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INTRODUCTION
MEP means Mean Effective Pressure which defines the valuable measure of an engines capacity
to do work that is independent of engine displacement.
Indicated or Gross Horse Power means the theoretical capability of engine and the
frictional losses within the engine. [ Eg. Bearing, crankshaft windage lossesetc]
4. Define BHP.
BHP means Brake Horse Power and it is defined as the power developed to and measured
at engines crankshaft and the frictional losses in transmission.
This is the weight of the vehicle without oil, grease, water and fuel when it is transported
by ship or huge truck from one place to another.
Kerb weight is the sum of the dry weight and the weight of the fuel, oil, water and grease.
Normal Ladden Weight is the sum of the kerb weight and payload. Payload is the sum of
the passengers and luggage.
Resultant forces refer to the reduction of a system of forces acting on a body to a single
force and an associated torque. The choice of the point of application of the force determines the
associated torque.
The term resultant force should be understood to refer to both the forces and torques
acting on a rigid body, which is why some use the term resultant force-torque.The resultant
force, or resultant force-torque, fully replaces the effects of all forces on the motion of the rigid
body they act upon.
10. Define Drawbar Pull.
A drawbar is a solid coupling between a hauling vehicle and its hauled load. Drawbars
are in common use with rail transport, road trailers, both large and small, industrial and
recreational, and with agricultural equipment.
Drawbar Pull = (Tractive effort Resistance)
11. Define Tractive Effort and Traction.
Force available at contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is known as Tractive
Effort.
The ability of the drive wheels to transmit the effort without slipping is called Traction.
F = G /r
12. Classification of vehicle based on Engine Displacement.
Where,
G = Gear ratio,
= Axle reduction,
= Wheel radius.
9. What is Driving force?
The Driving force is defined as the summation of Excessive Driving force and the Total
resistance.
It is given by as follows,
DF = EDF +
Where,
EDF = Excessive Driving Force
= Total Resistance
5. Draw a general graph for mechanical efficiency & friction power for Engine speed.
6. Draw the general graph for axle torque and vehicle speed.
Morse Test
Motoring Test
The Morse test is only applicable for Multi-cylinder engines. The engine is run at the
required speed and the torque is measured.
In Morse test, the frictional power can be found by subtracting (B.P) from (I.P)
Piston rings.
Compression Ratio.
Oil Viscosity.
Blow-by losses.
It is the phenomenon of leakage of combustion products past the piston and piston rings
from the cylinder to the crankcase. These losses depend on the inlet pressure and compression
ratio.
These losses vary as the square root of inlet pressure, and increase as the compression
ratio is increased . blow-by losses are reduced as the engine speed is increased.
Specific output.
Volumetric efficiency.
Fuel-air ratio
Specific weight.
The Mechanical efficiency is stated as the ratio of Brake power to the Indicated power.
B.P
mech = I.P
The Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual volume of the charge drawn in
during suction stroke to the swept volume of the piston.
The linear distance along the cylinder axis between two limiting positions is called as
Stroke.
Engine Displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of a
reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre.
The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the pistons, when the piston is at
top dead centre, is called as clearance volume.
The volume swept through by the piston in moving between top dead centre and the
bottom dead centre, is called as Swept Volume.
UNIT:IV
1. What is the function of Connecting rod and the material used for making it?
The connecting rod transmits the piston load to the crank, causing the latter to turn, thus
converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary motion of the crankshaft.
The connecting rods are made of nickel, chrome and chrome vanadium steels. For small
engines the material may be aluminium.
The Crank is the part of Crankshaft. The Crankshaft of an internal combustion engine
receives via its cranks the efforts supplied by the pistons to the connecting rods. All the engines
auxillary mechanisms with mechanical transmission are geared in one way or another in the
crankshaft.
It is usually a steel forging, but some makers use special types of cast iron such as
spherical graphite or nickel alloy.
Due to the acceleration of reciprocating mass an opposite force is created and it is called
as Inertia force.
Due to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder and combustion chamber a certain force is
exerted on the piston. The force due to the gas pressure acting on the piston crown is known as
Gas force.
The algebraic sum of the Gas force and the Inertia force gives the value of resultant force.