Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INTRODUCTION:
Problems is the first requisite for any planned effort to develop health care.
The data required for the analysis of health situation and health services. Problems
comprise of mortality, morbidity, demographic conditions, socioeconomic factors etc.,
Communicable diseases are continue to be the major health problem in India. The
diseases continue to be of greater importance are
MALARIA
SIGNS AND TESTS: During a physical examination, the doctor may find an enlarged
liver or enlarged spleen. A complete blood count (CBC) will identify anemia if it is
present.
Treatment: Chloroquine, for chloroquine-resistant infections(quinine plus doxycycline,
tetracycline, or clindamycin)
TUBERCULOSIS:
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs,
but may spread to other organs.
Causes:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis)
Symptoms:- Cough (usually cough up mucus), Coughing up blood,- Excessive sweating,
especially at night,- Fatigue, Fever, Unintentional weight loss,- Breathing difficulty,-
Chest pain,- Wheezing
Tests:
Sputum examination and cultures, Bronchoscopy, Chest CT scan, Chest x-ray,
Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare), Tuberculin skin test, Thoracentesis.
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE:
Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old.
Causes: Infection(bacterial,malnutrition in children under five years old. viral and
parasitic organisms),
Prevention and treatment:- access to safe drinking-water- improved sanitation,-
exclusive breastfeeding or the first six months of life,- good personal and food hygiene,-
health education about how infections spread rotavirus vaccination.- Rehydration, Zinc
supplements, Nutrient-rich foods, Consulting a health worker if there are signs of
dehydration.
LEPROSY
Leprosy is another major public health problem in India. During the year 2003-2004:
2.20 lakh leprosy cases in the world. In 2002: 0.44 million cases were there. New cases
were detected out of which child cases were 14.91%, all the states and India accounts for
the 60% of the union territories reported cases of leprosy.
AIDS:
Since AIDS was first detected in year 1986, In 2009 cumulative number of cases has
risen to 124995 by the end of Aug 2007, Total cases-2.4 million, 1.7 lakh HIV/AIDS
related deaths were reported. 41% of new cases were reported from Orissa, Bihar, West
bangal,U.P, Rajsthan, M.P, and Gujrat.
OTHERS:
PEM refers to the deficiency of energy and protein in the body. 1-2% of preschool
children in India suffer from PEM. In 1998, India is ranked 2nd in the world of the
number of children from PEM. In 1991, it has around 150 million children, suffering
from malnutrition. The constituting 17.5% of Indias population, who are below the age
of 6 years. 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 15th, amongst leading
countries with hunger situation
CAUSES: Inadequate intake of food both in quantity and quality, Infections (Diarrhea,
Respiratory infections, measles, intestinal worms)
TYPES: MARASMUS, KWASHIORKER
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA:
India has probably the highest about one half of the prevalence of nutritional anaemia in
women and children. 60-80% of non-pregnant women and children are estimated to
suffer from anaemia. 20-40% of maternal deaths are attributed to pregnant women are
anaemic. Mostly the anaemia is of iron deficiency and less frequently is of folate and
vitamin B12 deficiency.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT: This is the major public health problem. About 30% of the
babies are born of low birth weight in developing countries.
Cause : Maternal malnutrition and anaemia as compared to about 4% in some
developed countries. Inadequate nutritional intake during pregnancy.
XEROPHTHALMIA:
About 0.04% of total blindness in India are DRYNESS BITOT SPOT, keratomalacia,
BILATERAL BLINDNESS
Keramalacia has been the major attributed to nutritional deficiency of Vit. A. cause of
nutritional blindness in children usually between 1-3 years of age.
The prevalence rate in some parts of Himachal Pradesh was 28.7%(Sirmor) and
34.5%(Mandi) ,45.8% in According to 2011 census, 64.4% in bihar;27% in Arunachal
Pradesh. million people in India suffer from this, 1.3 crore people in UP, M.P-0.82 crore,
Bihar-0.62 crore.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
The two main problems1.) lack of safe water in many areas of the country2.) primitive
methods of excreta disposal. Beside these, there has been a growing concern about the
impact of new problems resulting from population explosion, urbanization and
industrialization leading to hazards to human health in the air, in water, and in food chain.
MEDICAL CARE PROBLEMS
Thus the major health care problem is inequitable distribution and inadequate services.
POPULATION PROBLEM
SCHOOL HEATH SERVICE
1. Malnutrition.
2. Infectious diseases
3. Intestinal parasites.
5. Dental carries...
3. 1953-The secondary education committee stressed on the need for regular examination
& school feeding programme.
OBJECTIVES
1. To promote health of the school children through health supervision, health care &
nutrition progs.
