Int. J . Mech. St-/. Pergamon Press Ltd. 1967. Vol. g, pp. 163-182.

Printed in Great Britain

AN A N A L Y S I S OF T H E CHANGES IN G E O M E T R Y OF A
SHORT HOLLOW C Y L I N D E R D U R I N G
A X I A L COMPRESSION

J. B. HAWKY~RV and W. JOH~SO~

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

(Received 20 December 1966)

Smmnary--The changes produced in the internal diameter of a short hollow cylinder

during axial compression between fiat parallel rigid platens can provide a sensitive indica-
tion of friction conditions at the end.faces. With suitably chosen proportions of length
and diameter the internal diameter can be arranged to either increase or decrease with
only a small ehan~e in frictional stress. The method has been used in recent years to study
the friction at deformln= surfaces, ~-s but no =nAlysis predicting geometry ohAn=~es from
plasticity theory has been applied in the interpretation of experimental results. Friction
values have been derived by approximate analyses and by calibration of surface conditions
by other methods. Analyses of the compression of hollow cylinders have also been made
by various workers, '-7 but either these have been insufficiently developed to be used
directly in ~nalysing the results or the method of application has been rather involved.
The present analysis develops a simple means of predicting strains in the deforming
cylinder from a series of curves. The results are compared with some experiment~l results
reported by others, z-3

NOTATION
0' r , (7 e a = radial, hoop and axial principal stresses respectively
ao
principal plastic strain rates
l length of cylinder
f- radius of cylinder
Yb outer radius of cylinder
r= inner radius of cylinder
r m radius of neutral surface

r~

x a ~
~n

i" b
x B == - -
t" n
k yield shear stress of material under conditions of plane strain
frictional stress at the platens

INTRODUCTION
WHX~ a short hollow cylinder is compressed axially between fiat parallel rigid
p l a t e n s t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e hole m a y i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y increase, decrease or
r e m a i n c o n s t a n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a m o u n t o f frictional c o n s t r a i n t i m p o s e d b y
t h e p l a t e n s . U n d e r frictionless conditions t h e hole size increases p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y
t o t h e o u t e r d i a m e t e r a n d t h e cylinder c o m p r e s s e s as w o u l d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
163
164 J. B. HAWKYARDand W. JOHNSON
portion of a solid cylinder. With increasing frictional constraint the rate of
expansion of the hole decreases and eventually the compressive hoop stress
developed at the hole is sufficient to cause the hole to contract. In a compression
process involving constant friction at the platens the change in geometry as the
cylinder shortens causes the frictional constraint to progressively increase, so
that the hole may initially increase in diameter and then contract. By suitably
choosing the initial cylinder proportions, dimensional changes of the hole can
thus provide a sensitive indication of the platen friction. This method of
studying the friction at yielding surfaces has the advantage of not requiring

i i i
/ l/ / /I / / /

! I I

t
!-i1m N E U T R A L SURFACE

rn ~ ra INWARD AND OUTWARD FLOW

// /%1/I/ // //

t
rn <~ Pa OUTWARD FLOW

Fzo. 1. Compressionof hollow cylinder.

any load measurement, which is generally required to a considerable accuracy

in the analysis of plane strain compression or the compression of solid cylinders.
However, the interpretation of the geometrical changes of the hollow cylinder
in terms of friction values does call for a comprehensive analysis of the stress
and strain distribution, unless some mean~s of friction calibration can be
applied in an empirical manner.
Compression tests on hollow cylinders have been used for friction studies by
Kunogi 5 and Male14 and analyses of the deformation process have been made
by Kudo 4, Kunogi s and AvitzurL The analyses of Kudo and Avitzur derive the
position of the "neutral surface" which divides the regions of inward and
outward flow, see Fig. 1, from considerations of minimum energy dissipation.
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 165

Avitzur develops the analysis by using a step-by-step integration to predict the

progressive changes in geometry as a compression proceeds. The present work
presents an alternative method to that used by Kudo and Avitzur for deter-
mining the position of the neutral surface and develops the analysis to enable
the geometric changes to be determined by a relatively simple process from a
series of curves.

