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Hot Standby(1+1)
RF Link Aggregation
Link Protection E1 SNCP
RSTP
Ethernet Ring(G.8032)
Terminal B
Terminal A
Ethernet Frame MAC=222
MAC=111
SA DA
Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
DA SA
DA: Destination Address Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
SA: Origination Address
HUB
HUB
Host C Host n
Host A Host B
Collision Domain
HUB
L2 Switch
Hub Hub
1 234 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 234 56 7 8
Hub Hub
PCA PCB PCC PCA PCB PCC
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 234 5 6 7 8
Vender ID
Serial Number
Broadcast Address: all 1, these frames sent out through all ports
Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports
Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port
1 2 3 4
MAC A
MAC B MAC C MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-04
00-00-00-00-00-01
VLAN setting
Broadcast frame is
Broadcast frame is not
transmitted to all port
transmitted to different
except received port
VLAN group
Features of VLAN
Traffic Control
In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to
all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion.
Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications
among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.
Improvement of Security Performance
A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the
same VLAN.
For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a
commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible
between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great
deal.
VLAN-1(Department A)
1st Floor (Department A) 1st Floor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
VLAN Switch
iPASO200 named
it as Access VLAN type
iPASO200 named
Tag Based VLAN it as Trunk VLAN type
(VLAN ID 10)
VLAN SW VLAN SW
1 1 (VLAN ID 10)
2 2
3 3
(VLAN ID 20) 4 4
5 5
6 6 (VLAN ID 20)
Tag 10
Tag 20
Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN)
Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc..
iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte
VLAN100 VLAN100
Data 100 Data 100
Company A Company B
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
802.1ad Q-in-Q
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
2Bytes 2Bytes
Priority CFI VLAN
VLAN Tag 8100 bit ID
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
In-band
MC-A4 In-band
FE1/GbE
1. C-Access FE1/GbE
Mod(slot1)
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad
/GbE
not available 2. S-Trunk L2 SW Mod (slot2)
S-Trunk
GbE Mod (slot3) VLAN
3.C-Bridge
Mod (slot4)
NMS NE
Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel
How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?
1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN
2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN
Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example
Data Data 10
iPASO200
Data 100 FE Port 1: Modem 1:
Access Trunk
VLAN 10 VLAN 10
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic
How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?
1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access
2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
Drop
Data 2 Data 2
Data 30 Data 30
Drop
iPASO200
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
A B 300 any A B 300 any
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
A B other any
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
iPASOLINK iPASOLINK
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
Ingress
Egress
1) IP Packet ToS(3bit)
8bits
2Bytes
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
VLAN Tag Priority CFI VLAN
bit (CoS) ID TCI: Tag Control Information
TOS: Type Of Service
3bits COS: Class Of Service
(802.1q CoS)
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
2) MPLS Packet
3bits
Label Exp S TTL
EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)
Protected
TDM TDM Radio
Radio Capacity
Packet
Capacity
Packet Policing/Shaping
according to QoS
TDM TDM
Egress Queue
Classification TDM
Determine
Ingress Policer +
equipment Classify (Mapping) for Packe
internal priority Token Token Egress Queue with Class 3 queue Sent t
internal priority
frames QoS
VLAN CoS
IPv4 precedence Packet
Class 2 queue
IPv4/v6 DSCP
MPLS EXP Token
Ether Token
bucket bucket
Class 1 queue Scheduling &
Two-Rate, Shaping User can define TDM
Three-Color Metering
Class 0 queue bandwidth for each radio
modulation
SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection
VLAN CoS
IPv4 Profile No.0 (ex) Profile No.1 (ex) Profile No.2
precedence
IPv4/v6 DSCP Internal IP Internal Internal
VLAN CoS DSCP
priority Precedence priority priority
MPLS EXP
7 7 7 7 63 7
6 6 6 6 : :
5 5 5 5 47 5
4 4 4 4 : :
3 3 3 3 31 3
2 2 2 2 : :
1 1 1 1 15 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
iPASOLINK
Port mode
Default Port
Port 1 Port No. Modem VLAN
priority
IP packet SA DA (access/ (trunk) IP packet Tag SA DA
trunk) 1 7 (CoS7)
2 6
3 5
4 4
VLAN VLAN
IP packet Tag SA DA MODEM 1 3 IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS0) (CoS7)
MODEM 2 2
MODEM 3 1
MODEM 4 0
Update CoS value to
Default port priority value
iPASOLINK
CoS (C-Tag) mode
Default Port priority = 1
VLAN
IP packet SA DA IP packet Tag SA DA
Port 1 Modem (CoS1)
(access+ (trunk)
trunk)
47 5
15 1
0 0
VLAN
Non-IP packet SA DA Non-IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS1)
VLAN
Non-IP packet Tag SA DA VLAN
(CoS7) Non-IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS1)
Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also
named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering
Case 1:
Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back
First frame take 2000-1518 token remain
482 byte, the second frame is immediately
Discarded
Case 2:
One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another
1518 byte arrive, since token bucket
Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s
The token bucket is full again and able to
sent the second frame out with green
color.
