THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME ONE
From early times to c. 1500

edited by
NICHOLAS TARLING

C Q CHSC % N

yetLUZERN

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

digitalisiert durch:
The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia IDS Luzern
2004
 CONTENTS

Maps v
Note on Spelling viii
Note on Gender in Southeast Asian Languages ix
Abbreviations x
Preface to the Original Edition xi
Preface to the Paperback Edition xv
1 The Writing of Southeast Asian History 1
/. D. LEGGE, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Southeast Asian Studies before World War II 3
Southeast Asian Studies since World War II 15
Major Themes in Post-war Studies 23
Changes in Interpretation 38
Deconstructing Southeast Asian History 43
Front early times to c. 1500

Introduction 53

2 Southeast Asia before History 55

PETER BELLWOOD, Australian National University, Canberra
Present-day Environments of Southeast Asia 56
The Changing Nature of the Southeast Asian Environment 61
Human Prehistory: The First Million Years 65
Ancestors for the Living 73
The Archaeological RecordLate Pleistocene to
Mid-Holocene 78
The Rise and Expansion of Agricultural Communities 90
The Archaeology of Early Agricultural Societies 94
The Linguistic Records 106
The Early Metal Phase 115
The Late Neolithic and Early Metal Phases in the
Austronesian World 126
Bibliographie Essay 136
3 The Early Kingdoms 137
KEITH W. TAYLOR, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Vietnam 137
Champa 153
Angkor 157
Pagan 164
VI
Ayutthaya 168

nvijaya 173
Majapahit 176
Bibliographie Essay 181
4 Economic History of Early Southeast Asia 183
KENNETH R. HALL, Ball State University, Munde,
Indiana, USA
Early Economic Development 185
The Age of Fu-nan: The Emergence of the Southeast Asian
Political-Economy in the Early Christian Era 192
The Age of the rivijayan Maritime Empire (670-1025) 196
The Temple Realm of Central Java (570-927) 202
East Java, 927-1222 208
Singhasari (1222-1292) and Majapahit (1293-1528) 215
The Southeast Asian Maritime Realm, c. 1500 226
The Temple-based Political-Economy of Angkor Cambodia 229
Buddhism as an Economic Force in Pagan Burma 240
International Trade and Commercial Expansion on the
Mainland, c. 1100-1300 245
Champa's Plunder-based Political-Economy 252
The Emergence of the Vietnamese Political-Economy 260
The Early Southeast Asian Socio-Economy: A Concluding
Overview 270
Bibliographie Essay 272

5 Religion and Populr Beliefs of Southeast Asia before c. 1500 276

/ G. DE CASPARIS, Instituut Kern, Leiden, The
Netherlands I. W. MABBETT, Monash University,
Melbourne, Australia
The Earliest Times 281
Religions of Indian Origin on the Mainland 286
Religions of Indian Origin in the Maritime Realm 304
Two Special Problems 322
The Beginnings of Islam 330
Bibliographie Essay 334
Index 340
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME TWO
From c. 1500 to c. 1800

edited by
NICHOLAS TARLING

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CONTENTS

Mups vii
Note on Spelling viii
Note on Gender in Southeast Asian Languages ix
Abbreviations x
Preface to the Paperback Edition xi
Introduction xix
1 Interactions with the Outside World and Adaptation in
Southeast Asian Society, 1500-1800 1
LEONARD Y. ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
The Coming of Foreign Groups 2
Innovations and Adaptations in Society 17
Summary and Conclusion 50
Bibliographie Essay 51
2 Political Development between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth
Centuries 58
BARBARA WATSON ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
The Political Landscape 58
Southeast Asia during the Sixteenth Century 65
The Cycle of Fragmentation and Unity 75
The Centres of Power in the Seventeenth Century 81
A Renewal of the Movement towards Centralized Control 84
Kingship and Centralization in the Seventeenth Century 89
Seventeenth-century Administrative Reforms and
Manpower Control 92
The Creation of the 'Exemplary Centre' 98
The Fragmentation of the Eighteenth Century 101
Conclusion 110
Bibliographie Essay 111
3 Economic and Social Change, c. 1400-1800 116
ANTHONY REID, Australian National University, Canberra
Population 116
An Economic Boom 119
Cash-cropping and Commercialization 124
Urbanization 128
The Nature of Southeast Asian Commerce 132
The State and Commerce 139
A Seventeenth-century Crisis 144
Europeans, Chinese, and the Origins of Dualism 149
The Trade in Narcotics 154
VI
Eighteenth-century Transitions 156

Bibliographie Essay 160

4 Religious Developments in Southeast Asia, c. 1500-1800 164
BARBARA WATSON ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
YONEO ISHU, Kanda University of International Studies
Indigenous Beliefs 164
The Coming of Islam 169
The Arrival of Christianity 183
Religious Issues 192
The Eighteenth Century 213
Conclusion 223
Bibliographie Essay 223
5 The Age of Transition: The Mid-Eighteenth to the Early
Nineteenth Centuries 228
/. KATHIRITHAMBY- WELLS, Clre Hall, Cambridge
State Rivalry and Cyclicity 228
Forces of Integration: Religion, Charisma and
Resource Control 231
Buddhist Imperialism 235
Buffer Status and Double Allegiance 240
Economic and Cultural Crisis 242
Intellectual Reform and Modernization 248
Decline of Traditional Authority 251
Forced Cultivation 253
Failure of Reform: Rebellion and War 255
Commerce, Political Fragmentation and Moral Dilemma 258
Economic Dualism 262
Economic Reorientation 264
Evolution of a 'National' Identity 267
Conclusion 268
Bibliographie Essay 268
Index 276
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME THREE
From c 1800 to the 1930s

edited by
NICHOLAS TARLING

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CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CONTENTS

