Beam Stiffness With A Hinge

CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 4 - Development of Beam Equations - Part 2 1/34
Beam Stiffness
General Formulation
We can account for the distributed loads or concentrated loads
acting on beam elements by considering the following
formulation for a general structure:
F = Kd - F0
where F0 are the equivalent nodal forces, expressed in

terms of the global-coordinate components.
These forces would yield the same displacements as the
original distributed load.
If we assume that the global nodal forces are not present
(F = 0) then:
F0 = Kd
Beam Stiffness
General Formulation
We now solve for the displacements, d, given the nodal
forces F0.
Next, substitute the displacements and the equivalent nodal
forces F0 back into the original expression and solve for the
global nodal forces.
F = Kd - F0
This concept can be applied on a local basis to obtain the local
nodal forces in individual elements of structures as:
f = kd - f0
Beam Stiffness
Example 5 - Load Replacement
Consider the beam shown below; determine the equivalent
nodal forces for the given distributed load.
The work equivalent nodal forces are shown above.

Using the beam stiffness equations: wL
2
f1y 12 6L 12 6L v1 wL2
m 4L2 6L 2L2 1 12

1 EI 6L
3
f2 y L 12 6L 12 6L v 2 wL

m2
6L 2L2
6L 4L2 2 2
wL2

12
Beam Stiffness
Apply the boundary conditions: v1 1 0
12 6L 12 6L v1

EI 6L 4L2 6L 2L2 1

L3 12 6L 12 6L v 2

6L 2L2 6L 4L2 2
We can solve for the displacements

wL wL4

2 EI 12 6L v 2 v 2 8EI
2 3 3
wL L 6L 4L2 2 2 wL

12 6EI
Beam Stiffness
In this case, the method of equivalent nodal forces gives the
exact solution for the displacements and rotations.
To obtain the global nodal forces, we will first define the
product of Kd to be Fe, where Fe is called the effective
global nodal forces. Therefore:
wL
2
F 1y
e
12 6L 12 6L 0 5wL2
e
2
M 1 EI 6L 4L 6L 2L 0 12
2
e 3 wL4
F 2 y L 12 6L 12 6L 8EI wL
M e 2 2
6L 2L 6L 4L wL 6EI 2
2 3
wL2

12
Beam Stiffness
Using the above expression and the fix-end moments in:
wL wL wL
2 2
2
F1y 5wL2 wL2 wL
M
1 12 12 2
F = Kd - F0
F2 y wL wL 0
M2 2 2
wL2 wL2
0
12 12
F y 0 F1y wL
wL2 L
M 1 0
2
wL
2
Beam Stiffness
Example 6 - Cantilever Beam
Consider the beam, shown below, determine the vertical
displacement and rotation at the free-end and the nodal
forces, including reactions. Assume EI is constant
throughout the beam.
We will use one element and replace the concentrated load

with the appropriate nodal forces.
Beam Stiffness
The beam stiffness equations are: P
2
f1y 12 6L 12 6L v1 PL
m
1 EI
6L 4L2 6L 2L2 1 8
3
f2 y L 12 6L 12 6L v 2 P

m2
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 2 2
PL

8
Apply the boundary conditions: v1 1 0
12 6L 12 6L v1

EI 6L 4L2 6L 2L2 1

L3 12 6L 12 6L v 2

6L 2L2 6L 4L2 2
Beam Stiffness
The beam stiffness equations become:
P 5PL3
2 EI 12
6L v 2 v 2 48EI
3 2
PL L 6L 4L2 2 2 PL

