And players pull our feet back from Resort to theater, and turn away from the Beholding of vanity greatest storm Of abuse will be overblown The above mention lines are taken from Stephen Gossons The School of Abuse. Gosson dedicated his work to Philip Sydney which angered him and in his answer he wrote Apology for Poetry. Sydney used idea from both Plato who had ironically argued against poetry and Aristotle to make his case more consistent. The essence of his defense is that, poetry by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical of philosophy is rousing its readers towards virtue. It is quite ironic to state that Sydneys defense attracted much of his readers with the validity of his arguments than the vitality of his prose. His rhetoric ability is quite strong in his text that it hides his real purpose. The deeper meanings of his words are masked by the imaginative power of language which is drawn deep from his personal expressions. It compels his readers to stick with one idea that is redirecting the purpose of poetry. Another way to analyze the text is to explore the biographical and social context within which it was conceived. While analyzing the text in this context one comes up to the point that Sydneys personal desires were not centered on poetry rather they were filled with his own materialistic intentions. This particular approach is quite apparent in the words of Margret W Ferguson a poets Apology for Poetry is necessary a self interested expressions of personal desires. His real essence towards life from his birth, training till election was service to the state. His devotion towards poetry was accidental. When he lost his services from court, poetry was the only thing which could save him from redundancy. Thats the reason why he turned towards poetry as his new vocation. At Sydneys time poetry was related to the lower forms of learning and its competitors history and philosophy were reserved for mature minds. Sydney himself has explained this poor handling of poetry in his text. For Sydney poetry which was used to be the highest estimation of learning has now fallen to be the laughing-stock of children. It was a difficult task for Sydney to adopt something which itself was in a need of some validation. In his text there are certain phases in which he praises his lost vocation by leaving poetry behind. In the very first line of text Sydney praises the importance of learning horsemanship. By giving the example of horseman as the noble of soldiers, he indirectly shows his inclination towards his previous vocation. He considers himself as a perfect logician, who talks about self love and divine essence but from the inside his own intentions are not clear. While using words like poor poetry and pity full defense he himself lowers the position of poetry. On the other hand he compares poetry with its most immediate competitors history and philosophy. It is important to note here that while Sydney was going to pursue his education his mentor Haber Languet advised him that he must turn not to poetry but to moral philosophy and history that would help him for his future career as a statesman. This shows that his own inclination was towards these subjects i.e. moral philosophy and history. That is the reason he did not fully condemn them in his defense as Plato rejected poetry in Republic, instead he used them side by side with poetry. But serving sciences, which as they have each a private end in themselves, so yet are they all directed to the highest end of mistress knowledge. Though he thinks that poetry is the highest form of knowledge but on the other hand it looks like he is also defending other sciences too. Throughout his career he did not mention the value of poetry nor does Sydney assign poetry any role when advising his brother or friend Edward Denny for their education. While on the other hand he contradicts himself by giving the name of Architektonike that is the highest end of knowledge to poetry. When Sydney wrote his defense he was engaged in defining himself as a poet. After paying farewell to court services he started engaging himself with poets like Spencer and Dyer for writing and discussing poetry. Hence poetry was the ultimate source of earning to him. He found in the role of poet the sense of vocation, which he had been denied at court. Sidneys most desire public service was in doing military actions. His basic idea to gain glory and respect was within wars and works related to court. During 1578, Sydneys pursuits for military actions in Netherlands were so strong that it provoked stern rebuke from his mentor Languid in three separate occasions. Most men of high birth are possessed with this madness. Languid wrote on 2 May 1578, that they long after a reputation founded on bloodshed, and believe that there is no glory for them except that which is connected with the destruction of mankind. On 22 October 1578 he became more personal: You and your fellows, I mean men of noble birth, consider that nothing brings you more honor than the wholesale slaughter. All these comments directly attack on the feral temperament of Sydney. They clearly show that Sydneys main focus was to construct his reputation as a warrior. Sydneys aggressive nature and frustration after leaving court are directly reflecting in his defense. Especially when he says no more than a long gown makes an advocate, who though he pleaded in armor, should be an advocate and no soldier, these words clearly shows the indirect relation of Sydney with his previous profession which he wanted to adopt with so much devotion. He deceives his own will by disguising himself in the cloak of poet. To define himself as a poet Sydney took a dramatic turn. He changed his mindset by transforming his previous ideas of poetry as merely a game to impress ladies into a real vocation. Being a humanist himself his ideas were shaped by humanist teachings. In order to establish his own status as a poet he attacked the humanists and statesman as the most dangerous opponent of poetry. For that purpose his own words are quite appropriate to state here, it was like a civil war among Muses for him to safeguard his personal interest. He took a step in which his own interests were also fulfilling with the help of poetry. Sydneys rhetorical style is difficult to understand. By reading the surface arguments one cannot reveal his imaginative effort which is more personally expressive. It is quite apparent in the opening lines of Sydney defense that is the allusion of Sydneys youthful training as horseman. When the right virtuous Edward Wotton and I were at the emperors court together we gave ourselves to learn horsemanship of John Pietro Pugliano. These line provide analogy between Puglianos self interested praise of horsemanship and Sydneys self interest in poetry an example of his brilliant rhetoric ability. It has often been observe that Sydney at times establishes his aristocratic