Maps vii
Note on Spelling viii
Abbreviations ix
Preface to the Paperback Edition xi
Introduction xix
1 The Establishment of the Colonial Regimes 1
NlCHOLAS TARLING, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
The Role of the British 5
The Dutch Realm in the Indonesian Archipelago 9
Raj, Company and Residency in Borneo 18
Sulu and the Philippines 21
British Malaya 24
Britain and Burma 30
Britain, France and Vietnam 37
The Independence of Siam 42
The Policies of the Western Powers 49
Southeast Asian Policies 55
Interaction and Accommodation 66
The Colonial Regimes 71
Bibliographie Essay 72
2 Political Structures in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries 75
G4RL A. TROCKI, Queensland University of Technology
Indigenous Collaboration 83
Direct and Indirect Rule 90
Law and Order 97
Plural Societies 104
Siam and Burma 114
Bibliographie Essay 123
3 International Commerce, the State and Society: Economic
and Social Change 127
ROBERT E. ELSON, Griffith University, Australia
States and Societies in the Early Nineteenth Century 127
Western Merchant Capitalists 131
The Development of International Commerce from
about 1820 133
The Creation of a New Order from about 1850 137
 Phase One: Liberalism 138
Phase Two: From Liberalism to Management 147
The Modern State in Southeast Asia 149
Aspects of Social Change 158
The Great Depression 182
Conclusion 187
Bibliographie Essay 189
4 Religion and Anti-colonial Movements 193
REYNALDO ILETO, Australian National University
The Religio-Political Landscape 195
Anti-Colonial Movements from 1850 209
Bibliographie Essay 240
5 Nationalism and Modernist Reform 245
PAUL KRATOSKA, National University of Singapore
BEN BATSON
Territorial Nationalism 253
Ethnic Nationalism 286
The Loyalist Option 312
Conclusion 313
Bibliographie Essay 314
Index 321
 THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME FOUR
From World War II to the present

edited by
NICHOLAS TARLING

LUZERN vY

C A M B R I D GE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CONTENTS

Note on Spelling vii

Abbreviations viii
Preface to the Paperback Edition x
Introduction xix
1 Southeast Asia in War and Peace: The End of European
Colonial Empires 1
A. J. STOCKWELL, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, UK
World War II and Japanese Occupation 1
Colonial Restoration and Struggles for Independence,
1945-1948 13
Revolution and Decolonization in the Cold War, 1948-1957 33
Conclusion 52
Bibliographie Essay 55
2 The Political Structures of the Independent States 59
YONG MUN CHEONG, National University of Singapore
Revolution and Political Structures 60
Plural Political Structures 80
Maximum Government 96
Conclusion 128
Bibliographie Essay 131
3 Economic and Social Change 139
NORMAN G. OWEN, University of Hong Kong
Economic Policy in Independent Southeast Asia 142
Economic Implications of International Politics 150
International Markets and Technology 153
Economic Growth and Structural Change 158
Nationalism and Equity 167
Population and the Environment 175
Social Structures and Strategies 181
Protest and Rebellion 192
Bibliographie Essay 198
4 Religious Change in Contemporary Southeast Asia 201
PAUL STANGE, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
Appropriations of Industrial Culture 204
Spiritual Visions of Revolution and Independence 207
The Generation of National Cultures as Religious
Contention 214
VI
State Regulation and Institutional Religion 221

Reformulations in Populr Practice 230

Magical, Millenarian and Mystical Practices 236
Purist Revival and Secular Modernism 243
Trajectories of Changing Access to the Real 250
Bibliographie Essay 253
5 Regionalism and Nationalism 257
C. M. TURNBULL, formerly University of Hong Kong
The Concept of Southeast Asia 258
The Postwar Scene 260
The Impact of Decolonization 261
National Identity and Unity 263
Regional Links in the Immediate Postwar Era 265
The Beginning of the Cold War, 1948-1954 268
The South-East Asia Treaty Organization 275
The Bandung Conference and the Non-aligned Movement 277
Regional Tensions and Problems 278
Malaysia, Brunei and Confrontation 283
The Republic of Singapore 285
The Formation of ASEAN 287
The Second Indochina War 289
The ASEAN States 291
1975: The Communist Victories in Indochina 296
ASEAN Reactions 298
The Bali Summit 299
Vietnam, Cambodia and China 303
The Development of ASEAN 305
Burma 308
International Communism in the 1980s 309
Western Involvement 311
Non-alignment 312
Bibliographie Essay 314
Bibliographies 319
PAUL KRATOSKA
Asia 319
Southeast Asia 320
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei 323
The Philippines 326
Indonesia 328
Burma 332
Thailand 332
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos 333
Special Topics 335
Index 336