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Introduction
We students taking Additional Mathematics are requiredto carry
out a project work while we are in Form 5.This year the
Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has
prepared four tasks for us.We are to choose and complete only
ONE task based on our area of interest.This project can be done in
groups or individually,but each of us are expected to submit an
individually written report.Upon completion of the Additional
Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain valuable experiences and
able to:
Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to
solve routine and non-routine problems;
Experience classroom environments which are challenging,
interesting and meaningful and hence improve their
thinking skills.
Experience classroom environments where knowledge and
skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life
problems
Experience classroom environments where expressing ones
mathematical thinking,reasoning and communication
are
highly encouraged and expected
Experience classroom environments that stimulates and
enhances effective learning.
Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral
and writing,and to use the language of mathematics to
express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills
through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and
confidence
Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings
and in workplace
Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in
solving real-life problems and hence develop positive
attitude towards mathematics.
Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also
to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an
engaging and healthy environment
Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and
effectively
Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of
mathematics and to become more creative and innovative
Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics
We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks
from the first day the task is being administered to us.Failure to submit the written report will result in us not receiving
certificate.
c
Appreciation
Alhamdullilah,thank you to Allah for giving the will to domy additional mathehatics project. Secondly, I would like
tothank the principle of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan DarulEhsan, Pn Siti Aisyah bt Ismail for giving the permission to domy
Additional Mathematics Project Work. I also like to thankmy Additional Mathematics teacher, Pn Rosmazahrah for theguide and
giving useful and important information for me tocomplete this project work. Besides that, I would like tothank my parents for
their support and encouragement.Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends for their help andcooperation in searching for
information and completing thisproject work
Based on the graphical representation that you haveconstructed in Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and drawconclusions. Comments on
your findings.
Answer:
Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), it
is shown that there are large and small differences among the prices of items
in each category between the shops.In the food category, the smallest price
difference are of those of sugar, while the highest is the price of eggs.
Besides food, detergent also shows a large price difference between its
items. Among them is the price of liquid dishwasher and clothes detergent.
On the other hand, stationery items doesn¶t have any obvious price
difference. The graph also show that most of the items that are high priced
comes from the LG PERMAI Supermarket, while the lowest price items
come from the Discount Shop.The graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of
the difference among the shops based upon the shops grand total.
c
The large price difference of clothes detergent among the shops maybe
because of the standard of the shop.A high standard shop or supermarket, the
items sold intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop or
supermarket.Also, the price difference of the items may also due to the
quality of the item. A better quality means a higher price.
c
PART 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the
school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in the
school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and sold
butter cakes. Because of the popularity of the butter cakes,your class
has decided to carry out the same project for this year¶s carnival.
Question
(a)
Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to
purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes.State and
discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you
suggested.
c
c
c
After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs
and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics
is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like air.
Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion,statistics is a daily life nessecities.Without it,surveys can¶t be
conducted, the stock market can¶t be interpret and many more. So, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea
of making statistics.c
Reflection
After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time on playing video games
and reading mangas in this mid year holiday, there are
several things that I can say...
c
The Air Pollution Index (API) is a simple and generalized way to describe the air quality in
mainland China, Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is calculated from several sets of air pollution data.
Contents
[hide]
ác 1 Mainland China
ác 2 Hong Kong
ác Malaysia
ác * References
ác 5 See also
ác A External links
The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not
mean twice the pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50
from day 1 to 182 and API of 100 from day 18 to A5 does provide an annual average of 75, it
does | mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is
because the benchmark is a 2* hour target. The annual average must match against the annual
target. It is entirely possible to have safe air every day of the year but still fail the annual
pollution benchmark.[1]
Air
API Pollution Health Implications
Level
0 - 50 Excellent No health implications
51 -
Good No health implications
100
101- Slightly
Slight irrations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems
150 should reduce outdoor exercise.
Polluted
151- LightlySlight irrations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems
200 Polluted
should reduce outdoor exercise.
Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart
201- Moderately
problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals
250 Polluted
and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.
Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart
251- Heavily
problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals
00 Polluted
and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.
Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There may
Severely be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses. Elders
00+
Polluted and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals
should avoid out door activities.
There are 11 General Stations and Roadside Stations. The former includes Central / Western,
Eastern, Kwai Chung, Kwun Tong, Sha Tin, Sham Shui Po, Tai Po, Tap Mun, Tsuen Wan, Tung
Chung, and Yuen Long; the later Causeway Bay, Central, and Mong Kok. []
In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the
latest APIs hourly.
The index and the air quality objectives were set in 1987; and pollutant levels are measured over
varying periods, in ȝg/m. There are hourly, 2* hour and annual targets for sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide, and 2* hour and annual targets for particulates.
The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong
Kong.
Air
API Pollution Health Implications;
Level
0-
Low Not expected.
