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T H E T U T O R I A L F R E N C H ACCIDENCE. By Trof. E.
WEEKLEY, M. A., late E x a m i n e r in the University of London,
With Exercises, Passages for Translation into French,-and a
Chapter on Elementary Syntax. Third Edition. 3s. Gd. The
E X E R C I S E S ( s e p a r a t e l y ^ , I s . Gd.
BY
Londo: B. C L I V E
E . W.
PAO i:
INTRODUCTORY\ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. . . 1
CHAPTER / P A R T S OF S P E E C H 3
' IFSSON
13 T H E ARTICLE 4
4 T H E SUBSTANTIVE AND T H E ADJECTIVE . . . 9
5, 6 T H E PERSONAL PRONOUNS 11
711 TIIE U S E OF T H E T E N S E S 13
12 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 20
13 THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION . . . . . 2 1
14 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 23
15 NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION . . . 2 4
16 PASSIVE VOICE 26
17 INTRANSITIVE VERBS 27
18 REFLEXIVE VERBS 28
19 IMPERSONAL VERBS 29
20 THE IMPERSONAL V E R B Y AVOIR , . . . 3 1
21, 22 DEMONSTRATIVE A D J E C T I V E S A N D PRONOUNS . . 82
23 POSSESSIVE A D J E C T I V E S AND PRONOUNS . . . 33
21 RELATIVE PBONOUXS 37
25 INTERROGATIVE A D J E C T I V E S AND RIIOXONSS . . 10
26 IDIOMATIC USES OF T U B PERSONAL PRONOUNS. . 42
27 DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS . . . . 4 4
28, 29 THE NUMERALS 47
30 COMPARISON 53
31 INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES 55
32 INDEFINITE A D J E C T I V E S AND PROMJUNS . . . 5<;
33 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 5S
31 38 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD . 0 0
viii CONTEXT!?.
LESSON 1 AOK
3941 THE INFINITIVE 06
43 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE GO
43, 4 4 THE TAST P A R T I C I P L E . 7C
1
45 P L U R A L O F S U B S T A N T I V E S AND ADJECTIVES . . 72
43 - 4 9 FEMININE OF S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D A D J E C T I V E S . 75
50 COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES 83
51 ADVERBS OF M A N N E R . FORMATION . . . . 8 6
52, 53 QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGA-
TION . 89
PARADIGMS.
1 C O N J U G A T I O N O F AVOIR . 100
2 C O N J U G A T I O N O F ETRE . . . , , . 102
3 - 6 TIIE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS . . , .104
13 NEGATIVE CONJUGATION 112
14 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 114
15 NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION . . .115
16 CONJUGATION OF T H E PASSIVE VOICE . . . LIE
17 CONJUGATION OF AN INTRANSITIVE VERB . . 119
18 CONJUGATION OF A R E F L E X I V E VERB . . . 12<>
19 CONJUGATION OF AN IMPERFONAL V E R B . . . 121
52, 53 Q U A S I - I R R E G U L A R V E R B S ( F I R S T CONJUGATION) . . 120
5470 IRREGULAR VERBS 132
C O N J U G A T I O N OF T H E R E F L E X I V E S'CII ALLER . . 158
APPENDIX.
A . - R U L E S FOR GENDER 160
B . S P E C I M E N OF P A U S I N G 102
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES.
THE ARTICLE.
NUMERALS.
T
Vingt and cent, w hen multiplied, may take the sign of
the plural though followed by another number. No
hyphen need be used in compound numerals : e.g. trois
cents quatre vingts dix sept hommes ( 146. 150).
Mille may be used for mil in dates ( 149).
J.F.C. 1
ii GRAMMATICAL REFORMS.
THE VERB.
FURTHER REFORMS
ACCEPTED BY THE FRENCH ACADEMY, 1905.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.ORTHOGRAPHY
AND PRONUNCIATION.
THE ALPHABET.
ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
10. There are nine parts of speech in French :
1. Article 1
2. Substantive I
3. Adjective v variable.
4. Pronoun
5. Yerb
6. Adverb
7. Preposition
1 invariable.
8. Conjunction
9. Interjection
When we say that a word is " variable," we mean t h a t
to the word, or to a certain unchangeable portion of it,
suffixes may be added.
The purpose which a suffix serves differs according to t h e
p a r t of speech to which the word belongs :
Substantives have a suffix to m a r k the plural number, as
in English.
Articles, adjectives, and pronouns vary according to their
gender and number.
4 PRECEPTORS' FKEi-iCH COURS K, 18 20.
Singular. Plural.
Masculine, le) 1" before a vowel jeg
Feminine, la) or h mute
le roi, the king. les rois, the i
l a reine, the queen. les reines, the queens.
l'ami, the friend. les amis, the friends.
l'homme, the man. les hommes, the men.
l'htesse, the hostess. les htesses, the hostesses.
T H E INDEFINITE ARTICLE.
15. The indefinite article is, as in English, used only in
the singular.
Masculine, un
Feminine, une
o n roi, a king. une reine, a queen.
T H E PARTITIVE ARTICLE.
16. The genitive case of the definite articlei.e. the
definite article preceded by the preposition demust be used
in French for the English some or any, whether expressed
or understood.
II mange du pain. I l boit de l'eau.
He is eating (some) bread. He is drinking (some) water.
I l boit de la bire. Avez-vous des livres 1
He is drinking {some) beer. Have you (any) books ?
NOTE.The plural of t h e partitive article may thus be regarded as
the plural of the indefinite article ; e.g. un homme, a man ; des
hommes, (some) men.
EXERCISE 1.
A.1. J'ai la plume, le crayon et l'encre. 2. Louis a les livres et
les cahiers. 3. Nous avons les grammaires et les dictionnaires.
4. La reine aura la visite de la princesse. 5. Nous avons une lettre
du roi. 6. Vous avez des pommes et des poires, de la bire et du
vin. 7. Ils ont la montre de l'enfant. 8. Tu auras un livre et
une montre. 9. Vous auriez parl ( s p o k e n ) au pre d u soldat.
10. N o u s aurons les c a n i f s des lves.
LESSON 2 . T H E A R T I C L E (continued).
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.
T H E PARTITIVE ARTICLE.
EXERCISE 3.
A.1. Je donnerai peu de travail aux lves. 2. Le Marchal de
MacMahon, duc de Magenta, tait d'origine irlandaise, 3. Votre
ami est Bulgare ou Montngrin. 4. Combien de soldats sont ici 1
5. Nous aurons d'excellents fruits et du lait frais. 6. Vous aurez de
bonnes raisons donner. 7. Nous n'aurons pas de fruits cette anne.
8. Ils n'ont pas de vin, mais ils ont du th. 9. Nous aurons beaucoup
de travail aujourd'hui. 10. J'ai assez de viande et tu as trop de pain.
B.1. The workman will have a glass of wine and a cup of coffee.
2. I will g i v e (to) the traveller a dozen oysters and a litre of wine.
3. You give too much wine to the child. 4. He is a Hungarian but
his mother was a Pole. 5," You will bring more apples and grapes
(sing.). 6. You would have less work and more exercise. 7. I
should like a little sugar w i t h the fruit (plur.). 8. London, the
capital of England, is a port. fl. We have so much pleasure in
travelling ( voyager). 10. We should bring a pound of bread and
a dozen eggs.
THE SUBSTANTIVE AND THE ADJECTIVE. 9
LESSON 4 . T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D THE
ADJECTIVE.
22. The adjective agrees in gender and number with
t h e substantive which it qualifies.
EXERCISE 4.
A.1. Le roi btira u n beau palais dans le parc. 2. L'lve
indocile rougira de ( / o r ) sa mauvaise conduite. 3. Vous donnerez
une jolie robe bleue la petite fille applique. 4. Le cousin de J e a n
est grand, la cousine d e Henri est petite. 5. Le pre et la mre de
Joseph sont trangers. 6. Le marteau du forgeron est lourd. 7. La
tche du vieux maon serait trop difficile. 8. Le matre p u n i t le
mauvais lve. 9. L a jeune vigne fournira de gros raisins noirs.
10. Nous finissons ce long exercice.
B.1. You will fill t h e large square case. 2. The holy m a n will
give salutary counsels. 3. The least reprimand will punish the
attentive pupil. 4. John a n d Mary are intelligent and w e l l -
informed. 5. She will choose a black hat and a blue dress.
6. John's best neighbour is old Peter. 7. We shall have an E n g l i s h
coachman, a German gardener and a French maid. 8. The Germans
profess the Protestant religion. 9. The castle of Versailles is a
worthy royal residence. 10. The women in Normandy wear high
( a n d ) pointed caps.
THE PERSONAL FKONODNS. 11
EXERCISE 5.
A.1. Vous finirez l'exercice et vous le copierez. 2. Il vous aime
et vous le hassez. 3. J e vous aiderai dans toute circonstance
difficile, i. Ils nous donneront de bons conseils. 6. Le courrier lui
portera les ordres du gnral. 6. Je recevrai Caroline et lui donnerai
les gravures. 7. Jacques m'a dsobi, je le punirai et lui donnerai
un pensum. 8. Elle m'apercevra dans l'avenue. 9. Je la gronderai,
si elle vous "reoit. 10. Vous lui donnerez des fruits mrs ; elle les
recevra avec plaisir.
12 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 100104,
B.1. The workman will perceive the damage (plur.) and will
repair it. 2. You will be astonished if you meet her. 3. You
(sing.) shall give m e the book and I will lend you the pen. 4. Jane
and Charlotte are very good ; I will reward them. 5. You will g i v e
them a French doll. 6. W e should receive them with pleasure.
7. They owe (to) them gratitude. 8. They receive with pleasure the
advice ( p l u r . ) w h i c h (que) you give them. 9. The unfaithful friend
would deceive thee ; thou shalt avoid him. 10. We receive them
too o f t e n ; they will deceive us,
L E S S O N 6 . T H E P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N S
(icontinued).
32. W h e n two pronouns, not both of the t h i r d person,
are governed by the same verb, t h e indirect object precedes
the direct object.
Je vous le donne. Il nous l'a donn.
I give it to you. He has given it to us.
EXERCISE 6.
A.1. Je le rendrai si vous m e le confiez. 2. Il vous le prtera
un autre jour. 3. Si je TOUS prte une canne, vous la romprez peut-
tre.. 4. Nous vous prterons des livres ; vous nous les rendrez
demain. 5. La grammaire est en haut {upstairs), Jacques vous la
descendra. 6. Vous me la donnerez aprs la classe. 7. Finissez votre
devoir ; vous me le donnerez ensuite. 8. Jacques est absent, attendez-
le. 9. Vous avez les livres de Pierre ; rendez-les-lui. 10. Si t u as le
dictionnaire de Marie, rends-le-lui.
B.1. The books are useless ; sell them. 2. We will g i v e them to
them and they will return t h e m t o you. 3. Give it to us ; w e will
keep it. 4. Lend her the ball ; she will return it to you. 5. They
will lose the books if you give t h e m to them. 6. If the dictionaries
are upstairs you will f e t c h t h e m down. 7. The dog will bite you if
you tease him. 8. They will be satisfied if you lend them t o them.
9. J o h n and Mary will lend me a ball ; I shall return it to them.
10. We shall sell (to) them the house and the garden.
LESSON 7 . T H E U S E O F T H E T E N S E S .
PRESENT.
PAST INDEFINITE.
EXERCISE 7.
A.1. Elle chante pendant que vous travaillez. 2. Nous recevons
le journal tous les jours. 3. Ils parlent franais ; nous les entendons
distinctement. 4. Il arrive, comprend l'imminence du danger, vole
au secours de la petite troupe. 5. J e demeure en Angleterre depuis
trois ans. 6. Depuis d i x minutes vous nous rptez la m m e phrase.
7. L'hiver a commenc. 8. N o u s avons entendu de bons chanteurs
au concert. 9. J'ai fait (been for) un voyage e n eosse ; je vous le
raconterai. 10. Jacques l'a aperu l a semaine dernire.
B.1. They have already spread the fatal news. 2. She received
you in the little drawing-room of the hotel. 3. Geography teaches
us that the earth is round. 4. Pheasants eat ants' eggs. 5. E n g l a n d
despatches cotton goods (les tissus de coton) into the whole world.
6. The swallows announce t h e changes of weather. 7. A t the be-
ginning of winter the trees have lost their (the) leaves. 8. I received
yesterday letters from France. 9. I have been here since Monday.
10. H e took aim, loosed the arrow, and the apple fell.
LESSON 8 . T H E U S E O F T H E T E N S E S (continued).
IMPERFECT AND PAST DEFINITE.
DEATH OF S I B P H I L I F SIDNEY.
EXERCISE 8.
A.1. Ils finissaient la leon pendant que vous jouiez. 2. Je
reus 8 heures une lettre de Georges ; je lui rpondis immdiate-
ment. 3. Parmentier importa e n France la culture de la p o m m e de
terre. 4. Le mdecin anglais Jenner dcouvrit la vaccine. 5. La
flotte allie bombardait les insurgs. 6. Le blocus commena deux
jours aprs la proclamation. 7. Les colons abattirent les arbres et
dfrichrent le sol. 8. Quand j'entrai dans la classe, les lves
jouaient. 9. la mort du prsident Carnot toute la France f u t en
deuil. 10. Les Romains consultaient les oracles avant le combat.
EXERCISE 9.
EXERCISE 10.
EXERCISE 11.
A.1. Je serais riche si j'avais t prudent. 2. S'il t a i t appliqu
il russirait. 3. Nous aurions dsir vous voir plus souvent. 4. Vous
oseriez nous dsobir ! 6. Le docteur leur a dit (told) que le malade
gurirait. 6. Si nous osions, nous vous demanderions un avis.
7. Elles auraient t contentes de (to) vous voir. 8. Je serais port
croire qu'il a tort. 9. Elle aurait reu la lettre, s'il lui avait crit
(written). 10. Nous aurions suppos que vous nous l'auriez rendu.
20 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 100104,
EXERCISE 12
A.1. Finissez la narration avant onze heures. 2. Descends de
l'arbre, ou tu tomberas. 3. " Hercule, aide-moi," implora le charretier
embpurb. 4. " Romps le caillou qui t'arrte, prends ton fouet," lui
rpondit le dieu. 5. Habituons les enfants endurer la fatigue.
6. Apportez-lui du papier et de l'encre. 7. Remplissons notre
devoir. 8. Vous avez mal crit le devoir, recommencez-le. 9. Rendez
Csar ce qui est ( w h a t belongs) Csar. 10. Georges demande le
dictionnaire : donne-le-lui.
B.1. If you have finished the copies, give them t o me. 2. God
said (dit) : " Let there be light " (Let the light be). 3. They are
asking for the grammar ; let us l e n d it t o them. 4. Let t h e m (fern.)
ask for the books ; w e will lend them to them. 5. I n v i t e them t o
( ) stay here. 6. L e t us act prudently, but let us be prompt. 7. L e t
us have patience. 8. Let her continue to () work courageously.
9. Go * [ a n d ] see (injin.) the magistrate, and ask his advice. 10. Re-
turn them the book that (que) they have lent you.
LESSON 1 3 . N E G A T I V E CONJUGATION.
62. The negative adverb most frequently employed
in conjunction with verbs consists of the two words
ne . . . pas ; of these ne is the true negative, while pas is
intensive.
63. Except in the infinitive present, where both pre-
cede, ne comes before the finite verb and pas immediately
follows it. Thus in compound tenses pas comes between
the auxiliary and the participle. Ne may, however, be
separated from the verb by pronouns ( 31).
Obs. The negative conjugation in modern English is almost always
formed by the use of do not, did not ; there is no such construction
in French.
64. Besides the ordinary negative ne . . . pas, t h e f o l l o w i n g
negative expressions are used in conjunction with verbs :
(a) ne . . . point, not at all. ne . . . jamais, never.
ne . . . plus, no more, no longer. ne . . . gure, scarcely.
ne . . . rien, nothing.
These follow, w i t h regard to position, the rule given for ne . . . pas.
Je n'attendrai plus. Je n'ai rien vu.
I shall wait no longer. 1 have seen nothing.
* Words in square brackets are to be omitted.
22 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 100104,
EXERCISE 13.
A.1. Je n e partirai pas aujourd'hui. 2. Ils ne lui avaient pas
encore rpondu hier. 3. Vous ne lui avez pas rendu le livre. 4. N e
lui donnez rien, elle n'est pas malade. 5. Nous ne comprendrons
jamais l'injustice. 6. La reine ne recevra ni le ministre, ni l'amiral.
7. J e n'ai nulle envie de (to) le voir. 8. Nous n'avions aucune ide
de l'vnement. 9. Elle n'aura gure le temps de (to) nous crire.
10. Vous n'aurez plus d'argent la fin du mois.
LESSON 1 4 . I N T E R R O G A T I V E CONJUGATION.
65. Interrogation is expressed in French by inversion
of the verb and its subject, i.e. by placing the subject a f t e r
the finite verb.
Affirmative. Interrogative.
Vous me louez. Me louez-vous 1
You praise me. \ Do you praise me ? \
You are praising me. S Are yon praising me? 3
Nous avons fini. Avons-nous fini ?
We have finished. Have we finished ?
Obs. Only the indicative and conditional moods can be used
interrogatively.
EXERCISE 14.
A.1. Parlez-vous allemand avec le professeur? 2. Aime-t-elle
l'odeur de la v i o l e t t e 3. Avez-vous trouv la leon facile ?
4. Gagnaient-ils beaucoup d'argent? 5. Aura-t-il fini avant huit
heures ? 6. tudieront-elles la musique en Italie ? 7. Aimerait-il
la campagne? 8. Est-ce qu'il a mrit la croix d'honneur ? 9. Est-
ce qu'ils le leur donneraient sans regret ? 10. Le professeur parla-t-il
loquemment ?
B.1. H a v e I given you too much work ? 2. Shall w e bring i t
you this (ce) e v e n i n g ? 3. Do I know E n g l i s h w e l l ? 4. A m I
dreaming, or (ou bien) a m I awake ? 5. Has Peter's sister had some
tea ? 6. H o w are (go) you to-day ? 7. H o w m a n y mistakes did
the pupil h a v e ? 8. What (Que) are you asking m e ? 9. Where
have you sent it ? 10. A m I taking your place ?
LESSON" 1 5 . N E G A T I V E - I N T E R R O G A T I V E
C O N J U G A T I O N .
EXERCISE 15.
EXERCISE 16.
A.1. Nous sommes rcompenss quand nous le mritons.
2. Nansen a t reu avec enthousiasme. 3. Les clbres voyageurs
furent acclams par la foule, 4. Elles seraient ravies de (to) vous
recevoir. 5. Nous f m e s frapps de ('by) la grandeur d u spectacle.
6. N e seraient-ils pas tonns de 'vous voir? 7. On a rig u n
m o n u m e n t l'endroit o les soldats ont t enterrs. 8. U n e
expdition n'avait-elle pas t e n v o y e la recherche d e l'explo-
rateur ? 9. Le charbon se trouve presque partout e n Angleterre.
10. L'imprimerie fut invente par Gutenberg.
LESSON 1 7 . I N T R A N S I T I V E VERBS.
77. Most intransitive verbs form their compound tenses,
like transitive verbs, with the auxiliary avoir, but the fol-
lowing twelve, with their compounds, are conjugated with
tre.
aller, to go. partir, to depart.
arriver, to arrive. rester, to remain.
dcder, to die. retourner, to go lack.
entrer, to enter. sortir, to go out.
mourir, to die. tomber, to fall.
natre, to be born. venir, to come.
dtscendve \monte-*
78. The past participle of intransitive verbs conjugated
with tre agrees in gender and number with the subject,
but remains singular when used in addressing one person
only.