ANALYSIS
The procedure followed in this analysis is to determine from stress equilibrium
considerations the current position of the neutral surface from which radial movement
originates a n d hence deduce the incremental straining (or strain rate) pattern. Integration
of the incremental strains at the inner a n d outer surfaces will then give the geometry
changes throughout the proee~. The neutral surface m a y be within the material of the
cylinder giving radially inward a n d outward flow, as shown in Fig. l(a), or it m a y be
within the bore giving only outward flow, see Fig. l(b). During a compression process the
radius of the neutral surface increases and it m a y originate within the bore and move
progressively outwards relative to the bore. The analysis shows that the neutral surface
will not move out beyond the mean of the internal a n d external cylinder radii. (The
condition briefly arrived a t in Ref. 6.) The inner limit to the position of the neutral surface
is, of course, the cylinder axis--achieved with frictionless compression.
The frictional stress at the platens is assumed to remain constant throughout com-
pression a t a fraction ~ 1 of the yield stress. The actual frictional.behaviour will depend
on changes in thickness a n d distribution of c o n t a m i n a n t filme and a n y lubricant present
and also on plastic deformation a n d strain hardening of the surface layers. Investigations
reported b y v a n Rooyen a n d Backofen s on frictional stress measurements over the
interface between a cylindrical specimen and a loading platen during plastic compression
suggest that a constant frictional stress is reasonably justified for certain conditions of
lubrication, although in other cases the surface changes occurring throughout the
compreesion process produce complex variations in frictional stress. Their work appears
to indicate t h a t the assumption of a constant frictional stress is generally no less appropriate
t h a n a frictional stress based on a friction coefficient p and proportional to normal pressure
#n, i.e. Amonton's Law, with the limiting condition t h a t pan :~T~, where vy is the shear
yield stress.
The present analysis assumes t h a t there is no non-nnlform distortion of cylindrical
elements due to the frictional constraints, i.e. no barrelling. This is obviously a simplifica-
tion of actual conditions and would be expected to give increasing error with increasing
frictional stress a n d increasing cylinder height.
The hollow cylinder is considered in terms of a zone of outward flow--outside the
neutral surface where the hoop strain is zero---and an inner zone of radially inward flow.
The stress gradients are determined for these zones and the insertion of appropriate
b o u n d a r y conditions t h e n enables the position of the n e u t r a l surface to be determined.
The principal stresses at, ~e, ~, are assumed to lie along the principal axes of the cylindrical
co-ordinate system. The solution for these stresses follows after establishing three
independent relationships between them. These are:
(i) the static equilibrium equation for an element,
(ii) the Levy-Mises relationship between deviatoric stresses and principal plastic
strain rates, a n d
(iii) the Mises yield criterion.

Outer zofte, r ~ r~
(i) The radial equilibrium equation for the element shown in Fig. 2, with frictional
stresses, 0de, opposing sliding at the platens is

dar a T - ae - 2~k
dr + ---7-- -- ~ (1)
166 J.B.H.A_wxy~a) and W. JOHNSON
(ii) The Levy-Mises deviatoric strees-incremental strain rate relationship can be
written
( 7 , - % _ G'o-~o = (~,-ao = A (2)

where A is a constant of proportionality and ~o = (~,+ ~o+ ~,)/3. The incremental strain
rates ~,, e0, e, can also be related b y considering the straining of a n element at radius r
within the compressing cylinder, see Fig. 3. The b o u n d a r y at the neutral surface r ,

r+dr [

Fxo. 2. Static equih'brium condition for element in outer zone.

r+dr

1~o. 3. Incremental strain rate p a t t e r n for outer zone.

remai-~ fixed during the imposition of a strain increment a n d the surface at r moves
outward so t h a t the volume enclosed between r~ and r remains constant. The equation for
volumetric incompre~ibflity is
7rl(r" -- r~) = lr(l -- dl) [(r + dr)* -- r~]
or
dr 1 dl r rs~l
(3)
Now
dl / dr
T/T = ~ ' / - ~o

and with r/r~ = x, equation (3) gives

. [xa_ 1"1
~o : - , e , [ - ~ - ] (4)
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 167
Since for volumetric incompressibility
~,+~o+~, = 0
the strain rate relationships can be written
I'zLt- 1]
= _ ~,[-~-j

