Industrial safety Definition: Industrial safety is primarily a management activity

which is concerned with reducing, controlling and eliminating hazards from the
industries or industrial units. Importance of industrial safety The danger of life
of human being is increasing with advancement of scientific development in
different fields. The importance of industrial safety was realized because every
millions of industrial accidents occur which result in either death or in temporary
disablement or permanent disablement of employees and involve large amount of
losses resulting from danger to property, wasted man hours and wasted hours. More
ever, from managerial perspective the importance of industrial safety in any
organization may be concluded by following facilitation: e) Treatment: industrial
safety management provides treatment for injuries and illness at the work place. f)
Medical Examination: it carries out medical examination of staff joining the
organization or returning to work after sickness or accident. g) Hazards
identification. h) Provision of protective devices. i) Consultancy: it provides
medical advised on other condition potentially affecting health e.g. works canteen
etc. j) Education: it provides safety and health training. Objectives of industrial
safety: k) to prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the hazard to minimum. l)
to eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost production. m) to achieve lower
workmens compensation, insurance rates and reduce all other direct and indirect
costs of accidents. n) to prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss
of income of worker by eliminating causes of accidents. o) to evaluate employees
morale by promoting safe work place and good working condition. p) to educate all
members of the organization in continuous state of safety mindness and to make
supervision competent and intensely safety ninded. A safety programmed includes
mainly following four Es. Engineering: i.e safety at the design, equipment
installation stage. Education: i.e. education of employees in safe practices.
Enlistment: it concerns the attitude of the employees and management to wards the
programmed and its purpose. Ti is necessary to arouse the interest of employees in
accident prevention and safety consciousness. Encouragement: i.e. to enforce
adherence to safe rules and practices.
Safety Organization: Definition: safety organization may be defined as organization
taking in the work of accident prevention. It means that it has to remove unsafe
physical conditions and substitute safety practices in the place of unsafe
practices. Essential Elements: the basic elements regarding the safety organization
are as under; q) r) s) t) u) v) w) management leadership assignment of
responsibility maintenance of safe working conditions establishment of safety
training an accident record system medical and first aid system. acceptance of
personal responsibilities by employees.

Management attitude: Top management attitude to wards accident prevention is

reflected in the attitude of the supervisory force. Similarly the workers attitude
is dependent on the supervisor. Therefore, the success of a program for prevention
of accidents will mainly rest on the interest taken by the top management.
Assignment of responsibility: It is of a paramount importance that assignment of
full responsibility should be given to some one for safety activities. It is usual
to entrust this function to general manager, workers manager or personnel manager
but if there is full time safety officer then this function is entrusted to him and
he is usually answerable to a top ranking officer such as Director or General
manager. Supervisor: The supervisor is the key person in any safety program. To the
worker, he is the management. It is again the supervisor who has intimated
knowledge of the temperament, attitude, sense of responsibility, physical
characteristics, skill, training, etc of the workers. In other words he has
immediate control over them. Therefore, the supervisor is indispensable ( that is
not be set aside ) in any safety scheme and workers success would depend upon the
interest and participation of the supervisor. To achieve the results, management
should adopt the method of policy of associating safety as part of good production
methods and to make it known that bad safety record or poor safety procedure by
itself will be as a bad performance by management.
Principles to prevent accident Accident prevention is highly essential in an
industry, in order to x) prevent injury to and premature death of employees. y)
Reduce operation and production costs. z) Have good employee employer relations.
aa) High up the morale of employees. bb) above all the prevention of accidents is a
true humanitarian concern. cc) Accident prevention does not occur by itself; there
should be consistent of dd) safety measures and safety programmers emphasizing the
need for ee) safe workplace layout and working condition ff) safe material
handling. gg) Personal protective devices. hh) Safety activities in organization.
There are following accident preventations: LEGAL: In the industrially developed
countries, there exist very well defined and highly stringent punitive codes and
statutes, which are designe to maintain and improve safety, health and welfare of
employed persons. Even the developing countries have such laws, albeit still in a
some what elementary form which make them anachronistic with the requirements of
modern technology and the hazards generated as a consequences there of. These laws
at their best only impose a minimum standard of conduct defining them to be the
absolute duty of the employer. Traditionally, the safety specialists have been
using this legal argument for accident prevention on the basis that by being
conscious about the safety or the employees, the employer can avoid attracting
prosecution. The economic argument also becomes relevant at this point because of
the fines that has been imposed as the result of statutory breaches, or because of
the production loss, which may result due to the closure of the enterprise ordered
as a punishment for the breach of these statutes. In the same context, employers
feel threatened about the image of the company being tarnished and the effect of
the adverse publicity received as a consequence of prosecution and subsequent
punishment under the safety laws. This indirectly could also impact adversely in
the revenues and hence the profits of the company. In the civilized societies it
must be remembered, that one of the prime social objectives of any company is to
gerarate a safe plan of work for its employees. HUMANITARIAN: The humanitarian
argument derives its strength from a universally accepted ethical and moral axiom
that it is the duty of every man to ensure the physical well being of his fellow
man. This automatically holds the employer responsible, in the eyes of every member
of the society to provide a safe and healthy working environment
for this employees. The safety specialist can therefore appeal to the conceive of
the management by emphasizing upon them that is immoral for the employer not to
give due consideration to the safety and well being of the employees by taking
measures which could protect them against pain and suffering as a consequence of
unsafe practices and procedures allowed in their enterprise. ECONOMIC: The economic
argument very simply, is based on accident costing the company money. It must
however be appreciated that in order that this argument may have an effective
impact on the management. It is imperative that the costs of the accidents
occurring to the company must be accurately quantified. If this is done, accident
prevention is then seen by the senior management as good business, which motivate
the management to strive more and more to ameliorate their safety system in the
interest of maximization of the profit. The safety specialists thus, use the
economic argument as the most powerful tool for ensuring a very elaborate and
sophisticated accident prevention and safety program. This is the foundation stone
upon which the concepts or theories of risk management/accidents prevention are
based. These concepts unfortunately are hardly known in our country. It is high
time that these most powerful tools may be introduced in our country, both for
making its industrial enterprises safer for the workers and for making their
operations more cost effective.