Vous tes arrive de bonne heure, Marie.
You Juive arrived early, Mary.
EXERCISE 17.
LESSON 1 8 . R E F L E X I V E V E R B S .
79, Reflexive verbs are those which are accompanied
by the reflexive pronouns
me, myself nous, ourselves
te, thyself vous, yourselves
se, himself, herself se, themselves
80. Reflexive verbs are divided into two classes :
(i) Verbs naturally reflexive ;
(ii) Verbs accidentally reflexive.
To the first class belong verbs which are never used other-
wise than reflexively ; the second class includes transitive
or intransitive verbs which are occasionally thus em-
ployed. Thus, the verb se repentir, to repent, is naturally
reflexive, for there is no verb repentir ; on the other hand,
se lever, to get up, is accidentally reflexive, lever, to raise,
being a transitive verb.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
i l faut, it is necessary ( 309). i l pleut, it rains ( 304).
i l v a u t m i e u x , it is better ( 308).
FOUBTH CONJUGATION.
i l parat, it appears ( 314).
EXERCISE 19.
A.1. II arrive au plus habile de (to) se tromper. 2. U n jour
arrivera o {when) il faudra s'ineliner devant le fait accompli.
3. Quel temps fait-il ? Il fait beau. 4. Quand nous partmes, il
faisait un vent violent . 5. Il t o n n e trs fort ; il grlera ou il pleuvra.
6. S'il ne faisait pas si froid, il neigerait. 7. 11 s'agissait d e prendre
the impersonal verb y avoir. 31
LESSON 2 0 . T H E I M P E R S O N A L V E R B Y AVOIR.
89. The impersonal il y a (lit. it has there) is used as
t h e equivalent of t h e E n g l i s h there is, there are.
Il y a beaucoup de monde au concert.
There are many people at the concert.
Il y avait un oiseau dans la cage.
There was a lird in the cage.
EXERCISE 20.
A.1. Il y a longtemps que ces deux nations se sont querelles.
2. L'astronome avait annonc qu'il y aurait une clipse. 3. Nous
pensions qu'il y avait des armes ici. 4. Y a-t-il un bon thtre
Cambridge 1 5. Il n'y avait pas de soldats allemands en Crte.
6. Depuis quand tes-vous en France II y aura deux ans demain.
7. I l y a eu de grandes ftes Paris pendant la visite du tsar.
8. Voici le livre que vous m'avez demand. 9. Voil un beau sujet
de guerre I 10. Quand y aura-t-il des fleurs dans le jardin
B.1. Were there not many protests ? 2. No, there was only one
claim. 3. Here is some good fruit ( p l u r . ) ; eat it. 4. There is the
coffee which (que) you ordered. 6. Have you not been in Cambridge
two years 6. Yes, two years at Easter. 7. The bell has been
ringing for a quarter of an hour (quart d'heure). 8. Here is a man
worthy of confidence. 9. There is a child at the door. 10. Where
have there not been storms this year (cette anne) ?
LESSON 21.DEMONSTRATIVE A D J E C T I V E S
A N D PRONOUNS.
96. When this and that are used in the same sentence
in English, the distinction is preserved in French by ci
(shortened from ici), here, and l, there, placed after the
substantives and connected therewith by hyphens.
Ce cheval-ei et ce chien-l sont moi.
This horse and that dog are mine.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
EXERCISE 21.
A.1. Ce jeune homme et cette jeune fille sont fiancs. 2. Cet
oiseau ne se trouve qu'en Australie. 3. O avez-vous tu ce hron et
ces canards 4. Cet abricot n'est-il pas plus uav que cette pche ?
5. Est-ce que ces messieurs et ces dames ne sont pas Espagnols ? G. Le
chapeau de Julie est plus beau que celui de Louise. 7. Voici de
belle toffe et voil de mauvais drap : retournez celui-ci et gardez
34 p r e c e p t o r s ' f r e n c h c o u r s e , 1 0 0 1 0 4 ,
celle-l. 8. Est-ce que vous lui donnez ceci ou cela ? 9. Ceux qui
se serviront (who use) de l'pe priront par l'Apec. 10. La marine
de cette contre est plus forte que celle des tats- Unis.
B.1. That pen is too hard ; I will take this one. 2. That news-
paper is English, this is French. 3. Here are oranges and grapes ;
will you take the latter or the former ? 4. He who (gui) arrives
(fut.) the first at the goal will receive the prize. 5. Paris awarded
the apple to her whom (que) he found the most beautiful (la plus
idle). 6. This famous traveller has explored central Africa.
7. This imposing monastery and that pretty church have been built
at the same period. 8. This pearl is finer than that diamond.
9. These dogs and those cats come (sont originaires) from Persia.
10. Shall you choose this jacket or that mantle ?
EXERCISE 22.
A,1. N e S'coutez pas : c'est un menteur. 2. Est-ce vous qui m'avez
appel l 3. Ne lui rpondez pas ; ce serait lui faire trop d'honneur.
4. N'est-ce pas une honte pour un p a y s ? 5. Ce sont les Franais
qui ont creus le canal de Suez. 6. Ce furent des voyageurs anglais
qui explorrent l'Afrique centrale. 7. Si cela arrivait, je serais
surpris (surprised). 8. Vous arrivez tard, ce me semble. 9. Ce ne
sont que des calomnies. 10. C'est nous qui avons frapp la porte.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
EXERCISE 23.
A.1. Donnez-moi m a canne et mon chapeau, s'il vous plat.
2. Voici ton pardessus, ta cravate et tes gants. 3. Ma s u r est
arrive avec son mari et ses enfants. 4. Ta cousine a-t-elle crit
son amie ou sa soeur? 5. Son pe a t brise dans sa main,
6. Roland appelait sa vaillante pe " Durandal." 7. Le drapeau d e
votre pays est bleu, celui du mien est blanc. 8. J'ai parl votre
sur ; parlerez-vous la mienne ? 9. J'ai parl d e vos amis e t des
miens, des leurs et des siens. 10. Cette maison est moi, cette
ferme est h nous e t ces champs sont eux.
B.1. H e r dress is more fashionable than mine. 2. " I will
respect," said ( d i t ) t h e general, " y o u r laws, customs, and religion."
3. Their letters w i l l reach t h e m (will arrive to them) at their
address. 4. Our habits, our garments, our language, are t o them a
subject of astonishment. 6. After the submission of the Malagasies,
the general gave them back their arms. 6. This book is mine, here
are thine and theirs. 7. Is n o t your writing better than his?
8. Mary has g i v e n m e your exercise and hers. 9. Our dogs a n d
yours are better t h a n theirs. 10. Your friends h a v e disclosed
(expos) their projects to m e ; I have declared to them t h a t I pre-
ferred yours t o theirs.
LESSON 2 4 . R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N S .
112. The relative pronouns are qui, who, which, that ;
lequel, who, which ; ce qui, what (that which).
113. Qui is declined as follows, the singular and plural
being identical in form :
Of Persons. Of Animals and Things,
Nom. qui, who. qui, which, that.
Gen. de qui, dont, of whom. dont, of which.
Dat. qui, to wJwrn. (auquel, etc., to which).
Acc. que, whom. que, which, that.
38 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 0 0 1 0 4 ,
EXEKCISE 24.
A.1. Le petit garon qui joue dans la eour est le fils de la dame
qui chante si bien. 2. C'est l'orateur qui a parl sur le sujet qui
vous intresse. 3. Qui avez-vous rencontr dans votre promenade ?
4. Voici l'adversaire avec qui vous vous battrez, et les fleurets avec
lesquels vous tirerez. 5. Le tabac dont vous faites ( m a k e ) usage
n'est pas bon. 6. L'lve dont vous vantez le mrite, n'est-il pas
un peu paresseux 1 7. Ce qui m'tonne, c'est votre ignorance.
8. Voici la maison pour l'achat de laquelle je vendrai ma prairie.
9. Voici l'lve auquel j'accorderai le prix. 10. Tout ce qui brille
n'est pas or.
B.1. The lady with whom we talked yesterday has left. 2. It
is the fish which you have caught (jich) that will be served at
dinner. 3. This man whom you esteem is he who has betrayed his
country. 4. I have profited by (de) what you have taught me.
5. What I was speaking of to you yesterday has come to pass
(arriv). 6. It is exactly what I was alluding (faisais allusion) to.
7. What I admire in you is your great coolness. 8. Here are the
persons of whom I spoke to you. 9. The hedges between which we
walk are covered with (couvertes de) flowers. 10. There is the man
of whom I was speaking to you.
40 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 100104,
T H E INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
De qui parle-t-il ? \
De qui est-ce qu'il parle V
Of whom is he speaking ?
A qui parlez-vous 1
A qui est-ce que vous parlez ?
To whom are you speaking T
Qui cherchent-ils "I
Qui est-ce qu'ils cherchent /
Whom are they seeking ?
1 2 6 . T h e v a r i o u s c a s e s of q u e , o r q u o i , m a y b e s i m i l a r l y
replaced. I n t h e n o m i n a t i v e t h e s i m p l e f o r m que is r a r e l y
used.
Nom. qu'est-ce qui ? what (is it that}?
Gen. de quoi est-ce que 1 of what (is it that) ?
Dat. quoi est-ce que ? to what (is it that)?
Ace. qu'est-ce que ? what (is it that) ?
Qu'est-ce qui vous empche de sortir 1
What prevents you from going out ?
De quoi parle-t-il 1 \
De quoi est-ce qu'il parle if
Of what is he tpealting ?
quoi travaille-t-il 1 \
quoi est-ce qu'il travaille i f
At what il he working ?
Que dit-il ? \
Qu'est-ce qu'il dit if
What does he say ?
NOTK.The construction with all prepositions is the same as with
und de ; e.g. contre qui tes-vous fch with whom are you angry ?
en quoi consiste la diffrence ? wherein consists the difference ?
127. Lequel, in its various forms, is used, like the English which,
when there is a choice of several persons or things.
Lequel de ces garons est votre ills 1
Which of these hoys is your son ?
Voici deux plumes ; laquelle prfrez-vous
Here are two pens ; which do you prefer ?
42 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 167.
EXERCISE 25.
A.1. Quel parfum et quelle couleur prfrez-vous ? 2. Voulez-
vous me dire quelle leon je dois (am to) prparer ? 3. Quels braves
rgiments ! Quelle admirable discipline 1 4. Qui demandez-vous ?
qui voulez-vous parler? 5. Qui est-ce que vous, a t t e n d e z ?
6. Qu'est-ce qui vous plaira dans cette collection ? 7. A quoi vous
occupez-vous maintenant ? 8. Qui est-ce qui vous enseignera
l'anglais 1 9. Pour qui sont ces armes ? quoi sont-elles destines ?
10. Qui est-ce qui prendra soin de mes fleurs ?
LESSON 26.IDIOMATIC U S E S OF T H E
P E K S O N A L PRONOUNS.
128. Le, la, les, which are, strictly speaking, accusatives,
are used with substantival force as nominative complements
to the verb tre, to be, in cases where no complement is
required in English.
tes-vous l a mre de cet enfant ? Je l a suis.
Are you the mother of this child ? I am (i.e. I am she).
tes-vous les gens de la noce 1 Nous les sommes.
Are you the wedding party ? We are (i.e. We are they).
181. T.This word, like en, was originally an adverb (L. ibi).
It is an invariable dative, and usually stands instead of t h e datives
lui, leur, in referring t o animals and things.
J'ai reu votre l e t t r e ; j'y rpondrai.
I have received your letter ; I shall answer it.
Quant l a raison que vous allguez, j e m'y rends.
As to the reason you allege, I yield to it.
188. Both en and y are also used in their original adverbial sense.
Connaissez-vous Paris ? J'en viens.
Do you know Paris ? I come thence.
Je n'y resterai pas longtemps.
X shall not stop there long.
44 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 167.
EXERCISE 26.
A.1. tes-vous la sur de mon ami 1 Oui, je la suis. 2. Est-ce que
vous tes les lves que j'attends ? Nous les sommes. 3. Avez-vous
de l'argent 1 J e n'en ai pas sur moi. 4. 11 emboucha son instrument
et en tira des sons discordants. 5. J'aime beaucoup les Pyrnes ;
j'y passe d e u x mois par an. 6. Plus on tudie Shakespeare, plus on
y trouve de beauts. 7. Ftes-vous les banquiers de mon pre ?
Nous les fmes. 8. Seront-ils fidles leur e n g a g e m e n t ? Ils le
seront. 9. Nourri dans le palais, j'en connais ( k n o w ) les passages
secrets. 10. L a langue anglaise est simple ; pourquoi la prononci-
ation en est-elle si difficile 1
EXERCISE 27.
A.1. Qui demandez-vous ? Monsieur Jean. C'est moi. 2. Est-
ce lui-mme que vous dsirez parler 1 3. C'est d'elle que je parle
et non de lui. i. Nous trouverons notre chemin sans eux. 5. Vous
ressemblez votre frre, mais vous tes moins grand que lui.
6. Dornavant, je n'couterai que toi, mon cher ami. 7. " Chacun
pour soi," criaient les fuyards. 8. Ces fruits sont pour lui et ces
livres pour toi. 9. Nous allons chez eux cet aprs-midi. Voulez,
vous venir avec nous 10. " Au secours ! moi I " s'cria-t-iL
L E S S O N 28.THE NUMERALS.
Cardinals. Ordinals,
Cardinals. Ordinals.
30 treDte trentime
31 trente et un trente et unime
32 trente-deux trente-deuxime
40 quarante quarantime
41 quarante et u n quarante et unime
42 quarante-deux quarante-deuxime
60 cinquante cinquantime
51 cinquante et un cinquante et unime
62 cinquante-deux cinquante-deuxime
60 soixante soixantime
rsoixante et u n soixante et unime
61 soixante-unime
\soixante-un
62 soixante-deux soixante-deuxime
70 soixante-dix soixante-dixime
/ s o i x a n t e et onze soixante et onzime
71
"[soixante-onze soixante-onzime
72 soixante-douze soixante-douzime
73 soixante-treize soixante-treizime
74 soixante-quatorze soixante-quatorzime
75 soixante-quinze soixante-quinzime
76 soixante-seize soixante-seizime
77 soixante-dix-sept soixante-dix-septime
78 soixante-dix-huit soixante-dix-huitime
79 soixante-dix-neuf soixante-dix-neuvime
80 quatre-vingts quatre-vingtime
81 quatre-vingt-un quatre-vingt-unime
82 quatre-vingt-deux quatre-vingt-deuxime
90 quatre-vingt-dix quatre-vingt-dixime
91 quatre-vingt-onze quatre-vingt-onzime
92 quatre-vingt-douze quatre-vingt-douzime
99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf quatre-vingt-dix-neuvime
100 cent centime
101 cent un cent unime
102 cent deux cent deuxime
200 deux cents deux centime
300 trois cents trois centime
500 cinq cents cinq centime
580 cinq cent quatre-vingts cinq cent quatre-vingtime
586 cinq cent quatre-vingt-six cinq c e n t quatre-vingt-sixime
1000 mille millime
2000 deux mille deux millime
10,000 dix mille dix millime
THE NUMERALS. 49
146. Vingt and cent take the sign of the plural when
they are multiplied, but not followed, by another number.
Quatre-vingts soldats. Quatre-vingt-dix soldats.
"80 soldiers. 90 soldiers.
H u i t cents hommes. H u i t cent une femmes.
800 men. 801 women.
Ois. W h e n v i n g t and cent are used in the place of ordinals ( 154)
they have no final -s.
148. The numeral mille, thousand, does not, take the sign of the
plural ; m i l l e s is the plural of the substantive u n mille, a mile.
S i x mille hommes. Il a fait dix milles pied.
Ten thousand men. He has walked ten miles.
EXEBCISE 28.
A.1. Le d t a c h e m e n t se composait de quatre-vingts hommes
d'lite. 2. L a garnison, forte de trois cent soixante-dix-huit hommes,
rsista l'attaque. 3. Ol a vendu la foire trois c e n t s bufs et
deux mille moutons. 4. N'avez-vous pas pay cette maison vingt et
un mille francs ? 5. Trois milles d'Italie font ( m a k e ) une lieue de
France. 6. Le nombre neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf s'crit (is
written) avec trois neuf. 7. L'an du Christ mil huit cent quatre-
vingt-dix-sept correspond l'anne mahomtane mille trois cent
quinze. 8. Ce dictionnaire m'a cot v i n g t et un francs soixante-
quinze centimes. 9. E n mil huit cent soixante et onze la France
paya cinq milliards de francs l'Allemagne. 10. La population de
la France est de trente-huit millions d'habitants.
50 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 1 6 7 .
152. Unime and deuxime (never premier and second) are used
in compound ordinals.
(iii) AGE.
LESSON 30.COMPARISON.
159. The comparative of adjectives is formed by pre-
fixing the adverb plus, more, to t h e positive.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. plus j o l i plus j o l i s \
Fem. plus jolie plus jolies /
Obs. This is w h a t is generally understood b y the comparative
of an adjective, but it is, strictly speaking, the comparative of
superiority.
EXERCISE 30.
A.1. Il tait plus de six heures quand nous arrivmes Rouen.
2. Votre frre n'est-il pas aussi grand que vous 1 3. L e s montagnes
de l'Europe n e sont pas si hautes que celles de l'Asie. 4. Napolon a
t le plus grand capitaine des temps modernes. 5. C'est la f e m m e
la plus excentrique de la ville. 6. Il travaille plus diligemment que
votre frre. 7. J'avais un meilleur professeur Paris qu' Rome.
8. Les aciers anglais sont reconnus (recognised as) les meilleurs.
9. La paresse est le pire dfaut. 10. La fourmi n'est pas prteuse,
c'est l ( t h a t is) s o n moindre dfaut.
B.1. This overcoat is warmer t h a n t h i s cloak. 2. Your frock-
coat is heavier t h a n mine. 3. The Eiffel Tower is higher than the
pyramids of Egypt. 4. The rhinoceros is less large than the elephant.
5. The population of Belgium is as dense as that of England.
6. Paris is less extensive than London. 7. It is y o u w h o have
answered best. 8. They listened with a t t e n t i o n [ t o ] his least words.
9. H e is a rascal of the worst kind. 10. Your pronunciation is worse
than his.
LESSON 3 1 . I N D E F I N I T E ADJECTIVES.
166. The following words can be used as indefinite
adjectives only :
Singular. Plural.
Fern. Masc. Fern.
certain certaine certains certaines { certain
some
chaque { each
every
maint mainte maints maintes many a
mme mmes self, same
quelque quelques some, a few
q u e l . . . que quelle . . . que quels . que q u e l l e s . . que whatever
(any . . .
quelconque quelconques
\whatever
Un certain homme a v a i t deux fils,
A certain man had two sons.
Il revient chaque soir.
Se returns every evening.
Je l'ai v u m a i n t e ( s ) fois.
I have seen him many a time.
Le mme sort nous attend.
The same fate awaits us.
56 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 6 , 167.
EXERCISE 31.
A.1. A m a i n t e reprise je l'ai averti qu'il se trompait. 2. Dans
certaines contres o n n'allume jamais d e f e u que pour cuire les
aliments. 3. Quelques amis se runissent chaque soir chez moi.
4. J'ai l'intention d'aller vous voir dans quelques jours. 5. Quels
que soient les avantages de la paix, quelque guerre clate toujours.
6. Chaque mtier a ses dsavantages. 7. N'est-ce pas le m m e conte que
vous nous avez dj racont ? 8. Avec des matriaux quelconques
l'industrieux naufrag se btit une habitation. 9. L e fabuliste
raconte qu'un certain rat se retira autrefois dans un fromage.
