MID SEMESTER

TRAINING REPORT
OF
SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
UNDERTAKEN AT
TELCOCRATS TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

Submitted to : submitted by :

Name: Dr. Reecha Sharma Name: Ramanpreet Kaur

Department: ECE Roll no: 11202067

Class: 4ECE2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without accomplishing the
people who made it all possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement secured us
the success

This seems to be a fitting moment for me to express my heartfelt gratitude towards all those who
are helping me tirelessly and patiently in my training work. It gives me a great sense of pleasure
to present this report in the mid of my 6 month industrial training. Training in an organization like
TELCOCRATS TECHNOLOGIES PVT.LTD which is fuelled by the individuals with so much
zest & energy, teaming up to form a formidable force, is itself a true learning experience which is
going to help us immensely in our career.

To begin with, I express my sincere thanks to Mr. KAPIL BHUTANI (Head of telcocrats). I owe
special debt of gratitude to Er. Mayank (Chief RF Engineer), and to all my training coordinators
for allowing me to avail all the available amenities in the division. I am thankful to them for sharing
their vast resource of knowledge and experience with me.

I would also like to thank Ms. Shivani Malhotra (HOD) of ECE department to allow me to
continue my training at telcocrats and also to Mr. T.L. SINGAL who recommended me to join
telcocrats telchonogies.
 CONTENTS
S.NO. NAME OF THE TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1. Generations 1
2. GSM network 4
3. GSM interface 8
4. Channels 10
5. GSM identifiers 14
6. Transmission Process 17
7. Call Flow 24
8. Drive Test 27
9. RF planning 37
10. Optical fiber 40
Generations of Wireless
Communication Tech.

INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of
enhanced electrical conductors or "wires. The distances involved may be short (a few meters
as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications). In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless
communications by transmitting the three-dot Morse code for the letter S over a distance of
three kilometers using electromagnetic waves. From this beginning, wireless communications
has developed into a key element of modern society. Wireless communications have some
special characteristic. First, wireless communications relies on a scarce resource namely,
radio spectrum state. In order to foster the development of wireless communications (including
telephony and Broadcasting) those assets were privatized. Second, use of spectrum for
wireless communications required the development of key complementary technologies;
especially those that allowed higher frequencies to be utilized more efficiently. Finally, because
of its special nature the efficient use of spectrum required the coordinated development of
standards. The term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as those in cellular
networks and wireless broadband internet, mainly using radio waves. The Mobile wireless
industry has started its technology creation, revolution & evolution since early 1970s.

ZERO GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (0G 0.5G)

0G refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s. These mobile telephones were
usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Mobile radio
telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the
predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes
referred to as 0G (zero generation) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be
distinguished from earlier closed radio telephone systems in that they were available as a
commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own
telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch
system.

FIRST GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (1G)

In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications have
undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. First-generation mobile
systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the
world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two
years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. All of these systems offered handover and
roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to interoperate between countries.
This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation mobile networks. In the United
States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in 1982. Although Omni
directional antennas were used in the earlier AMPS implementation, it was realized that using
directional antennas would yield better cell reuse. Transmissions from the base stations to
mobiles occur over the forward channel using frequencies between 869-894 MHz. The reverse
channel is used for transmissions from mobiles to base station, using frequencies between 824-
849MH.

SECOND GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (2G-2.75G)

By the late 1980s, it was clear that the first generation cellular systemsbased on analog
signaling techniqueswere becoming obsolete. Advances in integrated circuit (IC) technology
had made digital communications not only practical, but, actually more economical than
analog technology. Digital communication enables advanced source coding techniques to be
utilized. This allows the spectrum to be used much more efficiently and, thereby, reduces the
amount of bandwidth required for voice and video. Also, with digital systems, control information
is more efficiently handled, which facilitates network control. Second generation digital systems
can be classified by their multiple access techniques as either Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) or Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA).In FDMA, the radio spectrum is divided into a set of frequency slots and each
user is assigned a separate frequency to transmit. In TDMA, several users transmit at the same
frequency but indifferent time slots. CDMA uses the principle of direct sequence spread-
spectrum: the signals are modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature
waveforms or codes. In practice, the TDMA and CDMA schemes are combined with FDMA.
Thus the term TDMA is used to describe systems that first divide the channel into frequency
slots and then divide each frequency slot into multiple time slots. Similarly, CDMA is actually a
hybrid of CDMA and FDMA where the channel is first divided into frequency slots. Each slot is
shared by multiple users who each use a different code.

2.5G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

2.5G, which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular wireless technology
developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G. The term "second and a half
generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in
addition to the circuit switched domain. "2.5G" is an informal term, invented solely for marketing
purposes, unlike "2G" or"3G" which are officially defined standards based on those defined
by the International Telecommunication (ITU). GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up
to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access,
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as
email and World Wide Web access.
2.75 EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
EDGE (EGPRS) is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a digital
mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) network. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the
clear and fast transmission of data and information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single carrier.
EDGE technology was invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now known as AT& T.
EDGE is radio technology and is a part of third generation technologies. EDGE technology is
preferred over GSM due to its flexibility to carry packet switch data and circuit switch
data.EDGE transfers data in fewer seconds if we compare it with GPRS Technology. For
example a typical text file of 40KB is transferred in only 2 seconds as compared to the transfer
from GPRS technology, which is 6 seconds. The biggest advantage of using EDGE technology
is one does not need to install any additional hardware and software in order to make use of
EDGE Technology.