SAFETY INSPECTION PROCEDURES Introduction: Across the industry and commerce there
are a multiplicity of safety inspection procedures, each developed to identify the
and hazard within a particular business. However they do fall into a number of
broad categories. Following are various procedures for the safety Safety audit A
safety audit subjects each area of a companys activity to a systematic critical
examination with the object of minimizing loss. Every component of the total system
is included. For example management policy, attitudes training, features of the
process and of the design, layout and construction of the plant, operating
procedures, emergency plans, personal protection standards, accident record etc.
Safety survey A safety survey is a detailed examination in depth of a narrower
field of activity. For example major key areas revealed by safety audits,
individual plans and procedures, or specific problems common to a works as a whole.
These surveys are
followed by formal report, action plan and subsequent monitoring. Safety inspection
A routine scheduled inspection of a unit or department, which may be carried out by
someone ( may be a safety representative ) from within the unit, possibly
accompanied by the safety advisor. The inspection would check maintenance
standards, imployee involvement, working practices, fire precaution, use of guards
and adherence to safe working procedures etc, and be more immediate than the wide-
reaching or in-depth approach taken by audits and surveys. Safety tours A safety
inspection around a predetermined route or area of the work place carried our by
any one-of a range of personnel from works directors to safety representatives to
ensure that for example standards of housekeeping are at an acceptable level, or
that obvious hazards are removed or to ensure that generally safety standards are
observed. Typically tours last only fifteen minutes and are conducted at weekly
intervals. Safety sampling A particular application of a safety inspection or tour
designe to check on one specific pre-selected safety aspect only, within the
workplace or an agreed part of it. This focuses attention on the particular safety
matter and highlights the observation of possible hazards. The safety sample chosen
can be concerned with plant, equipment, guarding, methods of operation, lack of
adherence to safe systems of work, non use of permit to work system, forklift truck
driving and training or any other. Safety samples should be carried out regularly
but with a random selection of the subject each time. Hazard and operability study
The application of a formal critical examination to the process and engineering
intentions of now facilities to assess the hazard potential from mal operation or
multifunction of individual items of equipment and the consequential effects on the
facility as a whole. Remedial action cam then be planned at a very early stage of
the project with maximum effectiveness and at minimum cost. The techniques can also
be applied to existing plants and processes. Whilst unsuspected hazards may be
revealed by any of the above techniques, the use of a formal checklist in project
engineering design helps to ensure that the plant complies with statutory
requirement, and that account is taken of the best current safety techniques and
practices. Hearth and safety requirement should also be incorporated at the design
stage rather than taken on as an afterthought once the plant or process is in full
operation. The safety adviser has a contribution to make and should be a member of
both the design and hazard and operability teams.