. rz 2-11

and
2x

These strain r~te relstionship6 can, incidentally, be derived from velocity field equations.
An admissible velocity field for the region is easily shown to be as follows, for the upper
platen moving with unit speed and a stationary lower platen,

g ffi ~ - , the radial velocity

= 0, the circ-mferentlal velocity

and
: , the a~x] velocity

The strain rate field for this velocity field is

~ , f f i ~ = N ~+

, 1 [1-~]
~o=;=~L rIJ
and

~" = ~z = - T
These equations are similar to equations (5).
Equations (2) and (5) are combined to give
0"~, - - (7 o (78 ~ ~ 0 O's ~ (70
(=, + 1~ = ( = ~ - 1-~-~= ~ = ~
give8

i
(r e - (r, = A(1 - 3 z 2 ) } (6)
and /
~ , - , = ~ ( l + 3 = ' ) 1
(iil) The Mises yield criterion provides
( a , - - ae) ~ + ( a e - - a,) 8 + (a, - ~,)2 ffi 6k2 (7)
Substituting equations (6) into this gives

( 6 + 1 8 ~ ) ~ 2 = 6 k 2 or ~=k[l~3x41.

Substituting in equations (6) and e]imi~ting ~t,

2k
a,- - e ffi (1 + 34-)t (s)
and
k ( 1 + 3=2)
o . , - o.,. ffi ( 1 + 3 ~ ) , (9)
168 J . B . I-LaWKYAItDand W. JOHNSON
Differentiating (9) with respect to x, we have

d~. du.= k.6. (1-.')

(I0)
c~ dx (3+z')i
Equations (8) and (10) are of a form suitable to combine with the static equilibrium
equation (I) to eliminate u,, ~e and to express u, in terms of x,/c, cz, I.
ThUS,
do,. = 2k[ (1 + 3x~)
-~ t~(1+ 3~)| l~J (ll)
Integrating between x -- x s and x -- Xl gives

..r 1/3 ,+1

(12)
u,,-u,,-- Z X L - - y . x + ~ [ i s - - ~ - ~ , + l n 4(s)x' .~,,

This equation m a y now be combined with equation (9) into which suitable boundary
values for radial stress u, have been inserted.
Two flow i ~ t t e r n s , with their paxticular b o u n d a r y conditions, can be considered;
firstly, where there is no inwa~xi flow, i.e. where the z~lius of the neutral surface r , is equal
to or less t h a n the radius of the hole ra, and, secondly, where there is a region of i n w ~ d
flow, r n > r a . I n the first case, where r , ~ % radial pressures on the inner and outer
boundaries must be zero, i.e. u,, = u~ = 0 and equation (9) gives

/c(1 + 3xa) ~ k(1 + 3~v~)"

~= (I+3~)I and uz~ = (l+3~b)i

P u t t i n g x, ffi z) and ~z = zs, equation (12) then reduces to

l(~.+lp- 1"~1 = 0
or
'-1
/ - (x~-x,) t(3~+l)~-l'~J
and

- (~-~,) t(3*',+1)~- ~'~J (13)

These expressions relate the neutral surface r. = r~/.. -- rb/x~ to the external geometry,
r., r~, I and the friction condition st the platen o&, for the conditiSns where rs (r..

~ n n e r zon6, I-~ T~
W h e n rn > r, and a region of inward flow exists, the stress distribution in this region
m a y be determined by s procedure similar to that used above for outward flow. The
radial stresses on each side of the neutral surface can then be equated to give the position
of the neutral surface.
The equilibrium equation for the element shown in Fig. 4 with frictional stresses ak at
the piatens is similar to equation (1) for outward flow except t h a t the friction component
acts in the opposite direction. This gives

du, u ~ - us 2o& (14)

-G + r =-T-
The strain rate relationships are found b y considering the straining of an element as shown
in Fig. 5, a ~ u m i n g volumetric incompressibility between r , and r. This provides

dr Idl[~ ]
~---~T -1 (15)
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 169

Putting dl/l = ~=, dr/r = ~8 and r / r . = z, equation (15) becomes

~o = ~" ( 1 - x =) (16)
2 z"
This is similar to equation (4) for the outer zone.

r+dr #z

(rr d O
J ~ ' ~ ~r I

FIG. 4. Static equilibrium condition for element in nmer zone.

r--dr Ii

FxG. 5. Incremental strain r a t e p a t t e r n for inner zone.

