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Organs
Immune System
- System of cells that has the ability to
distinguish “self” from “non-self”.
Cells of the Immune System
• Distributed throughout the body
• Arranged in small spherical nodules (lymphoid
nodules)
• Organized in larger lymphoid organs (lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow)
Lymphoid nodules are found:
o Mucosa of the digestive system
o tonsils,
o Peyer’s patches
o Appendix
o Respiratory system
o Reproductive system
o Urinary system (MALT) – mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue
Antigen
• Non-self
• Elicit immune response
• Foreign material
• Soluble molecules such as CHON,
polysaccharides, & nucleoproteins
• Molecules belonging to bacteria, protozoa,
tumor cells, or virus-infected cells.
• Has antigenic determinants or epitopes
Antibody
• a.k.a. Immunoglobulin
• Glycoprotein in nature
• Secreted by Plasma cells
• IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, & IgG
q Chains
q Heavy chains (H) – 2 identical
q Light chains (L) – 2 identical
q Fragments
q Antibody Binding Fragment (Fab)
q Cystallizable Fragment (Fc)
q Regions
q Variable Region (V)
q Constant Region (C)
q Domains (Ig domains)
q VL
q CL
q VH
q CH1
q CH2
q CH3
Cytokines
• Molecule regulator for immune cells functions
• 8 to 80 kDa
• Influence by cellular and humoral immune response
• Acts on cells that have receptor for them
• Produced by lymphocytes, macrophages & other
leukocytes.
• Chemotaxins or chemokines – cytokines that induce
diapedesis of leukocytes & migration to inflammed
sites.
Cells of the Immune System
• Cells involved
– Lymphocytes,
– Plasma cells
– Mast cells
– Neutrophils
– Eosinophils
– APC (Antigen Presenting Cells)
• Macrophage
• Dendritic Cells
• Lympocytes
Lymphocytes
Classified as
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• Natural Killer Cells
B and T lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
• Surface Marker
- Monomeric Igm
• Plasma Cell
• Memory B Cell
T Lymphocytes
• 65-75% circulating lymphocytes
• TCR (T cell receptor)
• Recognize only epitopes
T cells subpopulation
• Helper Cells
- CD4
- promote B cell differentiation
- activate macrophages
• Cytotoxic T cells
- CD8
- perforins
- apoptosis
• Regulatory T cells
- CD24 and CD25
- Immune tolerance
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) &
Antigen Presentation
MHC
- complex of choromosomal loci encoding
several proteins known as class I and class II
MHC molecules.
MHC I
- nucleated
MHC II
- APCs
Antigen Presenting Cells