8 8EI
To obtain the global nodal forces, we begin by evaluating the

effective nodal forces.
F e1y 12 6L 12 6L 0
e 2
M 1 EI 6L 4L 6L 2L 0
2
e 5 PL3
F 2 y L 12 6L 12 6L
3
48 EI
M 2 2
6L 2L 6L 4L PL 8 EI
e 2 2
Beam Stiffness
Using the above expression in the following equation, gives:
P P
2 2 P
F1y 3PL PL PL
M
1 8 8 2
F = Kd - F0
F P P
0
2 y
M2 2 2
PL PL
0
8 8
Kd = Fe F0 F
Beam Stiffness
In general, for any structure in which an equivalent nodal
force replacement is made, the actual nodal forces acting on
the structure are determined by first evaluating the effective
nodal forces Fe for the structure and then subtracting off the
equivalent nodal forces F0 for the structure.
Similarly, for any element of a structure in which equivalent

nodal force replacement is made, the actual local nodal
forces acting on the element are determined by first
evaluating the effective local nodal forces for the element
and then subtracting off the equivalent local nodal forces
associated only with the element.
f = kd - f0
Beam Stiffness
Comparison of FE Solution to Exact Solution
We will now compare the finite element solution to the exact
classical beam theory solution for the cantilever beam
shown below.
Both one- and two-element finite element solutions will be

presented and compared to the exact solution obtained by
the direct double-integration method.
Let E = 30 x 106 psi, I = 100 in4, L = 100 in, and uniform load
w = 20 Ib/in.
Beam Stiffness
To obtain the solution from classical beam theory, we use the
double-integration method:
M( x )
y
EI
where the double prime superscript indicates differentiation
twice with respect to x and M is expressed as a function of x
by using a section of the beam as shown:
F y 0 V ( x ) wL wx
wx 2 wL2
M 0 M(x ) 2
wLx
2
Beam Stiffness
To obtain the solution from classical beam theory, we use the
double-integration method:
M( x )
y
EI
w x2 L2
EI 2
y Lx dx dx
2
w x 3 Lx 2 xL2
EI 6
y C1 dx Boundary Conditions
2 2 y (0) 0 y (0) 0
w x 4
Lx3
x L
2 2
y C1x C2
EI 24 6 4
w x 4 Lx 3 x 2L2
y
EI 24 6 4
Beam Stiffness
Recall the one-element solution to the cantilever beam is:
wL4

v 2 8EI
3
2 wL

6EI
Using the numerical values for this problem we get:
20 lb in 100 in
4

2
v 8
30 10 6

psi 100 in 4
0.0833 in

2 20 lb in 100 in 0.00111 rad
3
4

6 30 10 psi 100 in
6
Beam Stiffness
The slope and displacement from the one-element FE
solution identically match the beam theory values evaluated
at x = L.
The reason why these nodal values from the FE solution are
correct is that the element nodal forces were calculated on
the basis of being energy or work equivalent to the
distributed load based on the assumed cubic displacement
field within each beam element.
Beam Stiffness
Values of displacement and slope at other locations along the
beam for the FE are obtained by using the assumed cubic
displacement function.
v(x)
1
L3 L
1

2 x 3 3 x 2L v 2 3 x 3L x 2L2 2
The value of the displacement at the midlength v(x = 50 in) is:
v ( x 50 in ) 0.0278 in
Using beam theory, the displacement at v(x = 50 in) is:
v ( x 50 in ) 0.0295 in
Beam Stiffness
In general, the displacements evaluated by the FE method
using the cubic function for v are lower than by those of
beam theory except at the nodes.
This is always true for beams subjected to some form of

distributed load that are modeled using the cubic
displacement function.
The exception to this result is at the nodes, where the beam

theory and FE results are identical because of the work-
equivalence concept used to replace the distributed load by
work-equivalent discrete loads at the nodes.
Beam Stiffness
The beam theory solution predicts a quartic (fourth-order)
polynomial expression for a beam subjected to uniformly
distributed loading, while the FE solution v(x) assumes a
cubic (third-order) displacement behavior in each beam all
load conditions.
The FE solution predicts a stiffer structure than the actual one.
This is expected, as the FE model forces the beam into

specific modes of displacement and effectively yields a
stiffer model than the actual structure.
However, as more elements are used in the model, the FE

solution converges to the beam theory solution.
Beam Stiffness
For the special case of a beam subjected to only nodal
concentrated loads, the beam theory predicts a cubic
displacement behavior.
The FE solution for displacement matches the beam theory