2. The interventions vary according to the context of the society, however broadly
5. Nutrition serves
7. Mental health
8. Dental health
9. Eye health.
5. Tuberculin testing/screening for Hansen's annual testing of vision, regular & quarterly
Wt/Ht checking
6. Daily morning inspection by the teachers unusually flushed face, rashes, spots, s/s
acute cold, coughing & sneezing, sore throat, rigid neck, nausea, vomiting, watery eyes,
headache, chills, fever, sleepiness, disinclination to play, diarrhea, skin conditions-
scabies or ringworm..
4. Referral hospital must provide for beds for children who are admitted & provide
relevant treatment.
1. By means of immunization.
1. An optimal school environment location, building & equipment are important pre-
requisites for a school health.
2. A good school environment promotes physical, social & emotional health of the
pupils.
SUGGESTED STANDARDS:
1. Location-Centrally situated, fairly away from busy places, roads, cinema theatre,
houses, factory, railway tracks & market places.
STRUCTURE: Nursery & Secondary schools must be single Ext walls should be 10
inches thick & should be heat resistant.
CLASS ROOMS: Verandas should be attached to class rooms. A class should
comfortably accommodate 40 students. The per capita space for student should be 10 sq
ft & more.
FURNITURE: Furniture should suit the age group. Single desks & chairs should be
provided to the students & The chairs should have proper back rest.
DOORS & WINDOWS:
1.The combined door & window should be >25% of the floor space
4.The windows should be broad located at 2-6 Ft from the floor level.
COLOUR: White & the class room should be periodically white washed.
LIGHTING: The class room should have sufficient natural lighting (room left).
WATER SUPPLY: There should be an independent, safe & portable water supply
distributed from taps.
EATING FACILITIES: There should be separate room for dining purposes. Only
approved vendors should be allowed.
LAVATORY: Privies &urinals should be provided. 1 urinal/ 60 students. 1 urinals/ 100
students. Facilities should be separate for boys & girls.
NUTRITIONAL SERVICES: Studies in India have revealed that 1961-SHC
recommended nutritional deficiency is prevalent among school children. one nourishing
meal 1/3 of protein & calorie requirement.
Implementation of ANP with the assistance of UNICEF Maintenance of school kitchen
& Measures should be taken to veg gardens. combat nutritional deficiencies.
FIRST AID & EMERGENCY CARE: The first aid management for sick children
rests with the teachers & the teachers could be trained during teachers training
programme. First aid box should be made available.
MENTAL HEALTH: The teachers in the school have a Positive & preventive role in
fostering a positive mental health among the learners. Suitably modify learning strategies,
incentives.- rest, relaxation.
DENTAL HELTH: School children usually suffer from dental diseases & School
health should incorporate dental health, Dental hygienist components too. & dentist are
to be employed.
During the dental check up should focus on prophylactic cleansing & dental hygiene
classes.
EYE HEALTH: Teachers are in key position to detect refractive errors, refer for
treatment of squints, ambylopia & to Vit A administration could be done.detect eye
infections.
HEALTH EDUCATION: The health education is an important component in the
school health prog. The H/E should aim at imparting desirable changes among students.
H/E- focus on, personal hygiene, environmental health.
EDUCATION OF HANDICAPPED: Every child irrespective of the disability, should
be encouraged to become productive & self supporting.
SCHOOL HEALTH RECORDS: The schools should have cumulative health records
providing pertinent information and serve as tools to evaluate the school health services.
ROLE OF A NURSE:
RESEARCHER
EDUCATIONIST
ADMINISTRATOR
SERVICE PROVIDER
ADMINISTRATOR : Organize school health progs at all levels. Co-ordinate the SHP
initiatives of the state with school administration. Serve as liaison between the
community & the school in organizing & implementing SHP
Co-ordinate with the state in mobilizing funds & Organize Evolve relevant policy for
implementation of SHP. grant in aids & conduct workshop, conferences & Co-ordinate
meetings on SHP. & serve as liaison for the NGOs & voluntary agencies.
Incorporate the aspects & elements of SHP in PHC Organize school health camps,
involving community & Design mass media. & Co-ordinate with disseminate health
education materials relevant to SHP. allied sectors in promoting & implementing school
health initiatives
Maintain epidemiological profile of school going & Serve as information providers to
the policy makers on school related maters. school health & its related aspects.
EDUCATIONIST: Design a curriculum for schools & health Implement science
subjects incorporating SH aspects. & monitor the implementation of school curriculum
in the educational settings.
Organize Training programme & educational preparation for nurses to be placed in
schools & Evaluate the educational institutions. Refer appropriate cases to referral
center.
school health programme implementation.
SERVICE PROVIDER: Conduct SHP in the area of employment. Co-ordinate with
NGO/VHAI in implementing SHP. Supply & monitor articles, drugs & equipments for
SHP
Co-ordinate /implement the various health prog of the community, ICDS, SHP, Anemia
Prevention Prog, Mid Day Meal Prog, Vit A prophylaxis prog. Periodically conduct SH
surveys & maintain health status of the children