THIRD GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (3G 3.75G)

3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third
generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations.3G technologies enable
network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving
greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide area
wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up
to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or spectrum
efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in
a specific digital communication system. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of
mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS
protocols.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology)
technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning
system) and videoconferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology is fast data transfer rates.
3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies.
These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.

3.5G HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile telephony protocol, also called 3.5G
(or"3G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing
for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink
with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz
bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and
Coding (AMC),Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast
cell search, and advanced receiver design.

3.75G HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well defined 3G wireless/mobile technologies.
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS / WCDMA uplink evolution technology.
The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and the two
are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data
applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-to-
person gaming. Traditional useful applications along with many consumer applications
will benefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink
up to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to5.8Mbps.

FOURTH GENERATION (4G)

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and
2Gfamilies of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in
the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology and
new frequency bands. Pre-4Gtechnologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long
Term Evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006and 2009 respectively. It is
basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the
3G.The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming
over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement
achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or mobile structural
design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several
architectures by a particular network operator ever more common. Some of the companies
trying 4G communication at 100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations.

CELL SITE

It has two main components:

1. OUTDOOR UNIT

2. INDOOR UNIT

OUTDOOR UNIT

ANTENNA

RF Directional antenna (for signal reception)

Microwave Antenna(for connection between two antenna)

CABLES

Jumper Cable(It is thick and is used in between connections)

Feeder Cable(It is thin and is used at points of connection)

 AVIATION LAMP (warning purposes)

SURGE ARRESTOR (lightening protection)

AMPLIFIERS(tma)

CELL SITE BLOCK DIAGRAM

GSM Network
The GSM technical specifications define the different elements within the GSM network architecture.
It defines the different elements and the ways in which they interact to enable the overall system
operation to be maintained.

The GSM network architecture is now well established and with the other later cellular systems now
established and other new ones being deployed, the basic GSM network architecture has been
updated to interface to the network elements required by these systems.
Despite the developments of the newer systems, the basic GSM system architecture has been
maintained, and the network elements described below perform the same functions as they did when
the original GSM system was launched in the early 1990s.GSM network architecture elements

The GSM network architecture as defined in the GSM specifications can be grouped into four main
areas:

1. Mobile station (MS)

2. Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)

3. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

4. Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The different elements of the GSM network operate together and the user is not aware of the different
entities within the system.

A basic diagram of the overall GSM system architecture with these four major elements is shown
below:

Simplified GSM Network Architecture Diagram

Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile phones
are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates. In recent years their size
has fallen dramatically while the level of functionality has greatly increased. A further advantage is that
the time between charges has significantly increased.

There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the two main elements are the main
hardware and the SIM.

The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile phone including the display, case,
battery, and the electronics used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be
transmitted. It also contains a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
This is installed in the phone at manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed by the network
during registration to check whether the equipment has been reported as stolen.

The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module contains the information that provides the identity of the user
to the network. It contains are variety of information including a number known as the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the GSM network architecture that is fundamentally
associated with communicating with the mobiles on the network. It consists of two elements:

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio
transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive to directly
communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is the defining element for each cell. The BTS
communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um
interface with its associated protocols.

2. Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network.
It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group. It
manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs,
allocates channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis
interface.

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The GSM system architecture contains a variety of different elements, and is often termed the core
network. It provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. The major elements
within the core network include:

1. Mobile Switching services Centre (MSC): The main element within the core network area
of the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The
MSC acts like a normal switching node within a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides additional
functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to be supported. These include
registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile
subscriber. It also provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls can be routed from the mobile
network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other MSCs are provided to enable
calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.

2. Home Location Register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative information
about each subscriber along with their last known location. In this way, the GSM network is
able to route calls to the relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their
phone, the phone registers with the network and from this it is possible to determine which
BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the
phone is not active (but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network
(HLR) is aware of its latest position. There is one HLR per network, although it may be
distributed across various sub-centres to for operational reasons.

3. Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information from the HLR that
enables the selected services for the individual subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be
implemented as a separate entity, but it is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC,
rather than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and more convenient.
4. Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether a given
mobile equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile equipment has a number
known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is
installed in the equipment and is checked by the network during registration. Dependent upon
the information held in the EIR, the mobile may be allocated one of three states - allowed onto
the network, barred access, or monitored in case its problems.

5. Authentication Centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret key
also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for ciphering on the
radio channel.

6. Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): The GMSC is the point to which a ME
terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is
thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR based
on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and routing the
call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC is misleading, since the
gateway operation does not require any linking to an MSC.

7. SMS Gateway (SMS-G): The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term that is used to collectively
describe the two Short Message Services Gateways defined in the GSM standards. The two
gateways handle messages directed in different directions. The SMS-GMSC (Short Message
Service Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) is for short messages being sent to an ME. The
SMS-IWMSC (Short Message Service Inter-Working Mobile Switching Centre) is used for
short messages originated with a mobile on that network. The SMS-GMSC role is similar to
that of the GMSC, whereas the SMS-IWMSC provides a fixed access point to the Short
Message Service Centre.

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the overall GSM network architecture
that is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC. It is used to control and monitor the overall
GSM network and it is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the
number of BS increases with the scaling of the subscriber population some of the maintenance tasks
are transferred to the BTS, allowing savings in the cost of ownership of the system.