solution for all locations along the beam length, as both v(x)
and y(x) are cubic functions.
Beam Stiffness
Under uniformly distributed loading, the beam theory solution
predicts a quadratic moment and a linear shear force in the
beam.
However, the FE solution using the cubic displacement

function predicts a linear bending moment and a constant
shear force within each beam element used in the model.
Beam Stiffness
We will now determine the bending moment and shear force
in the present problem based on the FE method.
M ( x ) EIy EI
d 2 Nd
EI
d N d
2
dx 2 dx 2
M ( x ) EI Bd
12 x 4 6 x 6 12 x 2 6 x
B L2
6
3 2
L3 L L2 L2 L L L
6 12 x 4 6x
M EI 2 3 v1 2 1
L L L L
6 12 x 2 6x
2 3 v 2 2 2
L L L L
Beam Stiffness
We will now determine the bending moment and shear force
in the present problem based on the FE method.
Position MFE Mexact
X=0 -83,333 lb-in -100,000 lb-in
X = 50 in -33,333 lb-in -25,000 lb-in
X = 100 in 16,667 lb-in 0
Beam Stiffness
The plots below show the displacement, bending moment ,
and shear force over the beam using beam theory and the
one-element FE solutions.
Beam Stiffness
The FE solution for displacement matches the beam theory
solution at the nodes but predicts smaller displacements
(less deflection) at other locations along the beam length.
Beam Stiffness
The bending moment is derived by taking two derivatives on
the displacement function. It then takes more elements to
model the second derivative of the displacement function.
Beam Stiffness
The shear force is derived by taking three derivatives on the
displacement function. For the uniformly loaded beam, the
shear force is a constant throughout the singIe-element
model.
Beam Stiffness
To improve the FE solution we need to use more elements in
the model (refine the mesh) or use a higher-order element,
such as a fifth-order approximation for the displacement
function.
Beam Stiffness
Beam Element with Nodal Hinge
Consider the beam, shown below, with an internal hinge. An
internal hinge causes a discontinuity in the slope of the
deflection curve at the hinge and the bending moment is
zero at the hinge.
Beam Stiffness
For a beam with a hinge on the right end:
[K ] [K12 ]
11
f1y 12 6L 12 6L v 1
m 6L 2L2 1
1 EI 6L 4L2

3
f2 y L 12 6 L 12 6L v 2
m2
6L 2L 2
6L 4L2 2
[K 21 ] [K 22 ]
The moment m2 is zero and we can partition the matrix to
eliminate the degree of freedom associated with 2 .
f1 K11 K12 d1 f1 K11d1 K12d 2

f2 K21 K22 d2 f2 K 21d1 K 22d 2
Beam Stiffness
v1 f1y
f1y 12 6L 12 6L v 1 d1 1 f1 m1
m 6L 2L2 1 v f
1 EI 6L 4L2
2 2y
3
f2 y L 12 6 L 12 6L v 2
m2
6L 2L 2
6L 4L2 2 d2 2 f2 m2
d 2 K 22 1 f2 K 21d1
f1 K11d1 K12d 2 K11d1 K12 K 22 1 f2 K 21d1

m2 0
fc kc d1 fc f1 K12K 22 1f2 kc K11 K12K 22 1K 21
Beam Stiffness
We can condense out the degree of freedom by using the
partitioning method discussed earlier.
kc K11 K12K 22 1K 21
12 6L 12 6L
EI EI 2 1
kc 3 6L 4L2 6L 3 2L 2 6L 2L2 6L
L L
6L 4L
12 6L 12
Therefore, the condensed stiffness matrix is:
1 L 1
kc 3 L L2 L
3EI
L
1 L 1
Beam Stiffness
The element force-displacement equations are:
f1y 1 L 1 v1
3EI L L2 L
m1 3 1
f L 1 L 1 v 2
2y
Expanding the element force-displacement equations and
maintaining m2 = 0 gives:
f1y 1 L 1 0 v1
L L2 L 0 1
m1 3EI
3
f2 y L 1 L 1 0 v 2
m2
0 0 0 0 2
Beam Stiffness
Once the displacements d1 are found, d2 may be computed:
m2 0 v1

