During 2009, Shams 2 100 2012
FEWA imported up to 909 MW from ADWEC Shams 3 100 2013
during peaks in demand, SEWA imported up to
Shams 4 100 2014
480 MW and even DEWA was forced to import
35 MW to meet peak demand.
Shams 5 100 2014
Source: Masdar
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY District cooling also holds promise as an add 1500 MW to the Abu Dhabi grid by the summer
A progressive environmental policy is a matter of alternative brake on galloping electricity of 2011. Abu Dhabi is also aiming to complete the
national prestige for Abu Dhabi, which broadcast consumption. Dubais Empower and Abu 24002600 MW Taweelah C IWPP, a project delayed
its green intentions by a successful bid to host the Dhabis Tabreed are now bringing down the air by difficulty in securing gas feedstock.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). conditioning demand for the UAEs new projects In the small emirate of Fujairah, the
Abu Dhabi aims to generate 7 per cent of while seeking new overseas markets. 2000 MW Fujairah F2 IWPP is now due to start
its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, Carbon capture and storage (CSS) is another up, as the UAEs largest power plant, fuelled
although the goal could require expanding important technology in Abu Dhabis planned with Qatari gas supplied by the newly completed
from 12 MW of renewable capacity up to overhaul of the UAEs environmental credentials. Dolphin pipeline. Abu Dhabis 100 MW Shams
1500 MW within nine years. The first CCS project is due to capture carbon solar project is also on track to link to the grid in
The clean energy company Masdar is also dioxide from a steel plant in 2012 and a pipeline the summer of 2011.
attempting to establish the emirate as a pioneer network is planned for 2015. However, the completion date of a planned
in renewables by creating Masdar City, marketed $2.2 billion hydrogen project in Abu Dhabi
as the worlds first zero-carbon city. A company INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT looked unsure at the start of 2011. The joint
official told The National newspaper that a The global economic downturn has had a major venture was intended to supply 420 MW of
combination of large solar projects such as impact on the UAEs investment in generation clean generation capacity, along with CO2 for
the 100 MW Shams 1 will contribute a total of capacity. Among the prominent victims are stalled use in the emirates oil fields, by 2014. But in
1000 MW to renewable capacity by 2020, while coal fired power station projects in the emirates the absence of official commitment, BP started
small-scale installations on roofs will provide of Ajman and Ras al Khaimah, with a respective redeploying staff in January 2011, according to
500 MW. capacity of 1000 MW and 4000 MW. The National newspaper.
However, on grounds of limited space, Dubai Dubai also scrapped plans for two 1500 MW
has ruled out solar as a major element of its projects at Hassyan due to come on line in 201112 FUTURE TRENDS
generation mix, a DEWA senior manager told a and has instead used the respite in demand growth The global economic downturn delivered a hefty
Bureau Veritas seminar. In the sprint to diversify to plan its first IWPP project. blow to the UAEs economy, but failed to dent
from gas and fuel oil, the clear frontrunners are The emirate is now seeking international a steady rise in the demand for electricity. The
now coal and nuclear. investors for a 1500 MW power and desalination UAE Ministry of Energy has cut its power demand
Both Abu Dhabi and Dubai are increasingly facility at Hassyan, for which it aims to launch forecast to 33 000 MW for 2020 down from
recognising the crucial need to cut consumption. a tender in the first quarter of 2011, once 40 000 MW yet this still represents a rise of over
District cooling has been promoted in both regulations for public-private partnership have 80 per cent from current consumption.
emirates, where its efficiency can curb spiralling been established. DEWA was also reported to be ADWEC anticipates that electricity demand
demand peaks driven by air conditioning. The upgrading its existing gas fired plant at Jebel Ali to could outstrip gas supply within a few years. The
Emirates Energy Star programme was launched add 400 MW to its installed capacity. utilitys peak demand figures show a rise from
in October 2010 to bring down electricity use in Dubai has also launched a tender for a study 14 386 MW in 2008 to 15 426 MW last year. UAE
current building stock. into the feasibility of coal fired generation, for foreign minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al
The politically contentious but, in practical which it expected to announce the winner of Nahyan told an international power conference
terms, essential move from promoting more nine bids by the first quarter of 2011. DEWA has in March 2010: Analysis conducted by official
frugal energy use towards dismantling subsidies announced the results of a study that suggest the UAE entities has concluded that national annual
may also be drawing closer. DEWA raised its fees emirate should generate 20 per cent of its energy peak demand for electricity is likely to triple by
by around 15 per cent in January 2011 and added from nuclear power and 20 per cent from clean 2020, reflecting a cumulative annual growth rate
a surcharge based on power generation costs. coal by 2020. of roughly 9 per cent.
ADWEA announced in December 2010 Meanwhile, Abu Dhabi announced in October Analysts see the UAE as finally preparing to
that its smart metering programme would be 2010 that it had picked a consortium of Japans tackle the generous subsidies that have fostered
completed by April 2011, with smart meters Sumitomo and Kepco to build the 1600 MW gas extravagant consumption, averaging 41 000 kWh/y
installed at all its 500 000 customers. At the close fired Shuweihat 3, which would be the emirates for inhabitants of Abu Dhabi. A shift towards
of 2010, DEWA said it was poised to initiate a first power station without a desalination facility curbing demand rather than enhancing supply is
pilot project with 10 000 smart meters in a few and should generate 17.8 per cent of the emirates demonstrated by Abu Dhabis establishment of
months. A variable tariff to discourage heavy current electricity demand by 2014. a Demand-Side Management Committee, which
use and peak-hour consumption would follow a Shuweihat 2, a gas fired power and desalination has suggested the emirates peak load could be
successful outcome. project under construction by GDF Suez, is due to trimmed by 10 per cent by 2020.
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