GSM Network Interfaces

The network structure is defined within the GSM standards. Additionally each interface between the
different elements of the GSM network is also defined. This facilitates the information interchanges
can take place. It also enables to a large degree that network elements from different manufacturers
can be used. However as many of these interfaces were not fully defined until after many networks
had been deployed, the level of standardisation may not be quite as high as many people might like.
1. Um interface The "air" or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a mobile
(ME) and a base station (BTS / BSC). For signalling, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD, known as
LAPD m is used.
2. Abis interface This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been totally
standardised. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation
in the BTS.
3. A interface The A interface is used to provide communication between the BSS and the MSC. The
interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to the mobile
equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The messaging required within the network to enable
handover etc to be undertaken is carried over the interface.
4. B interface The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR . It uses a protocol known as the
MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely an
"internal" interface. The interface is used whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS
located in its area.
5. C interface The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. When a call
originates from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it ahs to pass
through the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call may be gained. The
protocol used for communication is MAP/C, the letter "C" indicating that the protocol is used for the
"C" interface. In addition to this, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after
the call is completed and cleared down.
6. D interface The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/D protocol to
exchange the data related to the location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber.
7. E interface The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The E interface exchanges
data related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.
8. F interface The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the MAP/F protocol. The
communications along this interface are used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME gaining
access to the network.
9. G interface The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol
to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.
10. H interface The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. It transfers short messages and
uses the MAP/H protocol.
11. I interface The I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME. Messages exchanged over
the I interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.

GSM handover or handoff

Types of GSM handover
Within the GSM system there are four types of handover that can be performed for GSM only systems:
 Intra-BTS handover: This form of GSM handover occurs if it is required to change the frequency or
slot being used by a mobile because of interference, or other reasons. In this form of GSM handover,
the mobile remains attached to the same base station transceiver, but changes the channel or slot.

Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover: This for of GSM handover or GSM handoff occurs when the mobile
moves out of the coverage area of one BTS but into another controlled by the same BSC. In this
instance the BSC is able to perform the handover and it assigns a new channel and slot to the mobile,
before releasing the old BTS from communicating with the mobile.

Inter-BSC handover: When the mobile moves out of the range of cells controlled by one BSC, a
more involved form of handover has to be performed, handing over not only from one BTS to another
but one BSC to another. For this the handover is controlled by the MSC.

Inter-MSC handover: This form of handover occurs when changing between networks. The two
MSCs involved negotiate to control the handover.

GSM: PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL channel

GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA). FDMA parts involves the division by frequency of the 25 MHz bandwidth in to 124 carrier
frequencies (Also called ARFCN) spaced 200 KHz for GSM-900. For GSM-1800 frequency spectrum
of 75 MHz bandwidth is divided in to 374 carrier frequencies spaced 200 KHz. TDMA further divides
each carrier frequencies in to 8 time slots such that each carrier frequency is shared by 8 users. So
in GSM, the basic radio resource is a time slot with duration of 577 s. 8 Time slots of 577 s
constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA Frame. GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
modulation scheme to transmit information (data and signalling) over Air Interface.

GSM uses number of channels to carry data over Air Interface, these channels are broadly divided in
to following two categories:

1. Physical Channels
2. Logical Channels

PHYSICAL CHANNELS
A physical channel is determined by the carrier frequency or a number of carrier frequencies with
defined hopping sequence and the Time Slot number.

8 Time Slots (1 Time Slot = 1 Physical Channel) of 577 s constitutes a 4.615 ms TDMA Frame. In
GSM standard data on a time slot transmitted in bursts, so time slot is often expressed in BP (Burst
Period). 1 BP represents 1 TS. TDMA frame (4.615 ms of 8 TS) further structured in to multi-frames.
There are two types of multi-frames in the system:

26 TDMA Multi-frame: Consists 26 TDMA frames with duration of 120 ms and used to carry
the Logical Channels TCH, SACCH, FACCH etc.
51 TDMA Multi-frame: Consists 51 TDMA frames with duration of 234.5 ms and used to
carry the Logical Channels FCCH, SCH, BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH, SACCH etc.
These multi-frames further structured in to Super-frame and Hyper-frame.

SUPERFRAME: Super frame consists of 51*26 TDMA frames with duration of 6.12 sec. This is
corresponding to the smallest cycle for which the organisation of all channels is repeated.
HYPERFRAME: Hyper frame consists 2048 super frames (2048*51*26 TDMA frames) with duration
of 3 hrs, 28 min, 53 sec and 760 ms. It is in particular smallest cycle for frequency hopping,
cyphering.
The frame hierarchy is used for synchronisation between BTS and MS.

LOGICAL CHANNELS
Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel. Logical
channels used to carry data and signalling information. Different logical channels are mapped in
either direction on physical channels.

Logical channels divided in to following two categories:

Traffic Channels
Signalling Channels
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
In GSM system two types of traffic channels used:

Full Rate Traffic Channels (TCHF): This channel carries information at rate of 22.8 Kbps.
Half Rate Traffic Channels (TCHH):This channels carries information at rate of 11.4 Kbps.
SIGNALLING CHANNELS
Signalling channel carries control information to enable the system to operate correctly. There are
three main categories of signalling channels in GSM which are further divided in several categories:

1. BROADCAST CHANNELS (BCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
2. COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS (CCCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
3. DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS (DCCH)