d 2 K 22 1
f2 K 21d1 2 K 22 1
m2 K 21 1
v
2
In this case, d2 is 2 (the rotation at right side of the element

at the hinge.
Beam Stiffness
For a beam with a hinge on the left end:
f1y 12 6L 12 6L v 1
m 6L 6L 2L2 1
1 EI 4L2
3
f2 y L 12 6L 12 6L v 2

m2 6L 4L2 2
2
6L 2L
Rewriting the equations to move 1 and m1 to the first row:
m1 4L2 6L 6L 2L2 1
f
1y EI 6L 12 12 6L v 1
3
f2 y L 6L 12 12 6L v 2
m2 2
2L 6L 6L 4L2 2
Beam Stiffness
For a beam with a hinge on the left end:
[K ] [K12 ]
11
m1 4L2 6L 6L 2L2 1
f
1y EI 6L 12 12 6L v 1

f2 y L 6L 12 6L v 2
3
12
m2 2
2L 6L 6L 4L2 2
[K 21 ] [K 22 ]
The moment m1 is zero and we can partition the matrix to
eliminate the degree of freedom associated with 1 .
f1 K11 K12 d1 f1 K11d1 K12d 2

f2 K21 K22 d2 f2 K 21d1 K 22d 2
Beam Stiffness
m1 4L2 6L 6L 2L2 1 d1 1 f1 m1
f
1 EI 6L 12 12 6L v 1 v1
3 f1y
f2 L 6L 12 12 6L 2 2 v 2
v d f2 f2 y
m2 2 m
2L 6L 6L 4L2 2 2 2
d1 K111 f1 K12d 2
f2 K 21d1 K 22d 2 K 22d 2 K 21 K111 f1 K12d 2

m1 0
fc kc d 2 fc f2 K 21K111f1 kc K 22 K 21K111K12
Beam Stiffness
We can condense out the degree of freedom by using the
partitioning method discussed earlier.
kc K 22 K 21K111K12
12 12 6L 6L
EI EI 1
kc 3 12 12 6L 3 6L 2 6L 6L 2L2
L L
2L2 4L
6L 6L 4L2
Therefore, the condensed stiffness matrix is:
1 1 L
kc 3 1 1 L
3EI
L
L L L2
Beam Stiffness
The element force-displacement equations are:
f1y 1 1 L v 1
3EI 1 1 L v
f2 y 3 2
m L L L L 1
2
2

maintaining m1 = 0 gives:
f1y 1 0 1 v1
L
m 0 0 1
1 3EI
0 0

3
f2 y L L 0 L L v 2
m2
1 0 L 1 2
Beam Stiffness
Once the displacements d2 are found, d1 may be computed:
m1 0 v 1

d1 K 11
1
f1 K12d 2 1 K 11
1
m1 K12 v 2

1
In this case, d1 is 1 (the rotation at right side of the element

at the hinge.
Beam Stiffness
For a beam element with a hinge at its left end, the element
force-displacement equations are:
f1y 1 1 L v 1
3EI 1 1 L v
f2 y 3 2
m L L L L 2
2
2
maintaining m1= 0 gives:
f1y 1 0 1 L v 1
m 0 0 1
1 3EI
0 0