10. Ils enlevrent successivement chaque position.
LESSON 3 2 . I N D E F I N I T E A D J E C T I V E S AND
PRONOUNS.
167. The following words can be used either as indefinite
adjectives or as indefinite pronouns :
Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
aucun aucune aucuns aucunes
none
autre autres other
'un et l'une et les uns et les unes et
Vautre l'autre les autres les autres
* Quel . . q u e is always followed by the subjunctive.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. 57
Singular.
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
l'un ou l'une ou les uns ou les unes ou
J-either
l'autre l'autre les autres le3 autres
ni Tun ni ni l'une ni ni les uns ni ni les unes ni
^ neither
l'autre l'autre les autres les autres
nul nulle nuls nulles no, nont
plusieurs several
tel telle tels telles such
tont toute tous toutes all every
EXERCISE 32.
A.1. Comment conservez-vous de telles illusions? 2. Tout
h o m m e a dans son me un grain de vanit. 3. N'tes-vous pas bien
connu (known) de toute la ville ? 4. Les bavards et les pdants sont
dsagrables ; je n'aime ni les uns ni les autres. 5. On ne lui
accordera nulle indemnit. 6. " T e l qui rit (laughs) le vendredi
A u c u n and n u l when used with a verb require to bo accompanied by the
negative particle n e .
58 PRECEPTOCSf FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 8 170.
Singular. Plural.
Maao. Fem. Masc. Fem.
chacun chacune each one
l'un l'une the one les uns les unes
l'un l'autre l'une l'autre one another les uns les autres les unes les autres
quelqu'un quelqu'une some one quelques-uns quelques-unes
EXERCISE 33.
A.1. Est-il rien de plus noble que la charit ? 2. Personne
n'est-il venu (come) ? Si, la personne que vous attendiez est arrive.
3. " O transportera-t-on les blesss ? " demandrent les soldats.
4. " Qu'on les achve I " rpondit le brutal vainqueur. 5. Quelque
accident arrivera, si l'on n'est pas plus prudent. 6. "Aimez-
vous les uns les autres," dit (said) le Sauveur ses disciples.
* On 18 often replaced by l ' o n a f t e r e t , OU, O, q u e , Si, for the sake of euphony.
t The masculine p r o n o u n p e r s o n n e m u s t be distinguished f r o m the feminine
substantive une personne, a person.
The substantive chose is feminine, but the indefinite pronoun quelque Chose
is masculine, or, r a t h e r , neuter.
60 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 6 , 167.
EXERCISE 35.
A.1. J e craindrais que vous n'arrivassiez trop tard. 2. Si vous
vous moquez d'autrui, vous aurez craindre qu'on ne se moque de
vous. 3. Ils s'tonnrent que nous ne les attendissions pas. 4. Se
plaindront-ils que nous leur donnions trop de travail ? 5. J e regrette
qu'il n'ait pas suivi (followed) votre avis. fi. Je suis surpris que
vous m'adressiez de tels reproches. 7. Je serais dsol qu'il vous
arrivt malheur. 8. Ils seront charms que vous pensiez eux.
9. N'avez-vous pas t indign qu'elles aient si mal accueilli votre
offre ? 10. Avez-vous honte qu'il soit avec vous ?
62 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 6 , 167.
L E S S O N 3 6 . T H E S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
(icontinued,).
173. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause
depending on a verb expressing uncertainty.
Je doute qu'ils soient ici. I l nie que cela soit vrai.
I doubt their being here. He denies that that is true.
Je n'ai j a m a i s dit qu'il ft lche. Pensez-vous qu'il l'ait fait t
I never said that he was a coward. Do you think he has done so?
L E S S O N 37.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
(continued).
174. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause
introduced by any of the following impersonal verbs :
i l faut ( 309), \ i l eat possible, . .
ls neoessar
il est ncessaire, J y- jj se peut ( 3 0 6 ^ p t ^ Possible.
il importe, \ . . il semble, it seems.
il est important, f l t u lm ortant
P - U e s t temps, it is time.
i l est j u s t e , it is just. il v a u t m i e u x ( 308), it is better.
EXERCISE 37.
L E S S O N 38.THE S U B J U N C T I V E MOOD
{continued).
175. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause
introduced by one of the following conjunctions :
afin que, in order that. sans que, without.
a v a n t que, before, soit que, whether.
j u s q u ' ce que, until. suppos que, supposing that.
bien que, although. moins que . . . ne, unless.
pour que, in order that.
pourvu que, provided that.
quoique, although.
Parlez plus haut, afin que j e vous entende.
Speak louder, in order that I may hear you.
Je ne m'y rendrai pas moins que vous ne m'accompagniez.
I shall not go unless you accompany me.
EXERCISE 38.
A.1. I l s vous suivront pourvu que vous les encouragiez par votre
exemple. 2. Quoiqu'ils soient pauvres, ils sont honntes. 3. Avant
que l'on et i n v e n t la poudre, les combats taient plus meurtriers.
4. Travaillez jusqu' ce que vous soyez habiles. 5. Bien que nous
soyons chaudement vtus (clad), nous tremblons de froid. 6. Vous
atteindrez le succs, pourvu que vous persvriez. 7. moins que
nous n e nous trompions, nous arriverons avant eux. 8. Quelle que
soit votre bonne volont, vous ne russirez pas. 9. Quoiqu'il ait
beaucoup d'argent, il n'est pas gnreux. 10. Il garda le silence, de
peur que sa rponse n e ft mal interprte.
B.1. Whoever our enemies may be, whatever their number may
be, w e do n o t fear (craignons) them. 2. However clever we may be,
there a l w a y s remains something for us to ( ) learn. 3. You are
allowed (on vous permet) to enter this shop w i t h o u t buying a n y t h i n g
there. 4. Whether you dance or not, you will be invited to our ball.
6. The candidate will communicate with nobody until his composi-
tion is finished. 6. Whatever may have been the power of the
Romans, their empire has crumbled. 7. In order that you may
THE INFINITIVE. 65
succeed, you must apply yourself more. 8. Although you are clever,
you are far from knowing ( i n fin.) everything. 9. Speak louder in
order that you m a y be heard. 10. Before the war ends, much blood
will flow.
EXERCISE 39.
A.1. Je compte aller voir l'Exposition de Paris. 2. N'avez-vous
pas entendu tonner cette nuit ? 3. Il aima m i e u x croire de perfides
conseillers. 4. Je croirais nuire vos intrts eu agissant ainsi.
66 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 1 6 6 , 167.
EXERCISE 40.
A . 1 . Il cherchera se mettre votre disposition. 2. Encouragez-
les rsister l'ennemi. 3. Ils n'avaient pas pens se prparer
subir l'examen. 4. Ils refusent de se rendre. 5. Ce fut avec
difficult qu'on leur persuada de se rendre. 6. J'avais oubli de
vous proposer de m'accompagner. 7. J'ai achev de lire le livre que
vous m'aviez prt. 8. 11 ne cessait de nous rpter la m m e chose
9. Je le souponne de regretter d'avoir agi inconsidrment,
10. N o u s songerons vous avertir de parler votre tour.
EXERCISE 41.
A . I l partira sans se plaindre. 2. Il faut manger pour vivre et
non vivre pour manger. 3. Dieu a cr les hommes pour le
connatre, l'aimer et le servir, 4. A u premier son de la cloche
l'enfant cessa de jouer. 5. Il a gard le silence de peur de se
trahir. 6. Je dsire lire mon courrier en djeunant. 7. E n arri-
vant la gare, nous y trouvmes nos amis. 8. C'est en tudiant
sans cesse qu'on arrive la science. 9. Vous finirez par vous rompre
le cou, 10. force de travailler, vous arriverez au succs.
B.1. The unfortunate traveller remained three days without
eating. 2. Do you think you can learn without studying ? 3. After
sailing steadily westward, Columbus ended by reaching America.
4. H e has tried everything without succeeding m ( ) anything.
5. The old proverb tells us to turn round our tongue seven times
before speaking. 6. They started early in order to arrive (the) first
(m. plur.). 7. We have said our lesson without making a mistake.
8. B y dint of persevering one succeeds in every enterprise. 9. You
are not serious in speaking thus. 10. You will arrive at nothing by
working so little.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 69
L E S S O N 4 2 . T H E P R E S E N T P A R T I C I P L E .
THE GERUND.
EXERCISE 42.
A . 1 . Regardez les abeilles butinant sur les fleurs. 2. Notre
ur est aimante et dvoue. 3. Les Gaulois taient une nation
remuante, aimant faire la guerre. 4. Les flots cumants s'avancent
e n mugissant. 5. On entendait les cris dchirants des victimes
appelant au secours. 6. Mille cris discordants clatrent, dchirant
nos oreilles. 7. On a rpandu des bruits alarmants. 8. Elles
entrrent e n criant, alarmant tout le monde. 9. Ces enfants ne
sont gure caressants. 10. La mre, caressant ses enfants, les
rassura bien vite.
B.1. The smiling valleys of the Black Forest are very green
2. The t w o friends, laughing at (<?) their fright, continued their
walk. 3. Persons recovering from illness require strengthening food
(plur.). 4 . Savages, disfiguring the image of the Divinity, pay
homage to appalling idols. 5. The study of living languages is very
interesting. 6. This lecture, interesting everybody, was much
appreciated. 7. The old man approached tottering. 8. The nurse
guides the tottering steps of the baby. 9. It is by amusing children
that study is rendered attractive to them. 10. Does not the history
of this country seem to you interesting ?
70 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 166, 167.
L E S S O N 4 3 . T H E P A S T P A R T I C I P L E .
EXERCISE 43.
have been sent from Bordeaux. 6. We had sent some fruit and
flowers t o your mother. 7. H a r e you not received the books that
you had asked for ? 8. I have deserved the rebukes that you have
addressed t o me. 9. The workmen w h o had arrived yesterday have
finished the repairs. 10. All those w h o h a v e visited the galleries of
the Louvre have admired the paintings of Rubens.
In the first sentence (lit. She has hurt herself in the finger) so is
accusative, and agreement takes place. I n the second (lit. She has
hurt t o herself the finger) *e is dative, and t h e past participle
remains invariable.
EXERCISE 44.
A.1. Nous nous sommes d'abord adresss vous. 2. Ils se sont
adress des invectives. 3. Elles se sont fait (made) une rputation
mrite. 4. La rputation qu'ils se sont faite n'est pas enviable.
5. Les soldats qui se sont distingus seront dcors. 6. Nos arbres
sont morts par suite des froids qu'il a fait cet hiver. 7. Ne s'est-il
pas gliss quelques erreurs dans votre compte ? 8. Il est arriv des
troupes pour relever la garnison. 9. Combien de peine il nous a
fallu pour comprendre les rgles du participe I 10. Ils se sont
amrement reproch leur paresse.
B.1. The travellers who have ventured into this hotel have been
fleeced there. 2. The roof of the tunnel having collapsed, many
travellers were crushed. 3. The ancients had imagined that the
earth was flat. 4. After having seized on Gaul the Romans tried to
colonize it. 5. They got up when they perceived your presence,
6. The storms that there have been (use faire) this year have ruined
the harvests. 7. The thermometer marked yesterday the greatest
heat that there has been for ten years. 8. How much (Que de)
perseverance have they not required (use falloir) I 9. The news has
spread rapidly. 10. Many centuries have elapsed since the taking of
Troy.
L E S S O N 4 5 . P L U R A L O F S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S .
EXERCISE 45.
A,1. Ces bonnes mres ont des enfants grands et forts. 2. Les
nez grecs sont droits et les nez romains sont courbs. 3. Des gaz
mphitiques s'chappaient de l'gout. 4. Vos neveux sont arrivs
le dimanche des Hameaux. 5. Leurs nouveaux chevaux ne sont pas
trs beaux. 6. Les flots bleus de la Mditerrane refltaient les feux
des Hbreux. 7. Ces grossiers cailloux orneront, aprs la taille, des
bijoux royaux. 8. Pour trois sous j'ai achet deux beaux choux
rouges. 9. Plus de trois cents petits bateaux pchent les coraux sur
les ctes d'Algrie. 10. Tous ces maux et tous ces vitraux sont du
seizime sicle.
B.1. The young girls laid their fans on their mothers' knees.
2. Our ancestors, the Franks, had blue e y e s ; they wore long hair ( p i n r.)
3. From the height of the heavens the gods descended to m i x with
( ) mortals. 4. Three big owls have made (fait.) their nest in the
holes of the wall. 5. The evils of the war have been related by the
FEMINISE OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 75
papers. 6. The bodies of our dead horses were a feast for the jackals.
7. During the carnivals of 1896 and 1897 I went to four masked
balls. 8. We are enchanted to hear voices so pure. 9. Have you
bought some nuts of {chez) these French dealers ? 10. The big horses
of PCrche ( p e r c h e r o n s ) are much esteemed.
EXERCISE 46.
A.1. Cette jeune esclave noire arrive de la colonie belge du
Congo. 2. Les druidesses taient les prtresses de la Gaule. 3. L e s
Anglaises que j'ai rencontres taient blondes, grandes et jolies.
FEMINISE OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 77
LESSON 4 7 . F E M I N I N E OF S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued).
205, Adjectives ending in -C in the masculine form
their feminine in (a) -che, (b) -que, (c) -cque.
Masculine. Feminine
(a) blanc blanche white
franc franche frank
sec sche dry
( b ) caduc caduque decrepit
franc franque Prankish
public publique public
turc turque Turkish
(<) grec grecque Greek
EXERCISE 47.
A.1. L'aigle aux (with) serres cruelles et aigus fondit Bur la
douce colombe. 2. Autrefois on appelait les jeunes garons jouven-
ceaux ou damoiseaux, et les jeunes tilles jouvencelles ou damoiselles.
3. Mes troupeaux se sont augments de (by) quatre-vingts agneaux
et de quatre-vingt-dix agnelles. 4. On afficha sur la place publique
que la nouvelle tait fausse. 6. Une fine moustache rousse ornait la
bouche vermeille du jeune dieu. 6. La cruelle tigresse fondit sur la
craintive antilope. 7. Une pauvre vieille toute caduque ramassait
des branches sches. 8. Ne sois pas jalouse, chre fille, si ta sur
est plus heureuse que toi. S). Un franc parler demande une rponse
franche. 10. Sous la loi franque, les serfs et les serves taient vendus
avec la terre.
L E S S O N 4 8 . F E M I N I N E O F S DUST A N T I Y E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued).
209. From substantives and adjectives in -eur feminines
are formed in four different ways.
EXERCISE 48.
A.1. L a grande actrice, Sarah Bernhardt, est la cratrice des
principaux rles de plusieurs de nos meilleures tragdies. 2. La
comtesse a t la bienfaitrice de sa vieille institutrice. 3. La
nouvelle danseuse est suprieure l'ancienne. 4. Cette rieuse jeune
fille est la consolatrice de sa vieille mre. 5. L'apparence extrieure
des gens est souvent bien trompeuse. 6. La Patti a t la plus
grande cantatrice de son poque. 7. La femme de ce ptissier est
une dbiteuse de mensonges. 8. La principale chanteuse de ce
concert populaire est ma dbitrice. 9. Circ l'enchanteresse garda
Ulysse pendant de longues annes. 10. Je restai sourd aux sollici-
tations de cette demandeuse effronte.
FEMINISE OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 81
LESSON 4 9 . F E M I N I N E O F S U B S T A N T I V E S A N D
A D J E C T I V E S (continued),
214. I n the following pairs of substantives the masculine
and feminine (except in the case of jument) come from the
same stem, but present various irregularities :
Masculine. Feminine,
f jument, man:
cheval, horse
\ c a v a l e (in poetry)
tsar, czar tsarine, czarina
empereur, emperor impratrice, empress
fils, son fille, daughter
gouverneur, governor gouvernante, governess
hros,* hero hrone, heroine
loup, wolf louve
neveu, nephew nice, niece
paysan, peasant paysanne
roi, king reine, queen
serviteur, servant servante
Masculine Feminine,
exprs expresse express
profs professe professed
absous absoute absolved
dissous dissoute dissolred
tiers tierce third
frais frache fresh
long Ion g u e long
EXERCISE 49.
L E S S O N 5 0 . C O M P O U N D S U B S T A N T I V E S .
EXERCISE 50.
A.1. On envoya des contre-ordres aux arrire-gardes. 2. J'ai
achet plusieurs bric--brac, entre autres trois porte-monnaie et deux
chasse-mouches. 3. Ces hommes sont trs sournois, ce sont des
pince-sans-rire. 4. Les rues d e cette ville sont actuellement de
vritables casse-cou. 5. On se sert, en Russie, de chiens-loups pour
la chasse l'ours. 6. Nous avons sem deux plates-bandes de reines-
marguerites. 7. Les malfaiteurs engagrent des pourparlers avec
les gendarmes au sujet de leurs passeports. 8. Le petit garon
s'amusait dessiner des bonshommes. 9. Nous appelons queues-de-
rat des limes d'une forme arrondie. 10. Les malfaiteurs donnrent
des crocs-en-jambe aux agents de police.
L E S S O N 5 1 . A D V E R B S O F M A N N E R .
F O R M A T I O N .
EXCEPTIONS TO R U L E 1.
B. Nine adjectives ending in a consonant take an acute accent
over the -e of the feminine form. They are
commun communment commonly
confus confusment confusedly
diffus diffusment diffusely
exprs expressment expressly
importun importunment importunately
obscur obscurment obscurely
prcis prcisment precisely
profond profondment profoundly
profus profusment profusely
E X C E P T I O N S TO R U L E 2.
227. A few adverbs formed from adjectives in - u indicate the
loss of the -e of the feminine by means of a circumflex.
assidu assidment assiduously
continu continment continuously
With the above may be classed
gai gaiment (or g a i e m e n t ) gaily
E X C E P T I O N S TO R U L E 3.
EXERCISE 51.
A.1. E n parlant trop savamment, on s'exprime parfois obscur-
ment. 2. Travaillons assidment, mes amis. 3. Nous en prendrons
gaiement notre parti, i. Ces dames sont nouvellement arrives ici.
5. L'avocat a mollement dfendu la cause de l'accus. 6. N'coutons
pas aveuglment des conseils tmraires. 7. Je suis confortablement
et commodment install dans ma nouvelle demeure. 8. Nous
dfendrons opinitrment le drapeau de ia patrie. 9. Parlez lente-
ment et plus distinctement. 10. Nous commencerons prsentement
l'tude du franais.
LESSON 52.
Learn the verbs mener ( 258), appeler ( 261), jeter ( 262),
prfrer ( 266), crer ( 269).
EXERCISE 52.
LESSON 53.
Learn the verbs ployer ( 272), manger ( 274), tracer ( 275).
EXERCISE 53.
LESSON 54.
Lwrn the, verbs aller ( 281), envoyer ( 282), s'en aller ( 349).
EXERCISE 54.
A.1. Mon matre m'envoie vous dire qu'il vous renverra vos
livres demain. 2. Envoyez-nous nos exercices afin que nous les
corrigions. 3. Lui enverras-tu toujours tes lettres trop tard ? 4. I)
ne faut pas que tu ailles en ville aujourd'hui. 5. Je ne m'en suis pas
all immdiatement. 6. J e souhaite que nous y allions bientt.
7. A y a n t reu ce qu'il dsirait i l s'en alla. 8. J'irai vous voir l't
prochain. 9. Allons-nous toujours tre mens de cette faon ?
10. Ces gens-l vont une perte certaine.
LESSON 55.