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL (BCCH) DOWNLINK
Broadcasts Network and Cell specific information required to identify the network and gain
access.
 Broadcast parameters include Location Area Code (LAC), Mobile Network Code (MNC),
Control Channel Structures, BCCH frequencies of neighbouring Cells and other access
parameters.
FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL (FCCH) DOWNLINK
This channel contains frequency correction bursts, used by the mobiles for frequency
correction.
Bears information for frequency Synchronisation.
SYNCHRONIZATION CHANNEL (SCH) DOWNLINK
This channel is used by the MS to learn the Base Station Information Code (BSIC) as well as
the TDMA frame number (FN).
6 bits of BSIC having two parts. 3 bits NCC and 3 bits BCC. NCC stands for Network Colour
Code and used to identify the BTS for which measurement is made. BCC stands for Base-
Station Colour Code and used for a better transmission in case of interference.
BICS avoids ambiguity or interference which can arise when a Mobile Station can receive
SCH from two cells using the same BCCH frequency.
CELL BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL (CBCH) DOWNLINK
This channel is used to broadcast specific information to network subscribers; such as
weather, traffic, sports, stocks and other public services and announcement.
This channel is assigned with SDCCH and usually occupies the second subslot of the
SDCCH.
PAGING CHANNEL (PCH) DOWNLINK
This channel is used for alerting to Mobile Subscribers for incoming calls, SMS and other
mobility services.
Every MS in a cell periodically listen to this channel.
RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (RACCH) UPLINK
This channel is used by a MS seeking attention of the BTS. When MS wants to initiate
dialogue with network, this channel is used to send request to the network for a dedicated
resource.
The real dialogue between MS and Network will take place on the dedicated channel.
If the request is not granted within a specific time period by the network, the MS repeats the
request on the RACCH.
ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL (AGCH) DOWNLINK
This channel is used by a BTS to notify the MS of the assignment of an initial SDCCH for
initial signalling.
In response to request from MS on RACH, the network allocates a specific dedicated
signalling channel (SDCCH) for further communication. This response is sent on AGCH.
STAND-ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL (SDCCH) UPLINK/DOWNLINK
In response of RACCH, network allocates SDCCH over AGCH for further communication
between MS and BTS.

This channel is used for the Location Update, Voice Call Set up and SMS.

FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL (FACCH) UPLINK/DOWNLINK

This channel is used to convey Handover information.
 There is no TS and frame allocation dedicated to this channel. This channel can be associated
with SDCCH or TCH and works on the principle of stealing. The burst of TCH is replaced by FACCH
signalling when required.

SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL (SACCH) UPLINK/DOWNLINK

This channel is always associated with TCH or SDDCH used for control and supervision of
signals associated with the traffic channels.

Used to convey the periodic carrier-signal strength measurements to transmit power control
and timing advance.

GSM - Addresses and Identifiers

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) looks more like a serial number
which distinctively identifies a mobile station internationally. This is allocated by the
equipment manufacturer and registered by the network operator, who stores it in the
Entrepreneurs-in-Residence (EIR). By means of IMEI, one recognizes obsolete, stolen, or
non-functional equipment .Following are the parts of IMEI:

Type Approval Code (TAC) - 6 decimal places, centrally assigned.

Final Assembly Code (FAC) -: 6 decimal places, assigned by the manufacturer.

Serial Number (SNR) -: 6 decimal places, assigned by the manufacturer.

Spare (SP) : 1 decimal place.

Thus, IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + SP. It uniquely characterizes a mobile station and gives
clues about the manufacturer and the date of manufacturing.

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Every registered user has an original International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) with a
valid IMEI stored in their Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).IMSI comprises of the following
parts:

Mobile Country Code (MCC)- : 3 decimal places, internationally standardized.

 Mobile Network Code (MNC)- : 2 decimal places, for unique identification of mobile network
within the country.

Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) : Maximum 10 decimal places,

identification number of the subscriber in the home mobile network.

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

The authentic telephone number of a mobile station is the Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
(MSISDN). Based on the SIM, a mobile station can have many MSISDNs, as each
subscriber is assigned with a separate MSISDN to their SIM respectively.

Country Code (CC) : Up to 3 decimal places.

National Destination Code (NDC) : Typically 2-3 decimal places.

Subscriber Number (SN) : Maximum 10 decimal places.

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is an interim location dependent ISDN number,
assigned to a mobile station by a regionally responsible Visitor Location Register (VLA).
Using MSRN, the incoming calls are channelled to the MS.

The MSRN has the same structure as the MSISDN.

Country Code (CC) : of the visited network.

National Destination Code (NDC) : of the visited network.

Subscriber Number (SN) : in the current mobile network.

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Within a PLMN, a Location Area identifies its own authentic Location Area Identity (LAI). The
LAI hierarchy is based on international standard and structured in a unique format as
mentioned below:

Country Code (CC) : 3 decimal places.

Mobile Network Code (MNC) : 2 decimal places.

 Location Area Code (LAC) : maximum 5 decimal places or maximum twice 8 bits coded in
hexadecimal (LAC < FFFF).

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) can be assigned by the VLR, which is
responsible for the current location of a subscriber. The TMSI needs to have only local
significance in the area handled by the VLR. This is stored on the network side only in the
VLR and is not passed to the Home Location Register (HLR).

Together with the current location area, the TMSI identifies a subscriber uniquely. It can
contain up to 4 8 bits.

Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)

Each mobile station can be assigned with a Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI), which
is an original key, by the VLR. This key can be used as the auxiliary searching key for each
mobile station within its region. It can also help accelerate the database access. An LMSI is
assigned if the mobile station is registered with the VLR and sent to the HLR. LMSI
comprises of four octets (4x8 bits).

Cell Identifier (CI)

Using a Cell Identifier (CI) (maximum 2 8) bits, the individual cells that are within an LA
can be recognized. When the Global Cell Identity (LAI + CI) calls are combined, then it is
uniquely defined.

