Advanced Heat and Mass

Transfer 422

Introduction

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 Teaching Schedule and Assessment
Module 1:
Distillation system: Binary and Multicomponent separations,
Adsorption and Ion Exchange
Test 1: Friday, 12th April 30%
Module 2:
Evaporation and Crystallization
Test 2: Monday,13th May 2013 30%
Module 3:
Drying and Membrane Separation
Test 3: Friday, 7th June 2013 30%
Research report Submission Due 3rd June 2013 10%
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 Introduction: Separation Process
A physical process in Why?
which a mixture is Product Specifications
separated into Recovery
individual components
or group of components Purification

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 Goals of Separation Process in
Chemical Industry
1sT: Obtain specific product with particular purity

2nd: Cost minimization for the equipment

construction costs and problems (Equipment
sizing)

3rd: Operating costs minimization (Separation

consumes a lot of energy often up to 50% of the
plants operating costs)

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Role Of Separation in Chemical
Industry

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Role Of Separation in Chemical
Industry

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General Flowchart of Oil refining Process

http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html
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 General Separation Technique
Separation by Phase creation
E.g. : Distillation, crystallization, evaporation

Separation by Phase addition

E.g. : Absorption, Extraction

Separation by Barrier
E.g. : Reverse osmosis, gas permeation
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General Separation Technique
Separation by solid agent
E.g. Adsorption, ion exchange

Separation by force field or gradient

E.g. Electrolysis and centrifugation

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 Core of Separation Processes
Separation Process Separating Agent Typical Applications
Gas Absorption and
desorption Solvent Removal of CO2 from synthesis gas
Removal of CO2 and H2S from natural gas
Stripping of volatile organics from wastewater by steam
Distillation Heat Fractionation of crude oil
Air Separation, distillation of wine and spirits
Removal of Aromatics (benzene, tolene, and Xylene) from
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Solvent gasoline reformate
Recovery of Penicillin from Fermentation Broth
Solid-Liquid exctraction Solvent Extraction of Caffeine from Coffee
Extraction of herbal products from barks and leaves
Drying Heat/Dryng gas Drying of fruits, polymer beads and ceramic items before firing
Adsorption Adsorbent solid Separation organics from a gas or an aqueous solution
Drying of air
Ion exchange Ion Exchange Resin Demineralization of water
separation of salts
Crystalization Heat(removal) Production of salt/sugar
Membrane Separation Membranes Desalination
preparation of absolute alcohol
Concentration of fruit juices
Air separation 11
Equilibrium Governed Process

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 Separation Principles

Separation of components may depends on the

following factors:
Boiling points
Concentration
Bubble point
Dew point
Vapour pressure

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 Definitions
Bubble point temperature
The temperature at which the first vapour bubble is formed when liquid is
heated slowly at constant pressure

Bubble point pressure

The pressure at which the first bubble is formed when a liquid is expanded
slowly at constant temperature

Dew point Temperature

The temperature at which the first liquid droplets is formed when vapour is
compressed slowly at constant pressure

Dew point Pressure

The pressure at which the first liquid droplets is formed when vapour is
compressed slowly at constant temperature

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 Mechanism of Separation
Take advantage of differences of chemical and
physical properties of each component to
enable separation (molecular, thermodynamic
and transport properties)
If the differences are not significant enough to
enable separation at particular condition.
System condition can be altered to increase
the magnitude of the differences

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 Mechanism of Separation
One of the most important properties for
separation process is :

Thermodynamic properties can be altered by

changing Operating Conditions (Temperature
and Pressure) which usually easily varied for
different process

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 Mechanism of Separation
One of the most important properties of
Thermodynamic for separation : Ki value =yi/xi
(vapour-liquid distribution ratio)
Ratio of K values at a particular temperature and
pressure of 2 components called relative volatility
(i,j).
It indicates the ease or difficulty of using
distillation to separate more volatile components
from the less volatile components in a mixture
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Equilibrium Governed Process
How to get equilibrium?
Place 2-component
mixture (Binary system,
A and B) in a closed
container at a particular
temperature and yA+yB=1
pressure
After a period of time it
will reach equilibrium xA+xB = 1