Fire:
Fire like industrial accident is rarely experienced by most individuals on the
other hand fire is likely to affect directly large no: of people. The main causes
of fire in industries are ii) Electrical equipment. jj) Smoking. kk) Gas
equipments. ll) Gas cutting and welding. mm)Oil and petrol equipments. nn) Rubbish
burning. oo) Spontaneous combustion. As per report of fire prevention association
(FPA) THE 0.26% of total accidents was caused by the fire. Fire Prevention and
Control: To prevent and control the accidents, it is necessary to act upon the
following guidelines. pp) Management must accept that a fire prevention policy must
be set up and regularly revised. qq) An estimate should be made of possible effects
of fire in loosing buildings, plant work in progress, workers, customers, plans and
records. rr) Identifying the fire risks, considering sources of ignition,
combustion material and means where by fire could spread. ss) Estimate the
magnitudes of the risks to establish priorities. tt) Establish dear lines of
responsibilities for fire prevention. uu) Appoint a fire officer responsible to the
board. vv) set up a fire protection drill for each development ww)Set up a program
which will be maintained at appropriate intervals. Common Precautions Following are
the common precautions xx) Daily at the start of the business the doors which may
be used for escape purposes be unlocked and escape roots unobstructed. yy) Daily at
closing, down fire doors and fire shutters should be closed. zz) All out side
doors, windows and other means of access secured against intruders and replaced if
broken. aaa)Heating apparatus and main switches turned off daily at close down.
bbb)Furnaces and boilers safety out daily at close down. ccc)Inspection of whole
premises, especially store rooms and other parts rarely visited daily at closedown.
ddd)Smoking only is permitted where adequate no: of ash trays available and no
smoking during last half hour of working day. eee)Naked lights prohibited daily at
closedown. fff) Combustible materials kept well clear from heaters and other
burning parts.
ggg)Gluecattles pressing and soldering and similar appliances clear off vombustible
material and with non combustible stand holders. hhh)Flame able liquids containers
be closed and kept away from sources of ignitions. iii) Waste bins ash trays and
waste paper baskets emptied at regular intervals and always at end of working days.
jjj) Drip trays implied daily at close down. kkk)Workmens clothes and over alls
kept in special place. lll) Electric motors kept clear of all accumulations of
material daily. mmm)Gangways kept un obstinate daily. nnn)Special care with cutting
and welding equipment used by maintenance men or contractors daily. ooo)Fire
appliances like fire buckets be filled weekly. ppp)Fire instructions, fire exit and
no smoking notices clearly be displayed weekly. qqq)Cods on the factory floor be
clearly stored so as not to impede fire at different intervals. rrr) Inspection of
fire extinguishers periodically as required. sss)Check of lighting conductors as
required. ttt) Machinery and plant maintenance as required. uuu)Maintenance of
special extinguishing system e.g. dry powders CO2 daily.
Electrocution and its precautions The term electrocution is used when worker come
into electrical shock. The three electrical factors which are come in the
categories of the electrocution. i.e. Resistance, Current, Voltage. Electric
resistance is opposition to the flow of current and measured in ohms. There is wide
degree of variation in body resistance. A shock may fatal to any person may only
discomfort to an other. Voltage is the pressure that causes the flow of electric
current in a circuit; its unit is v. generally above 30 v is considered dangerous.
Electric current I is the rate of flow of electrons in a circuit and its unit is
amperes (A). Following precaution must be observed while working on electrical
works to protect against shocks. vvv)Before working on the main lines first switch
off the supply of electricity. www)If it is not possible to switch off the main see
that your hands and feet are not wet. xxx)If a person gets an electric shock rescue
him with the help of insulator. If the insulator is not available use your feet not
hands to rescue him. yyy)While working on high voltage, stand on bad conducting
material. zzz)if any person who is shocked by the electricity is in contact with
the electrical machine or an apparatus then one person for saving him should stand
on a dry wooden chair while removing the victim other wise pull him with the help
of a dry coat , dry rope etc. aaaa)Dont close any switch unless you are familiar
with the circuit that it controls and know the reason for its being open.
bbbb)Avoid touching any or working on live circuits as much as possible. cccc)Keep
material or equipment at least 10 feet away from high voltage overhead power lines.
dddd)Dont reach into energized equipment while it is being operated. This is
particularly important in high voltage circuits. eeee)when installing new
machinery, ensure that all metal frame work is efficiently and permanently founded.
Duties of the employer (Training and Education) For a safe and smooth running
system an employer may give trainings and education to the worker to work safe and
accordingly. Following are the duties on employer: ffff)Provide and maintain plant
and system of work that are safe and without risks to health. Plant covers any
machinery equipment or appliances including portable power tools and hand tools
gggg)insure that the use, handling, storage and transport articles and substances
is safe and with out risk hhhh)Provide such information, instruction, training and
supervision to ensure that employees can carry out their jobs safety. iiii)Ensure
that any work shop under his control is safe and healthy and that proper means of
access and egress are maintained. Particularly in respect of high standards of
house keeping, cleanliness, disposal of rubbish and the stacking of goods in the
proper place. jjjj)Keep the work place environment safe and healthy so that the
atmosphere is such as not to give rise to poisoning, gassing or the encourage met
of the development of diseases. Adequate welfare facilities should be providing.
kkkk)To prepare and keep up to date a written safety policy supported by
information on the organization and arrangements for carrying out the policy. The
safety policy has to be brought to the notice of employees. llll)To consult with
any safety representatives appointed by recognized trade unions to enlist their
cooperation in establishing and maintaining high standards of safety. mmmm)To
establish a safety committee if required by two or more safety representatives.
Safety equipment There are following equipment are use in the industries for the
safety purpose. nnnn)Goggles oooo)Glasses pppp)Hand gloves qqqq)Apron rrrr)Safety
shoes ssss)Anti fire gas cylinders

Introduction
Millions of industrial accidents occur every year. In these accidents, lacs of
workers loss their lives every year in the world. Accidents may cause injury, which
sometimes result in death or permanent total displacement. Seriousness of this
problem can be judged by the following figures. In Pakistan, casualties per
industrial accidents at any yearly average are nearly 50 to 60 thousands, out which
nearly 600 causes death, while in UK the average casualties per year nearly 2.5
lacs out which nearly 3000 causes death. The figure is maximum in USA where average
casualties are nearly 20 lacks out which nearly 15,000 causes death. Statistics
shows that 98% accidents can be avoided; only 2% accidents cannot be prevented.
(Ind: Org: & Engg: Eco) tttt)What is an Accidents: (definitions) An accident may be
defined as an unplanned event or happening. This is, an accident is something
unexpected, not predictable, foreseen or intended. An extension of this theme is
that an accident is an outcome of an event that is not desired. Accidents do not
just "happen" they are caused. An unsafe act and / or unsafe condition cause the
accident event; resulting in interruption to work activities, damage to property or
injury to a person. Every accident has one or more identifiable causes. The
employer is responsible for ensuring a safe system of work is in place and
therefore must take action to prevent accidents from occurring or recurring. For
some, this concept still causes difficulty. The term "accident" suggests that an
event occurred itself, with some degree of chance and it implies no blame or
responsibility. Some people associate or equate an accident An industrial accident
may be defined as an event, detrimental (harmful) to the health of man, suddenly
occurring and originating from external sources, and which is associated with the
performance of a paid job, accompanied by an injury, followed by disability or even
death. (O.P.Khana) OR An event that takes place all of a sudden unexpectedly
resulting in some thing bad is called an accident. For example a plant catches fire
or a person receiving an electric current or any labor cuts his finger in a machine
or some bad incidents, which can be called as accidents. (PPC). OR "Any occurrence
that interferes with the orderly progress of activity" (Industrial Organization)

Question No: 1 Discuss the events leading up to an accident by considering domino

sequence theory
& multiple causation theory.