The strain r a t e relationships can then be written:

.. rl +z t]
8, = - ]

l--x
and
2x

Substituting equations (17) into the Levy-Mises equation (2) a n d proceeding, as for the
outer zone, b y combining with the yield criterion (17) a n d static equilibrium equation (14)
leads to
k(l+3~)
u.--ur ==(l.i_8.~.~)i (18)
a n d thence to the e x p r e ~ i o n for t h e axial stress gradient
d~, (1 + 3 ~ ) . ~r.]
~ - = 2/=[=(1 + ~x,),~--T-j (19)
170 d. B. HAWKYARD and W. JOHNSON
Integration gives
~. [c~r~ 1/ 3z*+l ( 3 x ' + 1)*- 1~]*,
(20)
~"*-~" = ~ [ - T " * + ~ [ i ~ ~ f ) ' ~ ~-(-~i;* /J.,
P u t t i n g boundary conditions into equation (18), at x = x~

q,, = 0, ~ = . . ~
and a t x f x n --- 1
Gz.-- rr~ = 2k
And p u t t i n g xz = x,, xffi ffi x, into equation (20),

= .-y--m
[(3< +1),
~.
- !] (21)

Considering now equations (9) and (12) for the outer zones, for which the b o u n d a r y
conditions are a t z ----x o
k(l + 3,~d)
,~ = 0 and ~,, = ( l + 3 x l ) ,
and at z = x n,

and p u t t i n g x 1 ffi x~, x 2 -- xn into equation (12) gives

2at, [(3~b+ l)t- 1]
~'-"~k- (xb-- 1 ) . - T - - I n I. x[ ,I (22)

E q u a t i n g the common b o u n d a r y condition q,~/k in equations (21) a n d (22) for inward and
outward flow provides

2~rl~(x~+x,-- 2) 1[(3~ + 1)~-

= In |[(3~,~-1)i-- I]~)
I]~d
and
2at, x, in 1[(3~+ 1)i-- 1] ~ (23)
z = (x~+~,-2)' t[(3~.+lp-1]~J
This expression, defining the position of the neutral surface in terms of the cylinder
geometry a n d the friction factor for the condition where r~ > r,.~ra, can be compared
with equation (13) for r~>r,~rn. At the condition common to both equations, where
% = r n, each reduces to
2ar, 1 In [ (3 ~ + 1)i -- I]
l- = x-~--~-l [
This is the equation for the particular case where the neutral surface coincides with the
surface of the hole in the cylinder.
Solutions similar to equation (23) have been derived by K u d o 4 and Avitzur 7 from
considerations of the rate of energy dissipationJ~ where

The first term on the right-hand side applies to the deformation energy throughout the
deforming volume a n d the second to the frictional energy over the platen surfaces; # is
the rate of slip of the elemental area dS. The energy equation is differentiated with respect
to rn to obtain the value of r , giving m i n i m u m energy dissipation.
Inspection of equation (23) reveals that for 0#'4/l to remain positive, i.e. a remaining
positive and the frictional stress ak opposing sliding, x ~ + x . - - 2 ~ 0 or r~+r,~2r,, i.e.
(r~+r~)/2~r,. This means that the neutral surface r , cannot move beyond the mean
radius of the cylinder. (This is the limiting condition of Ref. 6.) This condition will be
approached as 0~ra/1approaches infinity or, since c( cannot exceed unity, as % -~ oo or ~ -~ 0.
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 171

Equations (13) and (23) can be displayed graphically using dimensionless parameters
atoll and r~/r~ as shown in Fig. 6. Curves for xa = constant are plotted and b y interpolation
the value of r , = r,/~% can be obtained for a n y cylinder geometry %, r~, l a n d friction
factor ~.

I0-0

,o

5.0 ~

. 1
1"4 ~ 0 " 9
1"3 "

I,I i
0"01 0"1 I*0 :~-0
aro
L
Fro. 6. Graphical representation of equations (13) and (23) giving
position of neutral surface.