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF GSM

GSM-900 (Channels 125 operating band 900Mhz carrier spacing 200khz spacing 45Mhz)

GSM -1800 (Channels 374 spacing 95Mhz)

GSM -1900(Used in USA)

 GSM Duplex Duplex
Uplink Downlink Band
systems Spacing channels

GSM 450 450.4-457.6 460.4-467.6 2x7.2 10 35

GSM 480 478.8-486 488.8-496 2x7.2 10 35

GSM 850 824-849 869-894 2x25 45 124

GSM 900 890-915 2x25 45 124

374
E-GSM (900) 880-915 2x35 45 174
299
R-GSM (900) 876-880 2x04 41 40

GSM 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880 2x75 95

GSM 1900 1850-1910 1930-1990 2x60 80

GSM TRANSMISSION PROCESS

STAGE 1: ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

The A/D converter is performed by using a process called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
PCM involves three main steps:1)Sampling 2) Quantization 3) Coding

Step 1: Sampling

Sampling involves measuring the analog signal at specific time intervals. The accuracy of
describing the analog signal in digital terms depends on how often the analog signal is
sampled. This is expressed as the sampling frequency. The sampling theory states that to
reduce an analog signal without distortion, the signal must be sampled with at least twice
the frequency of the highest frequency component in the analog signal.

Normal speech mainly contains frequency component lower than 3400Hz. Higher
components have low energy and may be omitted without affecting the speech quality
much. Applying the sampling theory to analog speech signals, the sampling frequency,
should at least 2x3.4 kHz = 6.8 kHz. Telecommunication system use a sampling frequency
of 8 kHz, which is acceptable based on the sampling theory.

Step 2: Quantization

The next step is to give each sample a value. For this reason, the amplitude of the signal
at the tome sampling is measured and approximated to one of the finite set of values. The
fig below shows the principle of quantization applied to an analog signal. It can be seen
that a slight error is introduced in this process when the signal is quantized or
approximated. The degree of accuracy depends on the number of quantization levels
used. Within common telephony, 256 levels are used while in GSM 8,192 levels are used.

Step 3: Coding

Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary. Every value is represented by
a binary code of 13 bits (213 = 8192). For example, a quantized value of 2,157 would have
a bit pattern of 01000011011101:

Bit 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Total

Ste
To 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Value 2 2048 0 0 0 0 64 32 0 8 4 0 1 2157

Summary of A/D conversion-The result from the process of A/D conversion is 8,000
samples per second of 13 bits each. This is a bit rate of 104 kbits/s.

When it is considered that 8 subscriber use one radio channel, the overall bit rate would be
8*104 kbits/s = 832 kbits/s. recalling the general rule of 1 bit per Hertz, this bit rate would
not fit into the 200kHz available for all 8 subscribes. The bit rate must be reduced
somehow this is achieved using segmentation and speech coding.

STAGE 2: SEGMENTATION AND SPEECH CODING:

The key to reducing the bit rate is to send information about the speech instead of the
speech itself. In GSM, the speech coding process analyzes speech samples and outputs
parameters of what the speech consists of the tone, length of tone, pitch, etc. This is then
transmitted through the network to the network to another MS, which generates based on
the these parameters.The aim of speech coding in GSM is to send only information about
the original tone itself and about the filter.

Segmentation given that the speech organs are relatively slow in adapting to changes, the
filter parameters representing the speech organs are approx. constant during 20 ms. For
this reason, when coding speech in GSM, a block of 20ms is coded into 1set of bits. In
effect it is similar to sampling speech at the rate of 50times per second instead of the 8000
used by A/D. Speech Coding: instead of using 13 bits per sample as in A/D conversion,
GSM speech coding uses 260 bits. This calculates as 50X260 = 13 kbps. The GSM
speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbps per subscriber. When it is considered that 8
subscribers use one radio channel the overall bit rate would be 8X13 kbps = 104 kbps.
This compares favorably with the 832 kbps from A/D conversion. However speech coding
does not consider the problem which may be encountered on the radio transmission path.
The next stages in the transmission process the channel coding and interleaving help to
overcome these problems.

GSM Channel Coding - GSM uses a combination of block and convolution coding
methods. First some of the information bits are block coded, building a block of information
each with an associated block check sequence (BCS). All the block coded bits (including
the BCS) are passed through a convolution coder to form the final coded bits.Channel
coding in GSM uses 260 bits from speech coding as input to channel coding and outputs
456 encoded bits.Channel coding provides following error protection
Two approaches to error protection:

Backward error correction

Forward error correction

Interleaving

The efficiency of the convolution coding described above is based on an assumption that
errors will be randomly distributed. However, radio transmission paths tend to be prone to
frequency-dependent bursty type errors due primarily to fading. Therefore, convolution
coding alone may not be able to compensate for a large number of consecutive errors on a
single channel frequency

GSM INTERLEAVING IMPLEMENTATION

GSM employs interleaving to reduce the effects of burst noise over the air interface. This
takes place after channel coding but before converting the coded bit stream into data
bursts. The degree of interleaving used in GSM depends on the type of traffic carried. One
456-bit block of data is spread over:

8 timeslots for full-rate speech (as shown above)

4 timeslots for most control channels
up to 19 timeslots for data

Each timeslot referred to above equates to a burst of data over the air interface. The
following section describes the radio burst multiplexing of data blocks over the air interface
and the different types of bursts used by GSM.

