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(b) Eigenvectors
We usually would like to find the unit eigenvector corresponding to each eigenvalue.
The process is called normalization.
For = 20,
4x + 3y = 0
x + y = 1
x 3/5
y = ! # , which is a unit eigenvector.
4/5
For = 5,
3x 4y = 0
x + y = 1
x 4/5
y = ! # , which is another unit eigenvector.
3/5
1
(c) Diagonalization of matrix
x x 3/5 4/5
P = y y = !4/5 #
3/5
Let
2
Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa, was born in Pisa, home of
the famous
mous leaning tower (inclined at an angle of 16.5 degrees to the
vertical). Little is known of his life, and no portrait exists. However, a
statue of Fibonacci was erected by the citizens of Pisa. A picture, seen here,
of the head of the Fibonacci statue,
ue, is some fifteen feet above ground. Since
then, the statue has been moved to its present (and original) location at
Camposanto Monumentale (at Piazza dei Miracoli, where the Leaning Tower
stands.)
(b) Binetss formula for finding the nth term of Fibonacci sequence
Fn = . 1
/( &(
(
There are many different proof for this formula. One way
is to use mathematical induction. Here we are going to use
the concept of diagonalization of matrix to prove this
formula.
1 1 Fn + 1
= ! #
1 0 Fn
1 1 Fn
= ! #
1 0 Fn 1
= .
1 1 F2
= ! #
1 0 F1
1 1 1
=
1 0 1
(1)
1 1
The problem is reduced to finding A , where A =
1 0
3
(d) Diagonalize A
1 1 x 1 1
A= ,
= y, A I
= =0
1 0 1
Now, A I
= 0 has non-zero solution, |A I| = 0
1 1
=0
1
1 = 0 (2)
= or =
/( &(
, which are the eigenvalues .
1 1 x x 1 1 x x
y = y, y = y
1 0 1 0
(3)
(2) is reduced to x = y, x = y
x x
y = , y = are the corresponding eigenvectors.
1 1
And
The eigenvectors are not normalized, that is, are not unit vectors, but is alright in
working for diagonalization.
x x
P = y y = 1 .
1
Take
& 1 1
B = P & AP =
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1
= ! #
89 &
: 1 1 0 1 1
1 + 1 + 1
= ! #! #
( 1
+ 1 + 1
= ! #
( 1 + 1 +
+2 0
= ! #
( 0 2
, since the product of roots of eq (2) = = 1 and , are roots of (2).
/( 0 0
=; &(< = ! #
0
0
Note that B is a diagonal matrix with eigenvalues as entries in the main diagonal.
4
0
B = !
#.
0
We easily get
Now,
A = PBP & = PBP & PBP & PBP & = PB P &
0 &
A = ! #
1 1 0 1 1
0 1
= ! # ! #
1 1 0 ( 1
/ / 1
= ; <! #
( 1
/ / / + /
= ; <
( +
/ /
= ; < , since = 1 .
( & &
0 /
0 /
1 1 1
=
1 0 1
/ / 1
= ; & <
( &
1
/ / +
= ; <
(
+ &
&
+ 1 + 1
= ; & <
( + 1 & + 1
= ; & < , since @ @ 1 = 0 ,
( &
i = 1,2 .
/ /
= ; / <
( /
In the end of our journey, we get our beautiful Binets formula for Finonacci sequence:
Fn = = [
/( &(
( (