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS- DOMINO THEORY

The domino theory attributed to Heinrich is based on the theory that: "A chain or
sequence of events can be listed in chronological order to show the events leading
up to an accident" Event A ----> Event B ----> Event C ----> Accident ---->Effect
Each event may have more than one cause i.e. be multicausal. Heinrich states that:
"The occurrence of an injury accident invariably results from a completed sequence
of factors culminating-in the accident itself He postulates five factors or stages
in the accident sequence, with the injury invariably caused by the accident and the
accident in turn the result of the factors that immediately precedes it. The five
factors or stages in the sequence of events are: o Ancestry and social environment,
leading to noble o Fault of person, constituting the proximate reason for o An
unsafe act and/or mechanical hazard, which results in o The accident, which leads
to o The injury. Heinrich likens these five stages to five dominoes standing on
edge in a line next to each other, so that when the first domino falls it
automatically knocks down its neighbor which in turn knocks down its neighbor and
so on. Removal of any one of the first four will break the sequence and so prevent
the injury. In fact, Heinrich suggested that accident prevention should aim to
remove or eliminate the middle or third domino, representing the unsafe act,
mechanical or physical hazard, thus preventing the accident. During accident
investigation, in addition to asking `what action has been taken to prevent
recurrence', the investigator needs to be aware of the chain of events leading up
to the accident, and tracing it back. Similarly, on safety audits and inspections,
when the risk of an accident has been identified, possible event chain should be
investigated and action taken to remove potential cause

AN UPDATED DOMINO SEQUENCE:

Bird and loftus have extended this theory to reflect the influence of management in
the cause and effect of all accidents that result in a wastage of the company's
assets. The modified sequence of events becomes: uuuu)Lack of control by
management, permitting vvvv)Basic causes (personal and job factors), that lead to
wwww)Immediate causes (substandard practices/conditions/errors), which are the
proximate causes of xxxx)The accident, which results in yyyy)The loss (minor,
serious or catastrophic). This modified sequence can be applied to all accidents,
and is fundamental to loss control management. MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY:
Multicausality refers to the fact that there may be more than one cause to any
accident. Like cause A can lead to accident, cause B can lead to same accident and
in this way Cause C can lead to the same accident. Each of these multicauses is
equivalent to the third domino in the Heinrich theory and can represent an unsafe
act or condition or situation. Each of these can itself have multicauses and the
process during accident investigation of following each branch back to its root is
known as `fault tree analysis". The theory of multicausation is that: "The
contributing causes combine together in a random fashion to result in an accident.
" During accident investigation, there is a need to identify as many of these
causes as possible. In reality, the accident model is a combination of both the
domino and multicausality theories. Peterson has compared and contrasted both
theories and gives an example which illustrates the comparative narrowness of the
domino theory in relation to the multicausality theory and concludes that this has
severely limited the identification and control of the underlying causes of
accident. The theory of multicausality has its basis in epidemiology. Gordon points
out that accidental injury could be considered with epidemiological techniques. He
believes that if the characteristics of the host(accident victim), of the agent
(the injury deliverer) and of supporting environment5 could be described in
details, more understanding of accident causes could be achieved than by following
the Domino Technique of looking for a single cause only. Essentially, Gordons
theory is that the accident is the result of a complex and random interaction
between the host, the agent and the environment, and can not be explained by
consideration only one of the three.
Causes of accidents: (OPKHANA)
As we know that an accident is an unplanned incident and for each such incident
there is usually a specific cause or causes if one could but discover them
Mechanical Factors Accidents may be caused due to; 1. Technical causes
-------------Unsafe conditions---Environmental Factors.