Radio Burst Multiplexing

Data is transmitted over the GSM Air interface in blocks. Each block is known as a burst.
One burst corresponds to one timeslot on an 8-timeslot TDMA frame. GSM defines a
number of burst types, dependent upon the bursts function. However, they all have a size
of 156.25 bit periods with time duration of 0.577ms an information burst size of 148 bits
always transmitted first.

However, the Guard period of each burst exists to provide an inter-time slot buffer and is
therefore not actually part of the information burst. Therefore the burst size is often referred
to by its information size. For example, a normal burst of 156.25 bit periods has an 8.25
guard period and therefore has an information burst size of 148 bits. Each burst bit is
numbered 0-156 with the last bit being 156. The 0 bit is always transmitted first.

GSM defines 5 bursts types include:

 Normal Bursts
Synchronization Bursts
Frequency Correction Bursts
Access Bursts
Dummy Bursts

Radio Interface Modulation - The modulation technique used with standard GSM is
known as Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). GMSK had its roots in Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK) where each binary 1 and 0 is transmitted in the form of one of two different
frequencies:

Frequency Shift Keying

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS IN GSM

Multiple access techniques are essential to allow more efficient use of the radio spectrum.
1st generation systems used only FDMA so that a complete radio carrier was allocated to a
user throughout their call. This made poor use of the spectrum, but was all that was
possible with an analog system.
 Purpose: to allow several users to share the resources of the air interface in one cell
Methods:

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Divide available frequency spectrum into channels each of the same bandwidth .
1) Channel separation achieved by filters.
2) Good selectivity

3) Guard bands between channels.

4) Signaling channel required to allocate a traffic channel to a user.
5) Only one user per frequency channel at any time.
6) Used in analog systems, such as AMPS, TACS

Limitations on: 1) Frequency re-use 2) Number of subscribers per area

(i) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

TDMA became possible with digital systems such as GSM in which the data stream could
be divided into bursts and allocated to a timeslot. By sharing access to the spectrum, the
traffic capacity of the system is enhanced. GSM uses both FDMA to provide carriers and
TDMA to share access to the carriers.
CALL FLOW

z
1) The subscriber initiates the channel request message from the MS to BSS. This is followed
by the assignment of a dedicated control channel by the BSS and the establishment of the
signalling link between the MS and BSS.

2) The message request for service is passed to the MSC which forwards this message to
the VLR to carry out authentication process.

3) Subscriber authentication takes place using encryption algorithms and if succesfull call
setup can continue.

4 ) The message set up is sent by the MS to MSC accompanied by call info. The message
is forward from MSC to VLR.

5) The MSC initiates the MS IMEI check.

6)In response to the message set up, the VLR send the message complete call to the MSC
which notifies the MS with call proceeding.

7) The MSC then assigns a traffic channel to the BSS which further assigns an air interface
channel. The MS responds to BSS which further respond to MSC.

8) An initial and final address message is send to the PSTN. Ringing tone is applied to the
MS in response to the message.

9) When answered, the message connect is forward to MSC stopping the ringtone. The MS
then connect the GSM traffic channel with PSTN circuit completing end to end connection
and conversation takeplace.
PROJECT WORK OR SOFTWARES DONE AT TRAINING :

DRIVE TEST :

It is a method that is adopted to optimized GSM network. Once a GSM network is rolled
out based on network planning tool prediction. The nature of network hardly ressembles
with the prediction so that the operator or the service provider tasks is to bring the network
back as nearest as possible towards the prediction.

Through the systematic process of collecting the air interface data from the already built
network status of existing network get recorded. The collected data is processed offline to
know the deviation from the prediction as per the interpretation of the pre processing result
configuration changes are performed on the network. Then further DRIVE TEST is
performed to check the modified status . after a few changes the network is brought very
near to the prediction then the network is set to optimized .

WHY DRIVE TEST ?

DRIVE TEST is performed to identifies the Network Problem, Analysis the reasons behind
all these problems and performed its Rectification.

DRIVE TEST PROCESS:

WHAT WE DO IN DRIVE TEST :

1. DRIVE TEST is conducted with the aim of collecting data GSM network.

2. DATA COLLECTION:The RF data collected in the drive test is compared with the
corresponding planned by post processing tools.

3ANALYSIS:. we analyse data collected which result in reaccomudation of changes or

action steps to be taken in network RF parameter.

4. ACTION PERFORMED : In this we make changes in the network on the behalf of

data analysis to meet our requirements.

DRIVE TEST EQUIPMENTS:

1. Data collected to find and analyze problems in the network

2.Vehicle (specially preferred diesel vehicle).
3.Handset that is Drive test mobile phone.
4. External vehicle mounted GPS. We mainly used magnetic GPS. But some time
handheld GPS is also used. Handheld GPS is of two types

(a). 72 channel (b). 12 channel

5. Laptop with drive test software and GPS connection capability

6. Dongle Key

7. Baffo cable : It is used to connect handheld GPS with laptop. It is used only when we
are using handheld GPS instead of magnetic GPS.

8. USB HUB: It is used to connect multiple handsets with a single laptop . it is used only
when we are performing drive test for more than one operator or for various mode of
operation (IDEAL , DEDICATED , DATA) of the single operator at the same time .
9. GPS cable.
10. Magnetic compass : it is used to check out the sector of site to which we are latched.
TYPES OF DRIVE TESTS (w.r.t. area covered):

1. CW Drive : It is done at the face Initial network setup.

2. SWAP Drive Test: This drive test is performed when there is any Updation in existing
network.

3. GPRS Drive Test-: Data drive test is done for GPRS and EDGE . It is manly done for
checking out the the speed of GPRS and EDGE.