25
2A -
Medium Not expected for the general population.
50
51 - Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if
High
100 one is persistently exposed to such levels.
People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation
100 -
Very High of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some
200
discomfort.
People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant
201 - aggravation of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in
Severe
500 the healthy population (e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and
sore throats).
In 1998, the Education Bureau's recommended schools to curtail outdoor activities when the
index reached 200, whereas leading healthcare advocates are urging that the level be revised to
100.[*] The World Health Organisation revised its air quality guideline levels of sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ozone in 200A in light of new scientific evidence. The WHO also
introduced new measurement guidelines for very small particulates which are more dangerous to
pulmonary function. At the '200' level, Hong Kong levels of SO2 (800ȝg/m) and NO2
(1,10ȝg/m) are *0 times and 5½ times WHO guidelines respectively; the equivalent for
particulates (50ȝg/m) is 7 times WHO guidelines.[2]
·edit] Malaysia
Similar to Hong Kong, the air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index.
Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and
sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in ȝg/m.
This scale below shows the Health classifications used by the Malaysian government.
ác cc c Good
ác c Moderate
ác Unhealthy
ác Very unhealthy
ác Hazardous
If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this
means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area
are closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities
in the reporting area excluding the food sector.
A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, Dow ones Industrial
Average, and S&P 500. All three have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot-com
spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech. companies on that index.
A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market. Many indices are
cited by news or financial services firms and are used as benchmarks, to measure the
performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
·edit] Types of indices
Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock market index
includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they are domiciled or traded. Two
examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100.
A | | index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nation²and by
proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly quoted market
indices are national indices composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest
stock exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the apanese Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE
100.
The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Wilshire 5000 Index, the original
total market index, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded company in the United
States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs or
limited partnerships), NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group
added to the family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market. Some
examples include the Wilshire US REIT which tracks more than 80 American Real Estate
Investment Trusts and the Morgan Stanley Biotech Index which consists of A American firms in
the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a certain type of
management, or even more specialized criteria ² one index published by Linux Weekly News
tracks stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating
environment.
·edit] Weighting
An index may also be classified according to the method used to determine its price. In a V
index such as the Dow ones Industrial Average, Amex Major Market Index, and the
NYSE ARCA Tech 100 Index, the price of each component stock is the only consideration when
determining the value of the index. Thus, price movement of even a single security will heavily
influence the value of the index even though the dollar shift is less significant in a relatively
highly valued issue, and moreover ignoring the relative size of the company as a whole. In
contrast, a
or V |
index such as the Hang Seng Index
factors in the size of the company. Thus, a relatively small shift in the price of a large company
will heavily influence the value of the index. In a
index, price is weighted
relative to the number of shares, rather than their total value.
Traditionally, capitalization- or share-weighted indices all had a weighting, i.e. all
outstanding shares were included. Recently, many of them have changed to a
weighting which helps indexing.
As a consequence, capitalization-weighting has been subject to severe criticism (see e.g. Haugen
and Baker 1991, Amenc, Goltz, and Le Sourd 200A, or Hsu 200A), pointing out that the
mechanics of capitalization-weighting lead to trend-following strategies that provide an
inefficient risk-return trade-off.
Indices are also a common basis for a related type of investment, the exchange-traded fund or
ETF. Unlike an index fund, which is priced daily, an ETF is priced continuously, is optionable,
and can be sold short.
Another important trend is strict mechanical criteria for inclusion and exclusion to prevent
market manipulation, e.g. in Canada when Nortel was permitted to rise to over 0% of the TSE
00 index value. Ethical indices have a particular interest in mechanical criteria, seeking to avoid
accusations of ideological bias in selection, and have pioneered techniques for inclusion and
exclusion of stocks based on complex criteria. Another means of mechanical selection is mark-
to-future methods that exploit scenarios produced by multiple analysts weighted according to
probability, to determine which stocks have become too risky to hold in the index of concern.
Critics of such initiatives argue that many firms satisfy mechanical 6ethical criteria6, e.g.
regarding board composition or hiring practices, but fail to perform ethically with respect to
shareholders, e.g. Enron. Indeed, the seeming 6seal of approval6 of an ethical index may put
investors more at ease, enabling scams. One response to these criticisms is that trust in the
corporate management, index criteria, fund or index manager, and securities regulator, can never
be replaced by mechanical means, so 6market transparency6 and 6disclosure6 are the only long-
term-effective paths to fair markets.
However, whereas 'ethical' issues (for example, does a company use a sweatshop) are largely
subjective and difficult to score, an environmental impact is often quantifiable through scientific
methods. So it is broadly possible to assign a 'score' to (say) the damage caused by a tonne of
mercury dumped into a local river. It is harder to develop a scoring method that can compare
different types of pollutant ² for example does one hundred tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted to
the air cause more or less damage (via climate change) than one tonne of mercury dumped in a
river (and poisoning all the fish).