2. Human causes------------------Unsafe acts----------Personal factors. 1.

Technical Causes: Technical causes reflect deficiencies in plant, equipment, tools,
materials, handling system, general work environment, etc. (a) Mechanical Causes or
factors: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Unsafe mechanical design or construction Hazardous
arrangement (pilling, over-loading, etc) Improper machine guarding. Unsafe apparel
Defective devices Improper material handling zzzz)Leaking acid valve aaaaa)Untested
boilers or pressure vessels
2. Human causes: Any unsafe act by the person concerned are due to his ignorance or
forgetfulness, carelessness, day-dreaming, etc (a) Personal Factors: bbbbb)Age
ccccc)Health ddddd) Lack of knowledge and skill eeeee)Improper attatitude towards
work fffff)Fatigue ggggg)Carelessness and recklessness hhhhh)Emotional instability
e.g. jealousy, iiiii)Motional instability e.g. jealousy, jjjjj)Mental worries
kkkkk)Non-use of safety devices lllll)Working at unsafe speeds mmmmm)Improper use
of tools. Means of preventing accidents: As we know that an accident is an
unplanned incident but it doesn't means that we should not prepare our self in
advance or take any preventive measures to safe guard both machine and man of any
industry. Thus, to overcome the accidents generally the following measures are
adopted; nnnnn)Safe work place layout ooooo)Reform of the working condition
ppppp)Provision in right work methods qqqqq)Training in right methods. rrrrr)Means
of removing fatigue sssss)Proper speed of work ttttt)Organization of safety
committee uuuuu)Safety campaigns and posters vvvvv)Pay attention to individual
differences wwwww)Habit of safety xxxxx)Motivating safety yyyyy)Safe material
handling zzzzz)Use of personal protective devices
Safe workplace layout: Although most of the accidents take place because of unsafe
act of the employees, the role of the workplace layout cannot be ignored in
determining the cause of accident. For preventing accident the layout should be
such that; aaaaaa)Every employee has enough space to move and operate.
bbbbbb)Passageways between working places, roads, tracks and alleys (narrow passage
way), etc must never be obstructed. cccccc)Fire hazards can be reduced by utilizing
firewalls to separate manufacturing area into several compartments. dddddd)Worker
operating on the machine should have easy access to the safety switches provided on
the machine/near workplace. eeeeee)Windows should be of adequate dimensions in
order to make full use of natural daylight. Reforms of the working conditions: If
accidents are to be prevented then the conditions of work should be improved. The
temperature, air purity, humidity of air in the working premises should not be so
such that it may lead to discomfort because it has a direct affect on the workers
health as well as to some machines also. Not only in enclosed rooms, even otherwise
proper ventilation is a must if the manufacturing processes give rise to dust,
smoke, fumes, etc. The illumination provided should be installed at correct angle
and should be sufficient in amount whether it is natural or artificial; also it
should be free from glare. A high level of noise at the workplace impair (damage or
weaken) men at work and may endanger them therefore proper measures should be taken
to reduce noise level by using silencers to minimize the hissing sounds, etc.
Provision of safety methods: Suitable provisions of safety should be made in
designing the machines so that minimum accidents will occur. Moreover workers
should be trained and encouraged to use these devices. Pay attention to individual
differences: It is desirable that before allocating a particular task to a
particular worker, information about his age, experience, mental health, sex,
intelligence, physical qualities, etc should be collected and then depending on
these facts work should be allocated so that right man should be placed at the
right job. Training in right work methods: Many accidents occur because the
operators using machines have not been trained in the correct use of them. It is
always better, therefore to have trained a person in the use of a machine, in its
maintenance, before allowing him to handle them.
Means of removing fatigue: It has been established that one important cause of
accident is fatigue. Hence one important measure of avoiding accidents is to remove
fatigue as much as possible. And one of the best ways of eliminating fatigue is to
provide properly timed rest intervals at frequent intervals so that the worker can
regain his energy and avoid reaching a stage of complete exhaustion. Besides these
proper hours of working and by creating atmosphere of cooperation and happiness,
fatigue can be reduced. Proper speed of work: Accidents frequently occur when the
work is performed at a speed much greater than that, which is desirable. Therefore
the speed of the worker in an office or factory should be controlled. Workers
should be encouraged to work at such a speed that they can maintain their
efficiency and work throughout the day without unnecessary fatigue. Organization of
safety committee: Another measure for preventing accidents suggested by
psychologist is the formation of safety committee. Such committees help to train
the worker, make him more safety conscious and also help to develop or invent new
safety techniques. Safety campaigns and posters: Safety can also be promoted by