4. Benchmarking Drive Test:It is basically done by comparing performance of

observing network with one the best network at that time . it is done to check the coverage
area of Multiple Operator .

5. Frequency Scanning Drive Test: In this kind of DRIVE TEST we check C/I ratio for
checking the proper planning of BCCH to avoid overshooting of signal . In this we have to
check the proper interference range so we come to know about proper frequency planning.

6. Extensive Drive Test:Extensive Drive test is basically used to check maximum

coverage strength in each Sector of a particular site.

7. Single Call Functionality Test (SCFT):In this type of drive test we basically check
three main thing.

1. Initially we have to check that is the site is located at the planned latitude longitude os
shifted

2.Then we have to check its orientation and tilt according to the clutter.
 3. Then we have to check its swap (a) Sector swap (b)cable swap (c)Diversity swap

Then we have to finally start our drive test in which we basically Making 10 calls and 5 sms
in each site to check all the planned RF parameter and radio parameter.

8. Green Field Drive Test: It is done at the time of New network acceptance Test Drive.

9. Migration drive test : It is used only when location area code that is LAC of a site is
changed .

DRIVE TEST TYPES (w.r.t work to be done in drive test):

ROUTINE DRIVE TEST;

(A). Network is monitored on a regular basis

(B). Drive test routes to include all the major roads, important locations, etc

(C). Routes regularly drive tested and problems further analyzed and solved

(D). May require removing interfering carrier, Power Change to BTS, Frequency Plan
change, Neighbor addition , etc.

PROBLEM DRIVE TESTING:

(A). Problems reported by statistical analysis, routine drive testing, customer care centre ,
etc

(B). List of problematic cells identified and drive tested thoroughly to analyze the problem

(C). Data collection and analysis done simultaneously

CELL COVERAGE ANALYSIS DRIVE TEST:

(A). Usually carried out for new planned sites in the network

(B). New cells to come on air are thoroughly drive tested to determine their server and
coverage areas . Optimisation to be carried out for any major deviation from the initially
planned design
PROCEDURE FOR DRIVE TEST:

1. Attach the equipments starts with dongle key.

2. Define the COM PORTS for each equipments . it is used for version 6 and older.
3. Then connect all the driver to the software.
4. Now the mobile connect is in IDLE mode and it will show live network parameter .
5. Click on the record button of the toolbar to start the recording of the log files. Log files
are saves in the .log extension.
6. Drive on the route to check the coverage of each cell. By doing so we will be able to
record the various RF PARAMETER and we can find the issues in the network.
7. After doing all this now we can export the log file into desired format.

EVENTS WHICH OCCUR DURING DRIVE TEST:

1. Call Drops 2. Call Setup Failures 3. HO Failures

4. Interference 5. Call Quality and Coverage 6. GPRS/EDGE Performance

TEMS 9.0.3 ERICSSION TOOL FOR DRIVE TEST .

Various window(workspace ) used for showing the performance of drive test are set as
follow:1. click on the file option and then save workspace as (*).
2. then for setting the workspace select the option presentation .
3. Go to option GSM and select various windows as shown below.
VARIOUS WINDOWS ADDED ARE :

1.GSM current channel .

2. GSM radio parameter
3. GSM C/I
4. GSM serving + neighbouring
5. GSM hopping channel
6. MAP
7. GPS.

Description of current channel window:

1. TIME : It tell about the exact time detail of the handset which is connected to the kit.
2. CELL NAME: It tells about the name of the current cell with which our handset is
latched .
3. CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY: It gives the complete information of the mobile country
code , mobile network code, location area code , cell identity.
4. CELL GPRS SUPPORT: It tells whether the serving cell is GPRS supportable or not.
5. BAND: It tell about the band used used by the cell to which our handset is latched that
whether it is working at GSM900 OR at GSM 1800.
6. BCCH ARFCN: It shows the BCCH frequency which is assigned to the sector to which
handset is latched.
7. TCH ARFCN: It gives the details of TCH ARFCN on which our call hopps. This
parameter is enable only when our call is on hopping.
8. BSIC:IT is combination of network color code (NCC) and base station color code
(BCC). IT tells about the sector with which our handset is latched.
9. MODE: It tells about the mode of operation that is whether we are performing DRIVE
TEST in IDEAL , DEDICATED or PACKED mode.
10. TIME SLOT:It tells about the time slot to which handset is latched.
11. CHANNEL TYPE : IT tells about which type of channel are used during the call.
12. CHIPHERING : It shows either the security parameter are enable or not.
13. SPEECH CODEC: IT shows whether the ongoing call is on half rate or full rate.
14. MAIO: Mobile allocation index offset. Tells about starting hopping frequency.

DESCRIPTION OF RADIO PARAMETER WINDOW:

1. RX LEVEL: It shows the received level in terms of dbm that mobile is receiving from
the site or it is the received level signal strength. The total range defined is between 0 to -
120 dbm but ideally we say -48 to -110 dbm .

If the value lie between -0 to -70 it comes under very good category.

If value lies between -70 to -80 it comes under good category.

If value lies between -80 to -90 it comes under average category.

If value lies between -90 to -100 it comes under poor category.

If value lies between -100 to -110 it comes under very poor category.

2. RX QUALITY :It is the continuity of the received signal. It depend upon the BER(bit
error rate ) on the scale. Its values lie between 0 to 7 .

If value lies between 0 to 3 it comes under good category.