The Amex Gold BUGS (Basket of Unhedged Gold Stocks) Index (also known as the HUI
Index) is a modified equal dollar weighted index of !!!
The Philadelphia Gold and Silver Index is an index of eleven precious metal mining
companies that is traded on the Philadelphia Stock !!!
ác Gold's Gym
Gold's Gym International, Inc. as 6gym s6) originally started in California by oe Gold .
!!! External links : com/golds/index. php About Gold's. !!!
ác wAU
A symbol for the Philadelphia Gold and Silver Index , an index of precious metal mining
company stocks that are traded on the Philadelphia !!!
72 B (*5 words) - 19:02, 1 March 2010
ác Amber Room
a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirror s. !!!
Disappearance and mystery: gold/index. html? !!!
ác Gold as an investment
Of all the precious metal s, gold is the most popular as an investment. !!! Firms such as
Cantor Index , CMC Markets , IG Index and City Index !!!
The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria , Australia !!! External
links : au/windows/gold/index. asp Victorian Museum !!!
The Gold Coast is a city in the Australian state of Queensland . !!! External links:
au/destinations/gold-coast/index. Tourism site - Gold Coast !!!
ác Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from aurum, 6shining dawn6, hence !!!
External links : com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index. !!!
ác esse Helms
The stated purpose of silver and gold ETFs are to track the price of !!! Investors who think
an index will decline purchase shares of the !!!
ác Barrick Gold
Barrick Gold Corporation (ABw, ABw) is the largest pure gold mining company in the !!!
com/index/companies/BARRICK_GOLD_CORPORATION. !!!
Sharpe's Gold is a 1995 British television drama, part of a series screened on !!! External
links : com/gold/index. html Sharpe's Gold at !!!
ác RTÉ Gold
ie/digitalradio/gold/index. html RTÉ Gold | !!! RTÉ Gold is an Irish radio station
broadcasting on DAB . It can also be accessed on the !!!
percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index ) over
time !!! Under a gold standard, the long term rate of !!!
The Gold Box is a Phreaking Box whose function is to create a bridge between two !!!
External links : com/tucops/phreak/boxes/gold/index. !!!
Alan David Gold, (born 19*5) is an Australia n novel ist, literary critic and human !!!
References : au/authors/5000059/Alan_Gold/index. !!!
The International Property Rights Index is produced annually by the Property Rights
Alliance . to own private property in countries worldwide. !!!
ác Ô-index
z-index is a CSS property that sets the stack order of specific elements. An element with
greater stack order is always in front of !!!
ác GPR index
The GPR index, derived from Global Property Research, is a stock market index
composed of property companies that trade on several global !!!
ác Tract index
A tract index summarizes real property transactions and may be available in the offices of
Recorder of deeds in some U.S. states. !!!
1 KB (22 words) - 22:25, 22 December 200A
ác Optical properties of water and ice (section Quantitative description of the refraction
index)
Properties of water. The refractive index of water at 20°C is 1.298A. The refractive
index of normal ice is 1.1 (From List of refractive !!!
A property derivative is a financial derivative whose value is derived from the !!! are
typically written based on a real estate property index. !!!
The German property index (DIw Deutscher Immobilien Index) is a performance index
published annually. returns to direct property investments. !!!
The PSE Composite Index, commonly known previously as the PHISIw and presently as
!!! included the PSE All Shares Index and the PSE Property Index . !!!
namely: PSE Financials Index PSE Holding Firms Index PSE Industrial Index PSE
Mining and Oil Index PSE Property Index PSE Services Index !!!
ác Indirect property
Indirect property is a term used in property investment . !!! property dealings, property
index derivatives or the bonds of corporate property firms. !!!
org/msds/index. php SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for propan-1-ol is !!! Structure
and properties -! | Structure and properties | !!!
ác Refractive index
The refractive index or index of refraction is a ratio of the speed of light in a !!! This
physical property occurs because there is a change !!!
ác Ô/Yen
Centres Index , the Global Intellectual Property Index for Taylor Wessing and Taskforce
2000 (the UK industry response to the Millennium Bug ). !!!
ác Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is a versatile and powerful optical technique for the investigation of the
dielectric properties (complex refractive index !!!
org/msds/index. php SIRI. http://www. !!! Structure and properties -! | Structure and
properties | Index of refraction , n 25 | 1.A1 - | !!!
This page provides supplementary data of the properties of water . !!! Index of refraction ,
n D | 1. at 20 °C | Dielectric constant | !!!
org/msds/index. php SIRI, and follow its directions. !!! Structure and properties -! |
Structure and properties | Index of refraction , n D | !!!
org/msds/index. php SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS is available at http:// !!!
Structure and properties -! | Structure and properties | !!!