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 At Equilibrium
Tliq=Tvap
Thermal equilibrium no net heat transfer and the temperature of
the vapour and liquid phases are equal

Pliq=Pvap
Mechanical Equilibrium the forces between vapour and liquid are
balanced and the pressure of vapour and liquid phases are equal

iL=iV
Chemical Equilibrium rate of vaporization of liquid and the
condensation of vapour are equal and the chemical potentials
between the vapour and liquid phases are equal; The compositions of
the vapour and liquid phases dont change at a given temperature and
pressure

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 Equilibrium Data
Tabular data:
Generate graphical plots
Generate analytical expressions (curve fit)

Graphical:
y vs x (constant P) - McCabe Thiele plot
T vs y,x (constant P) Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium plot
Enthalpy vs. Composition (Constant P,T) Ponchon Savarit plot

Analytical Expressions:
Distribution coefficients, K values
DePriester charts
DePriester Equation
Mole fraction Vapour pressure relationship/simplified model
Relative Volatility

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Data that can be extracted from
T vs x,y plot
It has 2 equilibrium curves
Saturated liquid line and
Saturated vapour line

Single phase composition (sub-

cooled liquid) below saturated
liquid line

Single phase composition (Super

heated vapour) above saturated
vapour line

In between the equilibrium

curves, both vapour and liquid
exist in equilibrium (two phase
region)

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 Class problem 1: VLE review
40% mole ethanol, 60% mole water mixture at 75C,
1atm is heated
a. At what temperature does it first begin to boil? What
is the composition of the first bubble of vapour?
b. At what temperature would it stop boiling (assume
no material is removed)? What is the composition of
the last liquid droplet?
c. At 82 C, what is the fraction of liquid?
d. When 80% has been vaporized, what is the
temperature and what are the liquid and vapour
composition?
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 Analytical Expression for
Equilibrium
Distribution coefficient (K-value)
KA= yA/xA KB= yB/xB =(1-yA)/(1-xA)
Which is a function of pressure, temperature and
composition

Convenient source of K-values for hydrocarbons as a

function of temperature and pressure is Depriester
charts

Depriester charts are presented over 2 different

temperature ranges (high and low)

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 Using DePriester Chart
Determine the boiling point of pure ethylene
at 3000 kPa. Hint: K pure component =1
Determine the K value for: Ethylene, n-
Pentane, n-Heptane at 120 C, P = 1500 kPa
Compare the boiling points, which one more
volatile?

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Related background theories

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Related background theories

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Related background theories

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 Binary Distillation
A
Key question:
Column height- H?
Column Diameter- D?
A+B
H Feed Location?
No. of Tray?

B
A =light component
B= heavy component
TbpA < TbpB
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 McCabe-Thiele Diagram

Slope
=RD/(RD+1)

Feed line

=
1 1

Where q = fraction of
Intercept liquid
XD/(RD+1) Stripping Line

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 Class Example 2: Distillation Review
A stream of aqueous methanol
having 45 mole% CH3OH is to be x y
separated into a top product having 0 0
96mole % methanol and a bottom 0.02 0.134
liquid with 4 % methanol. A reflux 0.04 0.23
ratio of 1.5 is suggested. Feed is at 0.06 0.304
bubble point and operating pressure 0.08 0.365
is 101.3 kPa. The equilibrium for 0.1 0.418
methanol water system is given in 0.2 0.579
the table 0.3 0.665
0.4 0.729
0.5 0.779
a. Determine the number of ideal 0.6 0.825
trays and its feed location 0.7 0.87
0.8 0.915

b. What is the number of real trays if 0.9 0.958

0.95 0.979
tray efficiency is 40%?
1 1

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