Stress d i ~ r i b ~ i o n
The variation of axial stress a, across the cylinder can be obtained for the outer zone
from equation (12) and for the inner zone from equation (20).
P u t t i n g the b o u n d a r y conditions ~r ffi 0 at r = r , and r ~- r, into equation (9) gives,
for inward flow,

a, /x \ offa I 3 x S + l , x~[(3a4+1)t-1]
(24)

a n d for outward flow

cr._~,--.2 ( l _ X ~ ~% I 3 x ' + l ], xs[(3x~b+l)t--1]/ (25)

k ~ =d" z + ~ - - - x ~ [ ( 3 ~ + l ) t - 1 ] j
The first item on the right-hand side of equations (24) and (25), involving o~r/l, is due to
the frictional constraint a n d the second is due to strain rate variations across the cylinder.
The gradients given b y equations (24) a n d (25) are shown graphically in Figs. 7 a n d 8,
with the components due to strain rate variation ~" and frictional constraint ~" shown
independently. For a n y particular cylinder geometry the gradients are obtained b y
applying suitable values of re'all and ocrb/l. A n example is illustrated in Fig. 10(a). I t can
be seen from Fig. 7 t h a t at m~_~l]values of x a the axial stress in the vicinity of the hole is
lens t h a n the compressive yield stress Y---4(3) k and in fact as za-~ 0, ~,-~ k. The
172 J . B . HAWEYARD and ~V, JOHNSON

II II
o o '~ "~ "~*

- (~/. ='

~
l l l ; J l J
~ ~ ~ N -- 0
i
o
0 ~ ~ ~ m 0 N ~ ~ m
i
~
~
II
I

~
II
+
-~
II
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 173
mftYimuIn principal stress in this region is the hoop stress ao. This can be seen from the
curves of ( a s - a , ) / k and ( ~ r - a=)/k in Fig. 9 derived from equations (8) a n d (9). A t values
of x~ < 0.58, a s > ~, with ~s approaching a m_~Thnum of as -- 2b as x -* 0. The distributions
of hoop and radial stress across a cylinder are illustrated in Fig. 10.

I
1.0

0
0 0"5. I'0 2"0 3.0 4.0 5-0 6-0

--I-0

_2.o

INWARD FLOW OUTWARD FLOW

I I I
Fzo. 9. Distribution of radial and hoop stress in hollow cylinder.

Strain rate locus

F r o m the foregoing analysis it is possible to predict the hoop strain rates a t the outer
a n d inner surfaces of the cylinder, using equation (16).
Expressing this change in geometry in terms of p a r a m e t e r s d(arr,/l) and d(rb/r,) gives
the slope of the strain rate locus on the graph in Fig. 6. A complete strain rate locus can
t h e n be obtained b y a step-by-step integration process. The following analysis derives an
expression for the slope of the strain rate locus.
A n incremental change in shape leads to a change in p a r a m e t e r (ocra/l) thus,
(?) ot(r.4- dr.) ~r.
d = (/+ d/) 1
Since ~o~ = dra/r, and ~= = dl/l,
d{~'.~ = x r . ( l + ~ o . ) o#'. (26)
l (I +~,) l
F r o m equation (16) we have
(1 -~,)

where CI = 2x~/(1-zs~).
174 J . B . HAWXY.4~aD and W. JomcsoN
Equation (26) becomes
d
f?) = -7-
(Xra[~o,(l--Or)]
The change in parameter (r~/ra) is

l
tn
u)
uJ
l-
ul
2 --
.J
,,(

0
0 2

+'+:I+"'+'
X

l.-
"
tn I
.J
.(

if.
O0 I 2 3
X

l
in 4
in
n.
l-
tn 2 --
0
o.
o
o
:C
O0 I 2
I
3
X

Fro. I0. Typical distributions of axial, radial and hoop stresses

Xa = 0"5, r~
r'-:---- 5, a"ra
T ----0"37.

and putting ~o,/~o. = Cz,

d ( ~ ) = rb[~e'(O'--l)]r,
Hence,
d(ar./l) (at.//) (1 - O1)
d(r~/ra) (r~/r.) (G s - 1)
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 175
Substituting for C 1 a n d C n ~ves

d(a'ra/l) wra xa xb(1 -- 3X~)

d(r~/ro) = l " (x~--~) (27)

Using equation (27) in a step.by-step integration b y the method indicated in Fig. 11, a
complete strain rate locus can be derived. I n Fig. 12 a series of such loci are shown,
forming a fairly regular family of curves. Other loci can be derived b y interpolation along
lines of xa ffi constant, so t h a t a strain p a t h can be constructed from a n y partic11!~
starting-point within the graph. I t will be noted t h a t , with the particular logarithmic
scales chosen for representing these curves, the strain rate curves intersect the x= ----constant
curves with only slight convergence, so t h a t interpolation is performed fairly easily.