Learn the verbs bouillir ( 283), dormir ( 284), mentir
( 285), partir ( 286), se repentir ( 287), sentir ( 288),
servir ( 289), sortir ( 290).
EXERCISE 55.
B.1. My master has come in, sir, but. he has gone out again.
2. I think that the water is boiling in the teapot. 3. We were
boiling w i t h impatience to see our country again. 4. If you do n o i
sleep well, take a little opium. 5. Pardon the culprit who repents.
6. I felt the storm coming when you started. 7. Must I then lie in
order to please you i 8. H e never deviated from an extreme caution.
9. W h e n do you wish me t o start again? 10. He repented s m c e r e l j
of his fault.
QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS. 81
LESSON 56.
Learn the verbs assaillir ( 291), cueillir ( 292),
couvrir ( 293).
EXERCISE 66.
LESSON 57.
Learn the verbs fuir ( 294), vtir ( 295), tenir ( 296),
venir ( 297).
EXERCISE 67.
A.1. Est-il possible que nous f u y i o n s devant ces barbares ?
2. F u y e z ce spectacle rvoltant. 3. J e dsire que vous revtiez vos
plus beaux habits. 4. Ma mre vtait les enfants de ses pauvreB
voisins. 5. Je ne tiens nullement connatre cet individu. 6. Il se
lint tranquille aprs cette correction. 7. Je me souviens du temps
o vous veniez chez mon pre. 8. S'il survenait un troisime assaillant,
interviendriez-vous 1 9. Il serait prudent que tu fuisses ce f u n e s t e
rivage. 10. Les soldats effrays s'enfuyaient en dsordre.
LESSON 58.
Leam the verbs courir ( 298), mourir ( 299),
acqurir ( 300).
EXERCISE 58.
A.1. J'ai parcouru tout le chapitre deux de cet ouvrage. 2. Dana
leur poignante infortune, ils recouraient leurs amis. 3. N'avez-vous
pas concouru pour cette place ? i. Il acquiert chaque jour de l'ex-
prience. 6. De tous les pays que la Rpublique et Napolon 1er
conquirent, il ne resta rien la France. 6. Quoique je me sois
enquis de sa sant, je n'ai aucune nouvelle de lui. 7. Savez-vous
quand est mort Georges premier ? 8. Rappelons-nous que nous
mourrons un jour. 9. Sa mre est morte quand il tait encore au
berceau. 10. Les passants furent requis de prter main-forte aux
agents.
B.1. They hastened at the call of their friends in danger and
helped them. 2. I do not run as fast as you. 3. Where must I
run 1 4. Would you have preferred him to die 1 5. It is necessary
that he should die to expiate his crime. 6. These plants will soon
be dead if you do not water them. 7. All the provinces that you
conquer ( f u t . ) will be acquired to you. 8. Although he had dis-
coursed for two hours, he began again to speak. 9. You will incur
your father's anger. 10. Napoleon III. died in exile.
LESSON 59.
Learn the verbs recevoir ( 301), devoir ( 302), mouvoir
( 303), pleuvoir ( 301).
NOTE.The verb devoir, used as an auxiliary, often corresponds to
the English "to be," or "to have," with a sense of obligation, e.g.
le concert devait avoir lieu hier, the eoneert was to take place
yesterday; il a d partir, he has had (been obliged) to go away.
The conditional of devoir corresponds to the English auxiliary ought,
e.g. vous devriez avoir honte de votre conduite, yoxi ought to be
ashamed of your conduct.
EXERCISE 59.
A.1. L'archevque de Tours a t promu la dignit de cardinal.
2. Ce rcit pathtique ne vous mouvra-t-il pas ? 3. La vue d'une
telle misre m'meut profondment. 4. Pleuvra-t-il encore aujourd'
hui l 5. Il pleut souvent dans l'ouest de l'Angleterre. 6. Cette
usine est mue par la vapeur. 7. Le pauvre animal se mouvait avec
difficult. 8. Runissant nos efforts, nous mmes le lourd vhicule.
9. Aprs le paiement de cotte traite, je ne vous devrai plus rien.
10. Je doute qu'il vous doive une telle somme.
QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS. 93
EXERCISE 59a.
A.1. Il aurait d m'avertir. 2. C'est l qu'il devait me re-
joindre. 3. Vous devriez venir ici pendant les ftes de juin. 4. On
doit toujours faire son devoir. 5. I l fait trs c h a u d ; vous devez avoir
bien soif.
B.1. Which road am I to take ? 2. The useless journey that I
have h a d to take (faire) has tired me. 3. We ou^ht never to speak
without reflecting. 4. H o w surprised he must have been to see you I
6. I t m u s t have been nearly half-past t e n w h e n t h e storm broke out.
LESSON 60.
Learn the verbs savoir ( 305), pouvoir ( 306)
vouloir ( 307).
NOTE.The verb savoir denotes ability resulting from study or
practice, while pouvoir denotes ability resulting from the absence of
obstacles, e.g. savez-vous patiner 1 can you skate ? oui, mais j e ne le
peux pas aujourd'hui, yes, but I cannot to-day.
EXERCISE 60.
A . 1 . Nous ne pouvons accepteT vos conditions. 2. Mme s'il
l'avait voulu, il n'aurait pu venir. 3. On ne pourra pas achever
ce travail. 4. Puiss-je (May I ) de m e s y e u x y voir tomber l a
foudre ! 5. Nous voudrions que vous puissiez parler franais.
6. Veuillez, je vous prie, agrer mes amicales salutations. 7. Ce que
nous voulons aujourd'hui, nous le voudrons toujours. S. Je ne sus
que rpondre. 9. Avez-vous su votre leon ce m a t i n ? 10. Saurez-
voud an moins vous tirer d'affaire ?
B.1. D o you (sing.) know that this old man was the honour of his
race ? 2. H o w should they know it if you had not told it to t h e m ?
3. Can I b e of any use to y o u ? 4. I can render you this service.
5. We should not like to undertake this task. 6. 1 wish you to know
it. 7. One must know from w h a t one is suffering. 8. Let us k n o w
h o w t o conqucr or let us know h o w to die. 9. He did not wish you
to know his story. 10. Know that a good soldier prefers death to
dishonour.
94 THE PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE.
LESSON 61.
Learn the verbs valoir ( 308), falloir ( 309), voir ( 310),
asseoir ( 311).
NOTE.The impersonal verb falloir should seldom be rendered
literally in English, e.g.. i l m'a f a l l u partir, I had to leave ; i l faut
que vous vous taisiez, you must hold your tongue, etc.
EXERCISE 61.
LESSON 62.
Lewrn the verbs connatre ( 313), paratre ( 314), crotre
( 315), natre ( 316).
NOTE.Connatre means to know in the sense of to le acquainted
with, to know by experience, e . g . connaissez-vous Paris'! do you
know Paris? Savoir means to know in the sense of to have learnt,
to have acquired information, e.g. j e ne sais pas ma leon, I do not
know my lesson.
EXERCISE 62.
LESSON 63.
Leai-n the verbs plaire ( 317), lire ( 318), taire ( 319),
boire ( 320).
EXERCISE 63.
A.1. Asseyez-vous, s'il vous plat. 2. Vous vous compltes dans
une oisive existence. 3. Nous y bmes de bonne bire et y man-
gemes de la choucrote. 4. Faudra-t-il que nous buvions ce
calice jusqu' la lie ? 5. Il est juste que nous taisions les dfauts de
nos amis. 6. Peut-tre et-il m i e u x valu nous taire. 7. Il faut
que nous lisions un prsident. 8. Lisez et relisez les bons auteurs.
9. Plaise Dieu (Heaven, grant) que vous ne vous trompiez pas I
10. Il est difficile d'crire des livres plaisant tout le monde.
B.1. I have read your letter w i t h the greatest attention. 2. W e
re-read this article t w i c e w i t h o u t being able t o understand it.
3. This verbose individual is never silent. 4. We became silent on
( ) her arrival. 5. We are drinking wine and you are drinking beer.
6. W h a t used you to drink in Germany 1 7. I should like you to
read in ( d e ) a less monotonous manner. 8. They wish you to read
their poetry (plur.'). 9. I do n o t t h i n k that I have pleased her
10. That man displeased me a t first sight.
LESSON 64.
Learn the verbs croire ( 321), conclure ( 322), moudre
( 323), absoudre ( 324), rsoudre ( 325).
EXERCISE 64.
A.1. Nous nous rsolmes mettre tout en uvre. 2. Les
hommes d'tat, rsolvant cette question avec habilet, assu-
rrent la paix. 3. La chaleur a rsous toute l'eau en vapeur. 4. La
sentence du juge absout c o m p l t e m e n t votre ami. 5. Elle a t
entirement absoute. 6. Je signai le bail, croyant avoir conclu une
bonne affaire. 7. Nous le crmes sur parole. 8. Nous n'en con-
cluions pas que vous excluiez ces lves de l'examen. 9. Ce
pltre n'est pas moulu assez fin. 10. Prenez garde de vous couper ;
ces couteaux sont frais moulus.
96 THE PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE.
LESSON 65.
Learn the verbs vivre ( 326), coudre ( 327), vaincre ( 328).
EXERCISE 65.
A.1. J e vis aussi simplement que vous vctes autrefois. 2. Com-
bien de temps avez-vous vcu L y o n ? 3. Ces tribus sauvages
vivaient de pche et de chasse. 4. Il demande que vous recousiez cet
accroc. 5. Nous vivrons heureux si nous vainquons nos passions.
6. Son raisonnement convainquant tout le monde, il trouva de
nombreux adhrents. 7. Quels ennemis voulez-vous que nous vain-
quions maintenant ? 8. L'hygine veut que nous vivions sobrement.
9. J'ai demeur quatre ans chez les Arabes, vivant parmi eux et
c o m m e eux. 10. La pauvre veuve vit de son travail, cousant parfois
jusqu' minuit.
B.1. H e vanquished his enemies and conquered their possessions.
2. Y o u do not appear very convinced. 3. The poor father has
survived all his children. 4. I hope they will survive their grief.
5. Live on (de) little and thou w i l t live happy. 6. Your (sing.)
dress is unsewn, you must sew it up again. 7. Sew together these
various pieces of stuff. 8. These girls sew industriously. 9. She
s e w e d up her jacket w h i c h she had torn. 10. H e would like m e to
live like a (en) hermit.
LESSON 66.
Learn the verbs craindre ( 329), peindre ( 330),
joindre ( 331).
EXERCISE 66.
A.1. Il ceignit son p e et f e i g n i t de partir. 2. N'ont-ils pas
a t t e i n t leur b u t ? 3. N'teignez pas encore la lampe. 4. N e
craigniez-vous pas le j u g e m e n t du public ? 6. N e crains rien, j e
n'enfreindrai pas tes prescriptions. 6. Nous avons craint que le f e u
ne ft teint. 7. Nous lui avons enjoint de venir sans retard.
8. Cette table est toute disjointe. 9. Saint-Rmi oignit Clovis et
lui enjoignit de rester fidle au vrai Dieu. 10. E n atteignant le but,
j'tais bout de forces.
B.1. H e is a modest man, always fearing to importune others.
2. " What do you f e a r ? " Alexander asked the Gauls. 3. We only
QUASI-IRREGULAR VERBS. 97
fear lest the sky should fall on our heads, 4. H e was groaning
piteously when we reached him. 5. D o they fear that we shall not
paint this picture well ? 6. Have not the workmen painted the
doors and shutters ? 7. Make haste, if you wish us to rejoin them.
8. She earned her living by d y e i n g silk. 9. These athletes join
strength to agility. 10. Do you wish us to attach somebody to you ?
LESSON 67.
Leam the verbs conduire ( 332), instruire ( 333), cuire
( 334), nuire ( 335).
EXERCISE 67.
LESSON 68.
Learn the verbs crire ( 336), traire ( 337), suivre
( 338), rire ( 339).
EXERCISE 68.
A.1. Nous nous rmes de leurs menaces puriles, 2. Il semble
que vous riiez de nos avis. 3. Il suit vos avis, et s'en trouve bien.
4. E n suivant cette rue, vous arriverez l'htel de ville. 5. J'ai t
poursuivi par une bande de loups. 6. Avcz-vous trait la chvre
blanche? 7. Le billet que vous avez souscrit choit (falls due)
demain. 8. E n vous crivant je pense au plaisir de vous revoir.
9. T.e docteur me prescrivit une alimentation substantielle. 10. Nos
vaches ont t traites ce matin.
98 preceptors' FRENCH c o u r s e , 1 9 7 2 0 2 .
LESSON 69.
Learn the verbs suffire ( 340), confire ( 341), *dire
( 342), maudire ( 343). '
EXERCISE 69.
A.1. Nous vivons heureux parce que nous suffisons nos
besoins. 2. Notre pre voulait que nous nous suffissions nous-
mmes. 3. Cet avis leur suffira-t-il? 4. Ces fruits ont t confits
dans le sucre. 5. Confisez-vous des cornichons ou des piments ?
6. Il m'a suffi de le voir pour le juger. 7. chaque jour suffit sa
peine. 8. Faut-il qu'un pre maudisse son propre fils 1 9. l a fin
il s'est ddit. 10. Que me dites-vous l ? j'en suis tout abasourdi.
B.1. Cursed be (soit) war and its horrors 1 2. Would you wish
her t(\ curse the day when (o) she first saw you ? 3. D o y o u w i s h us
to preserve some quinces ? 4. The pastry-cook preserved his cherries
i n syrup. 5. We were told that you would not go t o t h e lecture.
6. You must tell them that they are not right. 7. He has contra-
dicted me. 8. H i s salary is not sufficient to support his f a m i l y .
9. "Give," said the poor orphan; " a little suffices for me." 10. A
hundred francs will not be enough for you to make that journey.
LESSON 70.
Learn the verbs faire ( 344), prendre ( 345), mettre
( 34G), battre ( 347).
NOTE.Faire, followed b y an infinitive active, is used causative! y
as the equivalent o have f o l l o w e d by a past participle, e.g. j e v a i s
faire relier ces livres, I am going to hare these books bound.
EXERCISE 70.
A . 1 . Chemin faisant, il me mit au courant de s o n projet.
2. Avez-vous dj dsappris ce que je vous ai appris ? 3. Je ne
comprends pas que vous paraissiez si surpris. 4. Faites faire vos
habits chez mon tailleur. 5. Faites autrui ce que vous voudriez
qu'on vous fit vous-mmes. 6. l'an, qu'as-tu fait de ton frre ? "
demanda le Seigneur. 7. Le soldat se bat avec courage, quand il
* Compounds of dire, except redire, have -disez in the second person plural of
th< present indicative, t.u. vous mdisez.
TIIE YEJRB. 99
T H E F O U R R E G U L A R CONJUGATIONS.
232. French verbs are divided into four conjugations
according to the endings of the infinitive, which are (1) -er,
(2) -ir, (3) -oir, (4) -re.
233. From the five principal parts of a French verb
all the other parts may be formed. The principal parts are
(1) the present infinitive; (2) the present participle stem, i.e.
the stem left after cutting off the ending -ant ; (3) the past
participle ; (4) the present indicative (first person singular) ;
(5) the past definite indicative (first person singular).
234. The various parts of a verb are thus formed, with
the addition of the suffixes shown in the paradigms.
To f o r m t h e
INDICATIVE. Formed from first person
add
Present, 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, present indicative (1st sing.)
plural present participle stem -oils
Imperfect -ais
Past definite (throughout) past definite (1st sing.)
Future infinitive -ai
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present (except in the 3rd conj.) present participle stem -e
Imperfect past definite (2nd sing.) -se
CONDITIONAL, present infinitive -ais
IMPERATIVE, present (except
3rd person) present indicative
NOTE.In forming the future indicative and present conditional
from the infinitive, oi must be dropped in the case of verbs of the
third conjugation and e in the case of verbs of the fourth.
100 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSF., 235.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
/ have j'ai eu, I have
] M,
tu as, thou hast tu as eu, thou hast
il a, elle a, he (or she) has il a eu, elle a eu, he (or she)
nous av-ons, we have has
vous av ez, you have nous avons eu, we have
ils ont, elles ont, they have vous avez eu, you have
ils o n t eu, elles h a m
IMPERFECT. ont eu, / J
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(que) j* ai-e, (that) I may . (que) j'aie eu, (that) Imay ,
(que) tu ai-es, (that) thou (que) tu aies eu, (that) thou
mayst mayst
(qu') il ai-t, (that) he may (qu') il ait eu, (that) he may
(que) nous ay-ons, (that) we (que) nous ayons\(tJ/at) we
may eu, J may
( q u e ) TOUS a y - e z , (that) yon (que) vous ayez\(that) you
may eu, "J may
(qu') ils ai-ent, (that) they (qu') ils aient\(i/mi) they
may eu, / may
IMPERFECT. PIUPSBFECT.
(que) j ' e u - s s e , (that) I might (que) j'eusse eu, (that) I might
(que) t u eu-sses, (that) thou (que) tu e u s s e s \ ( t h a t ) thou
miyhte.it eu, J mightest
(qu') il e-t, (that) he might (qu') il et eu, (that) he might
(que) nous eu-ssions, (that) we (que) nous e u s s i o n s \ ( i / i i ) we y
might eu, / might
(que) vous eu-ssiez, (that) you (que) vous e u s s i e z \ ( t h a t ) you
might eu, J might
(qu') ils eu-ssent, (that) they (qu') ils eussent\(S/taf) they
might eu, / might
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
j' aur-ais, I should j'aurais eu, I should \
tu aur-ais, thou wouldst t u aurais eu, thou wouldst
il aur-ait, he would il aurait eu, he would
nous aur-ions, we should nous aurions eu, we should
vous aur-iez, you would vous auriez eu, you would
ils aur-aient,t they ivould ils auraient eu, they would ,
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
ay-ons, let us have
ai-e, have ay-ez, have
(qu'il ai-t), let him have (qu'ils ai-ent), let them have
INDICATIVE MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESEKT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(que) je soi-s, (that) I\ (que) j'aie t, [that) I\
may may
(que) tu sei-s, (that) thou (que) tu aies t, (that) thou
may st mayst
(qu') il soi-t, (that) he (qu') il ait t, (that) he
may may
(que) nous soy-ons, (that) wo (qe) nous ayons"( (that) w
may t, / may
(que) vous soy-ez, (that) you (que) vous a y e z \ ( t h a t ) you
may t, J may
(qu') ils soi-ent, (that) they (qu') ils aient"! (that) they
may t, f may
IMPEBFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(que) je fu-sse, (that) I (que) j'eusse t, (that) A
might might
(que) tu fu-sses, (thai) tliou (que) tu eusses\(/ia/) thou
miqlitest t, / mightest
(qu') il f-t, (that) he (qu') il et t, (thai) he
miy ht might .
(que) nous fu-ssions, (that) we (que) nous eussions"! (that) we
might t, J might
(que) vous fu-ssiez (that) yov (que) vous eussiez"! (that) you
might t, J might
(qu') ils fu-ssent, (that) they (qu') ils eussent"! (that) they
might ; t, J might
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je ser ais, I should j'aurais t, 1 should
tu ser-ais, thou wouldt tu aurais t, thou wouldst
il seT-ait, he would il aurait t, he would
- Js
nous ser-ions, we should nous aurions t, we shotild
vous ser-iez, you would vous auriez t, you would
ils ser-aient, they would ils auraient t, they would
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PBESENT.
soy-ons, let us be
SOL-S, he soy-ez, be
(qu'il soi-t), let him be (qu'ils soi-ent). let them be
NOTE. The verb tre is used as an a u x i l i a r y
(a) in t h e c o n j u g a t i o n of t h e passive voie ;
(h) in t h e c o m p o u n d tenses of c e r t a i n i n t r a n s i t i v e verbs ;
(i) in t h e c o m p o u n d tenses of rcllexive verbs ;
104 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST I N D E F I N I T E .
