Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Airport Planning and

T e r m in a l D e s i g n
presented by

Eiieen Poh
Assistant Director (ICAO Affairs)

Ou t l i n e
+ An overview of Airport Master Planning based
on ICAO planning guidelines
+ What an airport master plan entail
+ Emphasis on concepts and considerations
from the executives perspective

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Definition of Airport Master Plan
+ Concept of the ultimate development of a specific
airport, graphically presented with written report
to effectively convey the research and logic from
which the plan was evolved (ICAO Manual)
+ Long-term development concept of an airport; an
embodiment of the airports strategic framework
and concept depicted graphically and documents
the data and logic upon which the plan is based
+ Guidelines for future airport development to
satisfy aviation demands in a financially feasible
manner, while addressing aviation,
environmental and socioeconomic issues in the
local community
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Airport Master Plan

+ Airport Master Plan serves as a guide for:
Establishing short and long range policy/decision
an airport aviation
Developin g physical facilities of
and non-aviation
Developin g land uses surrounding airport
Determining environmental effects of airport
construction and operation
Establishing access requirements of the airport
Identifying potential problems as well as opportunities
Securing financial aid
Establishing basis for negotiations of interests and
needs among aerodrome authority, businesses and
community
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 Changi Airport Master Plan

Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Stakeholders of Airport Master Plan

+ Airports are multi-faceted facilities, impacting a
wide spectrum of people and businesses
+ Need for consultation and coordination of
planning with stakeholders concerned:
Airlines
National and local government planners
Government control authorities (immigration, customs,
health)
National and local transport authorities
Aircraft and equipment manufacturers
International aviation agencies and businesses
Concessionaires
Local businesSstrata
egn
icd roertsMiadnaegenmteinat Pl rocgoram
Airp mmm
e unities 6
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Airport Master Planning Philosophy
+ A good Airport Master Plan represents the
most efficient framework with flexibility,
expandability and optimum balance of all
individual airport facilities/services to provide
the required capacity for aircraft, pax, cargo
and vehicular movements with max
facilitation for pax, operator and staff at
lowest capital and operating costs and max
revenue
+ Generates higher capacity and efficiency
through a series of compromises than would
otherwise be attained without reconciliation of
individual facilities plans

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Airport Master Planning Philosophy

IN ALL CASES, COMPROMISES

DO NOT AFFECT SAFETY

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Airport Master Planning Process
+ Involves preparation of broad and specific
policies, plans and programs
+ Goals of Planning process to:
Orderly and timely develop airport to meet present
and future air transportation needs
Coordinate local, regional and national plans
Protect and enhance environment (noise,
pollution)
Establish effective airport organisation for
implementation
Ensure compatibility with state/country aviatio n,
ICAO and IATA standards
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9-13 April 2007

Airport Master Planning Process

Coordinate national and regional airport systems
Coordinate plans for nav. facilities, airspace and
air traffic control procedures
Optimize use of land and airspace resources

+ Policy/Coordinative Planning
Project goals, objectives
Develop work programmes, schedules and
budgets
Prepare and evaluation and decision format
Establish coordination and monitoring procedures
Establish data management and public
information system
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Airport Master Planning Process
+ Economic Planning
Prepare analysis of aviation market characteristics
and forecasts of aviation activity
Determine representative benefits and costs
associated with airport development alternatives
Prepare an assessment of impact on area
economy of various alternatives

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Airport Master Planning Process

+ Physical Planning
Airspace and air traffic control provisions
Airfield configuration (including approach zones)
Terminal complex
Circulation, utility and communications networks
Support and service facilities
Ground access systems
Over-all land use patterns

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Airport Master Planning Process
+ Environmental Planning
Prepare an assessment of natural environmental
conditions associated with the airport impact
area (plant and animal life, climate, topography
and natural resources, etc)
Document present and projected development
patterns of relevance to the impact area
Determine community attitudes and opinions

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9-13 April 2007

Airport Master Planning Process

+ Financial Planning
Determine airport funding source and constraints
Prepare a financial feasibility study of various
airport development alternatives
Prepare preliminary financial plans and
programmes for the finally agreed upon concept

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Airport Master Planning Process
+ Reviews
Annually and adjust plans according to prevailing
conditions
Thorough evaluation and modification every five
yearly or more often if changes in economic,
operational and environmental and financial
conditions dictates

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Steps in Planning Process

+ Prepare work program and identify responsibilities
+ Inventory and document existing conditions
+ Forecast future air traffic demand
+ Determine facility requirements and preliminary time-
phased development
+ Evaluate existing and potential constraints
+ Prioritize considerations (constraints, airport type)
+ Develop concepts
+ Assess operational, financial and environmental impact
of concepts (reiterations)
+ Select most acceptable and appropriate alternatives,
modify and finalize

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 Air Traffic Forecasts
+ Forecasts parameters
Annual pax, cargo, mail throughput (intl/dom;
scheduled/ non-scheduled; arrival/departure,
transit/transhipment
Typical peak hour aircraft movements and pax,
cargo, mail throughput
(arrivals/departure/combined)
Average day of peak month aircraft movements and
pax, cargo, mail throughput
No. of airlines, fleet mix, load factors, route
structures
No. of base aircraft (scheduled/non-scheduled/GA)
No. of visitors and airport workers
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Forecast Relationship vs Master Plan

Revise objectives if nec.
Objectives of airport

Airport master plan

Traffic Capital and

forecasts recurrent Cost
Comparison
of results
Conversion Aircraft Navaids, with
of forecasts movements Runway,
Facility Objectives
to typical Pax, freight requirements Taxiway,apron
Terminal, access
(and
peak hour and Mail
system Cost/benefit
throughput
analysis

Income evaluation
Revise plan if nec.