G~
L
F:G. 11. Step-by-step integration to obtain strain rate locus.

(i) Calculate d(a~o//) ~r, x . x b ( l - 3 x ~ )

d(rJ%l = l x!-~
for point O. Draw pq through O a t calculated slope.
(ii) Draw p'q' parallel to pq between p', as determined in the previous
step, and q' m i d w a y between x~ a n d x~. Continue p'q' to O" on x~.
(iii) Recalculate slope for point O' a n d obtain q'r'.

The strain rate locus obtained from Fig. 12 can be used to obtain changes in length
and diameter b y applying an equation derived from considerations of volumetric
incompressibility
~(~- ~) (28)

The derived values of percentage change in internal diameter against percentage axial
compression m a y then be p l o t t e d to give curves of the form shown in Fig. 13.
12
176 J. B. HAWXY~RD and W. JOHNSON
IO'O
8.0

5.0
S-O

4.0

3.0

~alk~ 2-0

i
1.8

1.5

1,4

1.3

1.2

I,I
0.01 0.1 1.0 2.0
C~ro
L
FIG. 12. Showing strain rate loci, from equation (27).

COMPARISON WITH SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The parameters expressed in Fig. 13 have been used b y Male 14 in presenting the
results of ring compression tests on a range of metals with various frictional conditions at
the platens.
The curves of Fig. 13 are based on the specimen proportions used b y Male, i.e. outer
diameter ~ in., inner diameter } in., length in., and in Fig. 14 comparison is made between
certain of his results and the theory. The general forms of the theoretical curves correspond
reasonably well with the experimental results. The reversal in direction of straining at
low friction values appears to be predicted quite well and the theory does demonstrate the
high sensitivity of the test to m~all changes in friction in this low friction region. At the
other end of the scale, the results for the unlubricated compression of mild steel and
copper correspond reasonably with the theoretical curve for the sticking condition, i.e.
-- 1 or/z ffi 0.577. Values for the friction coefficient p associated with the friction factor
assume that the ~ i a ! stress ~, does n o t exceed the compreesive yield stress Y', so that
the frictional stress is
/~Y=~ or /~=~/~/3

The theoretical curves in Fig. 13 apply to cylinders with proportions of internal diameter
to external diameter to length of 6 : 3 : 2. I t is easily shown that the curves can also
represent the behaviour of cylinders of other lengths, with the same internal to external
diameter ratio. I f the length is doubled, givingproportions 6 : 3 : 4, the frictional constraint
on each cylindrical element is thereby halved, b u t is restored to its original value by
doubling the friction factor ~. Hence the curves represent the behaviour of specimens of
proportions 6 : 3 : 4 if the friction factor ~ association with each curve is multiplied b y two.
Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 177

80
I I I I

70
G=I

60 j.I *'- "

i , / (,,=o-,-) I
r. _3" G=O'425
7
50 -- Z
0
u G=O'255
I 40
- - <n,
LU Z
I.- O
.~ 30
U
G~:O-17
<_

~ 20--
0
m
Z
-- l O -
W

~" 0
U
I ~ OwG=
. O B ,J

20J ~ Z N
<
0. 0,= 0"042
=0"02
30 G=O

4o~ I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AXIAL COMPRF.,SSIONm /o
FzG. 13. Change in geometry of hollow cylinders: theoretical curves.
 178 J . B. HAWKYARn a n d W. JOHNSON
80
I I r I I I I
Q=I
70

60

50

I 4C
tU

3o

o
Z
- I0

x o
U

IO

20

3o

4.0
0 I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AXIAL COMPRESSION ~ / o
FIG. 14. C h a n g e i n g e o m e t r y o f h o l l o w c y l i n d e r s : t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s a n d
e x p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e s following Male. - - , theoretical curves;
, e x p e r i m e n t a l curves, a, m i l d steel, n o l u b r i c a n t , r o u g h
d i e s ; b, c o p p e r , n o l u b r i c a n t ; c, m i l d steel, n o l u b r i c a n t , s m o o t h d i e s ;
d, c o p p e r , l u b r i c a t e d w i t h g r a p h i t e ; e, b r a s s , l u b r i c a t e d w i t h l a n o l i n ;
f , a l u m i n i u m l u b r i c a t e d w i t h p a r a f f i n : dy~Amle t e s t .