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
je port-e, I may j'aie port, I may
tu port-es, tliem mayst tu aies port, thou mayst
il port-e. he may s il ait port, he may i.
VS
nous port-ions, we may a nous ayons port, we may
vous port-iez, you may vous ayez port, you may
ils port-ent, they may . ils aient port, they may ,
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
je port-asse, I m'ujht j'eusse port, I might
tu port-asses, thou t u eusses port, thou
migh test mightest
il port-t, he might il et port, he might
nous port-assions,ue might nous eussions port, we might
vous port-assiez, you might vous eussiez port, you might
ils port-assent, they might. ils eussent port, they might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT, PERFECT.
j e port-er-ais, I should j'aurais port, I should '
tu port-er-ais, thou tu aurais port, thou
would st wouldst
il port-er-ait, he would il aurait port, he would
nous port-er-ions,!e should nous aurions port, we should
vous port-er-iez, you would vous auriez port, you would
ils port-er-aient, they would. ils auraient port, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
port-e, carry
(qu'il port-e), let him carry
port-ons, let us carry
port-ez, carry
(qu'ils port-ent), let them carry
NOTE 1.Tliis conjugation, w h i c h corresponds to the Latin first
conjugation (infinitive in -are), comprises at least s e v e n - e i g h t h s of
the verbs in the language. Verbs of modern formation, w i t h very
f e w exceptions, fall into this class ; e.g. macadamiser, to macadamize
( f r o m Macadam, who introduced tlie method of paving roads w i t h
broken granite), tlgraphier, to telegraph, etc.
NOTE 2 . T h e r e a r e only t w o i n v ^ u l a r verbs i n -er (aller a n d
envoyer, 2M, 2M2). F o r a n o m a l i e s of spelling in some v e r b s of
this c o n j u g a t i o n , sue 255 275.
106 PRECEPTORS' FRENCII COURSE, 238.
238. S E C O N D C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E I N -IE).
INDICATIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
je fin-iss-ais, I was j'avais fini, Iliad
tu fin-iss-ais, thou least tu avais fini, thon hadst
il fin-iss-ait, he was il avait fini, he had
nous fm-iss-ions, we were nous avions fini, we had
s
vous fm-iss-iez, you were vous aviez fini, you had
ils fin-iss-aient, they were_ ils avaient fini, they had
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
je fin-isse, I might j'eusse fini, I might
t u fm-isses, thou t u eusses fini, thou
mightest mightest
il fin-t, he might il et fini, he might
nous fin-issions, u>e might nous eussions fini, we might
vous fin-issiez, you might vous eussiez fini, you might
ils fin-issent, they might. ils eussent fini, tlu y might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je fin-ir-ais, I should j'aurais fini, I should
tu fin-ir-ais, thou tu aurais fini, thou
wouldst wouldst Il
<s
il fin-ir-ait, he would il aurait fini, he would
nous aurions fini, we should
k
nous fin-ir-ions, we should
vous fin-ir-iez, you would vous auriez fini, you would
ils fin-ir-aient, they would. ils auraient fini, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
fin-is, finUh
(qu'il fin-iss-e), let him finish
fin-iss-ons, let us finish
fin-iss-ez, finish
(qu'ils fin-iss-ent), let them finish
NOTE.This conjugation, which corresponds to the Latin fourth
conjugation (infinitive in -ire), comprises about 330 verbs, the
majority of which follow the above model. The remainder, t w e n t y -
eight in number, lack the syllable -iss- (which has its origin in the
-isc- of Latin inceptive verbs), and are accordinglv classed as
irregular ( 283 300).
108 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
239. T H I R D C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E
I N -OIE).
INDICATIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je recev-r-ais, I should ] aurais reu, I should
tu recev-r-ais, thou tu aurais reu. tlwu
would st would st
il recev-r-ait, he would il aurait reu, he would
nous recev-r-ions, we should nous aurions reu, we should
vous reeev-r-iez. you would vous auriez reu, you would
ils recev-r-aient, they would. ils auraient reu, they would.
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
recoi-s, receive
(qu'il reoiv-e), let. him. receive
recev-ons, let us receive
recev-ez, receive
(qu'ils rtoiv-ent), let them, receive
NOTE 1.This conjugation, which corresponds to the Latin second
conjugation (infinitive in -re), conipiises about twenty verbs, all of
which are more or less irregular ( 301312). Like recevoir are
conjugated about half a dox.en other verbs m -cev-oir.
NOTE 2.The cedilla is used in recevoir anil other verbs ending in
-ccv-oir whenever the o is followed by o or u ; by this means tha
soft sound of the c is preserved.
110 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
240. F O U R T H C O N J U G A T I O N ( I N F I N I T I V E
I N -RE).
MODEL : rompre, to break.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : romp-re, romp-ant, romp-u, je romp-s,
je romp-is.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT : romp-re, INFINITIVE, PERFECT : avoir
to break rompu, to have broken
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : romp- PARTICIPLE, PERFECT : ayant
ant, breaking rompu, having broken
P A R T I C I P L E , PAST ( P A S S I V E ) : r o m p u , broken
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
je romp-ais, 1 was j'avais rompu, I had
tu romp-ais thou wast tu avais rompu, thouhadst
il romp-ait, he was il avait rompu, he had
nous romp-ions, we were nous avions rompu, we had
vous romp-iez, you were vous aviez rompu, you had
ils romp-aient, they were ils avaient rompu, they had
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
je romp-e, 1 may j aie rompu, 1 may
tu romp-es, thou mayst t u aies rompu, thoumayst J
il romp-e, he may il ait rompu, he may
we may nous ayons rompu,
1
nous romp-ions, we, may to
TOUS romp-iez, you may vous ayez rompu, you may s>
ils romp-ent, they may , ils aient rompu, they may
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
je romp-isse, I might ^ j'eusse rompu, I might
t u romp-isses, thou t u eusses rompu, thu
mightest mightest
il romp-t, he might il et rompu, he might
nousromp-issions, roe might nous eussions rompu, 10e might
TOUS romp-issiez, you. might vous eussiez rompu, you might
ils romp-issent, they might) ils eussent rompu, they might.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
je romp-r-ais, I should j aurais rompu, I should ^
tu romp-r-ais, thou tu aurais rompu, thou
wouldst wouldst
il romp-r-ait, he would I il aurait rompu, he would
nous romp-r-ions, we, should nous aurions rompu, we
vous romp-r-iez, you would \ v o u s auriez rompu, you would
ils romp-r-aient, they would,. j Us auraient rompu, they would,
IMPEBATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT,
romp-s, break
(qu'il romp-e), let him break
romp-ons, let us break
ronip-ez, break
(qu'ils rorup-ent), let them break
241. N E G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N .
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
( 7 do not obey. ) {I have not obeyed.)
je n'obis pas je n'ai pas obi
t u n'obis pas tu n'as pas obi
il n'obit pas il n'a pas obi
nous n'obissons pas nous n'avons pas obi
vous n'obissez pas vous n'avez pa3 obi
ils n'obissent pas ils n'ont pas obi
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
( 7 was not obeying.) (7 had not obeyed.')
je n'obissais pas je n'avais pas obi
tu n'obissais pas tu n'avais pas obi
il n'obissait pas il n'avait pas obi
nous n'obissions pas nous n'avions pas obi
vous n'obissiez pas vous n'aviez pas obi
ils n'obissaient pas ils n'avaient pas obi
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(I might not obey.) (/might, not have obeyed.)
je n'obisse pas je n'eusse pas obi
tu n'obisses pas tu n'eusses pas obi
il n'obt pas il n'et pas obi
nous n'obissions pas nous n'eussions pas obi
vous n'obissiez pas vous n'eussiez pas obi
ils n'obissent pas ils n'eussent pas obi
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
{Ishould not obey.) (7 should not have obeyed.)
je n'obirais pas je n'aurais pas obi
tu n'obirais pas tu n'aurais pas obi
il n'obirait pas il n'aurait pas obi
nous n'obirions pas nous n'aurions pas obi
vous n'obiriez pas vous n'auriez pas obi
ils n'obiraient pas ils n'auraient pas obi
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
PRESENT.
242. I N T E R R O G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N .
MODEL : chanter, to sing.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
*chant-je % do I sing ? ai-je chant ? have 1 sung ?
chantes-tu ? singest thou ? as-tu chant 1 hast thou sung ?
c h a n t e - t - i H does lie sing ? a-t-il chant has he sung T
chantons-nous ? do we sing ? avons-nous chant? have ice sung?
chantez-vous ? do yon sing ? avez-vous chant ? have you sung ?
chantent-ils 1 do they sing ? ont-ils chant ? have they sung ?
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(Was I singing ?) (Had I sung?)
chantais-je I avais-je chant ?
chantais-tu 1 avais-tu chant ?
chantait-il ? avait-il chant ?
chantions-nous ? avions-nous chant 1
chantiez-vous ? aviez-vous chant?
chantaient-ils ? avaient-ils chant ?
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.
(Did I sing ?) ( f f a d I sung ?)
chantai-je ? eus-je chant
chantas-tu ? eus-tu chant ?
chanta- t-il 1 eut-il chant ?
chantmes-nous emes-nous chant 1
chanttes-voua ? etes-vous chant ?
chantrent-ils ? eurent-ils chant ?
FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT.
(Shall I sing ?) (Shall I have sung ?)
chanterai-je 1 aurai-je chant 1
chanteras-tu 1 anras-tu chant ?
chantera-t-il ? aura-t-il chant ?
chanterons-nous ? aurons-nous chant
chanterez-vous ? aurez-vous chant ?
chanteront-ils auront-ils chant 1
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Should I sing.') (Should I hare sung ?)
chanterais-je ? aurais-je chant !
chanterais-tu ? aurais-tu chant ?
chanterait-il ? aurait-il chant ?
chanterions-nous ! nurions-nmis chant ?
cuanteriez-voas ? auriez-vous (.hant?
chanteraient-i!s ? ;iuraient.-ils chant ?
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. 115
243. N E G A T I V E - I N T E R R O G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N
MODEL : agir, to act.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(So I not act ?) (Ifan I not acted?)
n'agis-je pas ? (rarely used) n'ai-je pas agi ? (rarely used)
n'agis-tu pas? n'as-lu pas agi.
n'agit-il pas ? n'a-t-il pas agi ?
n'agissons-nous pas ? n'avons-nous pas agi ?
n'agissez-vous pas ? n'avez-vous pas agi?
n'agissent-ils pas ? n'ont-ils pas agi ?
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
( Was I not act ing.') (Had I not acted?)
n'agissais-je pas? n'avais-je pas a g i ?
n'agissais-tu pas ? n'avais-tu pas agi ?
n'agissait-il pas ? n'avait-il pas agi ?
n'agissions-nous pas ? n'avions-nous pas agi?
n'agissiez-vous pas? n'aviez-vous pas agi ?
n'agissaient-ils pas? n'avaient-ils pas agi ?
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR,
(Bid I not act ?) (Had I not acted?)
n'agis-je p a s l n'eus-je pas agi ?
n'agis-tu pas ? n'ens-tu pas agi ?
n'agit-il pas ? n'eut-il pas agi 1
n'agimes-nous pas ? n'emes-nous pas agi ?
n'agiles-vous pas ? n'etes-vous pas agi ?
n'agirent-ils pas ? n'eurent-ils pas agi ?
FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT.
(Shall I not act ?) (Shall I not hare acted?)
n'agirai-je pas? n'aurai-je pas agi ?
n'agiras-tu pas ? n'auras-tu pas agi ?
n'agira-t-il pas ? n'aura-t-il pas agi ?
n'agirons-nous pas? n'aurons-nous pas agi ?
n'agirez-vous pas ? n'aurez-vous pas agi ?
n'agiront-ils pas ? n'auront-ils pas agi ?
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Should I not act?) (Should I not hare acted?)
n'agirais je pas ? n'aurais-je pas agi ?
n'agirai?-tu pas ? n'anrais-tu pas agi I
n'agirait-il pas > n'aurait-il pas agi I
n'agirions-nous pas? n'aurions-nous pas agi ?
n'ngiriez-vous pas ? n'auriez-vous pas agi ?
n'agiraient-ils pas ? n'auraient-ils pas agi ?
lie PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE. 244.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(Imay be loved.) (I may have been loved.)
je sftis \ aim or j'aie t / a i m or
tu s o i s / aime t u aies t \ aime
il soit aim, elle soit aime il ait t aim, elle ait t aime
nous s o y o n s \ a i m s or nous ayons t"! aims or
vous soyez / aimes vous ayez t / aimes
ils soient aims ils aient t aims
elles soient aimes elles aient t aimes
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(I might he loved.) (Z"might have been loved )
je fusse 1 aim or j'eusse t \ aim or
tu f u s s e s / aime tu eusses t / aime
il f t aim, elle ft aime il et t aim, elle et t aime
nous fussions"! aims or nous eussions t \ a i m s or
vous fussiez / aimes vous eussiez t / aimes
ils fussent aims ils eussent t aims
elles fussent aimes elles eussent t aimes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Ishould be loved.) ( 7 should have been loved.)
je serais"! aim or j'aurais t \ aim or
tu s e r a i s / aime tu aurais t / aime
il serait aim il aurait t aim
elle serait aime elle aurait t aime
nous serions"! aims or nous aurions t"! aims or
vous seriez / aimes vous auriez t / aimes
ils seraient aims ils auraient t aims
elles seraient aimes elles auraient t aimes
IMPERATIVE MOOD.PRESENT.
sois aim or aime, be loved
(qu'il soit a i m ) , let him he loved
(qu'elle soit aime), let her be loved
soyons aims or aimes, let us be loved
soyez aims or aimes, be loved
(qujils soient aims h ^ w
( q u e l l e s soient aimes,J
NOTE 1.The past participle t is invariable.
NOTE 2.When the second person plural is used in addressing one
person only, the past participle remains singular, but varies for
gender ; e.g. Vous etea aime de tous, ma mre, You are beloved of
ill, mother.
118 PRECEPTORS' ERENCN COURSE, 245248.
248. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A N I N T R A N S I T I V E V E R B
WITH THE AUXILIARY TRE IN THE COMPOUND
TENSES.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
TAST INDEFINITE. PLUPERFECT.
(I hare fallen.) (Iliad fallen.)
je suis ) tomb or j'tais \ t o m b or
tu es | tombe tu t a i s / tombe
il est tomb, elle est tombe il tait tomb, elle tait tombe
nous s o m m e s \ t o m b s or nous t i o n s \ t o m b s or
vous tes / tombes vous tiez / tombes
ils sont tombs ils taient tombs
elles sont tombes elles taient tombes
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PAST INDEFINITE. PLUPERFECT.
(I may hare fallen.) (2 might have fallen.)
je sois "(tomb or je fusse \ tomb or
tu s o i s / tombe tu f u s s e s / tombe
il soit tomb, elle soit tombe il ft tomb, elle ft tombe
nous soyons"! tombs or nous f u s s i o n s \ t o m b s or
vous soyez / tombes vous fussiez / tombes
ils soient tombs ils fussent tombs
elles soient tombes elles fussent tombes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PERFECT ( / skouhl hare fallen.)
j e serais'! tomb or nous serions"! tombs or
tu s e r a i s / tombe vous seriez / tombes
il serait t o m b ils seraient tombs
elle serait tombe elles seraient tombes
Tomb i ho variable ; tomb, tombe, tombs or tombes.
120 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
249. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A R E F L E X I V E V E R B .
INDICATIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
( J was bathing.) (Ihad bathed.)
j e me baignais j e m ' t a i s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignais ta t'tais J
il se baignait il s'tait baign
elle se baignait elle s'tait baigne
nous nous baignions nous nous t i o n s \ b a i g n s or
vous vous baigniez vous vous tiez J baignes
ils se baignaient ils s'taient baigns
elles se baignaient elles s'taient baignes
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(Imight bathe.') ( 7 might have bathed.)
je me ] j e me fusse \ baign or
tu te baignasses tu te f u s s e s / baigne
il se baignt il se f t baign
elle se baignt elle se f t baigne
nous nous baignassions nous nous fussions! baigns or
vous vous baignassiez vous vous fussiez / baignes
ils se baignassent ils se fussent baigns
elles se baignassent elles se fussent baignes
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(I should bathe.) (7should have bathed.)
je me baignerais je me s e r a i s \ b a i g n or
tu te baignerais tu te serais J baigne
il se baignerait il se serait baign
elle se baignerait elle se serait baigne
nous nous baignerions nous nous serions) baigns or
vous vous baigneriez vous vous seriez / baignes
ils se baigneraient ils se seraient baigns
elles se baigneraient elles se seraient baignes
122 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
250. N E G A T I V E C O N J U G A T I O N O F A
R E F L E X I V E V E R B .
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. I PERFECT.
I M P E R A T I V E MOOD.PRESENT.
ne t'empare pas, take not jiossession
(qu'il ne s ' e m p a r e p a s ) , let him not take possession
ne nous emparons pas, let us not take possession
ne vous emparez pas, do not take possession
(qu'ils n e s ' e m p a r e n t pas), let them not take possession
253. C O N J U G A T I O N O F A N I M P E R S O N A L
V E R B .
INDICATIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
il grlait, it was hailing il avait grl, it had hailed
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
il grlt, it might hail il et grl, it might have hailed
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PERFECT.
PRESENT.
il aurait grl, it would hare
il grlerait, it would hail ha iled
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
i l y ait, there may be i l y ait eu, there may have been
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
i l y et, there might be i l y et eu, there might have been
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
i l y aurait eu, there would have
i l y aurait, there would be been
126 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 253, 254.
I . V E R B S W I T H E M U T E (NOT F O L L O W E D B Y
L OR T) I N T H E LAST S Y L L A B L E OF T H E
STEM.
257. I t is a rule in French that mute e cannot occur
in two successive syllables. The first e must either have
the open sound indicated by a grave accent, e.g. pre, or be
followed by two consonants, e.g. terre, reste. Verbs t h a t
have an e muto in the last syllable of the stem therefore
require a grave accent over that e when another e mute
follows immediately.
Obs. Words such as pre, terre, reste are theoretically dissyllables.
QUASI -IRREGULAIt VERBS. 127
I I . V E R B S O F W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T I N F I N I -
T I V E E N D S I N - E L E R O R -ETER.
I I I . V E R B S W I T H C L O S E E () I N T H E LAST
S Y L L A B L E OF T H E STEM.
IMPERATIVE, \ prfr-e
PRESENT /prfr-ons prfr-ez
267. C o n j u g a t e similarly :
abrger, to shorten. possder, to possess.
cder, to yield. protger, to protect.
esprer, to hope. rgler, to rule.
inquiter, to disquiet. rgner, to reign.
pntrer, to penetrate. rpter, to repeat.
scher, to dry.
130 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH, COURSE, 268275.
I V . V E R B S OF W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T INFINI-
T I V E E N D S I N -YER.
271. Verbs of the first conjugation of which the stem
ends in y change this letter to i before e mute.
Y . V E R B S OF W H I C H T H E P R E S E N T I N F I N I -
T I V E E N D S I N -GEE OR -CEE.
273. By the rules of French pronunciation the letters
g and C are hard before a, 0, and U, and soft before e and i.
To preserve the soft sound in verbs ending in -ger and -cer,
an e is inserted after the g and a cedilla is put under the C
(), whenever these letters are followed by a or o (u does
not occur in the endings of this conjugation).
