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EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM
Plot gain-frequency characteristics of BJT amplifier with and without negative feedback in the
emitter circuit and determine bandwidths, gain bandwidth products and gains at 1kHz with and
without negative feedback.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Feedback amplifier kit board, cathode ray oscilloscope, function generator, connecting probes
and leads.
THEORY
When a part or fraction of output is combined back to the inputs, feedback is said to exit. Thus
the process of combining a fraction of output energy back to the input is called the feedback.
There are two type of feedback.
Positive feedback: - When the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, it is called positive
or regenerative feedback. It is used in oscillator circuit.
Negative feedback: - When the feedback signal is in phase opposition to the input signal, it is
called negative or degenerative feedback. It is used in amplifier circuit.
Negative feedback in amplifiers: - Negative feedback can reduce the gain of the amplifier, but
it has many advantages, such as stabilization of gain, reduction of nonlinear distortion and noise,
control of input and output impedances, and extension of bandwidth.

Fig 1.1: Block diagram of feedback amplifier

Gain of amplifier with feedback Avf is given by expression

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Avf= Av/1+ Av
Where Av= Gain of amplifier without feedback
= feedback coefficient
If Av>>1 then the expression becomes
Avf= 1/
So that overall gain of feedback amplifier Avf is independent of internal gain and depends only
on feedback coefficient and in turn depends on the passive elements such as resistors which
remains fairly constant so gain is stabilized.
Types of negative feedback in Amplifier: -
If the feedback network samples the output voltage, it is voltage feedback. If it samples the
output current, it is current feedback.
The feedback signal can be connected in series or in parallel with the signal source and the
amplifier input terminals, so called series feedback and parallel feedback.
So there are four types of negative feedback in amplifier.
1. Voltage Series feedback
2. Current Series feedback
3. Voltage Shunt feedback
4. Current Shunt feedback

Fig. 1.2: Voltage shunt feedback amplifier

Fig shows the voltage shunt feedback in which resistor Rf provide feedback from
collector to base of a CE amplifier. The feedback current is given by:
If= Vin Vout/ Rf
Since Vin << Vout , so If= Vout/ Rf
If= - Vout where =1/ Rf
The most advantage of the negative feedback is that by proper use of this, there is

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significant improvement in the frequency response and in the linearity of the

operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage of the negative feedback is that the
voltage gain is decreased.
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

Fig 1.3: Kit diagram of voltage shunt feedback amplifier

PROCEDURE
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect a 12V supply to the circuit.
3. For plotting the frequency the input voltage is kept constant at 100mV peak-peak from
function generator and the frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
4. Note down the output voltage on CRO for each frequency.
5. Press the switch and repeat steps 3 and 4 again.
6. Tabulate all the readings and calculated the voltage gain in dB by using
expression
Av = 20log (V0 / Vi ) dB
7. Draw a graph by taking frequency on X-axis and gain on Y-axis on semi log graph.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier from the graph using the expression
Bandwidth B.W = f2 f1.
Where f1 is lower cutoff frequency and f 2 is upper cutoff frequency of CE amplifier.
9. Calculate the gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier by using the expression
Gain-Bandwidth Product = 3-dB mid band gain X Bandwidth.

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OBSERVATION TABLE
Vi =
S.No Frequency With Feed Back With Out Feed Back
In Output Voltage Gain in dB Output Voltage Gain in dB
Hz voltage gain = 20logAvf voltage gain =20logAv
Vo Avf =V0 /Vi Vo Av=V0/Vi

CALCULATION
1. Calculate the voltage gain in dB for all output voltage by using expression
Av = 20log (V0 / Vi ) dB
2. Plot the frequency response of CE amplifier with feedback and without
feedback and identify maximum gain region for both.
3. Calculate -3dB frequencies for both by draw (max. gain in dB -3dB ) line on
both the graph.
4. Calculate bandwidth by using expression
Bandwidth B.W = f2 f1.
5. Calculate the gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier by using the expression
Gain-Bandwidth Product = 3-dB mid band gain X Bandwidth.

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MODEL GRAPH

Fig1.4: Graph between frequency and gain

PRECAUTIONS
1 While taking the observations for the frequency response, the input voltage must be
maintained constant at 20mV.
2 The frequency should be slowly increased in steps.
3 The three terminals of the transistor should be carefully identified.
4 All the connections should be correct.
RESULT
The effect of negative feedback (Voltage -Shunt Feedback) on the amplifier is observed and we
have plotted gain frequency characteristics of CE amplifier with and without negative feedback.
Also determined following parameters:

Parameter With Feedback Without Feedback

Gain

Bandwidth

GainBandwidth
product

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SAMPLE READING TABLE

Vi = 100mV
S.No Frequency With Feed Back With Out Feed Back
In Output Voltage Gain in dB Output Voltage Gain in dB
Hz voltage gain = 20logAvf voltage gain =20logAv
Vo Avf =V0 /Vi Vo Av=V0/Vi
1. 100 .08V .3V
2. 500K .07V .14V

CONCLUSION
_
_
_
_

VIVA QUESTION
1. What is meant by Feedback?
2. What are the types of feedback amplifiers? Explain?
3. Draw the circuit for voltage series feedback?
4. What are the differences between positive and negative feedback?
5. What is the effect of negative feedback on gain of an amplifier?
6. What is the formula for voltage gain with negative feedback?
7. What are the other names for positive and negative feedback circuits?
8. What is the formula for input resistance of a voltage series feedback?
9. What is the formula for output resistance of a voltage series feedback?

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