organizing a safety campaign in factory and office. Posters and slogans can also be
used in such a campaign. These will help the worker to control his actions. Habits
of safety: Despite all the satiety measures adopted, by far the best and the most
successful method is the creation of habits of safety. Such habits can be developed
through training and other similar methods. Motivating Safety: Workers should be
motivated to work cautiously. One way of doing it is to increase the salary of
those workers who follow the safety regulations. Safe Material Handling: The
employer should provide mechanical means of conveyance to ensure the safety of the
workers engaged in material handling. The transport workers should not be asked to
lift more than the permissible load. Proper material handling equipments must be
used and should be according to nature of the goods. Use of personal protective
devices: For any type of industrial worker it is always advisable to use personal
protective devices such as safety hard hats, ear protector, face mask, welding
helmets, goggles gas mask, gloves, safety body belt, apron etc. All and other more
safety devices ultimately help the worker to safe guard himself from any sudden
mishap. Effects Of an accident: There are three types of effects of any accident;
I. Personal Effects. 2. Social Effects. 3. Other Effects. 1. Personal Effects: They
include; a death, b disability, c physical suffering, d. Psychological suffering e.
Loss of ability for efficient working f. Loss of earning capability. 2. Social
Effects: They include; a. An asset in the form of earning hand becomes a liability
b. Social status may get lost. c. Family humiliation of disability is prolonged or
permanent. 3. Other Effects: a. Loss of man hours. b. Loss of machine hours. c.
Loss of material d. Damaged machinery e. Damaged property f. Loss of capital g Loss
of capital h. Compensation cost. These include;
Types of Accidents:
These are classified as follows; Lost time accident: In this type of accident
compensation is paid by the employer to the worker, because the severity of the
accident. Home cases: No compensation is paid, only rest and medical treatment is
provided by the employer. First aid cases: In this case, The effect is minor so
that the worker can resume duty after getting necessary first aid at the factory
dispensary. Traffic accidents: They include; (a) Collision between moving vehicles
(b) Collision with fixed objects. Machine Accidents: These accidents may happen due
to; (a) Breaking of a steel rape (b) Breaking of fast moving blade (c) Moving or
sliding part of machine (d) Loose garments dragging the part of the body of the
worker. Non-Machine Accidents: These include, (a) Fall of heavy article from higher
level (b) Collapse of roof, wall or shed (c) Electric shock (d) Chemical reaction
Nature of injury: They include, (a) Fatal. (b)Burns (c) Fractures (d) Cuts (e)
Sprain (sudden pull of wrist causing pain but not dislocation)
Categories of accidents
There are mainly five different categories of accidents; 1. Minor accidents. 2.
Reportable accidents. 3. Fatal accidents 4. Dangerous occurrences. 5. Accidents or
injuries caused as a result of poising. 1. Minor Accidents: As it is clear from the
word "MINOR" that this category of accident includes only those accidents that are
less harmful in nature to workers and thus preventing the employee from working for
the period less than 48 hours from the time of the accident. !t also means that
these accidents are not reported to the higher management and thus are easily
controlled by the foremen and supervisor. 2. Reportable Accidents: in this category
the nature of accident is little bit complicated then the minor accidents. Here
injuries caused to the worker prevent him from working for the period of 48 hours
or more. Thus, it is the duty of supervisor to report to the higher management to
temporary arrange an other worker so that the production could not be affected. 3.
Fatal Accidents: This category includes the highly complicated accidents that could
result in the death of the injured worker. The death could occur on the spot of the
accident or due to unbearable injuries causes to the worker means when worker could
not sustain those injuries. 4. Dangerous Occurrences: (a) Bursting of vessel for
containing steam under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. (b) Collapse or
failure of crank or other appliances. (c) Explosion or fire causing damage to any
room or place where persons are employed or fire in the room of cotton pressing
factories when a cotton opener is in use. (d) Explosion of receiver or container
used for storage at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure of any gas or any
liquid including air. (e) Collapse or subsidence of any floor, glary, roof. Bridge,
tunnel or chimney, wall or building.
5. Accidents or injuries caused as a result of poising or occupational disease
(Textile, Cement, Stone crushing, flourmills, Coalmines, Chimneys, etc) causing
disease as Asthma, TB, Heart attack, etc). ffffff)Increasing Rate Of Accidents
Creates: 1. Sense of insecurity. 2. Fear among workers. 3. Deterioration in their
overall performance. 4. No substitute if worker disable or losses his life. 5. Lost
of goodwill of workers.
Cost of Accidents ;( write more detail)
1. Injured person: (i) Suffering and pain (ii) Worry (iii) Absence of recreation
(iv) Loss of wages (v) Medical expenses (vi) Loss of limb of life