274. M O D E L : m a n g - e r , to eat.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
276. I n the following tables the irregular verbs are
arranged in four conjugations, and are grouped as far as
possible according to points of similarity.
277. Four tenses are omitted altogether from the tables,
viz. the imperfect indicative and imperfect subjunctive, the
present conditional and the present imperative. These four
tenses (as was stated in 234) can always be formed as
follows :
The imperfect indicative is found by changing the final
-ant of the present participle into -ais.
The imperfect subjunctive is found by adding -se to the
second person singular of the past definite.
The present conditional is found by adding -s to the
first person singular of the f u t u r e indicative.
The imperative is identical with the corresponding per-
sons of the present indicative, omitting -s in the second
person singular of the first conjugation.
The above tenses are conjugated regularly in all persons
and both numbers.
NOTE.Avoir, tre, a n d savoir are the only verbs which do not
follow the above rules. F o r vouloir see 307.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
enverrai envoi-e
envoi-es renvoyer, to send bach
envoi-e
envoy-ions
onvoy-iez
envoi-ent
SECOND CONJUGATION.
dorm-irai dorm-e
dorm-es endormir, to lull to sleep
dorm-e s'endormir, to fall asleep
dorm-ions se rendormir, to go to sleep
dorm-iez again
dorm-ent
part-irai part-e
part-es dpartir, to divide
part-e repartir, to reply, to start
part-ions again
part-iez
part-ent
m e repent-irai m e repent-e
te repent-es
se repent-e
nous repent-ions
vous repent-iez
se repent-ent
maux-rai meur-e
meur-es
meur-e
mour-ions
mour-iez
meur-ent
THIRD CONJUGATION.
mouv-rai meuv-e
meuv-es
meuv-e
mouv-ions
mouv-iez
meuv-ent
pleuv-ra pleuv-e
Bau-rai sacli-e
sach-es IMPERATIVE
sach-e sache
sach-ions Bchons
saeh-iez sachez
sacli-ent
pour-rai puiss-e
puis:-es
puiss-e
puiss-ions
puiss-iez
puiss-ent
j. F. c. 10
144 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 253, 254.
309. fall-oir
(impersonal)
to be necessary fall n fau-t fall-ut
fau-d ra faill-e
au-rai ai-e
ai-es
ai-t
ay-ons
ay-ez
ai-ent
146 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
F O U R T H CONJUGATION.
i
Future, J Present Sul'j. Compounds, etc. 1
nai-t-rai nai-ss-e
nai-ss-es
nai-ss-e
nai-ss-ions
nai-ss-iez
nai-ss-cnt
boi-rai boi-v-e
boi-v-es
boi-v-e
ba-v-ions
bu-v-iez
boi-v-ent
rsou-d-rai rsol-v-e
rsol-v-es
rsol-v-e
rsol-v-ions
rsol-v-iez
rsol-v-ent
!
Future. Present Sul)j. Compounds, etc.
suffi-rai suffi-s-e
suffi-s-es
suffi-s-e
suffi-s-ions
suffi-s-iez
suffi-s-ent
maudi-rai maudi-ss-e
maudi-ss-es
maudi-ss-e
maudi-ss-ions
maudi-ss-iez
maudi-ss-ent
fe-rai fa-ss-e contrefaire, to feign
fa-ss-es dfaire, to undo
fa-ss-e se dfaire de, to get rid of
fa-ss-ions refaire, to do again
fa-ss-iez satisfaire, to satisfy
fa-ss-ent surfaire, to overcharge
prend-rai pren-n-e apprendre, to learn
pren-n-es comprendre, to understand
pren-n-e entreprendre, to undertake
pren-ions se mprendre, to he mistaken
pren-iez reprendre, to resume
pren-n-ent surprendre, to surprise
inett-rai mett-e admettre, to admit
mett-es commettre, to commit
mett-e compromettre, to compromise
mett-ions omettre, to omit
mett-iez permettre, to permit
mett-ent soumettre, to subdue
transmettre, to transmit
se-rai soi-s
soi-s
soi-t
soy-ons
soy-ez
j
soi-ent 1
158 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COURSE, 250252.
349. C O N J U G A T I O N OF T H E REFLEXIVE
S'EN ALLER.
INFINITIVE, PRESENT : g' * en INFINITIVE, PERFECT : s' * e n
aller, to go away tre all, to hate gone away.
PARTICIPLE, PRESENT : PARTICIPLE. PERFECT : s' * e n
allant, going aivay tant all, hating gone away.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
( 7 go away.) ( / have gone away.)
je m'en vais, etc. je m'en suis all or alle, etc.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(I was going away.) (1 had gone away.)
je m'en allais, etc. je m'en tais all or alle, etc.
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.
(I went away.) (I had gone away.)
je m'en allai, etc. je m'en fus all or alle, etc.
FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
(I may go away.) ( I may have gone away.)
je m'en aille, etc. je m'en sois all or alle, etc.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
(I might go away.) (I might have gone away.)
je m'en allasse, etc. je m'en fusse all or alle, etc.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PERFECT.
(Ishould go away.) (I should hare gone away.)
je m'en irais, etc. je m'en serais all or alle, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
v a - t ' e n . so away
allons-nous-en, IH us go away
allez-vous-en. yo away
* S e may here !" replaced by me, te, nous, or vous, and all by alle, alls,
jr alles, according to the context.
CONJUGATION OF S'EN ALLER. 159
J. r. c. 11
APPENDIX.
356. Masculine,
(a) any consonant, 10 plomb, lead.
(i) a sounded vowel. le caf, coffee.
('c) -aire, le dictionnaire, the dictionary.
(id) -age. le v o y a g e , the journey.
(e) -cle le sicle, the century.
(/) -Be- le pige, the trap.
(g) -me. le systme, the system.
(h) -isme. le patriotisme, patriotism.
(h) -logue. le catalogue, the catalogue.
357. Feminine.
(a) -ie la manie, the mania.
(i) -ion. la version, the translation.
(c) -son. la maison, the house.
(d) -eur. la chaleur, heat.
0) -t. la bont, kindness.
(/) -ti. la moiti, the half.
(g) -ance. la constance, constancy.
(h) -ence. la diligence, diligence.
(h) -esse. la vitesse, speed.
(0 -ice. la justice, justice.
(m) -ise. la sottise, foUy.
(n) -ure. la blessure, the icound.
(B.)SPECIMEN OP PARSING.
Alfred the Great was a wise man and a good king. Ho was
never idle. H e built several schools, and did all he could to
encourage the young people in England to love learning. One of
the best things he did was to construct a large number of ships. He
fought with his enemies on the water instead of allowing them to land
on the coasts. H e was ill for a long time before he died, but he was
very patient and bore his pain without complaining. H e died when
he had been king twenty-nine years.
8.
a
Hampden was struck by two bullets, which lodged in K s body.
With his head and hands leaning on his horse's neck, he turned
towards Thame, where he arrived almost fainting. The surgeon
dressed his wounds, but there was no hope. He endured his pain
with admirable resignation. He wroto from his bed several letters
to l.ondon concerning public affairs. W h e n his public duties were
performed, he calmly prepared himself to die.
164 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COUR83.
4.
A s soon as K i n g H e n r y the First was dead, his nephew Stephen
who was very handsome and hraye, was made k i n g . A great many
NormSn barons and E n g l i s h lords went with him to Westminster
Abbey, and then the Archbishop of Canterbury put the crown upon
S his head, and they nil promised to obey him as their sovereign. B u t
some noblemen and bishops, who had sworn to recognise the Empress
Maud as Queen of England, and to keep the kingdom for her
y o u n g son H e n r y , sent messengers to bring them from Anjou, which
was their own country.
5.
I t was getting late, but, though the k i n g was dead, the fight still
went on. Of the king's own chosen men it would seem that not one
either fled or was taken prisoner. A l l died at their posts save a f e w
wounded men, who were cast aside as dead, but found strength to get
5 away on the morrow. B u t the others fled, some of them on the
horses of the slain men. Yet, even in this last moment, they knew
how t o revenge themselvos on their conquerors.
6.
One day m y father told me that h e was g o i n g into the little town
where m y grandmother lived and that I was to go w i t h him to see
her. W h e n w e arrived at m y grandmother's, m y father went upstairs
and I followed him. M y grandmother was sitting in the drawing-
5 room ; she was expecting us. She came to meet us with a smile,
and told m y father that she was glad that he had brought me,
and she hoped I would spend a happy day. She then told me I
m i g h t go into the garden to play for half an hour.
7.
London,
August 11 th, 1899.
DEAR JACK,
Y o u have no doubt heard that I loft school at Easter and that I
5 am looking out for a post. D o you k n o w any one who wants a junior
clerk? For two months I have been studying book-keeping and
French, but am not making much progress. I think the best plan
would be to spend a month or two in Paris : can you g i v e me the
PASSAGES FOB TRANSLATION. 165
8.
9.
10
At length, one day, when the Hermit had, with a crowd of pilgrims,
ascended Mount Calvary and prostrated himself at the H o l y Sepulchre,
a celestial voice seemed to sound in his ear. " Peter," it said, "arise !
Hasten to proclaim the tribulation of my people. For it is time that
my servants should be aided, and that the holy places should be
f r e e d ! " T h e enthusiast, after listening to these words, entertained
no doubt that he was designed by l l e a v e n to deliver Jerusalem.
Rising from the ground, he repaired to the house of the Patriarch.
166 PKEOEPTOKS' FRENCH COURSE.
11.
Aix-la-Chapelle, German Aachen, a very ancient town with 110,500
inhabitants, lies in a fertile basin surrounded by g e n t l y sloping hills.
I t was a favourite residence of Charlemagne, who died here in 814.
That monarch elevated the town to the rank of the second city in his
5 empire, and made it the capital of his dominions to the north of the
Alps. From his death down to the accession of Ferdinand I. A i x
witnessed the coronation of all the German emperors, and was called
par excellence the free city of the H o l y Roman Empire and seat of
royalty.
12.
I once saw on the top of one of those cliffs a sight which greatly
amused me. A stout old lady, followed b y half-a-dozen little dogs,
all equally fat and out of breath, was giving chase to a young girl,
who had baffled her vigilance, and concealed herself h a l f - w a y down
5 the slope in order to read without being disturbed. T h e old lady at
last discovered the fugitive, but the path which led to her hiding
place was so steep that she dared not go down. I n vain she entreated
and threatened, nothing could induce the obstinate girl to obey. I t
was three o'clock, and I believe this scene would have lasted till night,
IO if A heavy shower had not come to the poor grandmother's assistance.
18.
Scarcely had Sir James d'Avennes breathed his last, when Cur de
Lion advanced with the main army of crusaders, and the shock was
terrific. Breaking into the Moslem ranks, with his ponderous battle-
axe in his hand, Cur de Lion swept the Saracens before him, dispersing
^ them right and left, and chasing them across the torrent. B u t mean-
while the crusaders, assailed on all hands b y the crowd of foes who
poured down from the heights, were g i v i n g way ; and the K i n g was
under the necessity of retracing his steps to come to their aid.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Rosamond warmly seconded her husband's suggestion, and, with her
characteristic impatience of delay, proposed that they should find out
the medical man immediately. Uncle Joseph announceda little un wil-
lingly, as it seemedin answer to her enquiries, that ho knew the
place of the doctor's residence, and that he was generally to be found 5
at home before one o'clock in the afternoon. I t was then just half-
past twelve ; and Rosamond, with her husband's approval, rang the
bell at once to send for a cab.
168 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COUR83.
18.
So confident was Bonaparte of success, that messengers were actually
despatched from the field to announce it. On the day of the battle, it
was telegraphed to Boulogne that the Emperor had gained a most
complete victory over the united British and Prussian armies, com-
5 manded by Wellington and Blueher. A bulletin extraordinary was
published at Lille, stating that the emperor himself, setting the
example in the war, had fired the first carbine, and had a horse killed
under him ; that his astonishing victories of the 15th, 16th, and 17th
of June were exceeded by that of the 18th, in which he had taken
IO 30,000 prisoners. One account announced his entrance into Brussels ;
and another said that the cannons were roaring from the ramparts of
the French fortresses to celebrate that event.
19.
Early in the middle ages the French kings possessed a fortress on
this site commanding the Seine. The chapel, which is still in existence,
was built by St. Louis. During the wars with England the castle
was destroyed. I t was restored by Charles V . , but the present
5 building dates from the time of Francis I., who here celebrated his
nuptials with Claudia, daughter of Louis X I I . Henri I I . built the
adjacent Chteau Neuf, which continued to be a favourite royal
residence till the time of Louis X I V . , who was born here in 1638.
After Louis X I V . had established his court at Versailles, the chateau
IO was occupied for twelve years by the exiled king James I I . , who died
here in 1701 and was interred in the church.
20.
The life of a British sailor may be said to be a life of enterprise.
This character, however, belongs more particularly to some of our
admirals, by whose noble daring the most gallant exploits have been
achieved, and the naval glory of Britain exalted to the highest pitch.
5 Among those who, at an early period of our naval history, contributed
much to this end, none was more distinguished than Admiral Blak,
who, although embracing the profession of a sailor late in life, made
the E n g l i s h feared and respected in every quarter of the globe.
21.
Then followed a fearful scene. The English would not quit Toulon
without destroying the French ships and arsenals that had fallen into
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 169
their possession ; nor could they refuse to take with them the anti-
jacobin inhabitants, who knew that their lives would be instantly
sacrificed, if they should fall into the hands of the victorious 5
Republicans, and who now flocked to the beach to the number of
14,000, praying for the means of escape. The burning of ships, the
explosion of magazines, the roar of artillery, and the cries of these
fugitives, filled up many hours. At last the men-of-war were
followed b y a flotilla bearing those miserable exiles; the walls were 10
abandoned ; and Dugoinmier took possession of the place.
22.
23.
I t was Sunday morning, and the Royal army was posted on the
height of Edge H i l l . Below, in the broad valley of the Bed Horse,
were the parliamentary forces, having the disadvantage of charging
up hill in the face of a deadly fire. K i n g Charles, clad in a suit of
armour, was with his troops, endeavouring to sustain their courage by 5
a great show of cheerfulness. Lindsay was there, an old and
experienced officer, warmly attached to the royal cause, but impatient
at the liberty allowed to the youthful Rupert, whose insolence and
rapacity had induced many to leave the king's service. Rupert com-
manded the right wing of the horse, Lord AVilmot held command of 10
the left, and there was a reserve force commanded by Lord Digby and
Sir John Byron.
170 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COUR83.
24.
Some men are born rich, and some are horn lucky, and some are
born both to luck and riches. Kipling is one of the last. Nature
endowed him with uncommon qualities, and circumstances sent him
into the sphere i n which those qualities could be most fortunately
5 exercised. I t seems strange that the great store of treasure which he
opened to lis should have been unknown so long. I t is always so when
a man of real genius dawns upon the world.
25.
26.
H e n r y now made peace, and restored Tillires. N o t long after, in
1060, the K i n g died, leaving his young son Philip, who had been al-
ready crowned, as his successor, under the guardianship of William's
father-in-law Baldwin. Geoffrey of Anjou and W i l l i a m of Aquitaine
j also died, and the Angevin power was weakened by tbe division of
Geoffrey's dominions between his nephews. William's position was
greatly strengthened, now that France, under the new regent, had
become friendly, while Anjou was no longer able to do mischief.
William had now nothing to fear from his neighbours, and the way
io was soon opened for his great continental conquest.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 171
27.
Russia and Turkey between them surrounded the whole of the Black
Sea with their territory. The only outlet of Russia on the southern
side rs the Black Sea. The Black Sea is, save for one little outlet at
its south-western extremity, a huge land-locked lake. That little
outlet is the narrow channel called the Bosphorus. The Bosphorus is 5
some seventeen miles in length, and in some places it is hardly more than
half a inile in breadth. But it is very deep all through, so that ships
of war can float close up to its very shores on either side. I t passes
between the city of Constantinople and its Asiatic suburb of Scutari,
and then opens into tho little Sea of Marmora. Out of the Sea of 10
Marmora the way westward is through the channel of the Dardanelles,
which forms the passage into the Archipelago, and thence into the
Mediterranean.
28.
If yon, ladies, are much handsomer than wo, it is but just you
should acknowledge that we have helped y o u by making ourselves
ugly. W e have devoted entirely to your use flowers, feathers, ribbons,
jewellery, silk, gold and silver embroidery. Still more to increase
the difference between the sexes, which is your great charm, 5
and to give y o u the handsome share, we have divided with you the
hues of nature. T o you we have given the colours that are rich and
splendid, or soft and harmonious ; for ourselves we have kept those
that are dark and dead. W e have given you tho sun and light ; we
have kept night and darkness. 10
29.
30.
81.
3 . 1. by : de.
2. w i t h his head . . . : 18, 6 ; omit " w i t h . " leaning: use
t h e past participle. turned ; 81.
3. f a i n t i n g : use t h e past participle.
5. admirable resignation : supply the indefinite article.
7. to die : ISO.
4. 2. made: proclcme.
4. p u t t h e c r o w n upon his h e a d : lui mit la couronne sur la tele,
) IS, il.
l. to r e c o g n i s e : de, reconnatre.
8. to b r i n g them : 1 8 1 . w h i c h w a s : omit.
173
174 PRECEPTORS' FRENCH COUR83.
1 4 . l . K i n g James : 18, 3.
2. 4 0 , 0 0 0 strong : say " strong of 40,000 m e n . " before: 175.
3. Viscount : 18, 3.
4. w a s amongst the earliest to g o o v e r : fut un des premiers
passer l'ennemi.
5. t h o u g h : cp. 5, 1. w i t h h i m : omit.
6. James's most trusted officer: say " t h e officer in (en) w h o m
James had most (le plus) confidence ; 21, 3.
7. on : 156.
8. g a v e orders for a retreat : ordonna de battre en retraite.
1 5 . 1. in : pour.
5. continued s o : continua de Vtre, 129. u n t i l : 175.
8. has b e l o n g e d ; 39 ; cp. 7, 6.
9. contains : compte.
10. opens : 81.
6. were g a t h e r i n g : 81,
7. i n numbers not to be resisted : en nombre rendant la rsistance
inutile.
8. h e : 138.
9. that t h e y should be transported in safety : d'tre transports sains
et saufs.
10. as: omit.
7. under : malgr.
8. from : rsultant de.
9. so, too, h a d : de mme.
10. for the part they took at her hour of need : cause du parti qu'ils
prirent l'heure critique.
2 9 . 1. w o r k s : toiles (f.).
2. w h a t e v e r : tout ee que.
3. not u n w o r t h y : presque dignes.
4. all the ladies of rank or of beauty : say " all the beautiful noble
ladies."
5. i n : de. sat to him : posrent devant lui.
6. the head : le portrait.
8. he should feel : use se croire.
9. t h a t he m i g h t : afin qu'il pt, 175.
10. f a c e : tte ( f . ) . i t : say " the request."
I, F R E N C H E N G L I S H ,
E au, s.f., w a t e r ,
caille, s.f, shell,
encre,
endroit,
sf., ink.
s.m., place,
e n d u i r e ( 332), v.t., coat,
c h a p p e r , v.i., escape,
s ' c h a p p e r , v.r., escape, e n d u r e r , v.t., endure,
c l a t e r , v.i., break out. e n f a n t , s.m.f., child, i n f a n t ,
c l i p s e , s.f., eclipse, e n f e r m e r , v.t., s h u t up.
coli-er, s.m., -re, s.f., school- e n f r e i n d r e ( 330), v.t., infringe,
' e n f u i r ( 294), v.r., r u n a w a y ,
boy, school-girl.
e n g a g e m e n t , s.m., e n g a g e m e n t ,
E c o s s e , s . f , Scotland,
c o u t e r , v.t., listen (to), e n g a g e r ( 274), v.t., engage,
s'crier, v.r., c r y out. enter into,
crire ( 336), v.t., w r i t e , e n j o i n d r e ( 331), r.t., e n j o i n ,
' c r i r e , v.r., be w r i t t e n , e n l e v e r ( 258), v.t., c a r r y , carry
c u m a n t , - e , a d j . , foaming, off, c a r r y a w a y , t a k e a w a y ,
c u m e r , v.i., foam. e n n e m i , s.m., e n e m y .
