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a) Terry is twenty years old. He can drive a car.(present) a) Can I ask you a question, please? (informal)
b) When he was ten, he could /was able to ride a b) Could I ask you a question. Please? (more polite)
bicycle. (past repeated action) c) May/ Might I ask you a question, please? (formal)
c) Paula was able to climb to the top of the mountain.
(managed to do; past single action)
a) Sue cant dance. (present) a) You can park your car here. (informal)
b) He couldnt /wasnt able to play chess when he was b) You may park your car in this area. (formal- usually
younger. (past repeated action) written)
c) She couldnt/ wasnt able to finish the book. (past c)You cant /mustnt use this phone. (informal)
single action) d) You may not use this phone. (formal-usually written)
a) You must attend the meeting. (You are obliged to/ a) All students can/ are allowed to use the library.
You have to/ You need to/ it is necessary) (regulation)
b) I must attend the meeting. (I have decided) b) I could/ was allowed to go out alone when I was 18.
c) I have to attend the meeting. ( Someone else has ( general permission)
decided) c) I was allowed to go out alone last night. (permission for
d) We ought to /should respect the elderly. (less strong one particular action)
than must)
e) Need I buy her a present? (Is it necessary?)
a) She doesnt need to/ doesnt have to/ neednt do the a) Can/ Will you explain this to me? (informal)
shopping. Ill do it later. (It isnt necessary) b) Could /Would you explain this to me? ( more polite)
b) She didnt need to/ didnt have to do the shopping c) Can I have some water? (informal)
as I had already done it. (It wasnt necessary for her d) Could/ May I have some water? (formal)
to do it.) e) Might I have some water? (very formal)
c) She neednt have done the shopping. (It wasnt
necessary for her to do the shopping, but she did).
a) He must be at home. (positive; Im sure he is) a) You ought to/ should study harder. (I advise you to)
b) He cant be sleeping. (negative; Im sure he isnt.) b) You must study harder. (I strongly advise you to)
1) A: I found a briefcase on the train. B: You ought to /can take it to the police station as soon as possible.
2) A: Did you get some money from the bank? B: No, I didnt need to / neednt. I had enough in my wallet.
3) A: Sorry Im late again. B: You should/ might wear a watch.
4) A: Couldnt / May I speak to Clair, please? B: Just a moment, please. Ill call her.
5) A: We could / must go out for a meal this evening, if you like. B: Oh, yes. That would be nice.
6) A: I wonder if Pete and Jim have got lost. B: They cant/mustnt have got lost because I gave them a map.
7) A: Could/ Would I use your telephone, please? B: Yes, of course.
8) A: Was the exam very difficult? B: Yes, but I can/ was able to answer all the questions.
9) A: We mustnt/ neednt go shopping this week. Weve got plenty of food. B: Alright. Well go next week instead.
10) A: Should/ May I sit down, please? B: Yes, of course. Make yourself at home.
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1) A: When will/ shall I visit you next? B: You can/ must call in tomorrow, if you like.
2) A: Helen should be here by now. B: She ought to / could have missed the train.
3) A: Could I sleep at my friends house tonight? B: Yes, of course you could/ can.
4) A: I could/ was allowed to go to the disco last night. B: Was it good fun?
5) A: Can / Might I have a biscuit please, Mum? B: Of course. Help yourself.
6) A: Excuse me, sir. May I / Am I allowed to leave the room? B: Yes, but dont be too long.
7) A: Must / Might I borrow these files for a moment, sir? B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.
8) A: Might I use your pen? B: Of course you may/ might.
9) A: May I / Am I allowed to park in the company car park? B: Of course you are!
10) A: Is Jason at work today? B: He cant / may not be. His car isnt in the car park.
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1) A: Youpay the bills today. B: I know. I promise I wont forget. ( would/ shall/ must)
2) A: .we go to the beach tomorrow? B: Yes. Thats a great idea. (Shall/ Mustnt /Would)
3) A: Im going to the cinema. Do you want to come with me? B: No, thank you. Ido my homework.(could/ would/
have to)
4) A: You..put that shirt in the washing machine. B: I know. It has to be dry-cleaned. (must/ mustnt/couldnt)
5) A: Was your suitcase very heavy? B: Yes, but Icarry it by myself. (was able to/ cant/ ought)
6) A:..you drive? B: Yes, but I havent got my own car. (Might/ Should/ Can)
7) A: I..ride a bicycle until I was eight. B: Neither could I. (couldnt/ could/ cant)
8) A: ..you open the door for me, please? B: Yes, certainly. ( Shall/ Must/ Would)
9) A: Ben had a hard time trying to find the leak in the pipe. B: But he ..stop it, wasnt he? ( was allowed to/ was
able to/ could)
10) A: I saw Tina in town last night. B: You ..have seen her. Shes on holiday in Spain. (would/ could/ cant)
Modals Test 5.