If value lies between -90 to -100 it comes under average category.

If value lies between -90 to -100 it comes under poor category.

3. BIT ERROR RATE:It is the ratio of the number of bits error to the total number of bits
transmitted in a given time interval. BER is measure for the voice quality in the network.
After channel ha decoded a 456 bits block it is coded again and compared with 456 input
bits. Number of differ bits corresponds to error bits and results in a range of 0 to 7 RX
QUALITY. It should be less than .2%.

4. FER(FRAME ERASER RATE);Frame eraser rate is represents the percentage of the

frames being dropped due to high number of non correcting bit error in the frame. It should
be less than 1% in case of voice call and should be less than 5% in case of data call.

5. SPEECH QUALITY INDEX(SQI): It is dedicated to reflecting the quality of the speech

or it is the sppech quality in cellular network as received by human listener. It depends
upon BER and FER. It lies between 0 to 30.

If the value lie between 0 to -15 it comes under very bad category.
 If value lies between 16 to 20 it comes under average category.

If value lies between 21 to 25 it comes under good category.

If value lies between 26 to 30 it comes under very good category.

Its values is updated after a time period of every 0.5 sec.

6. CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE RATIO : The carrier over interference ratio is the ratio
between the signal strength of the current serving cell and signal strength of undesired
component. It should be atleast greater than 9.

7. DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION :It is defined as the ratio of the number of silent

blocks to the total number of block transmitted.

8. TIMING ADVANCE:It gives a value that tells about the distance between MS and BTS
if the value is 0 it means MS is in radius of 550 m from the BTS.

9. RADIO LINK TIME OUT;This parameter defines the range value of radio link time out .
it shows current value of RLT. It can be decreased by 1 but increased by 2 according to
status of the M R. If measurement report is received then its value increase by 2 but if it is
not received it is decreased by1. If the value reaches 0 it resulta in normal call drop. We
can set the maximu value as 64 and minimum as 4.

10. MS BEHAVIOUR MODIFIED: This windows shows current setting for the mobile
station instance whether handover is disabled or multiband operating enable.

ANALYSIS:

LOG FILE ANALYSIS

1. Non working sites/sector or trx.
2. Frequency hopping
3. Overshooting sites
4. coverare holes
5. C/I AND C/A ratio
6. High interference
7. Capacity problems
8. handover failure
9. Ping pong handover
10. Call drop reaasons

Analysis 1: low signal level

Above window shows the problem of low signal level it all happen only when there are few
no of site and too many different types of obstacle like hills are present those stop the line
of site of the broadcasting signal. There might be a lot of coverage hole or places with
insufficient signal level.
Analysis 2:Sudden appearance of neighbors

Above shown windows tells about the problem of sudden appearance and disappearance
of neighbor. 1st arrow tells about the sudden the sudden increase and decrease in neighbor
level and 2nd arrow gives indication of the too frequent handover. Due to terrain or
obstacles neighbor may pop with high levels causing the BSC to give wrong handover
decision. In this case the call will be handed to neighbor every short period of time.

Analysis 3:Sudden decrease in Rx level

This window tells that there is sudden decrease in Rx level . This curve formation is due to
tunnel effect causing sudden decrease in Rx level and cause ping pong hand over. Arrow
indicate the formation of tunnel due to sudden variation in Rx level.
 ANALYSIS 4:

It shows that there is Large distance between two sites and very poor Rx level is
there through a long distance. It also indicate that the neighboring handover are not
defined because Rx level varies from -61 to -80, still there is no handover and Call
drops take place a number of times..

RF PLANNING

Project description:

Introduction

In the context of mobile and cellular communication systems, RF Planning is the process of
assigning frequencies, transmitter locations and parameters of a wireless communications
system to provide sufficient coverage and capacity for the services required (e.g. mobile
telephony). The RF plan of a cellular communication system revolves around two principal
objectives; Coverage and Capacity Coverage relates to the geographical footprint within
the system that has sufficient RF signal strength to provide for a call/data session. Capacity
relates to the capability of the system to sustain a given number of subscribers. In 3GPP
GSM systems, both capacity and coverage are interrelated. To improve quality some
coverage, capacity has to be sacrificed, while to improve capacity, coverage will have to be
sacrificed.

CELL PLANNING

FREQUENCY PLANNING

A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area where radio
coverage is given by one base station. The shape of a cell in theory is Hexagonal
because it gives best symmetrical structure to plan a complete covered area

D=SQ ROOT(3k)*R

TYPES OF CELLS

Macro Cells(1 to 35 km)

Micro cells (up to 1 km)

Pico cells(10 -15 cm)

TYPES OF SITES

Ground Base Tower

Roof Top Tower

Pole Site

Cell On Wheels

In Building Solutions

Ground Base Mast

CELL PLANNING PROCESS:

Traffic and Coverage Analysis

Planning with Software (MCOM ,ATOLL)

 OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber is a secure and high sped mode of data transmission and works on th
principle of total internal reflection .It is composed of core and cladding which have
different refractive indices which make total internal reflection possible .

There are two types of optical fiber

1. Single Mode

2. Multi-Mode

Refractive Index Profiles

1. Step Index

2. Graded Index

OPTICAL FIBER TYPES

 OPTICAL FIBER SPLICING
MECHANICAL SPLICING(outdated)
FUSION SPLICING
1. Place sleeve on the fiber
2. Isopropyl is used for cleaning
3. Cleaving
4. Load fiber into splicer
5. Press ARC for splicing
6. Put on the sleeve and place it on the heat protection
sleeve