186 F R E N C H - :E N G L I S H
flotte, s f , fleet, m i n u s ,
fois, s . f , t i m e ( r e p e t i t i o n ) . Une G a u l e , s . f , G a u l .
G a u l o i s , s.m., -e, s.f., G a u l ,
fois, once,
f o n d , s.m., b o t t o m . Se fond en g a z , s.m., gas.
g a z e l l e , s.f., gaielle.
comble, f r o m t o p to b o t t o m ,
g e n d a r m e , s.m., p o l i c e m a n ,
f o n d e r , v.t., f o u n d ,
f o n d r e , v.t., d a r t , pounce,
g n r a l , s.m., general,
g n r e u - x , -se, a d j . , g e n e r o u s ,
force, s . f , Btrength, force. .4
force de, b y d i n t of. s.m.f. pl.,
g e n s , people, persons,
self, f a n c y ,
i m m d i a t e m e n t , adv., immedi- T a c q u e s , s.m., J a m e s . Jacques
ately. V bonhomme, n i c k n a m e desig-
i m m i n e n c e , s.f., imminence, n a t i n g t h e F r e n c h p e a s a n t s as
i m p r a t r i c e , s.f., empress, a class,
i m p l o r e r , v.t., implore, beg. j a l o u - x , - s e , adj., jealous,
i m p o l i t e s s e , s.f., incivility, j a m a i s , adv., ever ; never,
i m p o r t a n t , - e , adj., important, j a p o n a i s , - e , adj., Japanese,
i m p o r t e r , v.t., import, j a r d i n , s.m., garden,
i m p r i m e r i e , s.f., p r i n t i n g , je, pers. pron., I.
i n c l i n e r , v.t., incline, J e a n , s.m., J o h n ,
i n d i v i d u , s.m., i n d i v i d u a l , s t r i p l i n g , lass,
i n d o c i l e , adj., indocile, j u g e , s.m., j u d g e ,
i n d o m p t , - e , adj., u n t a m e d , wild. j u g e m e n t , s.m., j u d g m e n t .
VOCABULARY. 189
l a b o u r e u r , s.m., husbandman,
l c h e , adj., cowardly, "ly/Taon, s.m., m a s o n .
l a i s s e r , v.t., leave, let. m a d a m e ,s/., madam,
l a i t , s.m., milk, m a h o m t a n , adj., M a h o m e t a n ,
-e,
l a m p e , s.f., lamp, m a i n , s.f, hand,
l a n g u e , s.f., t o n g u e , l a n g u a g e , m a i n - f o r t e , s.f, help,
l a v e r , v.t., wash. m a i n t , - e , adj., m a n y a.
se l a v e r , , v.r., w a s h , m a i n t e n a n t , a d v . , n o w .
l e , def. art. m., t h e . m a i s , conj., b u t .
le, pers. pron. m., h i m , it. m a i s o n , s.f, house,
l e o n , s.f., lesson, m a t r e , s.m., m a s t e r , t e a c h e r ,
l e n t e m e n t , adv., slowly, m a t r e s s e , s . f , mistress,
l e q u e l , rel. fy inter, pron. /., mal, adv., ill, b a d l y ,
l a q u e l l e , / . , lesquels, p l . m., m a l a d e , a d j . , ill.
p l . f , who, whom,
l e s q u e l l e s , m a l a d e , s.m.f., p a t i e n t ,
t h a t , w h i c h , w h i c h one. s.m., m a l e f a c t o r ,
m a l f a i t e u r ,
les, def. art.pl., the. m a l h e u r , s.m., m i s f o r t u n e ,
les, pers. pron., m. %f.pl., them, m a n g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , v.t. Jj- i . , e a t .
l e t t r e , s.f, letter, m a r c h e r , w a l k , go.
v.i.,
l e u r , pen. pron., to t h e m , m a r c h a l , s.m., m a r s h a l ,
l e u r , pass, adj., t h e i r . Le lew, m a r i , s.m., h u s b a n d .
la leur, les leurs, poss. pron., M a r i e , s . f , Mary,
theirs. m a r i n e , s.f, navy,
m a r r a i n e , s.f., godmother,
se l e v e r ( 2 5 8 ) , v.r., rise, g e t up.
m a r t e a u , s.m., h a m m e r ,
libert, s . f , liberty.
m a t r i a u x , s.m. pl., materials,
l i c o u , s.m., halter.
m a t i n , s.m., m o r n i n g ,
lie, s.f, dregs.
m a u d i r e ( 3 4 3 ) , v.t., curse,
l i e u e , s.f, league.
m a u v a i s , -e, a d j . , b a d .
l i m e , s.f, file.
ma, pers. pron., me, t o m e ; m y -
lire ( 3 1 8 ) , v.t. % i., read.
self, to m y s e l f ,
lit, s.m., bed.
m c h a n t , - e , adj., wicked,
livre, s.m., book. m c o n n a t r e ( 313), v.t., m i s -
l o c o m o t i o n , s.f, locomotion. construe,
l o i , s.f, law. m d e c i n , s.m., doctor.
L o n d r e s , s.m., London. M d i t e r r a n e , s.f., M e d i t e r r a n e a n ,
l o n g , - u e , adj., long. m e i l l e u r , -e, adj., b e t t e r . Le
l o n g t e m p s , adv., long, a long
w h i l e , meilleur, t h e best,
l o r s q u e , conj^ w h e n . m m e , adj., same, self.
190 FRENCH- ENGLISH
m m e , a d v . , e v e n , m o n o t o n e , a d j . , m o n o t o n o u s ,
m e n a c e , s.f., threat, m o n s i e u r , s.m., sir, g e n t l e m a n ,
m e n e r ( 2 5 8 ) , v.t., lead, M r .
m e n t e n r , s.m., liar, m o n s t r u e u - x , -se, a d j . , m o n s t r o u s ,
1
m e n t i r ( 285), v.i., lie. m o n t a g n e , s.f., m o u n t a i n .
m p h i t i q u e , a d j . , m e p h i t i c . M o n t n g r i n , s.m., M o n t e n e g r i n ,
m r e , s.f., m o t h e r , m o n t e r , v.i., m o u n t . Monter
m r i t e , s.m.., m e r i t , cheval, ride o n h o r s e b a c k ,
m r i t e r , v.t., deserve, m o n t r e , s.f., w a t c h ,
m e s s i e u r s , s.m. p l . , g e n t l e m e n , m o n u m e n t , s.m., m o n u m e n t .
y a r d s ) , m o u c h e , s.f., fly.
b e g i n . m o u s t a c h e , s.f., m o u s t a c h e ,
m e u r t r i - e r , -re, a d j . , m u r d e r o u s , m o u s t i q u e , s.m., m u s q u i t o .
m i d i , s.m., n o o n , m i d d a y , t w e l v e m o u t o n , s.m., s h e e p ,
m i l , num. a d j . , o n e t h o u s a n d ( i n s h e - m u l e ,
dates A.D.). m u r , s.m., wall,
m i l l e , num. a d j . , t h o u s a n d , m r , -e, a d j . , ripe,
m i l l e , s.m,., m i l e . m r i r , v.i., ripen,
m i l l i a r d , s.m., o n e t h o u s a n d m i l - m u s i q u e , s.f., m u s i c .
lions.
m i l l i o n , s.m., million. p a t r e ( 316), v.i., b e b o r n .
m i n u i t , s.m., m i d n i g h t . n a r r a t i o n , s . f , narrative,
m i n u t e , s.f., m i n u t e . n a t i o n , s . f , n a t i o n ,
adj., m o d e r n .
m o d e r n e , n a u f r a g e , s.m., s h i p w r e c k ,
A moi I h e l p 1 w r e c k e d , c a s t a w a y ,
t h e least, n c e s s a i r e , a d j . , necessary.
m o i s , s.m., m o n t h n e v e u , s.m., n e p h e w .
m o i s s o n , s.f., harvest, crop, n e z , s.m., nose.
m o l l e m e n t , a d v . , feebly, ni, eonj., neither, nor,
m o m e n t , s.m., m o m e n t , nid, s.m., nest.
m o n d e , s.m., w o r l d . Tout le nier, v.t., d e n y .
monde, e v e r y one. noble, a d j . , noble.
VOCABULAHY. 191
d r o w n , ^ p a y m e n t .
n u e , s . f , c l o u d , s w a r m , p a i n , s.m., b r e a d , loaf.
n u i t , s . f , n i g h t . p a l a i s , s.m., palace.
b e b u s y , p a r e s s e , s . f , idleness, laziness,
u v r e , s . f , w o r k , parfois, a d v . , s o m e t i m e s ,
o i n d r e ( 3 3 1 ) , v.t., a n o i n t , p a r o l e , s.f., w o r d ,
o n z e , m o n . a d j . , e l e v e n , p a r t i c i p e , s.m., participle,
or, s.m., g o l d , p a r t o u t , a d v . , e v e r y w h e r e ,
orner, v.t., a d o r n , p e n s e w i t h ,
J. F. C.
13
192 FRENCH- ENGLISH
s.f.,
s a t i s f a c t i o n , satisfaction, s o l d a t , s.m., soldier,
s a u v a g e , adj., savage, wild. sollicitation, s . f , solicitation,
S a u v e u r , s.m., deliverer, Saviour, s o m m e , s f . , s u m .
s a v a m m e n t , adv., learnedly, s o m m e i l , s.m., sleep,
s a v o f r ( 305), v.t., k n o w ; be able, son, s.m., sound.
can. son, m., sa, / . , ses, m.f. pl., post.
s c i e n c e , s.f., k n o w l e d g e , science, adj., his, her, its.
se, rejlex. pron., h i m s e l f , h e r - s o n g e r ( 274), v.i., think
self, itself ; t h e m s e l v e s ; one's sort, s.m., lot.
self. s o r t i r ( 2 9 0 ) , v . i . , go o u t .
t o m b e r , v.i., fall.
t o n , m., t a , / . , t e s , m.f. pl., poss.
T T l y s s e , s.m., U l y s s e s .
adj., thy. ^ num. adj., o n e .
un, -e,
t o n n e r , v.i., thunder,
un, -e, indef. adj. fy pron., one.
tort, s.m., wrong. Avoir tort, un, -e, indef. art., a, an.
be wrong, u s a g e , s.m., use.
t o u j o u r s , adv., always,
u s i n e , s.f., factory,
t o u r , s.m., turn. utile, a d j . , useful.
t o u s , adj. 7n.pl., t o u t e s , adj.f. pi.
t o u t , - e , adj., all, every. Tous
les jours, every day.
t o u t , s.m., whole, everything,
V accine,
v a c h e ,
s f . ,
s.f.,
v a c c i n a t i o n ,
c o w .
a m u s i n g , amusant, a r r o w , flche, / .
a n , u n . a r s e n a l , arsenal, m.
a n c e s t o r s , anctres, aeux, m. pl. a r t , a r t , m.
a n c i e n t , a n c i e n , -ne. a r t i c l e , article, m.
a n d , et. a r t i l l e r y , artillerie, / .
a n n o u n c e , a n n o n c e r ( 275). A s i a t i c , asiatique.
a n o t h e r , un autre. One another, a s i d e , de ct.
a n s w e r , rpondre, a s s e m b l e , assembler.
ant, f o u r m i , / , assembly, assemble,/.
a n t i d o t e , antidote, m. a s s i s t a n c e , aide, / .
a n t i - j a c o b i n , anti-jacobin, a s s i z e s , assises, / . pl. Court of
a n t i q u i t y , antiquit, / . assizes, cour ( / . ) d'assises,
any, d u , de la, de 1', d e s ; quel- a s s o c i a t i o n , association, / .
c o n q u e ; en. Anything, rien, a s s u r e , assurer,
a p p a l l i n g , effrayant, a s t o n i s h , tonner,
a p p e a l , appel, m: a s t o n i s h m e n t , t o n n e m e n t , m.
a p p e a r , p a r a t r e ( 3 1 4 ) , com- at, . At my grandmother's, chez
paratre, ma grand'mre,
a p p l a u s e , applaudissements, m. pl. a t h l e t e , athlte, m .
a p p l e , pomme,/, A t l a n t i c , Atlantique,
a p p l y , s'adresser. Apply one's self, a t t a c h , a t t a c h e r , a d j o i n d r e (331).
be a p p r e h e n s i v e , a p p r h e n d e r , a t t a c k , attaquer,
a p p r o a c h , approche,/, a t t a i n , a t t e i n d r e ( 3 3 0 ) , p a r -
a p p r o a c h , t., s ' a p p r o c h e r de, i., v e n i r ( 297).
s'approcher, a t t e m p t , tentative, / .
a p p r o v a l , approbation, / . a t t e m p t , t e n t e r , essayer ( 2 7 2 ) .
a p r i c o t , abricot, m. a t t e n t i o n , attention, / .
A r a b , A r a b e , m. a t t e n t i v e , attenti-f, -ve.
a r c h b i s h o p , a r c h e v q u e , m. a t t r a c t i v e , attrayant.
a r c h i p e l a g o , archipel, m. A u s t r i a , Autriche, / .
a r g u e , d b a t t r e ( 347). a u t h o r , a u t e u r , m.
a r m , bras, m. a v o i d , viter,
a r m s , a r m e s , / . pl. Lay down a w a i t , attendre,
arms, m e t t r e 346) b a s les a w a k e , veill,
armes, a w a r d , dcerner.
a r m y , arme,/, A z o r e s , Aores, / . pl.
a r o u n d , autour d e .
arrest, arrestation,/,
a r r i v a i , arrive, / . >y, bb, m.
a r r i v e , arriver, aboutir. bad, mauvais.
200 KNGLISH-KENCH
B a d e n , Bade, / . B e n g a l , B e n g a l e , m.
badly, mal. b e s i e g e , assiger, ( 274).
baffle, c h a p p e r . b e s t , adj., le meilleur ; adv., le
B a l d w i n , B a u d o u i n , m. mieux,
b a l l , balle, / . Dance, b a l , e. b e s t o w , accorder,
b a n d i t , b a n d i t , m. betray, trahir.
bank, rive,/. b e t t e r , adj., meilleur ; adv., m i e u x .
barley, o r g e , / . Be better, valoir ( 308) m i e u x ,
barn, grange, / . between, entre,
b a r o n , b a r o n , m. b e y o n d , a u - d e l de.
base, b a s e r . b i g , gros, -se.
b a s i n , bas-fond, m. biography, biographie,/,
b a s i s , base, / . bishop, vque, m.
Bastille, Bastille,/. bite, m o r d r e ,
b a t a l l i o n , bataillon, m. b l a c k , noir,
b a t h , b a i n , m. blood, sang, m.
b a t h e , t., b a i g n e r , i., se Daigner, b l o w , coup, m.
b a t t e r y , batterie, / . b l u e , bleu,
battle, bataille,/, blush, rougir.
battle-axe, hache (/.) d'armes, b o a r d i n g - h o u s e , pension ( / ) de
be, tre ( j 348), se t r o u v e r , famille,
b e a c h , plage, / . b o a s t e r , h b l e u r , m.
b e a r , porter, s u p p o r t e r . Be born, b o a t , bateau, m.
natre 316). b o d y , corps, m.
b e a t , b a t t r e ( 347). boil, i., bouillir ( 283), t., f a i r e
b e a u t i f u l , beau or bel, -le. bouillir,
beauty, beaut,/, b o n d , lien, m.
become, d e v e n i r ( 297). book, livre, m. Exercise book,
bed, lit, m. Go to bed, se coucher, cahier, m.
beer, b i r e , / , b o o k - k e e p i n g , t e n u e ( / ) des
before, adv., a u p a r a v a n t , livres.
b e f o r e , prep, (of time) avant, be b o r n , n a t r e ($ 316).
(of place) devant, (with injin.) B o s p h o r u s , Bosphore, m.
a v a n t de ; conj., a v a n t q u e . b o t h , l ' u n et l ' a u t r e , t o u s les
beg, prier. deux,
b e g i n , commencer ( 275). Begin boy, garon, m.
afresh, recommencer, brandy, eau-de-vie,/,
b e g i n n i n g , c o m m e n c e m e n t , m. brave, vaillant,
b e h a v e , se comporter, se con- b r e a d , p a i n , m.
d u i r e (I 332). b r e a k , r o m p r e . Break into, en-
b e h i n d , d e r r i r e . From behind, f o n c e r ( | 275). Break out,
par derrire. clater,
Belgian, beige. b r e a k f a s t , d j e u n e r , m.
B e l g i u m , Belgique, / . b r e a t h , o u t of, essouffl,
believe, croire ( 321). b r e a t h one's l a s t , r e n d r e le d e r -
bell, cloche, / . n i e r soupir,
b e l o n g , a p p a r t e n i r ( 296). bride, pouse,/,
below, en bas, b r i e f l y , brivement,
b e n e f a c t o r , bienfaiteur, m. b r i l l i a n t , clatant.
VOCABULARY. 201
C ab, fiacre, m.
Caesar, Csar, m.
c h a r t , carte, / .
c h a s e , chasse, / .
c a l a m i t y , calamit, f . c h a s e , chasser, refouler,
call, appel, m. c h a t t e r e r , b a v a r d , m.
c a l l , appeler ( 261). c h e e r f u l n e s s , gaiet,/,
c a l m l y , tranquillement, c h e r r y , cerise,/,
can, p o u v o i r ( 306),savoir ( 305). c h i e f t o w n , chef-lieu, .
C a n a d a , Canada, . child, e n f a n t , m.f.
c a n a l , canal, m. c h o o s e , choisir. Chosen men,
c a n d i d a t e , candidat, m. hommes d'lite.
c a n n o n , canon, m. Cannon-ball, C h r i s t o p h e r , Christophe, m.
b o u l e t (m.) de canon. c h u r c h , glise, / .
C a n t e r b u r y , C a n t o r b r y , m. c i t i z e n , citoyen, m.
cap, b o n n e t , m. c i r c u m s t a n c e , circonstance, / .
c a p i t a l , capitale, / . c i t y , ville, cit, / .
c a p i t u l a t e , capituler, c l a i m , prtention, rclamation,/,
c a p t a i n , capitaine, m. c l a s s , classe, / .
c a p t i v e , captif, prisonnier, m. C l a u d i a , Claude, / .
c a r e , se soucier, C l a u d i u s , Claude, m.
c a r n a t i o n , oeillet, m. C l e a r l y , clairement,
c a r n i v a l , c a r n a v a l , m. c l e r k , commis, m.
c a r t , charrette, / . c l e m e n c y , clmence, / .
case, caisse, / . clever, instruit,
c a s t , j e t e r ( 262). c l i f f , falaise, / .
c a s t l e , chteau, m. c l o a k , mfinteau, m.
eat, chat, m. c l o c k , horloge, f . Seven o'clock,
e a t c h , attraper. sept heures.
202 KNGLISH- KENCH
close, f e r m e r . c o n n e c t , lier.
c o q - - 1 ' n e , m. c o n s i d e r , trouver,
c o c k a d e , cocarde, / . c o n s p i c u o u s , important,
c o f f e e , caf, . c o n s p i r a t o r , c o n j u r , m.