A B
1) You mustnt. a) You are supposed to
2) You cant be. b) It wasnt necessary for us to(but we did)
3) You neednt. c) Lets
4) They ought to d) He managed to..
5) She didnt need to. e) They had better..
6) You should.. f) It is forbidden..
7) May I..? g) Im sure they are.
8) We neednt have. h) Do you mind if I?
9) He was able to.. i) You are to
10) Shall we.? j) It isnt necessary for you to
11) You must. k) Im certain you arent
12) They must be l) It wasnt necessary for her to..
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Modals Test 6.
13) Paul was been able to change the flat tyre by himself.
14) She neednt to have bought such an expensive dress.
15) The Prime Minister is to will give a speech at the conference tomorrow.
16) Jenny is likely that to look for another job.
17) That cant to have been Paul. Hes on holiday in Jamaica.
18) Would you mind if my staying here for a couple of days?
19) They might have been forgotten about our meeting.
20) Jack has had to see the General Manager yesterday.
Modals of Speculation
MUST Obviously
debe ser Definitely Must write Must have lost Is /are likely to
obviamente Evidently/ Likely Must be sleeping Must have been dreaming Unlikely to
probablemente Probably Must be punished Must have been brought * He is likely to buy a car.
seguramente I'm sure./ I'm
Estoy seguro de ... certain
Test 3. Modals
III. Complete each sentence with two to five words , including the word in bold.
IV. Complete the sentences using must, have to, may/ might, could or cant.
16) Perhaps Tom will work late tonight. Tom..work late tonight.
17) Its possible that Mary is trying to call us. Mary.to call us.
18) The students are obliged to finish the test in one hour. The students ..to finish the test in one hour.
19) Its possible that Mum is working in the garden. Mumworking in the garden.
20) Im sure Rachel is hungry. Rachel..hungry.
21) Dan cant be a teacher. A) Im sure Dan isnt a teacher. B) I think Dan isnt a teacher.
22) If it is hot tomorrow, we might go to the beach.
A) Well definitely go to the beach tomorrow. B) It is possible that we will go to the beach tomorrow.
23) Its very late. The children be sleeping. A) must B) cant
24) The north of England ..get very cold during the winter. A) may B) can
25) John isnt at home. He.be at the gym. A) might B) cant
Test 4. Modals
1) They ..have left together as I saw them get into the same car.
2) It ..rain this afternoon as its very cloudy.
3) I went to Sams house but nobody was there. He .have gone to the office.
4) Look! The doors unlocked. Susan have forgotten to lock it.
5) Lilly cant (finish) her homework. She only started it ten minutes ago.
6) The house could (burn down) if the fire brigade hadnt arrived on time.
7) He must(hurt) his leg. Hes limping.
8) Lynn cant ..(be) at home. Shes gone shopping.
9) Julie wasnt at home this morning. She might (go) to the dentists.
III. Complete each sentence with two to five words , including the word in bold.
IV. Complete the sentences using must, have to, may/ might, could or cant.
16) Perhaps Dad will take us out to dinner. Dadtake us out to dinner.
17) Im sure Lucy hasnt reached the station yet. Lucy.reached the station yet.
18) It is necessary for Grandma to take her medication every morning. Grandma .. to take her medication
every morning.
19) Its likely that they have gone to the supermarket . They .to the supermarket.
20) Im certain Bob didnt leave the party early. Bobthe party early.
21) Alison has to work on Saturday. Her boss told her so. A) Alison wants to work on Saturday. B) Alisons boss
wants her to work on Saturday.
22) That be Eve on the phone. She doesnt know our new number. A) mustnt B) cant
23) Why are Bob and Mag late? Well, they missed the 5 oclock bus. A) could have been B) might have
24) Diana must ..the stage props all night. She looks extremely tired. A) be preparing B) have been preparing
25) Susan has a broken leg. She..gone skiing. A) may have B) cant have
Key Test 3 Modals
1) must 2)cant 3)must 4)cant 5)have taken 6) have arrived 7) live 8) be 9) have had 10) cant have stolen
11) must have arrived 12) may/might/could have been having 13) must still be 14) might have lent
15) may rain 16) may/might 17) may/ might/ could be trying 18) must/have 19) may/might /could be
20) must be 21) a 22) b 23)a 24)b 25) a 26) I might not be here tomorrow 27) Mike may not have received my letter
28) Pete cant have told her about it. 29) She cant be 70 .30) She must have gone on holiday.
Key Test 4 Modals
1) must 2) may/might 3) may/might 4) must 5) have finished 6) have burned/burned 7) have hurt 8) be 9) have gone
10) could have forgotten to reserve 11) cant have known about 12) might call you from 13) cant have gone to
14) could be 15) might have written 16) may/might/could 17) cant have 18) must/has 19) may/might/could have gone
20) cant/ couldnt have left 21) b 22)b 23)b 24) b 25)b 26) She cant have gone there 27) Pete may/could have read
your book 28) She cant be only 17. 29) Ann may not have noticed you. 30) He must have been sleeping
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