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)
0 Mb
VLAN 20
Video Conf. iPASO400
iPASO200
Voice
FIFO
Strict Priority
WFQ(WRR)
Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to
Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination.
Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.
ETC Car
ETC System
Electronic Toll Collection System
75 Credits
50 100 Credit counter:
50 50 50 75 Initially the counter start or reset from zero.
For this example, it was set to size value
50 50 50 75
of 75 for all the queue. When the queue is
150 75 not serve to send any packet, the credit
counter will be increased with another 75
50 100 75 Credits 1st round:
The first and fourth queue packet size is
50 50 25 50 50 bigger than credit counter value, these
50 50 25 two queue will hold back and not sending
Time
Class 2
Shaper SP Shaper
Class 1 DWRR
Shaper
Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains
packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted).
Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority
queues become empty
Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of
each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being
completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler
transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it
transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.
iPASO200
Output port
Class-a class-a Rate42 Mbps shaper
42 Mbps SP (Strict Priority) function
Class-b
50 Mbps Rate 9 Mbps Rate 60 Mbps
class-b DWRR
Class-c
50 Mbps Rate 6 Mbps [Breakdown]
class-c DWRR class-a 42 Mbps
Class-d
Rate 3 Mbps class-b 9 Mbps
50 Mbps
class-d DWRR class-c 6 Mbps
class-d 3 Mbps
WRR only fair and good solution for data traffic with rather fixed packet length,
instead D-WRR will be perfect fair for variable packet size oriented data traffic,
iPASO support with D-WRR scheduling or shaping
Little
Not slow..
connecte
d well
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queuing Priority2: 0 discard
Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queuing Priority2: 100 discard
Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 47
Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)
To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks,
powerful OAM toolset is required.
Provider X
BTS/Node-B Operator A Operator B BSC/RNC
CC
LB
LT
Fault isolation
LTM / LTR
Discovery
LTM / LTR
Fault Notification
- AIS RDI
Performance
Monitor
Frame Loss
- CCM, LTM, LTR
Frame Delay
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
Delay Variation
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
Provider X
Customer Operator A Operator B Customer
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Customer
Level (5-7)
Service
Provider
Level (3-5)
Operator
Level (0-2)
1 2 3 4
Legend
: MEP
: CCM
: CCM
Objectives
To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks.
To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs
periodically
Operations
1 2 3 4
Legend
:MEP
:MIP
:LBM
:LBR
Objectives
To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments
Unicast ETH-LB verification between the designated 2 equipments
Multicast ETH-LB verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG
Operations
MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4
MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame
MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame
iPASOLINK Ethernet
NEC Functions
Corporation 2010 53
ETH-LT (Fault Isolation)
1 2 3 4
Objectives
Operations
iPASO200 #1 iPASO200 #2
MODEM
L2SW MODEM LAN
LAN
VLAN ID 20
Access One
Access One
OAM Test Set
OAM Test Set MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP
MEP 2
MEP 1
VLAN ID 20
SW SW SW SW
MEP Index: 1 1 From left to right perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name)
MEP ID: 1 at IDU1
MEP ID: 2 at IDU4 2 From right to left perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
MEG Level: 0
VLAN ID: 20
Peer MEP ID: 2 at IDU1
1 2 MEP
<MAC Table>
MAC A -- Port# 1
??
MAC A -- Port# 2
(1)Storming:
(2)MAC Mis-Learning
Storm Frames rewrite MAC Table.
It caused flapping of Mac Learning Table.
MAC A
Root Bridge
Path Cost is accumulated Cost between a Bridge to Root Bridge.