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 F o r e c a s ts T e c h n i q u e s
+ Informed judgement
Depends on experience and credibility of forecaster,
subjective, immediate term
+ Trend extrapolation
Assumes all past factors influencing aviation traffic
demand will continue to operate with same impact in
future, best fit curve, short term

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F o r e c a s ts T e c h n i q u e s

Linear projection Parabolic projection

Y=aT+b Y=a+bT+cT
Estimated Activity
Estimated Activity

Gomperts projection
Exponential projection

Time Time
Estimated Activity
Estimated Activity

Y=a (1+b)T Y = ab-cT

Time
Time

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 F o r e c a s ts T e c h n i q u e s
+ Econometric modelling
Based on derived quantitative relationship between
traffic and important underlying factors affecting
traffic
A few quantifiable major f actors influencing air
transport demand can explain most of traffic
demand variation
Real economic growth, real air fares, real energy
prices, tourism gorwth and consumer demographics
deemed to be most important factors impacting
aviation growth
Relatively effective for short and medium term
forecasts
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F o r e c a s ts T e c h n i q u e s
+ Market survey (Cross Classification Method)
Obtains primary data from source of airport demand
Surveys co verin g extensive user network to
eliminate bias, expensive and needs proper
structuring
Assumes stable relationship between travel pattern
and socioeconomic characteristics

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Forecasts Factors to Consider
+ E c o n o m i cs + Demographic Pattern
GNP, GDP Population
Incom e distribution Age

Im port/export levels Education level,

Local econom ic activities

occupation
+ Transportation system
+ Trip Purpose
Com peting m odes
B u s in e s s
(fares,
L e is u r e service, freq, tim ing)
P er s o na l Airport ground access
+ Geographical Attributes + Other External Factors
Distances bet ween towns New traf f ic rights/routes
Ph ys ical and local Governm ent taxes +
attractions fees

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Forecasts Factors to Consider

10

United States
New Zealand Australia
1
Hong Kong Canada
Germany Japan
Korea Spain United KingdomHolland
Taiwan France
Malaysia Portugal Italy
Trip Rate

Argentina
Turkey
0.1Brazil
Indonesia
India

China

0.01
-10,000 -5,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000

Per capita GDP (US$)

0.001

Source: FAA, Various national statistics providers, Booz Allen Hamilton analysis

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 Airport Master Plan Objective
+ Developing an airport plan with a
layout that yields optimum airport
capacity within available land to
meet future demand and
international operating standards
+ Delay and processing times
associated with different facilities
and components in the master
plan impact capacity

Strategic Airport Management Programme

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Airport Master Plan Objective

+ Factors that affects capacity include:
Airfield configuration (runwa y, taxiwa y, gates/parking
positions)
Operating environment
Navaids and ATC facilities (availability of navaids,
airspace, arrival and departure routes, extent of ATC
facilities approach/departure control tower)

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 Airfield Configuration

+ Runway Configuration
Orientation
Number of runways
+ Taxiway Layout
+ Terminal / Apron Area
+ Aircraft Parking Configuration
+ Cargo Terminal

Strategic Airport Management Programme

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Airfield Configuration Concept

Runways

No. of runwa ys depends on volume of aircraft movements

Orientation of runwa y depends on direction of prevailing
winds
Runway length is influenced b y temperature, runway slope,
airport altitude, MTOW, runway pavement condition,
visibilit y
Airspace around airport should remain free of obstacles to
permit safe aircraft operations

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 Runway Orientation
+ Aircraft are not directed over populated areas and
avoid obstructions
+ Oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and
cross wind is not too excessive
Reference field Allow able crosswind
length components
> 1 500 m 20 knots
12 00 1499 m 13 knots
< 1 200 m 10 knots

Strategic Airport Management Programme

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Runway Orientation
+ Annex 14 specifies that runways should be
oriented so aircraft may be able to land at least
95% of the time with cross wind components
+ Good visibility

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 Runway Configuration
+ Achieve safe aircraft operations, ensure:-
Adequate separation between air traffic streams
Obstacle clearance
Crosswind provision
+ Ensure least interference and delay to operations
+ Avoid noise and sensitive areas Hourl y capacit y (ops/hr)
VFR IFR
51-98 50-59
Single runway

215 - 761m 94-197 55-60

> 1311m 103-197 99-119

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Runway Configuration
Hourl y capacit y (ops/hr)