3
f2 y L 1 0 1 L v 2
m2
L 0 L L2 2
Beam Stiffness
Example 7 - Beam With Hinge
In the following beam, shown below, determine the vertical
displacement and rotation at node 2 and the element forces
for the uniform beam with an internal hinge at node 2.
Assume EI is constant throughout the beam.
Beam Stiffness
The stiffness matrix for element 1 (with hinge on right) is:
f1y 1 L 1 0 v1
m L L2 L 0 1
1 3EI
3
f2 y L 1 L 1 0 v 2
m2
0 0 0 0 2
v1 1 v2 2
f1y 1 a 1 0 v1
m 0 1
1 3EI a a a
2
3
f2 y a 1 a 1 0 v 2

m2 0 0 0 0 2
Beam Stiffness
The stiffness matrix for element 2 (with no hinge) is:
f2 12 6L 12 6L v 2
m 6L 2L2 2
2 EI 6L 4L2

f3 L 12 6 L 6L v 3
3
12
m3
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 3
v2 2 v3 3
f2 12 6b 12 6b v 2
m 2
6 b 2b 2 2
2 EI 6b 4b

3
f3 b 12 6 b 12 6b v 3
m3
6b 2b 2 6 b 4b 2 3
Beam Stiffness
The assembled equations are:
a33 3
a33 0 0 0
f1y 3
a2
v1
m a2
3
a a32 0 0 0
1
3 3 6
1
f2 y 12
3 6
12
b v 2
a3 a2 b3 a3 2 3 2
EI
b b
2
m2 0 0 6 4
b2
6

b 2
b2 b

f3 y 0 0 12 b62 12
b62 v 3

b3 b3

m3 4 3
0 0 6
b2
2
b b62 b
Beam Stiffness
The boundary conditions are: v1 v 3 1 3 0
a33 3
a33 0 0 0
f1y 3
a2
v01
m a2
3
3
0 0 0 0
a a2
1 3 3 6
1
f2 y
3
12 6
12
b 2 v 2
a3 a2 a3 b3 b2 b3
EI 2
m
2 0 0 6 4
6

b 2
b2 b b2

f3 y 0 0 12 b62 12
b62 v03

b3 b3
0
3
m 4
0 0 6
b2
2
b b
6
2 b
3
Beam Stiffness
After applying the boundary conditions the global beam
equations reduce to:
a 3 b 3P
3 12 6
a3 b3 b2 v 2 P
3

v 2 3 b a EI
3

EI
6 4 2 0 2 a 3 b 2P
b 2 b
2 b3 a3 EI

Beam Stiffness
The element force-displacement equations for element 1 are:
b3P
0 b3 a3
f1y
f1y 1 a 1
ab P
3
3EI
m1 3 3
2
1
m 3
a a a

0
f a 1 a 1
2y
f b a
3 3
abP
2 y b3P

3 b3 a3 EI 3 3
b a
Beam Stiffness
The slope 2 on element 1 may be found using the
condensed matrix: m2 0 v 1
1
d 2 K 22 f2 K 21d1 2 element1 K 22 m2 K 21 1
1
v
2

0
a EI
2 1 0 3 6a 2a 2 6a 0
4EI a

3 3
abP

3 b a EI
3 3

a 2b3P
2 1

2 b 3 a 3 EI
Beam Stiffness
The element force-displacement equations for element 2 are:
a3P
a 3 b 3P b3 a3

f2 y 12 6b 12 6b 3
b a EI
3 3
f2 y

m 2 0
2 EI 6b 4b 6b 2b m2
2
a 3 b 2P
3
f3 y b 12 6b 12 6b 2
2

b3 a3 EI f3 y a P
3
m3 6b 2b 6b 4b m3 b a
2 3 3
0 3
0 ba P
b 3 a 3
Beam Stiffness
Displacements and rotations on each element.
a3 b3P v 3 3 0
v1 1 0 v2
1