10Gbps 2
1Gbps 4
100Mbps 19 4+19 =23 100Base-Tx
10MBps 100 10Base-T
Blocking Port
Data Flow
Loop#1
Disabled Redundant Path
Blocking Port
Bridge: A Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768 Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2 Port 2
Step 1:
All bridges will send
BPDU packets to each other to elect
who will be the Root bridge
How to decide:
Smallest ID win
Smallest MAC Address win Port 1 Port 2
Step 2: Bridge: C
Result: Bridge A is the Root bridge Bridge ID 32768
Bridge B, Bridge C are non Root MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
bridge
Port 1 RP
Port 1 as
Root port
Port 2 Port 2
Step 3
Every non root bridge must select
one root port to send traffic to root
Port 1 as
Bridge based on best root path cost
Root port
Suppose all connections are 100M
FE speed for this example
Port 2
RP
Port 1 Segment 1
RP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port
DP Port 2
Step 4
Selections of Designated Ports Segment 2
Port provided the least parth cost
from the segment to the root Segment 3
is elected as designated port Port 1 as
Root port
Result:
Since the ports on Bridge A are directly
Port 2
connected to the root bridge, these ports RP
become the DP for S1 and S2
Port 1 Segment 1
RP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port BP
DP Port 2
Continue on Step 5:
Election of Designated Ports Segment 2
for segment 3
The path cost to the RB is the same for Segment 3
Bridge B and Bridge C Port 1 as
The tie breaker is the lower MAC address of Root port DP
bridge C
Port 2
Result: RP
Port 2 of Bridge B as DP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port BP Blocked
DP Port 2
Step 8 Forwarding
At this point STP has
fully converged BPDU
Bridge C continuous to send Port 1 as
BPDU advertising its superiority Root port DP
Over Bridge B Forwarding Forwarding
As long as this condition remain good
Port 2
The port 2 of Bridge-B remain blocked RP
Port 1 as BPDU
Summary of STP Port States Root port
1. Blocking
2. Listening Forwarding
3. Learning Port 2
RP
4. Forwarding
5. Disabled
Non Root Bridge
Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
1 2
D 1 2
FOR STP CASE D
D
222 R 333
R
R 222 333
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
R D
D
D
D R
B 1 2
R
1 2
444
444
Switch 222 and 444 wait for 20 seconds for Max
Age Time
B Blocked + 15 seconds (listening)
R Root Port + 15 seconds ( learning)
Total 50 seconds to converge
D Designated
111
111
1 2
1 2
D
FOR RSTP CASE D
D
222 R
R 222 R 333 333
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
D
D R
D
R R
D
B 1 2
1 2
444
444
When 222 loses it connection to 111, it immediately
Start it port 2 to inform 444, then 444 place it P2 to
Forwarding. 444 perform a hand shake with 222
Called sync operation The sync required a BPDU
B Blocked
Exchange, but does not use timers, and therefore
R Root Port Perform fast switching!
D Designated
Traffic
separation
Client #1
with VLAN
Signal
ETH-CC Tag
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
Client #2
Signal
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
Blocking Unblock
Port blocking Port
Time Synchronization
Timing signal of system A t all nodes have access to the information on
the reference time. The time synchronization is
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 also referred to as time-of-day synchronization
System A or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks
t in question are traceable to a time-base such
Timing signal of system B as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an
alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day)
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 signals are applied for this synch..
System B
t
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 75
Synchronous Ethernet Concept
CX2200 CX2600
CX2200 CX2600
t3 = t 2 tC C t2 = t 1 tB B t1 = t tA A t
Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Clock (PDU Information)
delay = tC delay = tB delay = tA Timestamp = t
Intermediate node doesnt terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.
PTP Server
CX2200 CX2600
C B A
S
ETH
E1
TDM SAToP/
E1
TDM -> CES CESoPSN
E1
TDM
Circuit Emulation
/Pseudo Wire Emulation
Data over Packet
TDM CESoP
CES Frame/Packet
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0 Header
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
TS-31
TS-31
TS-31
TS-2
TS-2
TS-2
TS-1
TS-1
TS-1
.
.
.. .. ..
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
RTP
RTP
RTP
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
E1 Transport
Payload (IP/VLAN/MPLS)Packet Header
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 Ch2 Ch1 Ch32 Ch2 Ch1 Header
CESoP
CES
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 Ch2 Ch32 Ch2 Header
UNUSED
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
UNUSED TS
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
TS-31
TS-31
TS-31
TS-2
TS-2
TS-2
TS-1
TS-1
TS-1
.. .. ..
. TS
. TS
. TS
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
RTP
RTP
RTP
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
CESoPSN IS STRUCTURE AWARE TRANSPORT CONSIDER THE TDM STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT
THE FRAME ALIGNMENT SIGNAL (FAS) IS MAINTAINED AT PSN EGRESS POINT.
ENTIRE E1 STREAM CAN BE PACKETIZED, INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS USED OR NOT USED
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE NOT TRANSPORT UNUSED TIME SLOTS IN THE PAYLOAD SAVING BANDWIDTH
Central Customer
Office Carrier PSN Premises
Master Node Slave Node
TDM TDM
Equipment In-Band Equipment
E1 T1/E1
TDM to Time Packet
Queue
Packet Stamp to TDM
Primary Time
Reference Stamp
Source
Clock
Encode Filter
Service Service
fReference
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node ACR is used at slave node
Modem-1 Modem-2
E1
Ethernet BUS
Modem
XC
PWE CH1
MB
16E1 MSE L2SW
PWE CH64
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node ACR is used at slave node