before, despite

E.G. Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to
think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment


In many places today, children start primary school at around the age
of six or seven However, because it is more likely now that both parents
work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home
up to that age.( )
The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to
enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( )
on the contrary, in addition
The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other
hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific
research. ( )

because / since/ as / for, so (),
because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of ()
for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly ()
I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our
tendency to use sth once and throw it away. because of/ due
to / owing to

moreover/ whats more/ furthermore/ besides/ in addition ()
in addition to/ besides/ apart from
: Apart from these tensions caused by cultural differences, international
tourism may also lead to conflicts between tourists and a local community.
(in addition to, besides)
Skim the entire passage to get an idea of its general content. You should be
able to answer the question "What is the passage mainly about?" Your
answer should be a few words, at most. Write this down.
Scan the entire passage for key words and phrases. Words and phrases
that are repeated throughout the passage are usually important. Make a
note of these.
Read the entire passage carefully. Use context clues within the passage to
work out any unknown vocabulary.
Most academic writing has a logical structure. Passages are written in
paragraphs. A passage can have a single paragraph, or several, depending
on the nature of the topic and the specific focus of the passage. Each
paragraph will usually present one main idea, which is supported with
various arguments and evidence.
If there are multiple paragraphs, the first paragraph will typically be an
introduction to the topic, and will often include a brief description of what
will be discussed. The last paragraph will typically close with a conclusion.
 Pay special attention to the introduction and the conclusion.
Each paragraph will have its own topic sentence expressing the main idea.
Typically, the topic sentence is the first sentence of the paragraph. The
rest of the paragraph generally supports the main idea by presenting a
number of arguments, details and other evidence.
The task of summarizing a multi-paragraph passage is sometimes made
easier by briefly summarizing each paragraph first, and then combining
these summaries into a single summary. Make a brief summary of each
paragraph as you finish reading it. You do not need full sentences at this
point.
Use your notes, as well as the information in the introductory and
concluding paragraphs, to write your final summary.
Keep your summary to a maximum of 30 words. The response box has an
indicator that will tell you how many words you have written. If you are
getting close to your word limit, but still need to write more, edit your
sentence to remove unnecessary words, especially adjectives. These can
often be omitted.
1:,
Nowadays Computer technology in working or studying from home is
becoming more popular. All this is due to easy accessible and cheaper of
computers. Do you think it is positive or negative?
2:
, ,
"this"; "it"
"this"
"it",
it :the wider usage of computer technology in working or
studying from home
3: ,,,
:Computer technology in working or studying from
home :positive or negative
:easily accessible and cheaper
:
(topic) positive(benefits)
1.
:,; that ;,
which
e.g. ,
Plenty of cars are parked along the street, which is the direct cause of
traffic congestion
as : As is wellknown,
As is expected/ supposed/ suggested,
As has been said/ mentioned/ pointed out before,
As will be shown in the next paragraph,
 e.g. ,
As has been mentioned, Chinese government is increasingly concerning
the sustainable development of the whole society
3.

;()
e.g. Lucy is a girl who likes to help other people (:
)
4.
Who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why
a. ,
Those who spend plenty of time watching TV will refuse to participate in
social activities and interact with other

1;;; for one thing, for another, above all things;
2 ; / / ; ; to begin/start with,
next/besides/moreover, last/finally;
3,;;;/; in the first place, in the
second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all;
4;;(/); one of these, another,(there is)
still another(reason/factor); 5) first of all, second, third, in short/in sum.
but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then;;;
;;
2) by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to;
;;...;...;...;
3) by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in
opposition to;;;; A ;...;...;
4) whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however;
;;;;;;
5) (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to.
...
6) First..., Next..., Last...;...;...;...;
7) In the first/early/initial/infant period/stage/phase( In its infancy) ..., In the
second/middle/adult/ripe period/stage/phase..., In the
third/last/closing/later/concluding period...;////
;////; ///;
8) One step (way/course/approach/secret/trick)..., Another step..., Still another
step...;////...;...;...
9) The first measure/step/move..., Next to it comes..., And the last/final/the most
important measure...;...;...;/...
10) The direct experience/lesson/factor/way( One lesson)...The indirect
experience/lesson/factor/way( The other lesson)...///
()...;///( )...
1...;;;//...;...;;...; when,
if, the other day in a certain place, suppose/imagine/assume (that...), in (the)
course/time of...for instance, in the event of
2;;;...;...;...;; in the case of,
as for/to, as far as...is/are concerned, The same is t rue of..., when compared with,
in comparison with, by comparison
3...,...()/If
there is anything that comes close to/is comparable to/with...,...t here is hardly, a
thing that compares favorable with/can rival.

,!,!,!
, ,,
,!
In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every
possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light,
colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to
advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress
to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while
they serve him or her.
:
To take ... as an example, One example is..., Another example is..., for
example

:,;,;
,,,,
(through comparison)(through contrast):
:
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
:
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead,
nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with ..., ...
,,,
,
! I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with
you.
:
I cannot bear it.
:I cannot put up with it.
:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it
or I am fed up with it.
:
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply.
++:
,,
, 2 , 3
2 1 :
I agree that we need to make sure that animals that are used for testing new
products have the minimum of suffering. However, I am convinced that animal
testing is necessary, and that it will continue to benefit humans in new and
wonderful ways
(1) The goats grazed() peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the
approaching hunter. ((1)+2)
(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the
approaching hunter. (+)
(3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the
approaching hunter. (+(1)(2) )
(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the
approaching hunter. (+)
(5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the
approaching hunter. (+)