-
c o g n i z a n c e , m a r q u e distinctive^/ , c o n s t r u c t , construire 333).
c o l d , froid, c o n s u l t , consulter,
c o l d l y , froidement, c o n s u m e , consumer,
c o l l a p s e , s'crouler, c o n t a i n , contenir ( 296), r e n -
c o l o n i s t , colon, m. fermer,
c o l o n i z e , coloniser, c o n t i n e n t , continent, m.
c o l o n y , colonie, / . c o n t i n e n t a l ,continental,
c o l o u r , couleur, / . c o n t i n u e , continuer,
c o m p e t i t o r , c o n c u r r e n t , m. corn, bl, g r a i n , m.
c o m p l a i n , se plaindre ( 329). c o r o n a t i o n , c o u r o n n e m e n t , m .
c o m p l i m e n t , compliment, m. c o t t o n , coton, m.
c o m p o s e , composer, c o u n s e l , conseil, m.
c o m p o s i t i o n , composition, / . c o u n t , comte, m.
c o n c e a l , cacher, c o u n t , compter,
c o n c e i v e , concevoir ( 301). c o u n t e r p o i s e , contrepoids, m .
c o n c e r n i n g , touchant, c o u n t e s s , comtesse,/,
c o n c e r t , concert, m. c o u n t r y , pays, m., c a m p a g n e ,
c o n c l u d e , conclure ( 322).
patrie, contre, / .
c o n d e m n , condamner,
c o u r a g e , courage, m.
c o n d i m e n t , condiment, m.
courageusement,
c o u r a g e o u s l y ,
c o n d i t i o n , situation, c o n d i t i o n , / .
c o u r t , cour, / .
c r o w d , foule,/, d e g r e e , degr, m.
c r o w n , couronne, / . d e l a y , dlai, m.
c r o w n , couronner, d e l i v e r , dlivrer, r e m e t t r e ( 3 4 6 ) .
c r u m b l e , s'crouler, d e l i v e r a n c e , dlivrance,/,
c r u s a t l e r , crois, m. d e m o c r a t i c , dmocratique,
c r u s h , craser, d e n s e , dense, i m m e n s e ,
c r y , cri, m . d e p a r t m e n t a l , de d p a r t e m e n t ,
c u l p r i t , coupable, m. d e p r i v e , priver,
c u l t i v a t e , cultiver, d e p u t y , dput,
cup, tasse, c o u p e , / , d e s c e n d , descendre,
c u r s e , m a u d i r e ( 343). d e s c r i b e , dcrire ( 3 3 6 ) .
c u s t o m , coutume / . d e s e r t i o n , dsertion, / .
c u s t o m - h o u s e , douane,/. Custom- d e s e r v e , mriter,
house officer, douanier, m. d e s i g n , dsigner,
e u t , couper. Cut down, a b a t t r e d e s i r e , dsirer,
d e s p a t c h , dpche, / .
( 347). Cut o f f , couper,
d e s p a t c h , expdier,envoyer ( 2 8 2 )
coutelier, m.
c u t l e r ,
d e s p e r a t e , acharn,
d e s t r o y , dtruire (f 333).
d e t a i n , r e t e n i r ( 2 9 6 ) .
T A a m a g e , d g t , m.
danger, ta.
d a n g e r ,
d e v a s t a t e , dvaster,
d e v i a t e , se d p a r t i r ( 2 8 6 ) .
d a r e , oser,
d e v o t e , consacrer,
d a r i n g , audace, / .
d i a m o n d , d i a m a n t , m.
d a r k , sombre, b r u n ,
D i a n a , Diane, / .
d a r k n e s s , tnbres, / . pl.
d i c t i o n a r y , dictionnaire, m.
d a t e , dater,
d a u g h t e r , fille, / .
die, m o u r i r ( 299).
d i f f e r e n c e , diffrence, / . , (quarrel
d a w n , surgir.
d a y , jour, m., j o u r n e , / , livery diffrend, m.
d a y , t o u s les jours, different, diffrent,
d e a d , m o r t . d i f f i c u l t y , difficult, / .
d e a d l y , m e u r t r i - e r , -re. d i g n i f i e d , lev,
d e a l e r , m a r c h a n d , m. d i l i g e n t , d i l i g e n t , appliqu,
d e a t h , mort,/, d i n n e r , d n e r , m.
D e c e m b e r , dcembre, m. d i s a d v a n t a g e , dsavantage, m.
d e c e n t , convenable, d i s a p p e a r , disparatre ( 3 1 4 ) .
d e c l a r e , dclarer, d i s a s t e r , dsastre, m.
d e e p , profond, d i s c o u r s e , discourir ( 2 9 8 ) .
d e f e a t , dfaite, / . d i s c o v e r , dcouvrir ( 2 9 3 ) .
d e f e n c e , dfense,/, d i s c r e e t , discr-et, - t e .
d e f e n d a n t , d e n d e - n r , -resse. d i s f i g u r e , dfigurer,
d e f e n d e r , dfenseur, m. d i s h o n o u r , dshonneur, m
d e f i n i t i o n , dfinition,/. d i s p e r s e , disperser.
204 KNGLISH- KENCH
d i s p l e a s e , dplaire ( 317). e a r n , g a g n e r ,
d i s s o l v e d , dissou-s - t e . e a r t h , terre,/,
d i s t i n g u i s h , distinguer, e a s i l y , facilement, aisment.
d i s t r a c t e d l y , perdument. E a s t e r , P q u e s , m.
d i s t r e s s , dtresse,/, e a t , m a n g e r ( 274).
d i s t u r b , d r a n g e r ({ 274). e c c l e s i a s t i c a l , ecclsiastique,
d i v i n i t y , divinit, e d u c a t i o n , ducation,/.
d i v i d e , p a r t a g e r ({ 274). E d w a r d , E d o u a r d , m.
d i v i s i o n , p a r t a g e , m. e f f e c t , effet, m. In effect, e n effet,
do, f a i r e , ( 344). e g g , u f , m.
d o c t o r , docteur, mdecin, >. Egypt, Egypte,/,
dog, c h i e n , m. e i g h t , huit,
d o l l , poupe, / . e l a p s e , s'couler,
d o m i n a n t , prdominant, e l b o w , coudoyer ( 272).
d o m i n i o n , tat, m. e l d e s t , an,
door, porte,/. e l e c t o r , lecteur, m.
e n t e r p r i s e , entreprise, / . e x p e d i t i o n , expdition, / .
e n t h u s i a s m , enthousiasme, m. e x p e r i e n c e , exprience, / .
e n t h u s i a s t , enthousiaste, m. e x p e r i e n c e , p r o u v e r , subir,
e n t i r e l y , entirement, e x p e r i e n c e d , expriment,
e n t r a n c e , entre, / . e x p i a t e , expier,
e n t r e a t , supplier, e x p l a i n , expliquer,
e n v i r o n s , environs, m. pl. e x p l o i t , exploit, m.
e n v o y , envoy, m. e x p l o r a t i o n , exploration, / .
e p i s o d e , pisode, ta. e x p l o r e , explorer,
e q u a l l y , galement, e x p l o s i o n , explosion, / .
e q u i t a b l e , quitsvble. e x p o r t , exporter,
e q u i v a l e n t , quivalent. Be e x p r e s s l y , expressment,
equivalent, quivaloir ( 308). e x t e n s i v e , tendu,
e r e c t , dresser, riger 274). e x t e n t , tendue, / .
e s c a p e , s'chapper, chapper . e x t r a o r d i n a r y , extraordinaire,
e s t a b l i s h , tablir, e x t r e m e , extrme,
e s t e e m , estime,/, e x t r e m i t y , extrmit,
e s t e e m , estimer, e y e , i l , m .
e t e r n a l l y , ternellement.
E u r o p e , Europe, / .
E u r o p e a n , europen, - n e .
T r a h i e , fable, / .
e v e n , mme. fail, chouer,
e v e n i n g , soir, m., soire, / . f a i n t , s'vanouir,
e v e n t , v n e m e n t , m. f a i t h , foi, / . Faith ! m a f o i !
e v e r , jamais. f a l l , chute, / .
thing, t o u t , f a m o u s , illustre,
e v i d e n c e , t m o i g n a g e , m. fan, ventail, m.
e v i d e n t , vident, far, loin. As far as, j u s q u ' .
evil, m a l , m . f a r m e r , f e r m i e r , c u l t i v a t e u r , m.
e x a c t l y , justement, f a s h i o n a b l e , lgant, h a u t ,
e x a g g e r a t i o n , exagration, / . f a s t , vite, r a p i d e m e n t ,
f e v e r , fivre, / . f o r g i v e , pardonner,
few, p e u . A few, u n peu, q u e l - f o r m , forme, / .
ques, q u e l q u e s - u n s , q u e l q u e s - f o r m , former.
h a r m , m a l , m . h o p e , e s p r a n c e , / . , espoir, m.
h a r m o n i o u s , h a r m o n i e u - x , -se. h o p e , esprer 266), s o u h a i t e r .
h a r v e s t , moisson, / . horror, horreur,/,
h a s t e , hte, / . Make haste, se h o r s e , cheval, m . ; cavalerie,/.
h t e r , accourir ( 298). h o s t e s s , htesse, / .
h a s t e n , se hter, h o t e l , htel, m.
h a z a r d , hasarder, how, c o m m e n t .
he, il, iui ; celui, h o w e v e r , q u e l q u e . . q u e ; ce-
h e a d , tte, / . pendant,
h e a l t h , sant, / . hue, teinte, f .
h e a r , e n t e n d r e , a p p r e n d r e ( 345). h u g e , vaste,
h e a t , chaleur, / . humble, humble,
h e a v e n , ciel, m. h u m m i n g - b i r d , oiseau-mouche, m.
heavy,lourd. h u n d r e d , cent.
h e d g e , haie, / . H u n g a r i a n , 'Hongrois.
h e i g h t , h a u t , m., h a u t e u r , f , H u n g a r y , 'Hongrie,/,
h e l p , secours, m. h u n t e r , chasseur, m.
h i g h , haut, ment,
hill, colline,/, i l l , adj., m a l a d e ,
h i m , le, l u i . i l l , adv., m a l .
i l l u s i o n , illusion, / .
h i m s e l f , l u i - m m e , se, soi
his, adj., son, sa, ses, pron., le illustrions, illustre,
i m a g e , image, / ,
sien, l a sienne, les siens, lea
i m a g i n e , s ' i m a g i n e r , se f i g u r e r ,
siennes ; l u i .
h i s t o r i c a l , historique, i m m e d i a t e l y , t o u t de suite, i m -
h i s t o r y , histoire, / .
m d i a t e m e n t , sur le c h a m p ,
h o l d , t e n i r ( 296).
i m m e n s e , immense,
i m m o r t a l i t y , immortalit, / .
h o l e , trou, m.
i m p a t i e n c e , impatience, / .
h o l y , saint,
h o m a g e , h o m m a g e , m.
i m p a t i e n t , impatient,
a t h o m e , chez soi, la m a i s o n ,
i m p e r t i n e n t , impertinent,
h o n e s t , honnte, implore, implorer.
h o n e s t y , honntet, p r o b i t , / ,
| i m p o r t , importer,
h o n o u r , honneur, m
i m p o r t a n t , important,
h o n o u r , h o n o r e r .
i m p o r t u n e , importuner.
VOCABULARY. 209
i m p o s i n g , imposant, J a m e s , J a c q u e s , m.
i m p o s s i b l e , impossible, J a n e , Jeanne, / .
in, en, dans, . jaw, mchoire,/.
i n c e s s a n t l y , sans cesse, J e r u s a l e m , J r u s a l e m , m.
i n c r e a s e , augmenter, j e w e l , b i j o u , m.
i n c u r , encourir ( 298). j e w e l l e r y , b i j o u x , m . pl., bi
i n d i c t m e n t , procs-verbal, m. jouterie, / .
i n d e e d , e n effet. J o a n of A r c , Jeanne d'Arc, f .
I n d i a , Inde, / . J o h n , J e a n , m.
I n d i e s , I n d e s , / . pl. j o i n , j o i n d r e , r e j o i n d r e ($ 3 3 1 ) .
i n d i s c r e e t , i n d i s c - e t , -te. j o u r n e y , voyage, m.
i n d i v i d u a l , individu, m. j u d g e , j u g e , m.
i n d u c e , e n g a g e r ( 2 7 4 ) , p o r t e r , j u d g e , j u g e r (J 274).
i n d u l g e n c e , indulgence,/, j u d g m e n t , j u g e m e n t , m.
i n d u s t r i o u s l y , assidment, J u l y , j u i l l e t , m.
i n d u s t r y , industrie, / . J u n e , j u i n , m.
i n f e r i o r , infrieur, j u n i o r , jeune,
i n f l u e n z a , grippe,/, j u s t , juste.
i n f o r m a t i o n , renseignement, m .
i n h a b i t a n t , h a b i t a n t , m.
i n j u r e , n u i r e (J 335).
TZ^eep, g a r d e r .
i n s i s t , exiger ( 2 7 4 ) .
^ k e e p i n g , gardo, /
i n s o l e n c e , insolence. / ,
key, clef,/,
i n s t a n t [of the monti), courant. kill, tuer,
i n s t a n t l y , s u r le champ,
kind, espce,/,
i n s t e a d o f , a u lieu de.
k i n g , r o i , m.
i n s t r u c t , instruire 333). kingdom, royaume, m.
i n s u r m o u n t a b l e , insurmontable, k n e e , g e n o u , m.
i n t e g r i t y , probit, droiture, / .
k n o w , savoir ( 305), c o n n a t r e
i n t e l l i g e n t , intelligent,
($ 313). Not know, ignorer.
i n t e n t i o n , intention, / .
Know how, savoir.
inter, ensevelir,
i n t e r c e p t , intercepter,
i n t e r e s t , intrt, m.
T a b o u r , travail, m.
i n t e r e s t , intresser,
^ l a d y , dame,/,
i n t e r r u p t , interrompre,
l a k e , lac, m .
i n t o , dans, e n .
l a n d , t e r r e , / . , pays, m.
i n t r e n c h , retrancher,
l a n d , dbarquer.
i n t r o d u c e , prsenter,
i n v a d e , envahir, l a n d - l o c k e d , enferm par des
i n v e n t , inventer, terres.
i n v i t e , inviter, l a n g u a g e , langue, / . , langage,
it, il, elle ; le, la ; es. m.
l a r d e r , g a r d e - m a n g e r , m.
I t a l y , Italie, / .
l a r g e , g r a n d , gros, -se.
i t s , son, sa, ses.
last, d e r n i - e r , -re. Last week,
la semaine dernire. At last,
enfin,
T a c k a l , chacal, m. last, durer.
j a c k e t , jaquette,/. I late, tard.
210 ENGLISH--FRENCH.
lay, dposer, L o n d o n , L o n d r e s , m.
l\3ss, m o i n s , i o y a l t y , loyaut, / .
lest, q u e . . . ne.
letter, lettre, / .
level, n i v e a u , m. "j\/Tadam, madame,/.
l e v y , percevoir 301). m a g a z i n e , p o u d r i r e , / ,
L e w i s , Louis, m. m a g i s t r a t e , m a g i s t r a t , m.
l i a r , m e n t e u r , m. m a g n i f i c e n t , magnifique.
l i b e r t y , libert, / . . m a h a r a j a h , i n a h a r a j a h , m.
c u r de lion, m a n n e r , manire, f a o n , / ,
mark, m a r q u e , / . m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , msintelli-
m a r k , marquer, gence, / .
m a r k e t , m a r c h , m. m i x , se mler,
M a r m o r a , Marmara, mob, f o u l e , / ,
m a r v e j , merveille, / . m o d e r n , moderne,
m a r v e l l o u s l y , merveille. m o d e s t , modeste,
M a r y , Marie, / . m o d e s t l y , avec modestie,
m a s k , masquer. m o m e n t , m o m e n t , m.
m a s s , messe,/. Highmass,gmnA'- m o n a r c h , m o n a r q u e , m.
messe, / . m o n a s t e r y , monastre, m.
m a s t e r , m a t r e , m. M o n d a y , l u n d i , m.
m a s t e r - p i e c e , c h e f - d ' u v r e , m. m o n e y , a r g e n t , m.
m a t t e r , circonstance, m a t i r e , / . m o n o t o n o u s , monotone,
What is the natter with you ! m o n t h , mois, m.
qu'avez-vous 1 m o n u m e n t , m o n u m e n t , m.
m e a d , h y d r o m e l , m. m o r n i n g , m a t i n , m.
ncessaire.
n e c e s s a r y , To is now, maintenant, prsent,
necessary, falloir 309). n o w h e r e , nulle part,
n e c k , c o u , m- n u m b e r , nombre, m.
Neckar, m.
N e c k a r , n u m e r o u s , nombreu-x, - s e .
n e s t , n i d , m . o b s t i n a t e , opinitre, rcalcitrant,
n o o n , miili, m. o r a n g e , o r a n g e , / ,
p a s s a g e , passage, m. p l a n t , plante,/,
p a s t , pass. Half-past one, u n e p l a y , j o u e r , se rcrer,
p a s t r y - c o o k , ptissier, m. p l e a s e , plaire ( 3 1 7 ) .
p a t h , v o i e , / . , sentier, m. p l e a s u r e , plaisir, m.
p a t i e n c e , patience, / . p l u n d e r , b u t i n , m.
p a t r i a r c h , patriarche, m. p o i n t e d , pointu,
p e a c e , puis. / . P o l e , Polonais, m.
p r o b l e m , problme, m. q u e s t i o n , question, / . To be a
p r o c e s s i o n , cortge, m. In pro- j question of, s ' a g i r de.
cession, en cortge, q u i c k l y , vite,
p r o c l a i m , proclamer, q u i n c e , coing, m.
p r o d u c e , p r o d u i r e ( 332).
p r o f e s s , professer,
p r o f e s s i o n , profession, / . ace, peuple, m., race, f .
p r o f e s s o r , professeur, m. r a i n , pleuvoir ( 304).
p r o f o u n d , profond. j liement,
p r o f u s e l y , profusment. j r a m p a r t , r e m p a r t , m.
p r o g r e s s , progrs, m. < r a n k , r a n g , m.
VOCABULARY. 215
r a z o r , rasoir, m. r e p u b l i c , rpublique,/.
r e a c h , atteindre ( 330), parvenir ' r e p u b l i c a n , rpublicain,
(\ 297). j r e p u i s e , repousser.
r e g e n t , rgent, m. r e v o l u t i o n , rvolution,/,
r e g i m e n t , rgiment, m. r e w a r d , rcompenser.
r e g r e t , regretter, R h i n e , lhin, m.
r o u t , droute, / . s e r g e a n t , sergent, m.
t
218 ENGLISH--FRENCH.
s t u d e n t , tudiant, m. T a s m a n i a , Tasmanie,/.
s t u d y , tude,/, tax, impt, m.
s t u d y , tudier, t e a , th. m.
' T ' a k e , prendre ( 345), mener pron., ceux, ceux-ci, m., celles,
( 258). Take prisoner, faire celles-ci, / .
( 344) prisonnier. Take with t h e y , ils, m.pl., elles, f.pl. ; ceux,
one, emmener ( 258). m.pl-, celles, f.pl. ; eux, m.pl.,
t a k i n g , prise,/, elles, f.pl.
talk, causer, thine, le tien, la tienne, les tiens,
t a l l , grand, les tiennes ; toi.
t a s k , tohe,/. thing, chose,/.
VOCABULARY. 219