2, Supervisor: {i) Worry (ii) Loss of prestige (iii) Selecting a training

substitute (iv) More supervision required for new man (v) Loss of output (vi) Loss
of Moral/confidence. 3. Management: (a) Direct: (1) Compensation (ii) Payments
(iii) Medical expenses. (b) Indirect: (i) Last of time of injured person. (ii) Lost
time of other employees {iii} Lost time of foremen, supervisor or other executives
(iv) Cost of time spend by first aid attendant (v) Cost due to damage to machines,
tools, and other properties due to spoilage of material (vi) Incidental cost due to
interference with production (whole assembly line could be stopped_) (vii) Cost
under employee welfare and benefits schemes. (Company will pay them. (viii) Cost
due to continuous of wages of injured worker in full for specified period. (ix)
Cost due to less of profit on the injured worker... (x) Overhead cost per injured
worker. (xi) Miscellaneous expenses such as for hiring and training new employees,
over time wages, renting equipments, etc gggggg)Total society is bearing the cost
of accidents.
Accident Investigation:
As we know that we have three different types of accidents and according to these
the investigation procedure varies. The three types are; I. Minor Accidents. 2.
Reportable Accidents 3. Fatal & Poisons Accidents. I. Minor Accidents: As it is
clear from the word "M1NOR" that this category of accident includes only those
accidents that are less harmful in nature to workers and thus preventing the
employee from working for the period less than 48 hours from the time of the
accident. The procedure for investigating such type of accidents is as soon as an
accident occurs; first aid shall be administered to the injured. These accidents
are not reported to the higher management and they are easily controlled by the
foremen and supervisor. 2. Reportable Accidents: In this category the nature of
accident is little bit complicated then the minor accidents. Here injuries caused
to the worker prevent him from working for the period of 48 hours or more.
Procedure: In this type of accident head of the department choose a senior person
for inquiry after receiving report of supervisor. Also it is the duty of supervisor
to report to the higher management to temporary arrange an other worker so that the
production could not be affected 3. Fatal Accidents: This category includes the
highly complicated accidents that could result in the death of the injured worker.
The death could occur on the spot of the accident or due to unbearable injuries
causes to the worker means when worker could not sustain those injuries. Procedure:
In case of fatal accident the following officers shall be intimated through
messenger; a. Safety officer b. Workers manager c. Labor officer factory The labor
officer on receiving intimation shall immediately inform by telephone the
authorized listed below; a. Inspector of factory b. Nearest police station c.
District Magistrate d. Relatives of the worker.
Further Investigation: The enquiry committee while investigating the accidents will
carry out the following; hhhhhh)Ascertain the facts that lead to the Accident by
taking statements of witnesses iiiiii)By examining the work spot and machinery
jjjjjj)By taking expert advice in the matter kkkkkk)Analyses the causes of the
accident in detail. llllll)Contact to the injured person on the spot or in the
hospital with the permission of the doctor. mmmmmm)Recommend corrective action for
preventing similar accidents in future. Aspects of accident prevention: (Write
Detail)
HAZARDOUS IDENTIFICATION, EVOLUTION AND CONTROL The prime objective in accident
prevention is to control hazards at work, so as to reduce or eliminate accidents.
It can be said that accidents result from the inadequate hazard management. The
term hazard is defined as, The result of a departure from the normal situation,
which has the potential of cause injury, damage or loss Essentially, there are
three steps in the management of hazards identification o Evaluation or Assessment
o Control (Elimination or Reduction) Within the workplace operational management at
all levels has a responsibility to identify, evaluate and control hazards that are
likely to result in injury, damage or loss. Part of these responsibilities should
be to undertake regular safety audits of areas under their control. They should
also examine on a regular basis, job methods and procedures to ensure that safe
systems of work are followed Hazard Identification Within an organization, there
are several ways by which hazards may be identified. These include:
nnnnnn)Workplace inspections oooooo)Management/ workers discussions
pppppp)Independent audits. qqqqqq)Job safety analysis. rrrrrr)Hazard and
operability studies. Workplace Inspection Workplace inspections are undertaken with
the aim of identifying hazards and promoting remedial action. Many different
individuals and groups within an organization will at some time be involved in a
workplace inspections; directors, line managers, safety advisers, supervisors and
safety representatives. The key aspect is that results of all such inspections
should be coordinated by one person within the factory, whose responsibility should
include; Monitoring action taken once the hazard has been notified Informing
those persons who reported the hazard as to what action has been taken. Workplace
inspections tend to follow the same format but are given many different names
including: safety sampling, safety audits, safety inspections, hazard surveys, etc
but all have the same aim that is "Hazard Identification" and same format to follow
as discussed below;
Management/ Worker Discussions Management/worker discussion can also be useful in
the identification of hazards. Formal discussions take place during meetings of the
safety committee with informal discussions occurring during on-the-job contact or
in conversations between supervisor and worker. The concept of "incident recall" is
an example of management/worker discussion. In all cases, however, the feedback
element is important from a motivational viewpoint. The hazard spatter must he kept
fully informed of any action taken to prevent injury, damage or lass arising from
the hazard he has noted. Independent Audit Independent audit can also be used to
identity hazards. The term independent here refers to those who are not employed of
the organization, but who from time to time undertake either general or specific
workplace audit or inspection. Such independent persons may include Engineer
surveyors Employers' liability surveyors Claims investigators Insurance
brokers personnel Outside consultants Health and safety executive Job Safety
Analysis It is also another method of hazard identification. Hazard and Operability
Study It is a technique of hazard identification (and evaluation) that has been
developed in the chemical and process industries. The technique essentially
involves a multidisciplinary team of chemists engineer, safety advisors, production
management, designers etc, critically examine each aspect of a process at the
design stage, in order to eliminate hazards from the process at that early stage,
rather than to find them later and have to modify the plant to eliminate them.
Hazard Assessment And Evaluation Once a list of hazard within a company has been
developed, each hazard on the list should be evaluated in order to assess what its
impact on the company would be if control action were not taken. This assessment
should take account of legal, humanitarian and economic considerations in addition
to the frequency (number of times spotted), the potential severity (number of
persons at risk) and the maximum or worst possible injury, damage or loss that
might occur. Consideration should also be given to the probability that the hazard
will result in loss. From these assessments a list of priorities for hazard control
can be established and used as the basis of control action.
Simple hazard assessment formula involving the frequency, severity and maximum
possible loss (M.P.L,) could be: Hazard rating = frequency X (severity + M.P.L. +
probability) Numerical scales for assessing severity, M.P. L and probability will
be needed to work out the hazard rating. This then enables priorities to be set,
and corrective action to be planned.

