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PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER

INTRODUCTION.

The electrical power systems experience increased fluctuations in the power flows due to the
scheduled power exchanges under the liberalized electricity market and the increased penetration
of wind and solar energy. Congestion in the transmission grid is a phenomenon that is
encountered more often than before, and therefore power flow control is an issue that becomes
increasingly important in meshed systems. The proof is that throughout Europe, voltage and phase
angle regulating transformers, which are examples of power flow controllers, are installed at
numerous locations. Steady-state power flow regulation by means of conventional phase-shifters
has been a common practice by the utility industry for a long time.

The phase and voltage regulating transformers, also known as phase-shifting transformer (PST),
phase angle regulator (PAR, American usage), phase shifter (west coast American usage), or
quadrature booster (QB) (quad booster, British usage), are a specialized form of transformer used
to control the active power flow in three-phase electricity transmission networks.

The term phase-shifters is more generally used to indicate a device that can inject a voltage with a
controllable phase angle and/or magnitude under no-load (off load) and load (on load) conditions.

A comprehensive description of conventional phase-angle regulating transformers is available in


(1). Operation of a conventional phase-shifter is characterized by (2):

(i) High response time as a result of inertia of moving parts;


(ii) High level of maintenance due to mechanical contacts and oil deterioration.

Conceptually, the above mentioned drawbacks of conventional phase-shifter transformer are


overcome if mechanical switches are replaced with semiconductor (static) switches.
The term static phase shifter (SPS) is used to distinguish semiconductor-controlled phase shifters
from conventional (mechanical) phase shifters. The IEEE FACTS Term & Definitions Task Force (3)
defines a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) as a phase-shifting transformer
adjusted by thyristor switches to provide rapidly variable phase angle. It should be noticed that
TCPST defines a subgroup of apparatus under more general category introduced by the term PST.

Angular retard is achieved by the use of a reversing switch between the regulating and exciting
windings.

With a flexible PST, the control range achieved is a circle with center in the tip of the phasor V and
radius equal to the amplitude of V2. The output voltage of the PST is controlled by varying the
amplitude and angle of the phasor V1, that is V2 and phi.

The converter section of a conventional phase shifter comprises of mechanical switches, which are
usually embedded within the exciting transformer. A conventional phase shifter can vary angle alfa
approximately within 40 in discreet steps about 1-2.

Rapid phase angle control could be accomplished by replacing the mechanical tap changer by a
thyristor switching network.

A disadvantage of this arrangement is the need for additional impedances to protect the tap
changers when the phase shift is set to zero, because in that case, short-circuit currents occur.

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