3 b3 a3 EI
3
2 2
2 3
a 3 b 2P
2 1
abP
2 2

2 b3 a3 EI
2 b3 a 3 EI
Beam Stiffness
Potential Energy Approach to Derive
Beam Element Equations
Lets derive the equations for a beam element using the
principle of minimum potential energy.
The procedure for applying the principle of minimum potential

energy is similar to that used for the bar element.
The total potential energy p is defined as the sum of the

internal strain energy U and the potential energy of the
external forces :
p U
Beam Stiffness
The differential internal work (strain energy) dU in a one-
dimensional beam element is:
U 21 x x dV
V
For a single beam element, shown below, subjected to both

distributed and concentrated nodal forces, the potential
energy due to forces (or the work done these forces) is:
2 2
Ty v dS Piy v i mi i
S i 1 i 1
Beam Stiffness
If the beam element has a constant cross-sectional area A,
then the differential volume of the beam is given as:
dV dA dx
The differential element where the surface loading acts is

given as: dS = b dx (where b is the width of the beam
element).
Therefore the total potential energy is:
p 21 x x dA dx Ty vb dx Piy v i mi i
2
x A x i 1
Beam Stiffness
d 2v
The strain-displacement relationship is: x y
dx 2
We can express the strain in terms of nodal displacements
and rotations as:
12 x 6L 6 xL 4L2 12 x 6L 6 xL 2L2
x y
L3 L3 L3 L3 d

x y [B]d
12 x 6L 6 xL 4L2 12 x 6L 6 xL 2L2
[B ]
L3 L3 L3 L3
Beam Stiffness
The stress-strain relationship in one-dimension is:
x [E ] x
where E is the modulus of elasticity. Therefore:
x y [E ][B]d x y [B]d
The total potential energy can be written in matrix form as:
p 21 x x dA dx bTy v dx d P
T T T
x A x
Beam Stiffness
If we define, w bTy as a line load (load per unit length) in the
y direction and the substitute the definitions of x and x the
total potential energy can be written in matrix form as:
L L
E 2
p y d [B ]T [B ] d dA dx w d [N ]T dx d P
T T T
0 A
2 0
Use the following definition for moment of inertia: I y 2dA

A
Then the total potential energy expression becomes:

L L
EI
p d [B ]T [B ]d dx w d [N ]T dx d P
T T T
0
2 0
Beam Stiffness
Differentiating the total potential energy with respect to the
displacement and rotations (v1, v2, 1 and 2) and equating
each term to zero gives:
L L
EI [B ] [B ] dx d w [N ]T dx P 0
T
0 0
L
The nodal forces vector is: f w [N ]T dx P

0
L
The elemental stiffness matrix is: k EI [B]T [B] dx
0
Beam Stiffness
Integrating the previous matrix expression gives:
L
k EI [B]T [B] dx
0
12 6L 12 6L
4L2 6L 2L2
EI 6L
k L3 12 6L 12

6L

6L 2L2 6L 4L2
Beam Stiffness
Galerkins Method to Derive Beam Element Equations
The governing differential equation for a one-dimensional

beam is:
d 4v
EI 4 w 0
dx
We can define the residual R as:
L
d 4v
0 dx 4 Ni dx 0
EI w i 1, 2, 3, and 4

If we apply integration by parts twice to the first term we get:
L L
EI v xxxx Ni dx EI v xx Ni ,xx dx EI Ni v xxx Ni ,x v xx

L
0
0 0
where the subscript x indicates a derivative with respect to x

Beam Stiffness
Since v [N ] d , then the second derivative of v with respect

to x is:
12 x 6L 6 xL 4L2 12 x 6L 6 xL 2L2
v xx 3
L3 L3 L3 d
L
or
v x x [B ] d
Therefore the integration by parts becomes:

L L
Ni ,xx EI [B] dx d Ni w dx NiV Ni ,x m d

L
0
0
0 0
i 1, 2, 3, and 4
Beam Stiffness
The above expression is really four equations (one for each