VFR IFR
72-98 56-60

73-150 56-60

73-132 56-60

Cross runways

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 Runway Configuration
+ Single runway
preferable to locate terminal equi-distance to runway
ends or shift it if there is predominant direction of
operations
+ 2-parallel runways (single orientation)
Optimum capacity and best air traffic control efficiency
Mid-field terminal between runways preferred
Terminal on one side of runways lead to longer taxiing
distances and runway crossing problems
Runwa ys may be staggered

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Ru n w a y C o n f i g u r a t i o n
+ Runways with 2 alignments
Open configuration preferred with diverging operations
used whenever possible
If intersecting configuration is unavoidable and there is
predominant direction in aircraft operations, runways
should have a rear intersection for that direction
Centrally located terminal to minimize taxi distance

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 Airfield Configuration
Runways
Taxiways

Taxiways to be arranged to minimize interference between

landing aircraft and aircraft taxiing to takeoff
Parallel taxiways increase runway capacity
Shortest taxi distance from passenger terminal apron to runway
ends

Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Taxiway Layout Guidelines

+ Efficient connection between runways and
terminal / service areas
+ Avoid conflicts between aircraft operations
Arrivin g and
departing taxi routes
Holding passes and bypasses

+ Avoid crossing of active taxiways over active

runways
+ Minimize runway occupancy time of arriving
aircraft (eg strategically located rapid exit
taxiways enable landing aircraft to leave runway
quickly for other aircraft)
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 Taxiway Layout Guidelines
+ Terminal/Apron location
Minimum taxiing distance to and from runways
Avoid locations under aircraf t approach or departure
p a th s

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Taxiway Layout

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Typical Airport Configuration

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Typical Airport Configuration

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 Airfield Configuration
Runways Aprons
Taxiways

Account for the safety procedures of aircraft manoeuvring on

the apron
Allow efficient aircraft movements and dispensing apron
services
Flexible to accommodate different size of aircraft types and
future expansion needs

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Parking Configuration

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 Parking Configuration

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Airport Site Selection

+ Determine purpose for which airport is required
+ Consider forecast future demands (operational
and economic) and quantity and type of traffic
+ Define type of airport and operational systems for
forecast traffic
+ Major steps to consider
Selection of site that provides adequate space and size
and suitable locations to serve the residents and
commerce
Evaluation of feasibility of possible locations through
the forecast period from economic, geographic,
engineering and aeronautical standpoints
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 Airport Site Selection
+ Factors influencing airport size:-
Performance characteristics and size of aircraft
Anticipated volume and character of traffic
Meteorological conditions like wind and temperature
Elevation of airport site

+ Factors influencing airport location:-

Type and development of surrounding area
Atmospheric and meteorological conditions (Fog, Haze,
turbulence, heavy rainfall)
Accessibility to ground transport (existing high wa y)
Availability of land for expansion

Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Airport Site Selection

+ Factors influencing airport location (cont):-
Presence of other airports and availability of airspace
Traffic flow patterns of airports (restricted airspace)
Surrounding obstructions (around airports particularly
for approach and departure paths, obstacle limitation
surfaces)
Economy of construction
Availability of utilities (electricity, fuel, water supply etc)
Proximity to aeronautical demand

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 Environmental Studies
+ Noise Pollution
Proper planning of land use for areas surrounding
airport
+ Air Pollution
Aircraft engine, exhaust, fuel venting, auxiliary paves
unit, fuel storage and ground service tanks, motor
vehicles, construction operations
+ Water Pollution
Sanitary wastes, storm water, maintenance wastes
and industrial wastes
W aste water may be treated before discharging,
removing split oil by containment and spill recovery
(absorbent etc)
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Environmental Studies
+ Archaeological considerations
+ Seismic considerations
+ Inclement weather

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 F in a n c ia l P l a n
+ Economics and Financial Feasibility
+ Economic and financials models of alternative
master plans (iterative process)
+ Master Plan should be targeted to generate
sufficient revenues to cover annual costs of
capital, traffic, operations and maintenance
expenses
+ Cost benefit analysis

C api tal C osts Operating C osts C om m eri cal Re venue Interest Ra te

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F in a n c ia l P l a n
RO E S pid er D iag ra m

3 0 .0 0 %

2 5 .0 0 %

2 0 .0 0 %
Resulting ROE

1 5 .0 0 %

1 0 .0 0 %

5 .0 0 %

-
-4 0% -3 0% -2 0 % -1 0% - 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 %

% C ha n ge in As su mp tion s

C api tal C osts Operating C osts C om m eri cal Re venue Interest Ra te

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Changi Airport Terminal 3 completion - 2007

Strategic Airport Management Programme

9-13 April 2007

Changi Airfreight Centre Master Plan (2003)

SP ATC

Megaplex
1

Customs Chkpt

Airport Logistics Park

of Singapore
{ALPS)

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 Hong Kong International Airport

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Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)

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Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)

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Thailand International Airport

S U V AR N A B H U M I
AIRPORT (BKK)

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 Useful Reading Material

+ Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 1,

Master Planning by ICAO
+ IATA Master Planning Manual
+ Airport Engineering by Norman Ashford
+ FAA Airport Master Plan
+ FAA Airports designs

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