VARIATION IN FRICTION DURING COMPRESSION

T h e c u r v e s i n Fig. 13 a r e b a s e d o n a c o n s t a n t f r i c t i o n a l s t r e s s ~ o b t a i n l u S t h r o u g h o u t
t h e process. I n p r a c t i c e t h e f r i c t i o n m a y c h a n g e d u e t o t h e e x t e n s i o n a n d t h i n n i n g o f
l u b r i c a t i n g layers* a n d , if t h e c o n c e p t o f a f r i c t i o n coefficient p is m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e , w i t h
i n c r e a s e in a x i a l s t r e s s a=. T h e effect of a n i n c r e a s e i n f r i c t i o n a l s t r e s s is i n d i c a t e d i n a
g e n e r a l w a y in Fig. 15 w h e r e s o m e o f t h e s t r a i n c u r v e s a r e i n t e r r u p t e d a t c e r t a i n p o i n t s
and recommence with changed values of friction factor. When adjusted vertically these
b r a n c h c u r v e s a r e s e e n t o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y p a r a l l e l t o t h e o r i g i n a l c u r v e s of c o r r e s p o n d i n g

* T h e c o m p r e s s i o n process is r e a l l y m u c h m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d t h a n t h a t c o n c e i v e d
in t h i s p a p e r : we o v e r l o o k t h e possible s i m u l t a n e o u s e x i s t e n c e o f zones o f " s t i c t i o n "
a n d sliding, a n d of q u a s i - v e l o c i t y d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , etc. ; see Ref. 9.
 Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 179
friction value. F r o m this it appears t h a t the friction factor appropriate to a n y point on an
experimental curve can be determined with reasonable accuracy b y rnatohing the slope
a t t h a t p o i n t to a theoretical curve a t the same axial strain value.

80
I 1 I 1 I I I 1

7O _ O=1 -

I (,=o.~,,)
/
60
/ G = 0 -425

50
-,. /" ,(,=o..~)

,=.
-i /
~ 3o - / / Zo..
~ 2o

z io
_ .:;.-//.,/',
_--::'" / S ' V ,'.
-~ ~ . - - --,'i ~ .l 1
I0
. ~ . . . . ~. ~.,.--o.ooj
0
N
~ Z ~
20

x
m
30

40 I I I I I I I I
0 IO 20 30 40 " $0 60 70 80 90

AXIAL COMPRESSION - - / o
FIG. 15. Effect of frictional changes during compression.
Branch curve
a 0.085
b 1.0
c 0.425
d 0-17

F u r t h e r comparison between t h e o r y a n d experiment is obviously de~-able, b u t in

makin$ comparisons consideration should be given to certain practical m p e c t s which are
n o t accommodated b y the p r ~ e n t t~eory. T h e e include:
(i) ~ i n hard~i~
The strain distribution within t h e deforming hollow cylinder is n o t homogeneous,
except in the special case of homogeneous oompreesion* with zero friction so t h a t a

* See footnote (m page 178.

180 J. B. HAW"KYARDand W. JOHNSON
strain-hardening material will develop a non-uniform yield stress distribution as compres-
sion proceeds. This will tend to modify the deformation pattern.
The strain rate variation across the section is indicated in Fig. 16, where representative
incremental strain rate ~ is plotted against the radial position p a r a m e t e r ~ = r/r n.

3 I

I
"7

2 --
lg
I'--

..1
I --
I

Or
iNWARD FLOW OUTWARD FLOW

co fI I
2
r
x~.m
rn

FIO. 16. Incremental strain rate distribution across cylinder.