Ni) and can be written in matrix form as:
L L
[B] EI [B] dx d [N ] w dx [N ]x m [N ] V
T T T T L
0
0 0
The interpolation function in the last two terms can be

evaluated:
[N ] x x 0 [0 1 0 0] [N ]x x L [0 0 0 1]
[N ] x 0 [1 0 0 0] [N ] x L [0 0 1 0]
Beam Stiffness
Therefore, the last two terms of the matrix form of the Galerkin
formulation become (see the figure below):
i 1 V (0) i 2 m(0)
i 3 V (L ) i 4 m( L )
Beam Stiffness
When beam elements are assembled, as shown below:
Two shear forces and two moments form adjoining elements

contribute to the concentrated force and the concentrated
moment at the node common to both elements.
Beam Stiffness
Problems:
7. Verify the four beam element equations are contained in

the following matrix expression.
L L
EI [B ] [B ] dx d w [N ]T dx P 0
T
0 0
8. Do problems 4.7, 4.11, 4.18, 4.22, 4.40 and 4.47 on

pages 225 - 234 in your textbook A First Course in the
Finite Element Method by D. Logan.
Beam Stiffness
Problems:
9. Work problem 4.22 (on page 229 in your textbook A

First Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan)
using the SAP2000 analysis system (you may used any
available structural analysis software system).
Start with two element and increase the number of beam

elements until you get good agreement with the exact
solution.
Plot you results for each discretization to the exact

solution. How many elements are enough to accurately
model this problem?
Beam Stiffness
Problems:
10. Work problem 4.34 (on page 231 in your textbook A

First Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan)
using the SAP2000.
Attempt to select the lightest standard W section to

support the loads for the beam.
The bending stress must not exceed 160 MPa.
End of Chapter 4b

Beam Stiffness With A Hinge

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Beam Stiffness With A Hinge

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CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 4 - Development of Beam Equations - Part 2 1/34

where F0 are the equivalent nodal forces, expressed in

The work equivalent nodal forces are shown above.

We can solve for the displacements

We will use one element and replace the concentrated load

To obtain the global nodal forces, we begin by evaluating the

Similarly, for any element of a structure in which equivalent

Both one- and two-element finite element solutions will be

The value of the displacement at the midlength v(x = 50 in) is:

Using beam theory, the displacement at v(x = 50 in) is:

This is always true for beams subjected to some form of

The exception to this result is at the nodes, where the beam

The FE solution predicts a stiffer structure than the actual one.

This is expected, as the FE model forces the beam into

However, as more elements are used in the model, the FE

The FE solution for displacement matches the beam theory

However, the FE solution using the cubic displacement

Position MFE Mexact

X=0 -83,333 lb-in -100,000 lb-in

X = 50 in -33,333 lb-in -25,000 lb-in

X = 100 in 16,667 lb-in 0

f1 K11d1 K12d 2 K11d1 K12 K 22 1 f2 K 21d1

In this case, d2 is 2 (the rotation at right side of the element

Rewriting the equations to move 1 and m1 to the first row:

f2 K 21d1 K 22d 2 K 22d 2 K 21 K111 f1 K12d 2

Expanding the element force-displacement equations and

In this case, d1 is 1 (the rotation at right side of the element

The procedure for applying the principle of minimum potential

The total potential energy p is defined as the sum of the

For a single beam element, shown below, subjected to both

The differential element where the surface loading acts is

Therefore the total potential energy is:

The total potential energy can be written in matrix form as:

Use the following definition for moment of inertia: I y 2dA

Then the total potential energy expression becomes:

The nodal forces vector is: f w [N ]T dx P

The governing differential equation for a one-dimensional

EI v xxxx Ni dx EI v xx Ni ,xx dx EI Ni v xxx Ni ,x v xx

where the subscript x indicates a derivative with respect to x

Since v [N ] d , then the second derivative of v with respect

Therefore the integration by parts becomes:

Ni ,xx EI [B] dx d Ni w dx NiV Ni ,x m d

The above expression is really four equations (one for each

The interpolation function in the last two terms can be

When beam elements are assembled, as shown below:

Two shear forces and two moments form adjoining elements

7. Verify the four beam element equations are contained in

8. Do problems 4.7, 4.11, 4.18, 4.22, 4.40 and 4.47 on

9. Work problem 4.22 (on page 229 in your textbook A

Start with two element and increase the number of beam

Plot you results for each discretization to the exact

10. Work problem 4.34 (on page 231 in your textbook A

Attempt to select the lightest standard W section to

The bending stress must not exceed 160 MPa.

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