persona by imposing his purpose of writing his defense on his aristocratic elite to which Sydney himself belong and partly shares their skepticism about poetry. At some instances he shows some nostalgic gestures of his lost promise of youth, when his training as a solder used to be his real vocation. The word horsemanship is itself a symbol of aristocratic elite. It refers to both Sydney and his audience to which he dedicated is work. Sydney own youth was filled with activities involving physical strength which was exercised with horsemanship, weapons and other qualities. He used to adopt those things through which he can have some serviceable use. His tone becomes more nostalgic, thus highlighting the ironic contrast between youthful promises and present task of writing the defense. His idea of serviceable use wasted as he was devoid of using his past skills lost their meaning. The uses of phrases like unelected vocation and slipped into the title of poet conveys double irony. These words clearly refer to his past hardships being a statesman. The word title conveys the fact that Sydney always wanted to earn the title of his uncle Earl of Leicester. The phrase un elected vocation conveys even double irony. For Sydney his serviceable use was always devoted to the service to state. Sydneys main goal of his life was to lead England towards her destiny, to safeguard the protestant cause. But after leaving the court he left his motives unattended and slipped from his heroic and elected vocation into the title of poet. Throughout the text Sydney metaphorically uses the words like Laurel crown, strong monarch for poets. For those arguments in which he wants to give a climatic effect he uses strong military language the great danger of civil war among the muses in the beginning is the example. When he talks about the competing claims among poetry, philosophy and history, he concludes by putting the laurel crown upon the poets as victorious. Before turning towards his refutation he adds that the laurel crown appointed for triumphant captains doth worthily (of all other learning) honor the poet triumph. Sydneys use of metaphoric language places his arguments in a military tone, not in a poetic context. Sydney allusion to Military language and aristocratic values shapes his arguments. They also have a deeper meaning in them by highlighting its broader perspective. He extends his reference by applying a complete hierarchy of skills, ascending from saddler, to horseman, to soldier, to soldier with theory, to soldier with theory and practice, to prince. Thus his definition of the goal of all learning is in the image of the warrior prince. While talking about the different genre of poetry especially in his treatment of lyric Sydney devote only single clause to those poems which are in the praise of God, and rest of the thirty lines are addressing those poems which are in the praise of warriors. He talks about the songs of Percy and Douglas moved his heart more than a trumpet. He recalls hearing at Hungarian feast songs of other ancestor valor, which that right soldier like nation thinks one of the chiefest kindlers of brave courage. This kind of poetry he concludes is most capable and most fit to awake the thoughts from the sleep of idleness to embrace honorable enterprises. He shows his readers an image of poet who is difficult to distinguish from warriors. Another genre taken by Sydney which celebrates warrior-princes is the epic. While giving the ideal examples given by poetry he turn towards those characters which are portrayed as warriors like Theagenes, Orlando, Cyrus and Aeneas. When he argues for poets capacity for depicting ideal characters of human behavior he again comes towards Cyrus, Aeneas and Ulysses. These repeated clearly indicate his unconscious effort towards his past days. Sydney arguments succeed more by metaphor than logic. He gives poetry names as sweet food, a food for the tenderest stomach, a heart ravishing knowledge. By giving such praise to poetry he burden the poet only towards the right end, and despite having an infected will he targets the moral capacity of his readers to respond only to the right kind of excitement. Imagery of sweetness and song sweet charming force modulate immediately into imagery of war any other army of words. Towards the end of Defense he confesses the lack of discipline as a poet, he says that he wrote only because he was overmastered by some thoughts. In the dedication he confess to handling his work triflingly, adding that it came from a head not so well stayed as I would it were and having many fancies begotten in it that demanded release. Towards the end of the book, Sidney discusses the status of poetry in contemporary England. The criticizers of poetry say that it effeminizes nations. According to Sidney, they say that before poets began to be in price, our nation had set their hearts delight upon action, and not imagination: rather doing things worthy to be written, than writing things fit to be done. He replies to this that the great Greek and Roman heroes achieved victory by reading inspiring poetry. Its an art of notable stirring of courage. He believes the other way round that the countrys military weakness is due to low estimation of poetry. He writes, Poesy, thus embraced in all places, should only find in our time a hard welcome in England..and therefore decketh our soil few laurels than it was accustomed. This ironical criticism on Englands overfaint quietness due to lack of military actions refers to Sidneys own frustration on his own inactions. His life history tells us that he often lamented on the Queen Elizabeths weak military policies. He says that poets are now living in quietness who once flourished when Mars trumpet blew. The Venus would like to be troubled in the net of Mars rather sitting idle at home. This imagery of goddess of love entangled with the God of war reflects Sidneys ability to pair seduction with aggression. The appeal of Venus to Mars bonds poetry to the virility of war. He says that England cannot bear the pain of a pen. Again the pen is compared to a sword. As a consequence of low esteem given to poetry in Sidneys England, men of real quality dont get a chance to be acknowledged as knights of the order. The return of Englands lost heroic tradition is conditioned with respect for poetry. It is possible only if men from aristocratic background like Sidney use the pen like a sword. This sword should be used to eliminate the social enervation. As a conclusion, it can be said that the repeated association of poetry with military examples and vocabulary shows Sidneys subtle attempt to revive the chivalry of England. It may be an unconscious effort but it gives us a glimpse of Sidneys partiality towards battleship rather poetry which he calls an ink-wasting toy. While writing Defense, he assumes himself as a warrior prince rather than an advocate of this unelected vocation.