The representative incremental strain rate is given b y

Using the relationships given in equation (5) for incremental strain rates, equation (29)
becomes
( 6 ~ + 2)I
~ffi~" ~

I t is evident from Fig. 16 t h a t strain r a t e is reasonably constant over the region of radially
outward flow (x > 1) b u t increases rapidly as the inward flow region is entered. Hence the
rate of strain hardening will be greater in the region of a contracting bore. The increased
resistance to flow a t the bore will tend to decrease the rate of contraction so t h a t the curves
of Fig. 4 would tend to be modified in the w~y suggested in Fig. 17. A material with a
large strain-hardening capacity over a large range of strain would show greater divergence
from the theoretical curve t h a n one which achieved a fully strain-hardened condition at a
low strain, a n d in comparing friction characteristics of two such dissimil~tr metals some
consideration o f their strain-hardening behaviour might be necessary.

(ii) Barrelling
Because of the restraining effect of friction a t the platens it would be expected t h a t the
free surfaces of the deforming cylinder would bulge or barrel in the direction of material
motion, as indicated in Fig. 18. I n terms of the present theory this barrellln~ will lead to
non-uniform stress and strain rate distribution axially along the cylinder. I n the absence
of a suitable correction for barrelling, probably the most appropriate measurement of
internal and external diameter, for comparison with theory, would be a mean value
between the mid-section a n d end diameters. M ~ t a t the mid.section would give
an overestimate of diametral change and underestimates would be given b y end.diAmAter
measurements.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
F r o m the v e r y limited comparisons between theory a n d experiment presented above,
the theory can only be claimed to be in general agreement with experiment. More detailed
comparison would obviously be desirable. F u r t h e r development of the theory to account
Analysis of changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder in axial compression 181

I I I
GREATEST INFLUENCE
~ E C R E A S I N G AT

Ioo
sO -- COMPRESSION--/"
TYPE Q WILL GIVE
O*~PERENT,A" . A R ~ E . I . ~

I
Ul
I.-
UI
=E 3 0
40
t
_ TYPE b W,L. GIVE U N I , O . .
YIELO STRESS AFTE~
INITIAL STRAINING '
<_

0
ID

Z
-- I0
UI
Z
<
SMALL INFLUENCE
X 0 , ~ECREASING AT
U
HIGH STRAIN)

,I I I, I, ,,f I I /
400 I0 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80
AXIAL COMPRESSION m / o
FIG. 1T. Illustrating possible effects of strain hardening on strain curv~.
182 J. B. HAW'KYARDand W. JOHNSON
for differential strain hardening and non-uniform compression m a y be necessary, particu-
larly if in practice the compression test is expected to detect relatively small variations in
frictional behaviour throughout a test and if comparisons are to be made between the
frictional behaviour of metals with very dissimilar stress-strain characteristics.

FRICTIONAL
STRESS rn

\\\\\[
\ \\k[

ak

ak
\ \ \\[
\\'W
,IN

ak

FIG. 18. Illustrating barrelling effects.

A c ~ w / e d g ~ e r ~ - - - T h e authors would like to express their appreciation of the continued

encouragement and support of this kind of work b y B.I.S.R.A.

REFERENCES
1. A. T. MAT.~ and M. G. Cocxc~o~r, J . _r~t. Met. 98, 38 (1964).
2. A. T. M,T.~., J . I ~ t . Afe~. 98, 489 (1964).
3. A. T. MAr.~., J. I ~ . _~r~. 94, 121 (1966).
4. H. KuDo, I N , J . mech. ~c/. 2, 102 (1960).
5. M. KuNooI, Rep. ~qci. Res. _r~t., To/c~/o 30, 63 (1954). (In Japanese, with English
suramary.)
6. W. Jom~soN a n d P. B. MXLUOR, P / a ~ i c i t y / o r ~ e c / ~ n ~ E n ~ j i ~ r a , p. 375. Van
Nostrand, London (1962).
7. B. Avn'zu~, I ~ e l J . ~/'echn. 2, 295 (1964).
8. G. T. vA1v RooYx~ and W. A. BACKOFE~, Int. J . mech. Sci. 1, 1 (1960).
9. W. Jom~so~, R. A. C. S i ~ Z l ~ and A. S. Yu, Int. J . mech. Scl. 8, 731 (1966).