HAZARD CONTROL
The control either elimination or reduction of the hazards within an organization
requires careful planning and its achievement will involve both short term i.e.
temporary and long term i.e. permanent measures. ssssss)Eliminate hazard at source.
tttttt)Reduce hazard at source. uuuuuu)Remove employee from hazard. vvvvvv)Contain
hazard by enclosure. wwwwww)Reduce employee's exposure to hazard. xxxxxx)Utilize
protective equipment. The long-term aim must always be to eliminate the hazard at
source, but whilst attempting to achieve this aim, other short term actions e.g;
Utilization of the protective equipment will be necessary. This list indicates an
'order-of priority for remedial measures for any hazard situation. Various
techniques are available to control hazards within the workplace. Mechanical
hazards may be engineered out of the process, or effectively enclosed by means of
fixed guarding. Alternative forms of guarding involve the use of interlocked
guards, light-sensitive barriers or pressure-sensitive mats. Trip devices and other
form of emergency stops may also be incorporated. Hazard from the working
environment may be controlled by effective ventilation system, adequate heating and
lighting, and general provision of good working conditions. Chemical hazards may
also be controlled by effective ventilation, regular monitoring, substitution of
material, change of process, purchasing controls and the use of protective
equipment. A necessary corollary of hazard assessment is the establishment of safe
system of work and training for the work force to make them aware of the hazards in
their work areas, and of the methods for the control of such hazards.
Accident Proneness
Introduction: Examination of safety records often show that out of all the workers
doing the same job and being subjected to the same physical environments, only few
have substantially more accidents than the rest. Such few workers, who are found
consistently to experience more accidents than the other workers, are classified as
ACCIDENT PRONE workers or employees. Definition Accident proneness is defined as
"the continuing tendency of a person to have more accidents as a result of his
persisting characteristics". In the above definition of accident proneness, the
emphasis is on the word "tendency" because of peculiar psychological and
physiological make up of certain person. Laws Accident Proneness: Psychologist has
made a study of accidents in order to discover the laws governing accident
proneness, which are as follows; 1. He accidents are accidental then some people
are only rarely involved in them, while some are involved very frequently, while
the majority of the people are at a stage somewhere between the two extremes. It
means that there are some people who has high tendency to do accidents. 2. If the
accidents are due to circumstances then it will be seen that people who suffer from
many accidents in a particular period will be comparatively free of accidents in
the following period. 3. If accident proneness increase because of accidents, then
the particular individuals found involved in accidents in particular test will also
be found to be involved in accidents at any later test 4. If the accidents are due
to some particular qualities of the individuals then people obtaining a particular
grade in a particular accident will obtain the same grade in future accidents.
Psychologist has been able to come to same conclusion about the causes of
accidents. Most studies have indicated that some individuals are so contracted that
they are involved in more accidents then other and are also the causes of involving
other people in accidents Individuals of this kind are called accident-prone;
normally there is always some scope for more or less accident proneness in every
sphere where human beings work.
Causes of Accident Proneness:
Following are the causes of accident proneness; (I) Inattentiveness and day
dreaming: It means that the worker is not paying proper attention towards his work
due to various causes from home to job satisfaction. Or he may be habitual of
pleasant thoughts that distract his attention from present situation. (2) Visual
defects and hearing problems: It means that the worker might be suffering from any
eye disease (color blindness) due which he cannot see his job properly and that
could be resulted in a fatal accident. This type of causes is not only harmful for
the worker himself but It could create problems for other workers. On the other
hand if the worker is unable to hear correctly due hearing problem, this could also
lead to a major accident. For example in case of emergency, his supervisor asks him
to cut the power of the machine and if he could not hear it properly and thus did
not cut the power, it will ultimately end with an accident. (3) Lack of stamina Or
low degree of muscular condition- This is also major causes of accident proneness
because if the worker is not healthy enough or the management have not given him
the work according to his physical condition then the chances of accident are high.
Thus the worker would not be able to perform his jab well and thus losses his
stamina quickly. (4) Improper working conditions: It means that if the worker is
not provided with the suitable working condition, it could be resulted in accident.
Because poor working condition can causes fatigue, mental stress, deterioration of
health, etc to the worker thus he could not be able to given his maximum
performance. For example the temperature of the workplace should be maintained to
the required temperature the body needs, proper lightning should be there so that
worker could easily see his job, etc. (5) Distaste of the job: This factor very
much influences the ratio of accident proneness. Because if the worker is not happy
with the jab offered to him, the study shows that he will not perform well and
causes more accidents. Thus it is very important to give the worker the job he is
interested to do, this will reduce his proneness to accidents and helps the
organization to increase its productivity. (6) Lack of training, proficiency and
skill to do work: It means that the worker after appointed for any job should be
trained properly because research shows that people who are not clearly aware of
their jab causes more accidents then those who are fully trained in their job means
that they should be proficient in their work. It is also necessary to verify the
skills of the worker and then accordingly place him to his proper job. For example
a worker who is skilled in doing welding then he should be appointed in the welding
shop not in paint shop. (7) Unsafe behavior of worker: This is another cause that
leads us to accident proneness. Because some time workers intentionally do not use
safety devices because of there over confidence that not only cost them their life
but also put other workers and management in great trouble.
(8) Insufficient intelligence: It is a natural phenomenon that any technical work
needs some degree of intelligence and this degree vary from job to job. Thus if the
worker is not enough intelligent to perform his job, he should be moved to the job
according to his level of intelligence so to reduce the accident proneness. (9)
Immature age: This cause indicates that while appointing the worker for any job,
the age factor should be kept in mind. Because asking a teenage boy to perform the
worker of some mature man or vice versa, finally results in accident proneness.
Thus, it is very important to specify the age requirement of each job to avoid
accidents. (10) Sex: Sex is another important cause of accident proneness. As we
all know that there are some working categories means there are some jobs that are
only for men and other only for women. So to avoid accident proneness it is
important to distribute the jobs according to gender (11) Other Causes; The other
causes are, yyyyyy)The other causes are, zzzzzz)Lack of proper intervals of rest.
aaaaaaa)Lack of maintenance bbbbbbb)Absence of appropriate mood.
ccccccc)Characteristics of accident proneness:

Characteristics of accident proneness

PHYSICAL (VISIBLE) l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, 7. Poor eyesight Color blindness Sluggishness
(Laziness) Too bulky High blood pressure Poor physical condition Poor hearing 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PSYCHOLOGICAL Short temperament Inferiority complex Over
confidence Excessive liabilities. Lack of professionalism Wrong attitude Lack of
concentration Depression
9.

Fearfulness and nervousness