SONAR SIGNAL PROCESSING BASED ON THE HARMONIC

WAVELET TRANSFORM

Takaaki Musha*, Tatsuya Kumazawa**,

*5th Research Center, Technical Research & Development Institute,
J a p a n Defense Agency, 3-13-1,Nagase, Yokosuka 239-0826 JAPAN
E-mail: musha@jda-trdi.go.jp
** Technical Department, Technical Research & Development Institute,
J a p a n Defense Agency, 5-1,Ichigaya,Honmura-cho,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo
162-8830
JAPAN

Abstract Conventiodly a h t Fourier
transform(FFI9 algorithm is applied for digital
beamforming of a sonar system, but this algorithm
is inadequate for a sonar system with large
bandwidth since the FFT can not he e&iently
performed for wideband processing. To overcome
this disadvantage of a fast Fourier transform
algorithm, wideband processing by the wavelet
transform is proposed. In this paper, we study the
possibility of the harmonic wavelet transform
proposed by Newland for applying to the wideband
processing of a sonar system and it can he shown
that the sonar signal processing including
heamforming and replica correlation can he
replaced by this wavelet algorithm instead of a
FFT a l g o r i t h The simulation for the planar
array in a noise environment is also conducted and
it is coniirmed that this method can improve the
signal to noise ratio for wide band signals
compared with the conventional FFT method.
INTRODUCTION
Conventionally the sonar prucessor is designed by
using the FET algonthdll. However signals with
large fractional bandwidth, signals with large
time bandwidth, and signals whose stastics is
non-stationary can not be processed with high
speed by the conventional method.
The wavelet analysis which baa been studied hr
many years by mathematicians and engineers for
the use of geo-exploration , image processing, data
compression and sub-band coding can be applied
for wideband correlation p m s s i n g ~ ~ .
This paper presents the use of the harmonic
wavelet transform, which is one of the wavelet
analysis methods proposed by Newland, for the
correlation processing of sonar s d .
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Given a time signal g ( t ) , ita wavelet transform
can be defined as131
w,(~,o
=sEg(r)v*[s(r-r)~t, (1)
where s and T are the wavelet male and the
analyzing position respectively. w ( t ) is a time
function called an analyzing wavelet and the
symhol w' means the conjugate of w . The
wavelet coefficient W,(S,T)can also be ohtained
from the Fourier transform of g(t) and I+!([) kl.
W,(s,r)= p o Y ' c f l S ) e x p ( i 2 7 & ) 4 f . (2)
Consider the sonar system as shown in Fig.1.
In this figure, (1) shows the beamformer and (2)
shows the correlator respectively.
The symbol y is a sonar output summing up the
delayed signals from each sonar array element

0-7803-7397-9/02/$17.0002002 IEEE -291-

shown as When the symbol W, stands for the harmonic
M wavelet coefficient, Eq.@ becomes
Y ( 0 = C C , X , ( f +%), (3)
k=I
1 W k ( s ,T) 9
WC,(S,T) = - (9)
where xkis a signal from the m a y element, ck is 2n

a shading hctor determined for each array element The signal x, is a original s@ transmitted
and T~ is a time delay of the signaL from the sonar, the mas-correlation W o n by
the wavelet can he given by

wc,R(s,7)= pY(S,b+T)w;((S,b)db. (10)

Then the wavelet coefficient of a sonar array

output becomes

where
Fig.1 Diagram of the sonar system
W&CS,t) = ~ ~ k C f ) . ~ C f ) ~ C f / (12)
s ) ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ .

From these formulas, the wide band proceasing of

sonar signals can be performed.

FAST CALCULATION METHOD

(4) The discrete form of the wavelet coefficient can be

given hy
The wavelet cross-correlation function d e h e d 88
e(qn)=zE4t)$,(t-nyr . (13)
fouows~5l
By Newland, the harmonic wavelet coefficients can
WC,(s,r)= ~ W I ( s , b + r ) W ; ( s , 6 ) d b 9 (5)
be calculated to use the FFT algorithm presented
can be rewritten a s follows by Eq.(2). by the following proeedures[61:
Given a length-N signal of x of real data,
WC,(s,r) = r W
m ,(s,b + r)l(;'(s,b)db
compute the discrete Fourier transform shown as
N
= ~ ~ ( f ) ~ Y * ( f ) l Y exp(j2rgfi)df-
f/sf (6) X ( k )= C x ( l ) e x p ( ~ j 2 r r k l / ~ ) . (14)
/a
When we select the analyzing wavelet as Compute the cross-spectrum of X, and x by
v h ( t=
) (e'+' - e J 2 " ) /j2w (7)
F(k)=X(k).X&k).
which is named a harmonic wavelet by NewlandIGl,
it can be written as Then compute, in-place
Yhcf)=1/2n (lg-<2) (8.1) (2-point IDFT) I =0 -1
=o (othewiae), (8.2) ~ ( 2+I)=-xF(2'
' 1 ?-I +k)expL2&l/2') (15.1)
in the k q u e n c y domain. 2' k d

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 (I-pointDFT) 1 = 0 -3 This computation procedure requires real
1 ?-I multiply-add operations as shown in Fig.4,
.<2'+0=-~F(2' +k)exp(,%//2') (15.2)
2' M 1

(&point IDFT) I = 0 -7
, 23-1
~ ( 2 '+I) =? c F ( 2 3+k)exp(i2rrkll2') (15.3)
1.4uo=
1 . 2 U O ~

k 4

.UO'
(NIkpoint IDFT) I = O - N/4-1 QUO'

1 2-4 tUO'
~(2"~ +o=- c ~ ( 2 +k)exp~2rrkI/2"~)
" ~ ~~ 200000 400000 600000 800000 lU0' I
2"2 13
(15.4) Fig.4 Total multiply-add operation number
Replace respectively the high N/2-1 components for t h e harmonic wavelet
with Hermitian conjugates for j=N/2-1 to N-1 the number of which can be approximately
Nil = NN-A. (16) estimated as
The example br N=16 is shown in Fig.2, where T = 8N(log, N + K) . (17)
w(i) isabbreviatedas w , . So computational speed of this method does not
differ greatly compared with the FFT
computational speed, which requires about
SNlog, N multiply-add operatiom[81.
Hence the correlated signal output by using the
wavelet coefficient is given by

which yields the replica correlator output of a

sonar system.

Fig.2 Procedure for computing the harmonic CALCULATION RESULT

wavelet transform(N=l6) For the 5 x 2 planar array example shown in
Plot the calculation result by using the grid Fig.5, the correlation outputs for ditrerent signal/
base as shown in Fig.3171. noise ratio are calculated.

Lasl t=

01 m I

Fig.3 Grid for t h e harmonic wavelet Fig.5 Diagram of t h e sonar array

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 (I

2
0
L
-4

S/N=-GdB

1 0

-5
I'
-? 0 , (I 1
o 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 0.5 a6 0.7 0.a 0.8 1

008

0.06

004

002

0 0.i 02 OS 0 4 05 0~6 0.7 OB OB 1

S/N=-SdB

Fig.6 Correlation output calculated by the harmonic wavelet

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